SOLUTION MANUAL

THERMAL ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

SECOND EDITION
JAMES L. THRELKELD
St. Paul Minnesota

CHAPTER 3

ME 161
Submitted by:
Jaycob O. Clavel
BSMEN-4

ME 161 Chapter 3 Problems with Solutions

Example 3.2 Liquid refrigerant R12 leaves the condenser of a vapor compression system under a
pressure of 153 psia and at a temperature of 70F. Evaporating pressure is 23.74 psia and the
vapor leaves the evaporator at 5 F. Otherwise, the system follows the theoretical single-stage
cycle. Find (a) the enthalpy of the liquid entering the expansion valve, (b) the refrigerating effect
in Btu per lb, and (c) the coefficient of performance.

a. the enthalpy of a subcooled liquid refrigerant may be taken as equal to the enthalpy of
the saturated liquid at the same temperature.
h1 = 24.050 Btu/lb
b. h2 = h1 = 24.050 Btu/lb and h3= h @ 5F & 23.74 psia = 77.98 Btu/lb
2Q3=h3-h2=

53.93 Btu/lb

c. P4 = 153 psia s4 = s3 = 0.1705 Btu/lb R ; h4=92.55 Btu/lb

C.O.P. = (h3-h2)/(h4-h3)
C.O.P. =53.93/(92.39-77.98) =3.7

3.1 Solve Example 3.1 for Refrigerant 12.

An ammonia refrigerating plant following the theoretical single-stage cycle operates with
a condensing temperature of 90 F and an evaporating temperature of 0 F. the system produces
15 tons of refrigeration. Determine (a) the coefficient of performance, (b) refrigerating
efficiency, (c) horsepower per ton of refrigeration, (d) rate of refrigerant flow in lb per min, (e)
theoretical horsepower input to compressor, and (f) theoretical piston displacement of
compressor in cu ft per min.

h1 = h2 = hf @ 90F = 28.713 Btu/lb

h3 = hg @ 0F = 77.271 Btu/lb
v3 = vg @ 0F = 1.6089 cu ft/lb
s3 = s4 = 0.16888 Btu/lb R, P4 = Psat @ 90F = 114.5psia
h4 = 89.121 Btu/lb
(a) C.O.P. = (h3 h2) / (h4 - h3) = (77.271 28.713) / (89 77.271) = 4.14
(b) R = [ C.O.P. (T1 T2) ] / T2 = (4.14)(90) / 459.6 = 0.81 or 81 percent
(c) Hp / ton = 4.72 / 4.14 = 1.14 hp per ton
(d) m = (tons)(200) / (h3 h2) = (15)(200) / (77.271 28.713) = 61.78 lb/min
(e) Hp = m(h4 - h3) / 42.4 = (61.78)( 89 77.271) / 42.4 = 17.1 hp
Or

Hp = (Hp/ton)(tons) = (1.14)(15) = 17.1

(f) P.D. = mv3 = (61.78)(1.6089) = 99.4 cu ft/min

3.2 In a theoretical single-stage ammonia vapor compression system, liquid leaves the condenser
at 250 psia and 104 F. Evaporator pressure is 18.30 psia. Vapor leaves the evaporator at 0 F. the
system produces 25 tons of refrigeration. Determine (a) the coefficient of performance, and (b)
the piston displacement in cu ft per min, assuming a volumetric efficiency of 100 percent.

h1 = h2 = hf @104F = 159.9 Btu/lb

h3 = h @ 0F & 18.30 psia = 616 Btu/lb
s3 = s4 = s @ 0F & 18.30 psia = 1.40324 Btu/lb R
v3 = v @ 0F & 18.30 psia = 15.7322 cu ft/lb
P4 = 250 psia
h4 = 804 Btu/lb
(a) C.O.P. = (h3 h2) / (h4 - h3) = (616 159.9) / (804 616) = 2.43

(b) m = (tons)(200) / (h3 h2) = (25)(200) / (616 159.9) = 10.96 lb/min

P.D. = mv3 = (10.96)(15.7322) = 172 cu ft/min
3.3 A Refrigerant 12 system is arranged as shown in Fig 3.26. compression is isentropic. Assume
frictionless flow.the known data are: t1 = 100 F, t2 = 80 F, and t4 = -10 F. Find the system
horsepower per ton.

h1 = hf @100F =31.1 Btu/lb

h2 = hf @80F =26.365 Btu/lb
h3 = h2 = 26.365 Btu/lb, P3 = Psat @-10F =19.189 psia
P4 = P3 = 19.189 psia h4 = hg @-10F =76.2 psia
We already know that there is equal mass flow rate for inlets and exits, so we have

