Re Seng Covers

1
Introduction To Reservoir Engineering
47/2 47/3
Completed Producers
Gw
C
Proposed Well Locations

x Abandoned Wells
9
95500
00
960
47/7 47/8
C.I. = 50ft.
955000
8
95 50
8
94 00
94 50
93 00 8
8
8 93
8
B 250
9 A2 00
8
92
8
A
47/8-1x
A
8
A
A4
A5
Platform A
A3
1.0
9100
50
0.9
91
A6
93
'Proven'
50
00
93 50
92
9200
Probability that the reserve is at least

as large as indicated.
x 47/8-2
0.5
0.1
'Proven + Probable'
'Proven + Proable
+ Possible'
0
Recoverable Reserve
Ref. No. RE/1, Version 1.0
Reservoir Pressures and Temperatures
8,000
Statfjord OWC
9,000
Gr%
0 100
Cormorant
OWC
Sw%
100 0
Brent OWC
Reservoir pressure - psig
Thistle OWC
%
0 50
2500
3000
3500
4000
Top paleocene
4
Layer 2
Ninian
OWC
2500
8100
Heather
OWC
8200
Layer 3
3
8300
Lyell
2550
12,000
8400
Alwyn
N.W.
Layer
4Alwyn
S.W> Ninian
2600
13,000
8500
Note:
5000
Water gradient lines drawn

through known or projected
oil/water contacts
6000
7000
8000
9000
8600
10,000
Pressure, psig
Layer 5
2650
8700
8800
14
24
18
22
16
20
Reservoir pressure - MPa
26
True vertical subsea depth - feet
Subsea Depth (Feet)

True vertical subsea depth - metres
Layer 1
1
11,000
Original
pressure
gradient
Perforations
10,000
Reservoir Fluids Composition
Reservoir Fluid
Gas at Surface Conditions
Oil at Surface Conditions
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7+
The relative amounts of C1 - C7+ are a

function of :
Temperature, Pressure, Composition (particularly at high temperature)
Phase Behaviour of Hydrocarbon Systems
6000
Single Phase
5000
Pressure Lbs. (psia)
4000
Two Phases
3000
2000
1000
ha
ne
Region of retrograde condensation
et
a
Eth
ne
Pro
n
pa
0
0
-100
100
e
ne
n e nta n x a n e
pta
uta
e
ane
N-B N - P N- H e N- H e
N-D e c
200
300
400
500
600
700
Cricondenbar
Temperature F
Liquid
% Liq.
Pressure
100
Li
ne
75
25
10
5
0
e
Dew Point Lin
Temperature
Gas
Cricondentherm
Bu
bb
le
Po
i
nt
2
50
Behaviour of Gases
T1>Tc
P
Tc
Psat
T2<Tc
.008
.006
Bg
rb/scf
.004
V (vap)
Vsat (liq)
sat
.002
1000
2000
PRESSURE (psig)
3000
Properties of Reservoir Liquids
40
30
20
10
etha
ne p
lus m
ateri
al
50
70
30
t%
et
ha
ne
in
en
e
tir
sy
st
10
em
50
20
40
600
Solution Gas, SCF/STB
30
30
500
AT 1200 PSIA
RS = 337
400
20
300
10
567SCF/STB
200
100
INITIAL PRESSURE
60
BUBBLE POINT PRESSURE
%e
40
th a n
e in
50
Density of system including methane and ethane, lb/cu ft
60
Wt
Density of propane plus, lb/cu ft
70
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Pressure, PSIA
2500
3000
3500
Fundamental Properties of Reservoir Rocks
Core plug
for horizontal
k measurement
Core plug
for vertical
k measurement
Whole core
100
4 Inch
Formation
Gas Permeability: Millidarcies
80
60
40
Hydrogen
Liquid permeability
Nitrogen
20
Carbon Dioxide
0
0
Reciprocal Mean Pressure: (Atm.)
Rock Properties Measurement
32
LEGEND
30
Different reservoir sand sequence
in a formation
28
26
Dimensionless Capillary Pressure Pc
24
22
20
18
16
Platen
14
12
Threaded
end cap
Trapped tube
10
8
A
Core
Rubber
sleeve
Aluminium
cell body
4
2
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Normalised Wetting Phase Saturation Sw* = Sw-Swc

