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Introduction to Food
Packaging
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER OUTLINES
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
HISTORICAL
DEFINITIONS
FUNCTIONS OF PACKAGING
PACKAGE ENVIRONMENTS
DESIGN SUCCESSFUL PACAKGING
PACKAGING MATERIALS SELECTIONS AND
MACHINERY CONSIDERATIONS
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the course students should be able to :
DEFINE PACKAGING
DISCUSS FUNCTIONS OF PACKAGING
EXPLAIN THE KEY FACTORS IN DESIGNING
SUCCESSFUL PACKAGING
EXPLAIN PACKAGING MATERIALS SELECTION
AND MACHINERY CONSIDERATIONS
1.1 Historical
The last 200 years have seen the pack evolve
from being a container for the product to
becoming an important element of total product
design
For example, the extension from packing tomato
ketchup in glass bottles to squeezable coextruded multi-layer plastic bottles with oxygen
barrier material for long shelf life.
1870s. In 1871, Albert L. Jones in the USA patented (no. 122,023) the
use of corrugated materials for packaging. In 1874, Oliver Long
patented (no. 9,948) the use of lined corrugated materials (Maltenfort,
1988). In 1879, Robert Gair of New York produced the first machinemade folding carton (Davis, 1967).
1880s. In 1884, Quaker Oats packaged the first cereal in a folding box
(Hine, 1995).
1890s. In 1892, William Painter in Baltimore, USA, patented the
Crown cap for glass bottles (Opie, 1989). In 1899, Michael J. Owens of
Ohio conceived the idea of fully automatic bottle making. By 1903,
Owens had commercialized the industrial process for the Owens
Bottle Machine Company (Davis, 1967).
1900s. In 1906, paraffin wax coated paper milk containers were being
sold by G.W. Maxwell in San Francisco and Los Angeles
(Robertson,2002).
1980s. Co-extruded plastics incorporating oxygen barrier plastic
materials for squeezable sauce bottles, and retort able plastic
containers for ambient foods that could be microwave heated. PETcoated dual-ovenable paperboard for ready meals. The widget for
canned draught beers was commercialized there are now many
types of widget available to form a foamy head in canned and glass
bottled beers. In 1988, Japans longest surviving brand of beer,
Sapporo, launched the contoured can for its lager beer with a ringpull that removed the entire lid to transform the pack into a handy
drinking vessel.
1.2 Definitions
There are many ways of defining packaging
reflecting different emphases.
i.
Food spoilage
HUMIDITY
BIOLOGICAL
TEMPERATURE
PHYSICAL
LIGHT
PROTEIN
FLAVOUR
PROTECTION
FAT
FOOD
MOISTURE
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
CARBOHYDRATE
VITAMIN
COLOUR
CONVENIENCE
CONTAINMENT
MACHINE
ABILITY
COMMUNICATION
CADANGAN STRUKTUR
1.4 Package Environments
PROGRAM (Rujuk lampiran 1)
environment
society
economy
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i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Product needs
Environmental
performance
Market needs
and wants
Packaging materials,
machinery and
production processes
KEYS
Distribution
needs and
wants
Consumer needs
and wants
Distribution may be defined as the journey of the pack from the point
of filling to the point of end use.
Table 1.17
Packaging characteristics valued in multiple retail
logistics and distribution include:
Table 1.18
Environmental performance of packaging
Resource efficiency in pack
manufacture
Waste minimization in
production and distribution
Waste recovery
Waste disposal
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In the future, cooking eggs will be as easy as pulling the package. Gogol Mogol is an ambitious project from
KIAN, we know that boil eggs can be very time consuming, so how bout a new way of cooking, storing and of
course, packing eggs?
The package design enables store owners to sold these eggs by arranging them in vertical position and also
these eggs wont occupy much space in your bag. Each individual package for an egg is made from recycled
cardboard with several layers. Under the first cardboard layer is the second catalyst. Then there is
a membrane, separating catalyst from some smart material (smart material is the third layer). When you are
pulling out membrane (by stretching a tag), chemical reaction between a catalyst and a smart material begins,
and the egg begins to heat up. So, in a few minutes, when you open the cover of the egg package, you have a
boiled egg easy breakfast with Gogol Mogol.
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Table 1.10
Key properties of glass
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Table 1.11
Key properties of tinplate and aluminium
Table 1.12
Key properties of paper and paperboard
1. Low-density materials
2. Poor barriers to light without coatings or
laminations
3. Poor barriers to liquids, gases and vapours unless
they are coated, laminated or wrapped
4. Good stiffness
5. Can be grease resistant
6. Absorbent to liquids and moisture vapour
7. Can be creased, folded and glued
8. Tear easily
9. Not brittle, but not so high in tensile as metal
10. Excellent substrates for inexpensive printing
Table 1.13
Key properties of plastics
REFERENCES
Robertson, G.L Food Packaging Principle s and Practice, Marcel Dekker Inc.
(2004)
C. Richards, Food Packaging Technology, Blackwell Publisher. (2009)
Raija Ahvenainen , Novel food packaging techniques, (2003)
S. Rangana, Canning and Aseptic Packaging, Tata McGraw Hill,( 2000).
Soroka, W. Fundamentals of Packaging Technology. 3rd Edition. Institute of
Packaging Professionals, Naperville, IL. (2002).
Brody and Marsh, Wiley Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, 2nd Edition,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY. (1997).
Thank you
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