MARKING SCHEME MODUL 2

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

SECTION A:Objective Question:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

B
D
B
A
D
C
B
D
B
B
C
B
C
C
A
D
A
D
B
A

SECTION B: Structured questions

1(a)

(b)

(i)
(ii)

0.25 M
Isotonic solution

(c)
(d)

More than 6%
(i) Plasmolysis//osmosis
(ii) 0.5 M sucrose solution is hypertonic compared to the cell sap of a potato.
Due to this, the water molecules from the potato cell diffuse out by osmosis.
(e)(i) turgid
(ii) 0.1 M sucrose solution is hypotonic compared with the cell sap of a potato.
Due to this, the water molecules diffuse into the potato cell and cause it to
become turgid.
2. (a) P: hydrophilic head
Q: hydrophobic tail
R: pore protein
S: carrier protein
(b) A semi-permeable plasma membrane allows only certain substances to move
freely across it while others cannot do so.
(c)
Structure

Molecule

Q
R

Lipid-soluble
molecule such as
glycerol
Ion

Glucose

How the molecule moves

across
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion

(d) -The glucose molecule moves towards the binding site of the specific carrier
protein
-The molecule binds to a specific site on the carrier protein
-The carrier protein changes its shape to transport the molecule across the plasma
membrane
-The carrier protein assumes its original shape and is free to assist the passage of
other glucose molecules into the cell.
(e) -The addition of preservatives such as concentrated sugar solution makes the
surrounding solution hypertonic.
-The hypertonic solution causes water to leave the food by osmosis and the
preservatives to enter the food.
-The dehydrated condition of the food as well the presence of preservatives
prevent the grouth of bacteria and fungi.
3 (a) Mixture of starch suspension and glucose solution
(b) Iodine molecules diffuse into the Visking tubing and react with the starch in
solution X to give a blue black colour.
(c) (i) A brick-red precipitate is formed
(ii) The brick-red precipitated shows that glucose molecules are present in the
beaker. The glucose molecules are small enough to diffuse through the

membrane of the Visking tubing to the surrounding distilled water.

(d) (i) The Visking tubing swells and become firm.
(ii) Since the concentration of solution X inside the Visking tubing is higher, water
enters the Visking tubing by osmosis and caused the tubing to swell and
become firm.
SECTION C:Essay question
1(a)- Distilled water is hypotonic to the cytoplasm of red blood cells and the cell sap
of the onion cells.(1m)
- Osmosis occurs, resulting in a net flow of water from the surrounding into the
cell.(1m)
- The red blood cells will swell and eventually burst (1m)
- The vacuoles in the onion cells expand, and the plant cells become turgid (1m)
- However, the cell wall prevents the onion cells from bursting because it is tough
and rigid (1m)
----5m
----(b)(i) -Vegetables which are soaked too long in a salt solution will become soft because
the salt solution is more hypertonic than the cytoplasm of the vegetable cells
(1m)
-Water flow out of the cells, causing the cytoplasm and the vacuoles to shrink
(1m).
-The plasma membranes pull away from the cell walls (1m)
-In this condition, the cells are said to be plasmolysed (1m)
(ii) To make the vegetables crisp again, housewives can soak the vegetables in
water (1m)
-----5m
-----(c) (i) Transport of amino acids across the plasma membrane:
-Amino acids move across the plasma membrane through
facilitated diffusion.(1m)
-Amino acids are transported from a region of higher concentration to a region of
lower concentration with the help of carrier proteins(1m)
-One of the amino acids moves towards the active site of a specific carrier
protein and binds to it (1m)
-The carrier protein changes its shape to transport the amino acids across the
plasma membrane (1m).
-The carrier protein assumes its original shape and is free to assist the passage
of other amino acids molecules into the cell (1m)
-----5m
------

(ii)

Transport of sodium ions across the plasma membrane :

-The transport of sodium ions across the plasma membrane is by meant of active
transport (1m)
-The concentration of sodium ions is higher outside the cell. Sodium ions are
transported against a concentration gradient, from a region of lower
concentration to a region of higher concentration (1m)
-In active transport, sodium ions approach the carrier protein. Each carrier
protein has a site for binding of three sodium ions at one time and another site
for ATP (1m)
-The ATP molecules is split into ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) and P
(phosphate). The phosphate group (P) attaches itself to the carrier protein. The
spliting of ATP releases energy to the carrier protein (1m)
-Energy from the ATP changes the shape of the carrier protein and this causes
the carrier protein to release the three sodium ions ooutside the cell (1m).
-----5m
------