Numerical investigation of optical Tamm states in two-dimensional hybrid plasmonicphotonic crystal nanobeams

Zi-Ming Meng, Yi-Hua Hu, Gui-Fang Ju, Xiao-Lan Zhong, Wei Ding, and Zhi-Yuan Li
Citation: Journal of Applied Physics 116, 043106 (2014); doi: 10.1063/1.4891222
View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4891222
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JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 116, 043106 (2014)

Numerical investigation of optical Tamm states in two-dimensional hybrid

plasmonic-photonic crystal nanobeams
Zi-Ming Meng,1,a) Yi-Hua Hu,1 Gui-Fang Ju,1 Xiao-Lan Zhong,2 Wei Ding,2
and Zhi-Yuan Li2,a)

1
School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology,
Guangzhou 510006, Peoples Republic of China
2
Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 603,
Beijing 100190, Peoples Republic of China

(Received 16 April 2014; accepted 13 July 2014; published online 29 July 2014)
Optical Tamm states (OTSs) in analogy with its electronic counterpart confined at the surface of
crystals are optical surface modes at the interfaces between uniform metallic films and distributed
Bragg reflectors. In this paper, OTSs are numerically investigated in two-dimensional hybrid
plasmonic-photonic crystal nanobeams (HPPCN), which are constructed by inserting a metallic
nanoparticle into a photonic crystal nanobeam formed by periodically etching square air holes into
dielectric waveguides. The evidences of OTSs can be verified by transmission spectra and the field
distribution at resonant frequency. Similar to OTSs in one-dimensional multilayer structures OTSs
in HPPCN can be excited by both TE and TM polarization. The physical origin of OTSs in HPPCN
is due to the combined contribution of strong reflection imposed by the photonic band gap (PBG)
of the photonic crystal (PC) nanobeam and strong backward scattering exerted by the nanoparticle.
For TE, incidence OTSs can be obtained at the frequency near the center of the photonic band gap.
The transmissivity and the resonant frequency can be finely tuned by the dimension of nanoparticles. While for TM incidence OTSs are observed for relatively larger metallic nanoparticles compared with TE polarization. The differences between TE and TM polarization can be explained by
two reasons. For one reason stronger backward scattering of nanoparticles for TE polarization can
be achieved by the excitation of localized surface plasmon polariton of nanoparticles. This assumption has been proved by examining the scattering, absorption, and extinction cross section of the
metallic nanoparticle. The other can be attributed to the deep and wide PBG available for TE polarization with less number of air holes compared with TM polarization. Our results show great promise in extending the application scope of OTSs from one-dimensional structures to practical
C 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.
integrated photonic devices and circuits. V
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4891222]
I. INTRODUCTION

Optical surface modes have attracted highly attention in

recent years for their capabilities to break the diffraction
limit, among which surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) existing at the metal-dielectric interfaces is the research hotspot
of subwavelength optics.13 SPPs originate from the coupling of electromagnetic wave and surface charge of metallic
components. In order to excite SPPs, two conditions must be
satisfied. One is requiring an electric field component normal
to the surface of metals and the other is using greater momentum than a free space photon of the same frequency.
One possible solution to circumvent the above restrictions
can resort to optical Tamm states (OTSs), which is localized
at the interface between a metallic layer and a distributed
Bragg reflector (DBR).4,5 OTSs can be excited by both TE
and TM polarizations and be directly excited by propagating
modes not requiring dispersion relation outside the light
cone. So OTSs with excellent optical properties such as high
transmission through metallic film and large field
a)