Energy Balance- h1 + h4 = h2 + h5
h5=80.935 Btu/lb P5 = P4 = 19.189 psia s5 = 0.1801 Btu/lb R
s6 = s5 P6 = P1 = 131.86 psia h6 = 96.67 Btu/lb
C.O.P.=( h4- h3)/( h6- h5)=3.11
Hp/ton=4.72/C.O.P.=1.52
3.4. Solve Example 3.3 for ammonia.
A Refrigerant 12 theoretical single-stage cycle operates with a condensing temperature
of 90 F and an evaporating temperature of 0 F. As shown in Fig. 3.7 we will assume a Carnot
cycle operating between the same temperatures. Determine (a) the Carnot-cycle work of
compression in Btu per lb, (b) the Carnot cycle refrigerating effect in Btu per lb, (c) the excess
work of compression in Btu per lb for the single-stage cycle caused by the superheat horn, (d)
the excess work of compression in Btu per lb for the single-stage cycle caused by throttling (e)
the loss in refrigerating effect in Btu per lb for the single-stage cycle caused by throttling, and (f)
the refrigerating efficiency.

a. Wc = (T1 T2)( s3 - s1) = 90(1.3352-0.2958)= 93.546 Btu per lb

b. Qc = T2 (s3 s1) = 459.6(1.3352-0.2958)= 477.7 Btu per lb
s3 = s4 = sg @ 0F =1.3352 Btu/lb R ; P4 = Psat @ 90F = 180.6 psia h4 = 724.1 Btu/lb
c. A1 = (h4 hd)-T1( s3 sd)= (724.1-632)-549.6(1.3352-1.1846)= 9.33024 Btu per lb
d. A2 = h1 hb ; h1 = 143.5 Btu/lb s1 = sb=0.2958 Btu/lb R Pb =30.24 psia
0.2958= 0.0975 + x(1.3352-0.0975) ; x=0.16
hb = 42.9+0.16(611.8-42.9)= 134.05 Btu/lb
A2 = 143.5-134.05=9.45 Btu per lb
e. Since A3 = A2 we have A3 = 9.45 Btu per lb
f. r =(h3 h2)( T1 T2)/(h4 h3)T2 = 90(611.8-143.5)/459.6(724.1-611.8) = 0.817

3.5. An ammonia system is arranged as shown in Fig. 3.27. Assume isentropic compression and
frictionless flow. Known data are P1 = 160 psia, t3 = 20 F, and t6 = -30 F. The capacity of
Evaporator A is 5 tons and the capacity of Evaporator B is 10 tons. (a) Draw schematic P-h and Ts diagrams for the cycle. (b) Calculate the percent decrease in theoretical power required if the
above system was replaced with one having a separate compressor for each evaporator. Assume
the same evaporating and condensing pressures and tons capacity.

a.

b.

h1 = hf @ 160 psia = 134.7 Btu/lb

T2 = T3 = 20F, h2 = 134.7 Btu/lb
T3 = 20F, h3 = hg @ 20F = 617.8 Btu/lb
P4 = 13.90 psia, h4 = h3 = 617.8 Btu/lb
h5 = h1 = 134.7 Btu/lb
P6 = Psat @ -30F = 13.90 psia, h6 = hg @ -30F = 601.4 Btu/lb
Hp = m1,8,7(h8-h7)/ 42.4
5(200) = m2,3,4 (h3-h2) ; m2,3,4 = 2.07 lb/min
10(200) = m5,6 (h6-h5) ; m5,6= 4.29 lb/min
m5,6 + m2,3,4 = m1,8,7 ; m1,8,7 = 6.36 lb/min
Energy Balance:
m2,3,4 h4 + m5,6 h6= m1,8,7 h7
h7 = 606.74 Btu/lb, P7 = P6 = 13.90 psia, s7 = 1.412 Btu/lb R
s8 = s7 =1.412 Btu/lb R, P8 = P1 = 160psia, h8 = 771.1 Btu/lb

Hp = 6.36(1364.36)/ 42.4 = 24.64

5(200) = m2,3 (h3-h2) ; m2,3 = 2.07 lb/min

10(200) = m4,5,6 (h6-h5) ; m4,5,6= 4.29 lb/min
m4,5,6 + m2,3 = m1,8,7 ; m1,8,7 = 6.36 lb/min
h3= hf @ 20F = 617.8 Btu/lb
h5 = hf @ -30F = 601.4 Btu/lb, s5 = sf @ -30F = 1.398 Btu/lb R
P6 = Psat @ 20F = 48.22 psia, s6 = s5 = 1.398 Btu/lb R, h6 = 671.1 Btu/lb

m2,3 h3+ m4,5,6 h6 = m1,8,7 h7

h7 = 653.414 Btu/lb, P7 = P6 = 48.22 psia s7 = 1.366 Btu/lb R
P8 = 160 psia s8 = s7 = 1.366 Btu/lb R h8 = 737.4 Btu/lb

Hp = [m4,5,6 (h6-h5)+ m1,8,7(h8-h7)]/ 42.4 = 19.69

Percent decrease in theoretical power = (24.64-19.69)/24.64 = 0.2

There are many reasons to have multiple compressors aside from less work input
requirement. Surely we dont want the compressor to be exhausted.

