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Ubiquitous
Most are free living
Derive their nutrition from
inert inorganic organic
materials
Association with humanharmonious, benign, and
often vital to life
Opportunist pathogens: can
establish in compromised
individuals
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus aureus
Obligate Pathogens
Animals or plants are the
only reservoirs for their
existence
Nesseria gonorrhea
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Treponema pallidum
Viruses
Must parasitize host cells in
order to replicate and are
therefore inevitably
associated with disease
Other groups may cause disease
through ingestion of substances
(toxins) produced during
microbial growth on foods
Clostridium botulinumBotulism
Bacillus cereus-Vomiting
Organisms themselves
proliferate in the host for the
effects of the toxin to be
manifested
Infection
Microorganisms must remain
associated with the host
tissues and increase their
organs and
its eventual
elimination
Growth and consolidation
Commonly involves the
formation of microcolony
Microcolony and biofilms- are
collections of microorganisms
that are attached to surfaces
and enveloped with the
exopolymers (biofilm matrix)
composed of
polysaccharides,
glycoproteins and or proteins
Biofilms protect the
pathogens against
opsonization and
phagocytosis by the host but
also modulates their
microenvironment and
reduces the effectiveness of
many antibiotics
Localized high cell densities
present within the biofilm
also initiate production of
extracellular virulence factors
such as toxins, proteases,
siderepohores (low molecular
weight ligands responsible
for the solubilization and
transport of iron (III) in
microbial cells)
Quorum sensing-help the
pathogen to combat the
hosts innate defenses and
also promote the acquisition
of nutrients
Viruses
Incapable of growing
extracellularly and must
therefor rapidly gain entry to
cells (normally epithelial) at
their initial site of entry
Human Microbiome
Axenic state- the body is free
from microorganisms
Mutualistic relationship-occur
when both organisms
(microbial and host cell)
benefit from the interactions
Commensalism- is a state in
which one member of the
relationship benefits without
significantly affecting the
other
Microbiome- microorganisms
that colonize body surfaces
(internal and external)
without normally causing
disease
Comprises a number
of distinct microbiotas
which are characteristic
region of the body
colonize
Present throughout
life
Comprise of
bacteria, fungi, and
protozoa, majority is
commensal
Begins to develop
when the amniotic
membrane surrounding
the unborn child ruptures
Candida albicans- a
minority member of the
normal microbiota grow
more prolifically resulting
to vaginal yeast infection
such as candidiasis
GIT- recolonization
by desired species can be
encouraged by probiotics
Probiotics- live
cultures of intestinal
bacteria that are marketed
as conferring a health
benefit and preventing
digestive problems
Portals of Entry
Skin
Part of the body most
exposed to microorganisms
and its surface is of acid pH
and contains relatively few
nutrients that are
unfavorable for microbial
growth
Commensals- derive
nutrients from compounds
like urea, hormones and fatty
acids found in apocrine and
epocrine secretions
Adapted to growth
in the environment and
will normally prevent
establishment of chance
contaminants of the skin
Coryneform bacteria
Staphylococci
Yeasts
Sources of infection in skinPenetrate epidermis
Ringworm
( Tricophyton
mentagrophytes)
Warts (Human
papillomavirus, HPV)
Hospital acquired infectiondue to devices and implants
that are contaminated
Staphylococcus
epidermidis- grows as an
adhesive biofilm on the
surfaces of the devices
and infection arises either
from contamination of the
device during the
implantation or by growth
along it of the organism
from the skin
Warm
Moist
Rich in nutrients
Colonization resistancepossession of highly adapted
microbiotas which reduces
the chances of infection by
invading organisms
Resident flora- common to
particular host species
Respiratory Tract
Protected against assault by
a mucociliary blanket that
envelops the upper
respiratory tract and nasal
cavity
Air contains a large amount
of suspended organic matter
and in enclosed occupied
species may hold up to 1000
microorganisms/m3
Airborne organisms- are nonpathogenic bacteria and
fungi of which the person
inhales approx. 10000 a day
Alveolar regions of the lower
respiratory tract have
additional protection through
macrophages
Success of pathogen
A pathogen must
avoid being trapped in the
mucus
If deposited in the
alveolar sacs it must avoid
phagocytosis by
macrophages or if
phagocytized it must
resist digestion
Surface adhesins
and epithelial receptors
aids the attachment of the
microorganism and
avoidance of removal by
the mucociliary blanket
Ciliostatic blankets
by Corynebacterium
diphteriae paralyze the