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed. Email addresses:

mengzm@gdut.edu.cn and lizy@aphy.iphy.ac.cn

0021-8979/2014/116(4)/043106/7/$30.00

enhancement near the interface have been widely chosen to

realize microlasers, enhanced optical nonlinearity, enhanced
broadband absorption, and all-optical logic devices.69
However, so far most of investigations on OTSs are concentrated on one-dimensional (1D) structures composed of
DBRs and metallic films. Until recently, some results reveal
that higher dimensional micro- or nano-structures on the
metallic layer can result in some novel optical properties,
which have not been observed in previous OTSs studies. A
micrometer sized metallic disk deposited on top of DBR has
been demonstrated to achieve confined OTSs, based on
which spontaneous emission can be drastically controlled
and lasing has been realized.10,11 When bringing a plasmonic
metamaterials to a 1D truncated photonic crystals (PCs), significant enhancement of reflectance and quality factor of
OTSs has been realized in this hetero-structures.12
Although introducing micro- or nano-plasmonic structures can improve the optical performances of OTSs intensively, building integrated photonic devices and circuits
possessing OTSs are still scarcely reported. The reason can
be attributed to the limitation of using 1D PCs. Similar to 1D
PCs, periodic dielectric waveguides or PC nanobeams may
shed a light on extending the application scope of OTSs.

116, 043106-1

C 2014 AIP Publishing LLC

V

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When artificially introducing defect into PC nanobeams,

high quality factor microcavities have been theoretically and
experimentally demonstrated.1316 At early times through
bonding, a PC nanobeam microcavity to a metallic substrate
low-loss surface plasmonic nanobeam cavities had been proposed.17 After separating the PC nanobeam cavity and the
metallic substrate with a nanoscale dielectric gap, the hybridization of PC modes and SPP across the gap region forms
deep subwavelength mode volume and high-Q hybrid plasmonic photonic crystal nanobeam (HPPCN) cavities.18 A
further beneficial step toward fulfilling integrated hybrid
plasmonic PC structures is to replace the metallic substrate
with metallic nanoparticles. Theoretically, the cavity mode
of PC nanobeam cavities can be severely damped by placing
a cylindrical plasmonic nanoantenna on the top surface of
the cavity, which manifests another control mechanism to
achieve optical switching and logic gates when one uses a
pump laser beam to control the response of the PC nanobeam
cavities.19 Experimentally enhanced fluorescence in a Si3N4
PC nanobeam cavity has been observed when a resonantly
tuned silver nanoparticle is put on the top surface of the
cavity.20
Because the nanoparticle is just placed on the surface of
the PC nanobeam cavity, the main impact of the nanoparticle
is to perturb the original resonant cavity mode in the previous investigations. Inspired by the recent work of
Feigenbaum and Atwater,21 where a scattering particle such
as gold nanoparticles is inserted into two intersected dielectric waveguides for realizing dielectric based resonant
guided wave networks, we envisage that OTSs can be generated in the hybrid plasmonic-photonic crystal nanobeam
(HPPCN) structures by inserting the metallic nanoparticle
into PC nanobeams mimicking the widely investigated 1D
structures. Owing to the planar and compact structure of PC
nanobeams, we expect that the OTS in HPPCN will shows

J. Appl. Phys. 116, 043106 (2014)

great potential in building integrated photonic devices and

circuits possessing optical properties beyond PC nanobeam
cavities, and this will be studied in great details in this paper.
The rest of the paper is arranged as follows. In Sec. II,
the HPPCN structure is presented and the transmission spectra depending on sizes of nanoparticles and parameters of PC
nanobeam are explicitly investigated. Additionally OTSs at
both TE and TM polarization incidence are also included in
this section. The physical mechanism of OTSs in HPPCN is
discussed in Sec. III. The transmission differences between
TE and TM polarization incidence are also studied. Because
localized SPPs of nanoparticles are excited, strong backward
scattering for the TE polarization can be achieved with moderate size of nanoparticles, which can facilitate satisfying the
resonant condition of OTSs than for the TM polarization.
Finally, in Sec. IV, we make a brief summary to this paper.
II. TRANSMISSION BEHAVIOR OF OTS IN HPPCN