3.6 A Refrigerant 12 plant operating at 0 F evaporating temperature and 70 F condensing

temperature uses a compressor having 4 percent clearance. Under these conditions the plant
produces 20 tons of refrigeration. (a) Calculate the capacity of the plant if the condensing
temperature were to be increased to 100 F. Assume that other conditions are the same and the
compressor is operated at the same RPM. Assume theoretical single-stage cycle but include
effect of clearance. (b) Assume above system is operated at 100 F condensing temperature.
What evaporating temperature would be required for refrigerating capacity to be zero?

cv = 1+C-C(P4 /P3)1/; C=.04; P4 = Psat @ 70F = 84.888 psia, P3= Psat @ 0F = 23.849 psia, =1.13
cv = 0.91697

Without polytropic constant n, we will assume that the clearance volumetric efficiency is
equal to the total volumetric efficiency.

cv = mv3/P.D.
m = 200tons/(h3-h2); tons=20,
h3= hg @ 0F =77.271 Btu/lb, h2= h1 = hf @ 70F = 24.05 Btu/lb v3 = vg @ 0F = 1.6089 cu.ft/lb
P.D.= 131.87 cu.ft/min
a. constant piston displacement with 100F condensing temperature; P4 = Psat @100F=131.86 psia
cv = 1+C-C(P4 /P3)1/; C=.04; P4=131.86 psia, P3=23.849 psia, =1.13
cv = 0.85834
cv = mv3/P.D. ; cv = 0.85834, v3 = 1.6089 cu.ft/lb, P.D.=131.87 cu.ft/min
m = 70.35 lb/min
tons = m(h3-h2)/200; m = 70.35 lb/min h3=77.271 Btu/lb, h2=31.1 Btu/lb
tons =16.2
b. For refrigerating capacity to be zero we need to have cv equal to zero.
cv = 1+C-C(P4 /P3)1/; cv =0, C=.04; P4= Psat @100F =131.86 psia, P3=unknown , =1.13
P3 = 3.32 psia
T3 = 76 F
3.7. An ammonia refrigeration plant utilizes a water-jacketed compressor. Saturated vapor at 10
F enters the compressor, and the vapor leaves the compressor at 180.6 psia and 170 F. Flow
through the condenser and evaporator is at constant pressure. The liquid leaving the condenser
is saturated. The system produces 25 tons of refrigeration and the power input (power delivered
to the refrigerant passing through compressor) is 23.2 horsepower. Find the lb per min of
cooling which must flow through the compressor jacket, if the water temperature rise is 10 F.

State 1(Saturated Liquid):

P1 = 180.6 psia h1 = 143.5 Btu/lb
State 2(Saturated Liquid and Vapor Mixture):
P2 = 38.508 psia h2 = 143.5 Btu/lb
State 3(Saturated Vapor):
T3 = 10F h3 = 613.97 Btu/lb
State 4(Superheated):
P4 = 180.6 psia h4 = 686.20844 Btu/lb
The process in the compressor doesnt have a heat transfer outside the sorroundings but
transfers heat from the ammonia to the cooling water to overcome extreme heat. If that is our
control volume in the figure above right away we have our first law equation:
3Q 4

+ Wc = ma(h4 h3) + mw(h4w h3w) ;

2Q 3

= ma(h3 h2) ; 2Q3 = 25(200) Btu/min

3Q4 =

ma = 10.63 lb/min
The enthalpy change of water (h4w h3w) is equal to cp(T4w T3w) ; cp = 1 Btu/lb R
23.2(42.4) = 10.63(686.20844-613.97) + mw(1)(10)
mw = 21.6 lb/min
3.8. An industrial plant has available a 4-cylinder, 3-in bore by 4-in stroke, 800 RPM, single-acting
compressor for use with Refrigerant 12. Proposed operating conditions for the compressor are
100 F condensing temperature and 40 F evaporating temperature. It is estimated that the
refrigerant will enter the expansion valve as a saturated liquid, that vapor will leave the

evaporator at a temperature of 45 F, and that vapor will enter the compressor at a temperature
of 55 F. Assume a compressor volumetric efficiency of 70 percent. Assume frictionless flow.
Calculate the refrigerating capacity in tons for a system equipped with this compressor.
Given:
Compressor:
number of cylinders = 4
D = 3 in.
RPM = 800
Refrigerant: R-12
Condensing Temperature = 100F
Evaporating Temperature = 40F
Where T3 = 45F and T4 = 55F
V = 70%
Required: Refrigerating Capacity (in tons)
Solutions:
P.D = 4 (3)2(4) (800)/4(12) (144) = 52.36 cu ft. /min.
State 1:
T1 = 100F
P1 = 131.6 psia
h1 = hf @ P1 = 31.16 Btu/lb
State 2:
T2 = 40F
P2 = P3 = 51.68 psia
h2 = h1 = 31.16 Btu/lb
State 3:
T3 = 45F
h3 = 83.445 Btu/lb
State 4:
T4 = 55F
v4 = 0.82572 ft3/lb
Thus,
m = V (P.D/v4) = (0.7) (52.36)/0.82572 = 44.388 lb/min

