Work Process

1.

2.

6.

(Evaluate Various Proppants and

Frac Lengths)

7.

Preliminary Proppant
Selection
Estimate Fracture
Geometry

3.
4.
a)

b)

5.

Estimate Stresses and

Pressures
Determine Fcd and FOI

YoungsModulus
Sand/Shale

Fluid Loss C and Spurt

Loss

Fluid Selection
a)
b)

Calibrate Model Diagnostics

a)
b)
c)

8.
9.

Apparent Viscosity (cps)

Basic Chemistry / Additives

Fracturing Pressure
Temperature/RA Logs
Microseismic

Final Treatment Pump

Schedule
Operations / Perforating

FRACTURE DESIGN
VARIABLES
FLUID LOSS
H , E , C , KIc

m,Q

Fluid Loss Mechanisms

3 Fluid Loss Coefficients
Linear Flow ASSUMPTION

2 C dA
QLoss
t ( A)
Viscosity Control, CI (or CV)

(Effect of Viscous Bank)

Reservoir Control, CII

Filter Cake Control, CIII (or CW)

C/t --> Low Loss Near Well

0
.
8

0
.
1
5

0
.
6

0
.
1
0

0
.
4

Q-Los(bpm/10sq.ft)

V-Los(bl/10sq.ft)

C
=
0
.
0
0
3
f
t
/
m
i
n

0
.
2
0

0
.
2

0
.
0
5

1
02
03
04
05
0

T
I
M
E
(
m
i
n
)

Fluid Loss
Matrix Fluid Loss Behavior
Fluid Loss Into Formation

Q-Loss (bpm/100 sq. ft)

0.15

C = 0.002 ft/min
t = 30 min
Xf = 200 feet
0.10

1/2 the Total

Fluid Loss
0.05

20

40

60

80 100 120 140 160 180

x (ft)

Most of
Fluid Loss
Near
Fracture
Tip

CI , CII , & CIII

Lab Test For CW

Dynamic Fluid Loss Cell

Formation

Filtrate

Provided by Constien & Associates, Inc.

8/22/2014

CW + Spurt Loss
L
a
b
T
e
s
t
D
a
t
a
F
o
r
C
w

S
p
u
r
t
T
i
m
e

VolumeLost/UnitArea

S
l
o
p
e
>
C
w
S
p
u
r
t
L
o
s
s

T
i
m
e
(
m
i
n
)

Typical CW Values
0
.
0
1

W
a
l
B
u
i
l
d
n
g
FluidLCosoCroCefIic(fte/nt W min)

0
.
0
0
5

T
y
p
i
c
a
l
L
a
b
C
V
a
l
u
e
s
1
5
0

F
W

e
s
o
l
u
l
l
e
C
k
n
i
l
s
s
o
r
C

0
.
0
0
3
0
.
0
0
2

m
u
G
r
a
u
G
k
n
i
L
X

0
.
0
0
1
l
e
s
e
i
D
%
5
+
m
u
G
r
a
u
G
k
n
i
L
X

0
.
0
0
0
5
0
.
0
0
0
3
0
.
0
0
0
2

P
o
l
y
m
e
r
E
m
u
l
s
i
o
n

0
.
0
0
0
1
0
.
0
0
10
.
0
0
2
0
.
0
0
3
0
.
0
0
5 0
.
0
1 0
.
0
2
0
.
0
30
.
0
5

P
e
r
m
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
k
(
m
d
)

0
.
1

Combined Fluid Loss , CT

C I 0.0015

kr p

C II 0.0012 p

mf

k Ct

C III Cwall ( from lab data )

1
1
1
1

CT C I C II C III

BUT

Spurt Loss
Strange Behavior
0 for low permeability (small pore

throat diameter) cases

Increases with k
Returns to 0 for high k formations

Behavior somewhat statistical in nature

Spurt Loss Lab Data

P
G 2
0
p
p
t
(
l
b
/
M
G
a
l
)
0
.
5 H
X
L
i
n
k
G
e
l
5
0
-4
0
.
2
0
1
2
5
d
e
g
F
0
.
1
6
0
0
.
0
5

Spurt(gal/sq.fot)

0
.
0
2
0
.
0
1

0
.
0
0
5
0
.
0
0
2

8
0
p
p
t
(
l
b
/
M
G
a
l
)
g
e
l

0
.
1
0
.
2
0
.
5
1
25
1
0
2
05
0

P
e
r
m
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
m
d
)

Effect of Temperature on Cw
3
W
a
t
e
r
B
a
s
e
F
l
u
i
d
s

2
T
e
s
t
a
t
8
0
d
e
g
F
T
e
s
t
a
t
1
2
5
d
e
g
F

TemperatueEfectonCw

1
0
01
5
02
0
02
5
03
0
0

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
d
e
g
F
)

Effect of Temperature on Cw
0
.
0
1
H
P
G
T
i
t
i
n
a
t
e
X
L
i
n
k
G
e
l
3
0
l
b
g
e
l
d
a
t
a
0
.
0
0
8 4
0
l
b
g
e
l
d
a
t
a
5
0
l
b
g
e
l
d
a
t
a
1
/
2
m
S
o
l
i
d
L
i
n
e
s
=
C
w
(
a
t
8
0
d
e
g
F
)
X
(
)
W

Cw(ft/min^1/2)

0
.
0
0
6
0
.
0
0
4
0
.
0
0
2

1
0
01
5
02
0
02
5
03
0
0

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
d
e
g
F
)

Fluid Loss Additives

ONLY Two Types

- Solid
- Liquid (3 to 5% hydrocarbon)
Solids
- Used to reduce or eliminate spurt loss and
allow a wall cake to build
- Do NOT Reduce CW or CT
- Many flavors !
Liquids
- Used to reduce CW
- Wall cake MUST from first

Solid FLA --> Reduce Spurt

0
.
0
1
0
.
0
0
5

CW

0
.
0
0
3

P
o
l
y
m
e
r
R
e
s
i
n
S
i
l
i
c
a
F
l
o
u
r
P
o
l
y
m
e
r
S
i
l
i
c
a
C
l
a
y
D
i
e
s
e
l
(
0
.
1
1
0
m
d
)

0
.
0
0
2
0
.
0
0
1

0
.
0
0
0
5
1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0

F
L
A
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
l
b
o
r
g
a
l
/
M
G
a
l
)
)

Solid FLA Guidelines

Particles sizes:
If > 1/2 of pore throat, solids will quickly bridge on the
face of the formation face
If < 1/3 of pore throat, solids will invade and will
probably cause fracture face damage
If < 1/7 of pore throat, solids will invade but will
probably not cause damage

For sandstones:

Pore throat in microns (est):

Pt = permeability 0.5 (md)

Do Frc_Skl 1 7

Do Frc_Skl 1 8
Use a Net Pressure (Pn) of 300 psi

P = (Pc+Pn) Pr
Diesel Concentration = 2%

Wall Building Loss Coefficient

C III (ft / min)

Typical CW Values
0.01

Cro

0.001

k Ce
sslin

Cross

lin

s
llulo

iv
riv at
e De

e
riv ativ
e
D
r
a
k Gu

carbon
e + Hydro
v
ti
a
v
ri
e
k Guar D
Crosslin

u
Polymer Em

0.0001
0.001

0.01

lsion

0.1

Permeability, k (md)