1-Swc
1.0
Hydraulically
pressured tubes
Maximum principal stress
2
1
3
3
2
3
2
3
1
1
3
2
Section AA
Face of
core plus
Permeability - Its Variations
Gas
Limited flaring
Re-inject
qo sales
Separation
Injection
Pump
qwi
qo + qwp
qwp
Purify /
Dump /
inject
Sea Level
Permeability Distributions
Seawater
for injection
10
20
30
40
Log (Permeability mD)
20
Sea Bed
40
Normal log scale
60
Reservoir
80
Thickness (ft)
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Permeability (mD)
20
40
60
80
Thickness (ft)
Linear scale
10
Fluid Flow In Porous Media
10 vertical tubes, 100mm diameter, arranged linearly

Tube number 1
10
Initial
water
profile
Outlet
(constant flowrate)
Profile
after
time t
Interconnecting, small diameter pipes
height of water in tubes
top of tubes
-50
time, t after start of flow
-100
t=0
t=1
t=2
t=3
t=4
t=5
t=6
t=7
-150
-200
bottom of tubes -250

1
7
6
5
tube number
10
11
Drive Mechanisms
Gas cap present initially

Oil at interface is at Pb
Gas cap
Oil
Reservoir
Pressure
Oil
G.O.R Prod
Oil may be above Pb

With production -Oil
Gas cap expansion
Solution gas liberation
Prod
G.O.R
Reservoir
Pressure
Time-Year
12
Vapour Liquid Equlibria
CUSTOMERS
ONSHORE FACILITIES
OFFSHORE FACILITIES
OFFSHORE FACILITIES
WELLS
WELLS
yj
RESERVOIR
RESERVOIR
T&P
zj
xj
13
Equilibrium Ratio Prediction and Calculation
Pressure, PSIA
10
1,000
30
50
6 7 8 9 100
300 4 500 6
7 8 9 1,000
9
8
7
6
3,000 4
6 7 8 9
10,000
1,000
9
8
7
6
Plotted from 1947 tabulation

of G. G. Brown, University of
Michigan. Extrapolated and
drawn by The Fluor Corp. Ltd.
in 1957.
100
100
9
8
7
6
9
8
7
6
Temperature F
2
0
0
30 20
25
10
K= y/x
50
40 0
0
10
9
8
7
6
9
8
7
6
10
0
80
5
4
60
40
20
K= y/x
0
-2
0
1.0
-4
1.0
-6
0
9
8
7
6
9
8
7
6
5
5
4
CONSTANT
3
TEMPERATURE
4
3
Component 1
0.1
0.1
9
8
7
6
9
8
7
6
In Kj
10
30
50
6 7 8 9 100
Kj - 1.0
300 4 500 6
Pressure, PSIA
7 8 9 1,000
3,000 4
6 7 8 9
10,000
ETHANE
CONV. PRESS. 5000 PSIA
Component 2
In Pc
In P
14
PVT Analysis
Gas
Oil
Gas
Oil
P = Pb
P = P1
P1 < Pb
P < P1
Valve 1
closed
At each stage - volume of oil and gas, density and

composition of gas measured.
Remaining oil is called RESIDUAL OIL
Gas
Oil
Mercury /
displacing fluid
Tres
Pb
Vb
PVT Cell
Pump
15
Material Balance Equation
FLUID VOLUMES
Prim. Gas cap
Initial volumes
at pressure Pi
Oil + originally
dissolved gas
Fluid expansions
down to pressure P
Connate water
Water influx We
PORE VOLUMES
New pore volume

at pressure p
Reduction in total
pore volume down to
pressure P
Total pore volume

at pressure Pi
16
Material Balance Equation Application
5000
Water drive
3000
Volumetric
Gp vs p/z
2000
Volumetric
Gp vs p
1000
Initial gas in place
Pressure or P/Z
4000
Wrong
extrapolation
1
F/Eg
2
3
4
5
Cumulative Production, MMMSCF
Strong water drive

Moderate
water drive
7
Volumetric depletion
G = initial gas in place

Gp
17
AVERAGE BOUNDARY PRESSURES
Water Influx
Pi
P1
P1 = 1/2 (Pi - P1)