Then,
2Q3 = m (h3-h2)/200 = (44.388) (83.445-31.16)/200 = 11.604 tons
3.9. The following are the conditions for a single-stage ammonia refrigeration plant: condensing
temperature 90 F with no liquid subcooling, evaporating temperature 0 F with saturated vapor at
evaporator outlet, polytropic compression with n = 1.24, compressor clearance = 5 percent.
Assume no pressure drop in piping and compressor valves and no temperature changes either in
piping or on intake stroke of compressor. (a) Calculate the coefficient of performance and
compare with coefficient of performance calculated for isentropic compression. (b) Assume that
the original system is operated with one additional change. The vapor picks up heat in the
suction line of the compressor so that the temperature of the vapor entering the compressor is
60 F. Calculate the percent decrease in the coefficient of performance. (c) Assume that the
original system is operated with the only change being a 4 psi drop in the suction valves and 6 psi
drop in the discharge valves of the compressor. Calculate the percent decrease in the coefficient
of performance.
(a)
Hp/ton = 0.00606(nPbvb/(n-1) m(h3-h2))(( Pc/Pb)(n-1)/n-1) ; n=1.24, m = 1
information obtained from the given:
Pb = Psat @ 0F = 30.42 psia or 4378.82 psfa, Pc = Psat @ 90F = 180.6 psia
vb = v3 = vg @ 0F = 9.116 cu ft/lb
h3 = hg @ 0F = 611.8 Btu/lb, h2 = hf @ 90F = 143.5 Btu/lb
Hp/ton = 1.099
C.O.P. = (200/42.4)/( Hp/ton) = 4.3
for isentropic compression we have :
information obtained from the given:
h3 = hg @ 0F = 611.8 Btu/lb, s3 = sg @ 0F = 1.3352 Btu/lb R
h2 = hf @ 90F = 143.5 Btu/lb
s4 = s3, P4 = 180.6 psia, h4 = 725 Btu/lb
C.O.P. = (h3-h2)/ (h4-h3) = 4.16

(b)
Hp/ton = 0.00606(nPbvb/(n-1) m(h3-h2))(( Pc/Pb)(n-1)/n-1) ; n=1.24, m = 1
information obtained from the given:
Pb = Psat @ 0F = 30.42 psia or 4378.82 psfa, Pc = Psat @ 90F = 180.6 psia
Tb = 60F vb = 10.65 cu ft/lb
h3 = hg @ 0F = 611.8 Btu/lb, h2 = hf @ 90F = 143.5 Btu/lb
Hp/ton = 1.2834
C.O.P. = (200/42.4)/( Hp/ton) = 3.7
percent decrease in C.O.P. = 14 %
(c)
Hp/ton = 0.00606(nPbvb/(n-1) m(h3-h2))(( Pc/Pb)(n-1)/n-1) ; n=1.24, m = 1
information obtained from the given:
Pb = Psat @ 0F - 4 = 26.42 psia or 3804.48 psfa, Pc = Psat @ 90F + 6 = 186.6 psia
Tb = 0F vb = 10.48 cu ft/lb
h3 = hg @ 0F = 611.8 Btu/lb, h2 = hf @ 90F = 143.5 Btu/lb
Hp/ton = 1.225
C.O.P. = (200/42.4)/( Hp/ton) = 3.849
percent decrease in C.O.P. = 10.5 %

3.10 Work parts (b) and (c) of Problem 3.9 but calculate percent decrease in tons capacity.
Assume a constant displacement compressor.
W = {n Pb vb /[(n-1)778]}[(Pc/Pb)(n-1)/n] ; n = 1.24
Using previous information problem 3.9 a:
Pb = Psat @ 0F = 30.42 psia or 4378.82 psfa, Pc = Psat @ 90F = 180.6 psia

vb = v3 = vg @ 0F = 9.116 cu ft/lb
h3 = hg @ 0F = 611.8 Btu/lb, h2 = hf @ 90F = 143.5 Btu/lb
W =109.1602 Btu/lb
C.O.P = Q/W
Q = W (C.O.P); C.O.P. = 4.3
Q = 468.5286 Btu/lb
Q = m(h3-h2)
m = 1.000488 lb/min
v = [1+C-C(Pc/Pb)1/n] (v3 /vb); C = .05, v3 =vb=9.116 cu ft/lb, (v3 /vb) = 1
v = .83972
m = V (P.D/v3)
P.D = 10.8613581 cu ft/min