cilial bed
Mucociliary blanket-primary
defense of respiratory tract
Mucin production
from tobacco decreases
the proportion of the
ciliated epithelial cells and
increases the
susceptibility
Intestinal Tract
Extreme acidity and presence
of digestive enzymes in the
stomach will kill many
bacteria challenging it
GIT carries its own
commensal flora of yeast and
lactobacilli that afford
protection by competing with
potential pathogens just like
Helicobacter pylori
Bile salts- mixed with the
semidigested solids exiting
from the stomach into the
small intestine
These salts
neturalize the stomach
acids but also represent
biological detergents or
surfactants that are able
to solubilize the outer
membrane of gram nega
bacteria
Lower GUT is highly
populated by commensal
microorganisms and often
associated with the intestinal
walls either embedded in the
protective mucus or attached
directly to the epithelial cells
or particulate of food
Pathogenecity depends on
the pathogens ability to
survive in the stomach and
commensal microorganisms
Urinogenital Tract
Bladder, ureters, and urethra
are sterile
Sterile urine flushes the urine
tract
Organisms must avoid being
detached to the epithelial
cells
Male urethra is long- bacteria
must be introduced directly
to the bladder
Female bladder- is much
more shorter and more
readily traversed by the
microorganisms
Reflux of urine- common way
of infection of the bladder
Long term catheterization of
the bladder will promote the
occurrence of the bacteriuria
Bacteriuria- presence of
bacteria in the urine
Lactic acid-gives acidity pH 5
Inhibits colonization
by most bacteria except
some lactobacilli that
constitute the commensal
flora
Conjunctiva
Usually free of
microorganisms and
protected by the continuous
flow of secretions from the
lachrymal glands and by
frequent mechanical
cleansing of its surface by
the eyelid periphery during
blinking
Adhesive substances
such as mucopeptide and
mucopolysaccharide slime
layers
Fimbriae
Agglutinins
Secretory antibodies-directed
against such adhesions, block
the initial attachment of the
organism and thereby confer
resistance to infection
Factors that affect the
attachment
Organisms rate of
growth
Initial number
arriving at the site
Virulence Factors
Nutrient Acquisition
Iron- essential for microbial
growth and function
Brucella abortus
Salmonella enterica
serova Typhi
Streptococcus
pyrogenes
Multiply in bodys
extracellular liquids
Modulation of the inflammatory
response
Release of cellular products
causes non-specific
inflammation associated with
dilation of blood vessels
Increases the capillary flow to
the infected site
Increased lymphatic flow
carries the organism to the
lymph nodes
M-proteins of the
streptococci
Polysaccharide
capsules of the
pneumococci
Due to presence on
the white blood cells of
receptors for the Fc
fragment of IgM and IgG
Avoidance of opsonizationenhance survival of pathogen
Protein A- released from
growing strains of Staph.
Aureus which acts by nonspecific binding to IgG anf Fc
region
consolidate further in
epithelial tissues
Small group of pathogen-fully
invasive
Permeate
subepithelial tissues and
circulated around the body
Through ingestion by the
victim
From foods
Regarded as
intoxications rather than
infections
Alleviation of toxins
rather than elimination of
pathogen
Non-Invasive Pathogens-binding
to epithelial is not essential but
increases permeation of toxins
and prolongs presence of
pathogen
Bordetella pertussis
Localization- very
selective and thought to
involve agglutinins on the
organisms surface
Toxins produced by
the organism inhibit ciliary
movement of the
epithelial surface
Corynebacterium diphteriae
Attaches itself in
respiratory tract
Produces a diffusible
toxins of low molecular
weight, wc enters the
blood circulation and bring
about a generalized
toxemia
Results
hypersecretion of isotonic
fluids into the gut lumen,
diarrhea, dehydration
Partially invasive
Some are able to attach in
mucosal epithelia and
penetrate
Multiply within protective
environment of host
Induce disease through
erosion and ulceration of the
mucosal epithelium
(salmonella and shigella)
Entry induced by pinocytosis
Salmonellosis- inadequately
cooked food that have been
kept incorrectly
Infect epithelium of
respiratory and
nasopharynx
Release of virus is
the void after the lysis
Fully invasive pathogens
Aggressively invade the
tissues in the primary site of
infection (active spread)
Transported to the body in
the blood etc (passive)
Active spread
Through normal subepithelial
tissues is difficult bc gel like
nature of intercellular
materials
Extracellular enzyme toxins
Degradation of
intracellular materials
Mobilization of
nutrition
Haemolysins- produces
mostly of pathogenic
staphylococci and
streptococci and have lytic
effect on red blood cells
Fibrinolysins- produced by
both staph (staphylokinase)
and strepto (streptokinase)
Decrease viscosity
of fluidsp