Our HPPCN structures are schematically illustrated in

Fig. 1(a). Because the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD)
method22 is chosen to investigate the transmission behavior
of our HPPCN and the fine spatial grid is required to resolve
the metallic nanoparticles, we restrict our structures in the
2D situation to reduce the computation consumption. So we
can divide the polarization to TE and TM conveniently. In
our case, the electric field is set to oscillate in the X-Y plane
shown in Fig. 1(a) for the TE polarization. While for the TM
polarization, the electric field oscillates in the Z direction. As
can be seen in Fig. 1(a), the PC nanobeam structure is
formed by etching square air holes periodically in a dielectric waveguide with the effective refractive index
neff 2.55,23 which is isolated from boundary with sufficient
air gap in the Y direction. The side length of the square and
the width of the waveguide are fixed as b 0.3 lm and

FIG. 1. (a) Schematic illustration of HPPCN structures. Parameters of w, a, b, d, GX, and GY represent the width of the dielectric waveguide, the period of air
holes, the side length of square air holes, the separation distance and the dimension of the metallic nanoparticles, respectively. The grey region represents the
dielectric waveguide (n 2.55) and the white region represents the air. The yellow region represents the metallic nanoparticle. The red line and green line indicates the source plane and the detection plane for simulating the transmission spectrum. (b) Dependence of transmission spectra on GX with parameters of
N 3, GY 0.3 lm, a 0.5 lm, and d 0.2 lm for TE polarization. (c) Dependence of transmission spectra on GY with parameters of N 3, GX 0.08 lm,
a 0.5 lm, and d 0.2 lm for TE polarization. For TE polarization, the transmission spectrum of complete PC nanobeam structures (N 3) without metallic
nanoparticles is also represented in (b) and (c) by the dashed red line.

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FIG. 2. (a) Dependence of resonant

wavelength and quality factor on GX
extracted from Fig. 1(b). (b)
Dependence of resonant wavelength
and quality factor on GY extracted
from Fig. 1(c). The quality factor is
calculated as k0/Dk, where k0 stands
for the resonant wavelength and Dk
stands for the full-width at halfmaximum.

w 0.65 lm throughout this paper. Initially, the number of

air hole and the center to center distance between adjacent
air holes are N 3 and a 0.5 lm. Then a rectangular gold
nanoparticle24 with the side length of Gx 0.08 lm and
GY 0.3 lm are embedded in the dielectric waveguide with
a separation distance (measured from the backside of the
square air hole to the frontside of the particle indicated in
Fig. 1(a)) of d 0.2 lm (i.e., d a-b). The perfect match
layer (PML) is used for the boundary conditions in the X and
Y direction in the FDTD simulation. In order to accurately
resolve the metallic nanoparticle, a fine mesh region of 2 nm
encircling the nanoparticle is implemented.
In order to obtain the transmission spectrum, a broad
spectral pulse with the lowest order slab waveguide mode
for each polarization is launched at one end of the waveguide, which is specified as the red line in Fig. 1(a). After
passing through the air holes and metallic nanoparticles, the
time evolution of the pulse is collected by a detection plane
(represented by the green line in Fig. 1(a)) at the other end of
the waveguide and Fourier transformed to the frequency domain. The transmission spectra are derived by normalizing
with a reference waveguide without air holes and metallic
nanoparticles. As has been discussed in the Ref. 12, OTSs
can be drastically altered by the parameters of plasmonic
metamaterials. The dependence of transmission spectra on
the sizes of nanoparticles for TE polarization is shown in
Figs. 1(b) and 1(c). In Fig. 1(b), GY is fixed as 0.3 lm and
Gx is changed from 0.04 to 0.18 lm. It is found that a resonant transmission peak appears in the first photonic band gap
(PBG, approximately ranging from 1.4 to 1.9 lm) of the PC
nanobeams for all values of Gx. Two characteristics can be