For problem 3.9b we have P.D = 10.86 cu ft/min, v3 = 9.116 cu ft/lb

v = [1+C-C(Pc/Pb)1/n] (v3 /vb); v3 = 9.116 cu ft/lb, vb = 10.65 cu ft/lb
v = .71876
m = V (P.D/v3)
m = 0.85638 lb/min
tonsold = m(h3-h2)/200; m = 1.000488 lb/min
tonsold = 2.3426
tonsnew= m(h3-h2)/200; m = 0.85638 lb/min
tonsnew= 2.00521428
percent decrease in tons capacity = 14 %

For problem 3.9c we have

P.D = 10.86 cu ft/min, v3 = 9.116 cu ft/lb
Pb = Psat @ 0F - 4 = 26.42 psia or 3804.48 psfa, Pc = Psat @ 90F + 6 = 186.6 psia
v = [1+C-C(Pc/Pb)1/n] (v3 /vb); v3 = 9.116 cu ft/lb, vb = 10.48 cu ft/lb
v = .70293
m = V (P.D/v3)
m = 0.837509 lb/min
tonsold = m(h3-h2)/200; m = 1.000488 lb/min
tonsold = 2.3426
tonsnew= m(h3-h2)/200; m = 0.837509 lb/min
tonsnew= 1.961028
percent decrease in tons capacity = 16.3 %

3.11. Assume that you are the chief engineer of a creamery. You are in need of an ammonia
compressor for an addition to your plant. You have been informed that another creamery
operated by your company has a surplus compressor which will be made available to you if it is
of adequate capacity for your installation. It is estimated that the proposed installation would
operate under the following conditions: capacity = 18.5 tons, condensing pressure = 195 psia,
ammonia liquid leaves the condenser at saturated conditions, ammonia liquid enters the
expansion valve at 76 F, evaporating temperature = 10 F, vapor leaves evaporator at saturated
conditions, vapor is superheated 20 F in compressor suction line. The data supplied to you about
the surplus compressor are only the following: It is a 4-cylinder, vertical, reciprocating, singleacting, single-stage, water-jacketed compressor, with a maximum RPM of 600. Cylinder diameter
is 4 in and the stroke is 5 in. Based on your past experience you make the following supplemental
assumptions to allow further calculations: clearance = 4 percent, pressure drop in suction valves
= 4 psi, vapor in superheated 15 F in cylinder on the intake stroke after passing the suction
valves, polytropic compression with n = 1.27, pressure drop in discharge valves = 6 psi,
compressor mechanical efficiency = 80 percent. (a) Determine whether the surplus compressor
may be used and, if so, what RPM it should operate at. (b) Estimate the horsepower required to
drive the compressor.

Given:
Compressor:
Number of cylinders = 4
RPM = 600
D = 4 in.
L = 5 in.
Ammonia
Capacity = 18.5 tons
Condensing Pressure = 195 psia
T1 = Tsat @ 195 psia
T2 = 76F
Evaporating Temperature = 10F
T4 = Tsat = 10F
T5 = 20F (superheated)
C = 4%
Ps = 4 psi, superheated by 15F on intake
Pd = 6 psi
n = 1.27
m = 80%

Solutions:
For surplus compressor:
P.D = 4 (4)2(5) (600)/4(12) (144) = 87.266 cu ft/min.
Note: P.Dsurplus P.Dold unit
Then,
State 1:
P1 = 195 psia
T1 = 94.654F
h1 = hf @ T1 = 148.709 Btu/lb
State 2:
P1 = P2 = 195 psia
T2 = 76F
h2 = hf @ T2 = 127.092 Btu/lb

State 3:
P3 = 38.508 psia
T3 = 10F
h3 = h2 = 127.092 Btu/lb
State 4:
P4= P3 = Psat @ 10F = 38.508 psia
T4 = 10F
h4 = hg @ 10F
h4 = 613.97 Btu/lb
State 5:
P5 = P4 = 38.508 psia
T5 = 10 + 20 = 30F
h5 = 625.589 Btu/lb
v5 = 7.711 cu ft/lb
So,
Pa = P5 - Ps = 38.508 4 = 34.508 psia (approx. 35 psia)
ha = h5 = 625.589 Btu/lb
Ta = 27.86F
Pb = Pa = 34.508 psia
Tb = Ta + 15 = 42.86F

vb = 8.891 cu ft/lb
Pc = 195 + 6 = 201 psia
Then,
v = * 1 + C C (Pc/ Pb)1/n](v5/ vb) = 0.7636
Then,
m = tons (200)/ (h4 h3)
m = 18.5 (200)/ (613.97-127.092)
m = 7.599 lb/min
So,
P.Dold unit = mv5/v = 7.599(7.711)/0.7636 = 76.7363 cu ft/min.
P.Dold unit < P.Dsurplus

