ADVANCE

SERVICES
(
20QUESTIONS)

By:m.manikanta
10031AA051

EXPLAIN DIFFERENT TYPES OF LIFTS WITH SKETCHES LIK

PASSANGER, CAPSULE LIFT AND HYDRAULIC LIFT?
Vertical Circulation
Todays contemporary context calls for optimum intelligent usage of space. This requires
construction of high rise\buildings. in such buildings connectivity within the building and
from outside world is of prime important. This is
what gives height to a building and helps it to rise up.Staircase/ Elevators function as
primary way of connecting to various spaces in low nd mid-rise buildings.
Whereas lifts/ elevators make it possible to reach the highest storey. In high rise building as
soon as possible.These sources of connectivity also help in evacuating the building as soon
as possible in case of emergency.

TYPES OF ELEVATORS
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON 8 BROAD CATEGORIES:
Elevator safety:
Pneumatic vacuum elevator
Cable borne elevator
Hydraulic elevator
Mine shaft elevator

Usage:
Residential elevator
Passenger elevator
Freight elevator
Stage elevators
Vehicle elevator
Boat elevator
Aircraft elevator
Limited use elevator
Dumbwaiter
Paternoster
Scissor elevator
Rack and Pinion elevator
Belt elevators

Elevator hoist mechanism:

Traction elevators Geared and non geared traction elevators
Hydraulic elevators
Climbing elevators

Machine room:

Elevator with machine rooms

Elevators without machine rooms (MRL)
Double deck elevator
Panoramic view elevators
Capsule elevator
Regenerative elevator

ELEVATOR SAFETY:

Pneumatic or vacuum elevators operate without cables and are easier to install as their
housing comprises of pre-fabricated sections which are considerably narrower than
conventional lift-shaft and often provide the user a 360 degree view.

Cable-borne elevators are extremely safe. Only 1 in 12 million of elevator

rides results in anomaly.
Hydraulic elevators, prior to code change in 1972, were subject to a possible
catastrophic failure. Therefore life jacket is used which clamps the cylinder in case of
excessive downward speed. Cylinders are also replaced from time to time. PVC casing/liners
are used around the cylinder to prevent hydraulic oil leaks.

Mine shaft elevatorssafety testing of mine shaft elevator rails is routinely undertaken. The method
involves destructive testing of a segment of the cable. Data about elasticity, load, and other
factors is compiled to determine whether or not the entire rail is safe to use.

USAGE OF ELEVATORS
Passenger elevator is designed to move people between floors of a building. Their capacity
is related to available floor space. Upto 8-10 floors these operate at 1m/s or 200 ft/min and
above 10 floors the speed starts at 2.5 m/s (500ft/s) to 10 m/s(2000ft/s).
There are some types of passenger elevators:Skylobbies- The former World Trade Center's twin towers used skylobbies located on 44th
and 78 th floor of each tower.
Express elevators- An express elevator does not serve all floors. For example, it moves
between theground floor and a sky lobby, or it moves from the ground floor or a skylobby to
a range of floors, skipping floorsin between.
These are especially popular in eastern Asia.
Boat elevators in some smaller canals, boats and small ships can pass between different
levels of a canal with a boat lift rather than through a canal lock.

Aircraft elevator

on aircraft carriers, elevators carry aircraft between the flight deck and the hangar deck for
operations or repairs. These elevators are designed for much greater capacity than other
elevators, up to 200,000 pounds (90 tones) of aircraft and equipment.
Smaller elevators lift munitions to the flight deck from magazines deep inside the ship. On
some passenger double-deck aircraft such as the Boeing 747, Lockheed
L-1011 or other wide body aircraft, lifts transport flight attendants and food and beverage
trolleys from lower deck galleys to upper passenger carrying decks.
2)explain

the different types parts of lifts with required sketches,its

standards and capacity calculations?
DIFFERENT PARTS OF LIFTS
For design of lifts factors to be considered are
1. Population or no. of people who require lift service.
2. Handling capacity or maximum flow rate required by the people.
3. Interval or quality of service required.
Handling Capacity & RTT :
The handling capacity is calculated by the formula:

H=

(300 x Q x 100)/T x P

Where
H = Handling capacity as the percentage of the peak population handled during 5

min.

Q = Average number of passengers carried in a car

T = waiting interval, and
P = Total population to be handled during peak morning period. (It is related to
the
area by a particular bank of lifts)
The value of Q depends on the dimensions of the car. It may be noted that the capacity
loaded always to its maximum capacity during each trip and, therefore, for calculate the
value of Q is taken as 80% of the maximum carry capacity of the car.
The waiting interval is calculated by the formula :

T = RTT/N
Where,
T = waiting interval
N = number of lifts, and
RTT = round trip time, that is, the average time required by each lift in taking one full load of
passengers from ground floor, discharging them in various upper floors and coming back to
ground floor for taking fresh passengers for the next trip.
RTT is the sum of the time required in the following process :
a) Entry of the passengers on the ground floor,
b) Exit of the passengers on each floor of discharge,
c) Door closing time before each floor of discharge,
d) Door opening time on each discharging operation,
e) Acceleration periods,
f) Stopping and leveling periods,
g) Period of full rated speeds between stops going up, and
h) Period of full rated speeds between stops going down.
It is observed that the handling capacity is inversely proportional to the waiting time
which in turn is proportional to RTT.
Calculation of R.T.T.
The most probable number of floors on which lift may have to be stopped is given by
statistical formula:
Np
n
Where
Np= Total number of passengers entering the car at ground floor (Entrance Lobby)
during peak period which is equal to car capacity.
n = Total number of floors served above ground floor.
Sn = Most probable number of stops.
Now,
R.T.T. = Entrance lobby time + Sn x floor serving time + Return trip time (D-2d)/Vc.
Where, Sn = Probable number of stops
D = Total Lift travel in one direction (m)
d = Distance travelled during acceleration or deceleration (m)
Vc = Contract speed of elevator in m/s also.
D = ft2
Where,
f = acceleration in m/sec2
t = Time for acceleration
= 2 seconds for lifts upto 2.5 m/s.

S = n [ 1-(n-1)/n) ]

Standards

1. Population : Population is calculated based on occupancy type

of the building
Type

Occupancy area/per person

Residential

12.5

Educational

Institutional

15

Assembly hall with

(a)
Dance floor
(b)
Dinning

0.6
1.5

Business

10

Mercantile
(a)
With basement
(b)
With shops on uppers

3
6

Assembly hall with

(a)
Dance floor
(b)
Dinning

0.6
1.5

Business

10

Mercantile
(a)
With basement
(b)
With shops on uppers

3
6

Quality of Service :
The quality of service on the other hand is generally measured by the
passenger waiting time of the various floors. Quality of service or Acceptable
interval:
20 to 25 seconds

Excellent

30 to 35 seconds

Good

35 to 40 seconds

Fair

40 to 45 seconds

Poor

Over 45 seconds

Unsatisfactor
y

Speed :

It is dependent upon quality of service required and the quality of service

desired. Therefore, no set formulae for indicating the speed can be given.
Recommended Speeds :
The following are general guidelines :