P1
P2 = 1/2 (Pi - P2)
P2
P2
P3 = 1/2 (P1 - P3)
P3
P3
P4 = 1/2 (P2 - P4)
P4
P5
P4
0
TIME PERIODS
Aquifer
OWC
Reservoir
18
Immiscible Displacement
Core P
lug
Water
Saturations: Mobility:
Water 1- Sor Krw'/w
Oil
Sor
O
Oil
Saturations: Mobility:
O
Water Swi
Oil
1- Swi Kro'/o
Examination and Model Solutions
RE
O
N
N
O
TI
E: RA
M
T
A
N GIS SE:
:
R
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RE
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U
EA AT
N
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CO
SI
.:
8 Pages
t
no
o
td n
bu
o
on inati
cti
se xam
is
th
e e hed
te
l th inis
ple unti
f
m
is
l
Co sea
Date:
Subject:
graph made of P vs V and intersection of two slopes indicates

bubble point pressure
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
used to determine Pb and Bo above bubble point and BT over total

pressure
No. Mk.
1. Complete the sections above but do not seal until the examination is finished.
2. Insert in box on right the numbers of the questions attempted.

3. Start each question on a new page.
Gas
4. Rough working should be confined to left hand pages.
5. This book must be handed in entire with the top corner sealed.
Oil
6. Additional books must bear the name of the candidate, be sealed and be affixed to
the first book by means of a tag provided
Hg
Pb
PLEASE READ EXAMINATION REGULATIONS ON BACK COVER
Vb
b) Separator Test
oil from PVT cell at reservoir temperature and at bubble point
gas collected from each stage collected and final volume of oil at
pressure released to surface conditions
standard conditions measured
volume of oil removed from PVT cell at bubble point and

reservoir temperature measured
used to determine GOR and Bob as a function of separator

conditions

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1

Introduction To Reservoir Engineering

Proposed Well Locations

Probability that the reserve is at least

Ref. No. RE/1, Version 1.0

Reservoir Pressures and Temperatures

Reservoir pressure - psig

Water gradient lines drawn

Ref. No. RE/1, Version 1.0

True vertical subsea depth - feet

Subsea Depth (Feet)

Reservoir Fluids Composition

Gas at Surface Conditions

Oil at Surface Conditions

The relative amounts of C1 - C7+ are a

Ref. No. RE/1, Version 1.0

Phase Behaviour of Hydrocarbon Systems

Pressure Lbs. (psia)

Region of retrograde condensation

Ref. No. RE/1, Version 1.0

Ref. No. RE/1, Version 1.0

Properties of Reservoir Liquids

Solution Gas, SCF/STB

BUBBLE POINT PRESSURE

Density of system including methane and ethane, lb/cu ft

Density of propane plus, lb/cu ft

Ref. No. RE/1, Version 1.0

Fundamental Properties of Reservoir Rocks

Gas Permeability: Millidarcies

Reciprocal Mean Pressure: (Atm.)

Ref. No. RE/1, Version 1.0

Rock Properties Measurement

Dimensionless Capillary Pressure Pc

Normalised Wetting Phase Saturation Sw* = Sw-Swc

Maximum principal stress

Ref. No. RE/1, Version 1.0

Permeability - Its Variations

Normal log scale

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Ref. No. RE/1, Version 1.0

Fluid Flow In Porous Media

10 vertical tubes, 100mm diameter, arranged linearly

Interconnecting, small diameter pipes

height of water in tubes

bottom of tubes -250

Ref. No. RE/1, Version 1.0

Gas cap present initially

Oil may be above Pb

Ref. No. RE/1, Version 1.0

Vapour Liquid Equlibria

Ref. No. RE/1, Version 1.0

Equilibrium Ratio Prediction and Calculation

Plotted from 1947 tabulation

Ref. No. RE/1, Version 1.0

At each stage - volume of oil and gas, density and

Ref. No. RE/1, Version 1.0

Material Balance Equation

New pore volume

Total pore volume

Ref. No. RE/1, Version 1.0

Material Balance Equation Application

Initial gas in place

Strong water drive

G = initial gas in place