Answers:
a.) Compressors RPM:
76.7363 cu ft/min = 4 (4)2(5) (RPM)/4(12) (144)
RPM = 527.622
The surplus compressor may be used and to be operated at 527.622 RPM.
b.) 5W6 = nPbvb / (n-1)(778)[ (Pc/Pb)(n-1)/n 1 ] = 0.8429 x 144 = 121.3776 Btu/lb
So,
HP = 7.599(0.8429)/42.4(0.8) x 144
HP = 27.1918
3.12. An ammonia vapor-compression system is arranged as shown in Fig. 3.28. Assume
isentropic compression and frictionless flow. Given data are t1 = 90 F, t6 = -10 F, and t8 = -20 F. (a)
Compare the coefficient of performance for the cycle of Fig. 3.28 with that obtained if the liquid
cooler were omitted. (b) What conclusion can be drawn from theoretical reasoning on the use of
liquid intercoolers in single-stage systems? (c) Using practical reasoning, discuss the conditions
under which the arrangement of Fig. 3.28 might be advantageous.

With Intercooler
h1 = h2 = h4 = h3 = hf @90F = 143.5 Btu/lb
h6 = h7 = hf @ -10F = 32.1 Btu/lb
h5 = h8 = h9 = hf @ -20F = 605 Btu/lb s5 = sg @ -20F = 1.376 Btu/lb R
s10 = s8, h10 = h @ 180.7 psia & 1.376 Btu/lb R = 753.9 Btu/lb
C.O.P. = (h8 h7) / (h10 h9) = (605 32.1) / (753.9 605) = 3.85

Without Intercooler
h1 = h2 = 143.5 Btu/lb
h3 = 605 Btu/lb
h4 = 753.9 Btu/lb
C.O.P. = (h3 h2) / (h4 - h3) = (605 143.5) / (753.9 605) = 3.10

(b) Intercoolers increases the C.O.P of the vapor-compression system.

(c) Intercoolers lessens the amount of work input in the compressor which means lesser bills for
electric consumption.
3.13. A two stage ammonia system is arranged as shown in Fig. 3.22 except that the water
intercooler is omitted. Condensing temperature is 90 F, intermediate saturation temperature is
15 F, and evaporating temperature is -40 F. Liquid leaves the intercooler at a temperature of 25
F. Saturated liquid leaves the condenser. Saturated vapor leaves the evaporator. Saturated vapor
leaves the intercooler. It is known that the volumetric efficiency for each compressor is the
same. The piston displacement of the second-stage (high-pressure) compressor is 100 cu ft per
min. Calculate the piston displacement of the first-stage compressor.

h1= hf @ 90F =143.5 Btu/lb

h2= h1= 143.5 Btu/lb
h3= hf @ 25F =70.2 Btu/lb
v5= vg @ -40F =24.86 cu ft/lb, s5= sg @ -40F =1.4242 Btu/lb R
s6= s5, P6= Psat @ 15F =43.14psia h6= h @ 43.14psia & 1.4242 Btu/lb R = 678.9 Btu/lb

h7= hg @ 15F = 616.3 Btu/lb, v7= vg @ 15F = 6.556 cu ft/lb

100 = m1,7,8 v7
m1,7,8 = 15.24 lb/min
P.D. = m3,4,5,6 v5
CV @ shell and coil intercooler

m3,4,5,6 h1 + m2 h2 + m3,4,5,6 h6 = m3,4,5,6 h3 + m1,7,8 h7

CV @ these pipes

m1,7,8 = m2 + m3,4,5,6

Using substitution or elimination for these 2 equations we will get:

m3,4,5,6 = 11.837 lb/min
P.D. = m3,4,5,6 v5
P.D. = 294.3 cu ft per min

3.14. A Refrigerant 12 system is arranged as shwn in Fig.3.23. Condensing pressure is 120 psia,
intermediate pressure is 30 psia, and evaporating pressure is 7 psia. The following temperatures
are known: t1 = 80 F, t3 = 20 F, t5 = -40 F, and t7 = 20 F. Assume isentropic compression and
frictionless flow. Calculate the coefficient of performance.

h1 = hf @ 80F = 26.36 Btu/lb (subcooled)

h2 = h1 =26.36 Btu/lb
h3 = hf @ 20F = 12.863 Btu/lb
h4 = h3 = 12.863 Btu/lb
P5 =7 psia T5 =-40F h5 = h @ 7psia & -40F = 73.12 Btu/lb s5 = s @ 7psia & -40F = 0.1788 Btu/lb R
P6 =30 psia s6 = s5 = 0.1788 Btu/lb R h6 = h @ 30psia & 0.1788 Btu/lb R = 83.78 Btu/lb

