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G Flow
Fl
Measurement
M
t
K l Stappert
Karl
St
t
Americas Flow Solutions Advisor
Emerson Process Management
Coriolis
Orifice
USM
PD / Rotary
Turbine
Adopted by American
Petroleum Institute
Part of the Manual on Petroleum
Measurement Standards (MPMS)
API MPMS Chapter 14.3
Prescriptive Standard
Dm
Dm < 12
Dm > 12
Flatness <(0.005(Dm-dm))
dm
Dm
0.10 0.75
Re
D
Dnew
d
0.45"
0.23
D 1.939"
Orifice
AGA3 Coefficient of Discharge
g Uncertainty
y
Coefficient of Discharge Uncertainty (Cd)
Re
VD
Orifice
AGA3 Expansion
p
Factor ( Y ) Uncertainty
y
New Equation
Old Equation
P
4.0
N
P
3 f
Disadvantages
Approximately 28:1 turndown with plate changes over a Beta range of 0.2 to
0.6 (Custody Transfer Beta Range)
DPmax
3
DPlive
Significant Change
Calibration Should be
performed at flowing
density or flowing
Reynolds numbers
Performance Based
Specification
ACF
PulsesTurb
Pulses / ACF
Flow
SCF
Pf x Tb x Zb x
Pb x Tf x Zf
ACF
SCF
Pf x Tb x Zb x
Pb x Tf x Zf
ACF
Compressibility Variance
Amarillo
0.9500
Gulf Coast
Ekofisk
0.9000
High CO2 N2
0.8500
High N2
Methane
0.8000
Air
0.7500
14
11
4
21
4
31
4
41
4
51
4
61
4
71
4
81
4
91
4
10
14
11
14
12
14
13
14
14
14
Co
ompressibilitty (Z)
1.0000
Pressure (psia)
6.00%
4.00%
2.00%
Base Pressure
91
4
10
14
11
14
12
14
13
14
14
14
81
4
71
4
61
4
51
4
41
4
31
4
21
4
11
4
0.00%
14
Error
8.00%
Pressure (psia)
Turbine - Design
Turbine
meters
should be
calibrated at
flow density
or at flowing
y
Reynolds
Numbers
If a turbine
meter is
applied
li d att a
pressure
higher than
calibration
pressure the
th
meter will
over-register
3%
Re
VD
Disadvantages
High OpEX
Not fully accepted by industry
Can not tolerate dirty processes
Over-range = Damage = under registration
Flow calibration required at operating density or
Reynolds Number
Requires Oil
Moving parts (wear)
Over-registration & damage w/pulsations
(Calibration Regulation,
(Calibration,
Regulation Process)
Damaged by surging flows
SCF
Pf x Tb x Zb x
Pb x Tf x Zf
ACF
Slippage establishes
performance curve and driven
y
by
Accuracy Curve
Mechanical DP (bearing
friction)
Dominant at Low Flow
Mechanical Clearance
Debris
Disadvantages
High OpEX
Not fully accepted by industry
Can not handle dirty processes
Over-range = Damage = under registration/lock-up
Flow calibration required
Requires Oil
Moving parts (wear)
Over-registration & damage w/pulsations
(Calibration, Regulation, Process)
Potential service interruption
Mechanical index drag
Significant Change
Piping/flow
conditioning guidance
and profile
diagnostics
Performance Based
Specification
T21 T12
T21 T12
L2
2X
Transducer 2
X
Flow
Transducer 1
A
B
C
Calculate
C
l l t iindividual
di id l chord
h d
velocities
Calculate average
g flow velocity
y
Pf x Tb x Zb x
Pb x Tf x Zf
L2 t 21 - t12
V
2 X . t 21 . t12
Weight A = 0.1382
Weight B = 0.3618
Weight C = 0.3618
Weight D = 0.1382
4
V Vi (ri )Wi
i 1
Q Vi .
ACF
D 2
4
Disadvantages
Linear Meter
High Accuracy + 0.25%
0 25%
Volumetric meter
No moving parts
High rangeability
High Repeatability
Power requirement
No size limitation
Power Required
Medium Pressure Drop w/flow conditioner
Can not tolerate dirty processes
Over-range = loss of measurment
Possible Pulsation Error (Calibration,
Regulation Process)
Regulation,
Medium Dirty Process Tolerance
Profile Sensative
Wet Calibration Required
Low OpEx
High CapEx
2nd Edition
API Standard
Recommended Practice
Specification, calibration,
installation, operation,
maintenance,, and verification
ASME MFC-11-2006
AGA6
ISO 10790
OMIL R137
Theory of operation -
Zero Stability
Error %
E
0.50
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
MMCFD
Qt ZeroStability / FlatSpec
Qt 136.4(kg / hr ) / 0.35%
Qt 0.136(tons / hr ) / 0.0035
Qt 39tons / hr
1.50
1.00
0.50
Error %
Example
Calculation of Qt
HC3
0.00
0 50
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
tons/Hr
Theory
y of Operation
p
- Density
y
The transmitter
Th
t
itt automatically
t
ti ll performs
f
a calculation based upon the data points
stored in its memory during calibration.
Theory
y of Operation
p
Densityy & Pickoff Signal
g
Density Accuracy
+/- 0.0005 gm/cc
F Series
Elite Series
Coriolis Attributes
Help Gas Industry Achieve Initiatives
Reynolds Number
Swirl
A c t u a l v e lo c ity
Pulsating Flow
SCF
SCF
Mass
Pb x Mr (Gas)
Zb x R x Tb
Mass
Gr
(Gas)
FP
FP
(Air)
AGA8 Detail
AGA8 Gross 1 or 2
No sagging pipes
Piping supports installed near
upstream and downstream
flanges of meter
No special upstream or
downstream piping requirements
Disadvantages
Power Required
Not fully accepted by industry
Not a volumetric technology
Medium to high pressure drop
Medium repeatability
Loss of turndown in low pressures < 100 psi