P7=30 psia T7 =20F h7 = h @ 30psia & 20F = 79.77 Btu/lb

C.V at these pipes

mass balance for this figure is;

m1,8,9=m3,4,5,6 + m2 Eqn 1
C.V at these pipes

Mass and Energy balance for this figure is;

m7h7 + m3,4,5,6 h6 = m1,8,9h8 Eqn 2
m1,8,9=m3,4,5,6 + m7 Eqn 3

Adding Eqn 3 and Eqn 1 will give us m2=m7

C.V at the shell and coil liquid intercooler

Energy balance for this figure is;

m3,4,5,6 h1 + m2h2 = m3,4,5,6 h3 + m7h7; m2=m7
m3,4,5,6(h1-h3) = m2(h7-h2)
m2=0.253 m3,4,5,6 Eqn 3
m1,8,9=(103.94/ h8) m3,4,5,6- from Eqn 2 combined with Eqn 3
m1,8,9=(0.253+1)m3,4,5,6- from Eqn 1 combined with Eqn 3
Dividing previous equations we get :
h8= 82.97 Btu/lb
P8 = 30 psia s8 = s @ 30psia & 82.97 Btu/lb = 0.1772 Btu/lb R
s9= s8 =0.1772 Btu/lb R P9 = 120 psia h9 = s @ 120psia & 0.1772 Btu/lb R = 94.39 Btu/lb
C.O.P.= m3,4,5,6(h5 h4)/ [m3,4,5,6(h6 h5)+ m1,8,9 (h9 h8)]; m1,8,9=1.253 m3,4,5,6
C.O.P.= m3,4,5,6(60.257)/ m3,4,5,6[10.66+1.253(11.42)]=2.414

3.15. An ammonia system is arranged as shown in Fig. 3.24. Condensing temperature is 100 F,
intermediate saturation temperature is 12 F, low-side evaporating temperature is -50 F, t3 = 20 F,
and t7 = 100 F. Saturation states occur as shown in the P-h diagram of Fig. 3.24. Assume
isentropic compression and frictionless flow. Tons capacity of the high-temperature evaporator
is four times that of the low-temperature evaporator. Assuming equal volumetric efficiencies,
calculate the ratio of the piston displacement of the low-pressure compressor to that of the
high-pressure compressor.
State 1:
T1 = 100 F
P1 = Psat @ 100F = 211.9 psia
h1 = hf @ 100F = 155.2 Btu/lb
State 2:
P2 = Psat @ 12F = 40.31 psia
h2 = h1 = 155.2 Btu/lb
State 3:
T3 = 20 F
P3 = Psat @ 20F = 211.9 psia
h3 = hf @ 20F = 64.7 Btu/lb
State 4:
P4 = Psat @ -50F = 7.67 psia
h4 = h3 = 64.7 Btu/lb
State 5:
P5 = P4 = 7.67 psia
h5 = hg @ -50F = 593.2 Btu/lb
s5 = sg @ -50F = 1.4787 Btu/lb R
v5 = vg @ -50F = 33.08 cu.ft/lb
State 7:
T7 = 100F
P7 = P2 = 40.31psia
h7 = h @ 40.31psia & 100F =667.9 Btu/lb
State 8:
P8 = P2 =40.31psia
h8 = hg @ 12F = 615.5 Btu/lb

State 9:
h9 = h2 =155.2 Btu/lb
State 10:
h10 = h8 =615.5 Btu/lb
State 11:
v11 = vg @ 12F = 6.996 cu.ft/lb

CV at these pipes

m1,12,11=m8 + m9,10-Eqn 1
CV at these pipes

m1,12,11= m9,10 +m2 + m34567-Eqn 2

Adding Eqn 2 and Eqn 1 will result to an equation which is:
m34567=m8-m2-Eqn 3
And because tons capacity of the high-temperature evaporator is four times that of the lowtemperature evaporator we have;
m9,10(h10-h9)=4 m34567(h5-h4) m9,10 =4.593 m34567

CV at the shell and coil intercooler

m34567 h1+m2 h2+ m34567 h7 = m34567 h3+m8 h8Eqn 4

Using Eqn 4 combined with Eqn 3 we get m8 =4.22m2,

Transforming all mass flow rate in terms of m2 using m8 =4.22m2, m34567=m8-m2 and
m1,12,11= m9,10 +m2 + m34567 to help us solve for the ratio of piston displacement.

Ratio of P.D.= m34567v5/ m1,12,11V11

Ratio of P.D.= (m8-m2)v5/( m9,10 +m2 + m34567)v11
Ratio of P.D.= (4.22m2-m2)v5/[(4.593+1)( m8-m2)+ m2]v11
Ratio of P.D.= 3.22 m2 v5/19.015 m2 v11
Ratio of P.D.= 0.801

3.16. A Refrigerant 12 system is arranged as shown in Fig. 3.29. Assume isentropic compression
and frictionless flow. The following data are given: condensing temperature = 90 F; Evaporator A
has a capacity of 5 tons and an evaporating temperature of -20 F; Evaporator B has a capacity of
10 tons and an evaporating temperature of -70 F; vapor leaves each evaporator in dry and
saturated condition; t1 = 84 F, t6 = -5 F, t11 = 20 F, t16 = -5 F, and t17 = -55 F; each compressor has
5 percent clearance.
Draw schematic P-h and T-s diagrams for the cycle and determine (a) the C.O.P. for the system,
(b) the piston displacement, cu ft per min, for each compressor, and (c) the theoretical
horsepower input for each compressor.

Given:
Condensing Temp. = 90F
Evaporator A = 5 tons of capacity
Evaporating temp. A = -20F
Evaporator B = 10 tons of capacity
Evaporating temp. = -70F
Note: Saturated conditions @ evaporator exits
T1 = 84F
T6 = -5F
T11 = 20F
T17 = -55F
C = 5% for each compressor
Required:
a.) C.O.P of the system
b.) P.D of each compressors
c.) HP theoritcal for compressor
Solutions:
State 1:
Subcooled
P1 = 114. 3 psia
T1 = 84F
h1 = hf @ 84F = 27.24 Btu/lb
State 2 and 8 are equal to state 1:
State 5:
P5 = Psat @ -20F
T5 = 15.28F
h5 = hg @ -20F = 75.87 Btu/lb

State 6:
Superheated
P6 = P5
T5 = -5F
h6 = 77.8 Btu/lb

C.V Superheater A:

Energy balance:
h2 + h5 = h3 + h6
h3 = h2 + h5 h6
h3 = 25.31 Btu/lb
Then, at P3 = 114.3 psia of h3 = 25.31 Btu/lb, T3 = 76F
Then, state 4 would be:
P4 = 15.28 psia
h4 = h3 = 25.31 Btu/lb
T4 = -20F
Then,
m2 = m3 = m4 = m5 = m6
C.V Evaporator A:

QA = 5 tons
So,
m4 = 5(200)/ (75.87-25.31)
m4 = 19.78 lb/min

C.V Superheater B:

State 13:
P13 = 3.98 psia
h13 = hg @ 3.98 psia = 69.95 Btu/lbm
State 17:
P17 = 3.98 psia
T17 = -55F (superheated)
h17 = 71. 774 Btu/lb
v17 = 8. 273 cu ft/lb
CV of a proposed system

Mass Balance:
m8 = m16 + m17
Energy Balance:
m8h8 = m16h16 + m17h17 - QB
Liquid Cooler:
State 11:
Subcooled
P11 = 114.3 psia
T11 = 20F
h11 = hf @ 20F = 12.55 Btu/lb
C.V Evaporator B:

Qb = 10 tons
m12 = m13 = 10(200)/ (69.95-12.55)
= 34. 843 lbm/ min.
Note:
m11 = m12 = m13 = m17 = m18
Energy Balance:
m8h8 + Qb = m16h16 + m17h17
27.24 m8 77.8 m16 = 500.82 >> Equation 1:
Mass Balance:
m8 = m16 + m17
m8 m16 = 34.843 >>Equation 2:
Using calculator:
m8 = 43.7097 lb/min
m16 = 8.87 lb/min

For State 7:
m6h6 + m16h16 = m7h7
m7 = m6 + m16 = 28.65 lb/min
19.78(77.8) + 77.8(8.87) = m7h7
h7 = 77.8 Btu/lb
State 18:
P18 = 15. 28 psia
s18 = 17 0.1846 Btu/lb R
h18 = 81.3 Btu/lbm
t18 20F
State 19:
P19 = P18 = 15.28 psia
C.V for these pipes

Energy Balance:
m7h7 + m18h18 = m19h19
h19 = 79.72 Btu/lb
Remark: Superheated
Then,
v19 = 2.6544 cu ft/lb
s19 = 0. 18115 Btu/lb

State 20:
P20 = 114.3 psia
s20 = s19 = 0. 18115 Btu/lb R
T20 =142. 97F
h20 = 96. 355 Btu/lb
Answer for the questions required:
a.) C.V. Condenser
Qcond = m1 (h20 h1) = (34.843 + 28.65) (96.355 27.24)
Qcond = 4388.32 Btu/min
C.O.P = ql/qh-ql = (10 + 5) tons (200 Btu/min.ton)/ (4388.32 -3000)
C.O.P = 2.16
b.) P.D =?
Compressor A:
m19 = 63.493 lb/min
v19 = 2.6544 ft3/lb
cva = *1.05 0.05 (114.3/15.28)1/1.13]
cva = 0.7533
Then,
P.DA = (63.493) (2.6544)/0.7533
P.DA = 224 cu ft/min
Compressor B:
m17 = 34.843 lb/min
v17 = 8.273 cu ft/min
cvb = *1.05 0.05 (15.28/3.98)1/1.13]
cvb = 0.89
Then,
P.DB = (34.843) (8.273)/0.89
P.DB = 324 cu ft/min
For c.) H.P
19W20 = (63.493) (96.355 79.72)/42.4
Compressor A = 24.9 hp
17W18 = (34.843) (81.3 71.774)/42. 4
Compressor B = 7.83 hp