extracted. One is that the transmissivity increases from 0.103

to 0.374 as Gx thickens from 0.04 to 0.12 lm, and the other
is that the resonant wavelength changes from 1.704 to
1.72 lm. When Gx further increases to 0.18 lm, the transmissivity begins to drop to 0.305 and the resonant wavelength
further shifts to 1.743 lm as well; while in Fig. 1(c), GX is
fixed as 0.08 lm and GY is changed from 0.1 to 0.5 lm. It is
noticed that when GY is as small as 0.1 lm, instead of a
transmission peak, a small bulge is located in the PBG. After
GY further elongates to 0.2 lm, a peak occurs again near the
center of the PBG. The dependence of the quality factor and
resonant wavelength on GX and GY has been extracted from
Figs. 1(b) and 1(c), which is shown in Fig. 2. In Fig. 2(a), the
quality factor drops monotonously from 43 to 25 as GX
increases from 0.04 lm to 0.18 lm; while in Fig. 2(b), the
quality factor reaches a peak value of 46 when GY equals to
0.4 lm. One point must be noticed that the resonant wavelength moves monotonously to longer wavelength with the
increase of GY. This trend is opposite for TM polarization,
which will be shown later. From the position of the transmission peak, it can be inferred that OTS has been excited in the
HPPCN. This can be supported by examining the field distribution of the resonant frequency, which will be exhibited in
Sec. III.
In a previous work, it was manifested that OTS is tightly
related to the properties of the PBG.4 So we investigate how
the PBG can affect the resonant transmission peak. Fixing
GY 0.3 lm and GX 0.08 lm, as the period a increases
from 0.45 to 0.55 lm, the resonant peak shifts to longer
wavelength, which can be seen in Fig. 3(a). In Fig. 3(b), we
can see how the resonant peak evolves inside the PBG range.

FIG. 3. (a) Dependence of transmission spectra on a with parameters of N 3, d 0.2 lm, GX 0.08 lm, and GY 0.3 lm for TE polarization. The corresponding transmission spectra of complete PC nanobeam structures (N 3) without metallic nanoparticles are also included by the three dash colored line.
(b) Dependence of transmission spectra on N with parameters of a 0.5 lm, d 0.2 lm, GX 0.08 lm, and GY 0.3 lm for TE polarization. The dashed dotted orange line represents the transmission spectrum when only the gold nanoparticle inserted in the dielectric waveguide. The transmission spectrum of complete PC nanobeam structures (N 7) without metallic nanoparticles is also indicated by the dashed red line.

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For comparison, when only the metallic nanoparticle is embedded in the waveguide, the transmissivity is quite small
crossing the PBG range. Once adding a single air hole adjacent to the nanoparticle, the transmission increases abruptly.
Taking k 1.706 lm, for example, the transmissivity
changes from 0.045 to 0.16. High transmission can be
obtained when N is equal to 3. Further increasing the number
of air hole leads to the reduction of the transmission. The
decrease of the transmission when increasing N is not only
due to the leaky properties of the resonant mode in the air
hole region but also due to the increase of the reflectivity of
the PC nanobeam.4,13 Although the transmission is reduced,
the wavelength of the resonant mode is maintained regardless of the number of air holes. In addition, the position of
OTSs can be tuned by modifying the thickness of the first
layer of the DBR closest to the metallic layer in 1D situation.4 This can also be observed in the HPPCN. The dependence of the resonant peak on the separation distance d Dd
(d 0.2 lm) is shown in Fig. 4. Overall when the separation
distance decreases, the peak moves to shorter wavelength.
While increasing the separation distance, the peak shifts to
longer wavelength. In Fig. 4, even multiple OTSs occur in
the PBG range when extending the separation distance to
0.4 lm. This behavior is consistent with previous reported
results in 1D metallic-dielectric multilayer structures.4,25
The above analysis shows that the OTS can be easily
excited for the TE polarization. Then we switch to the TM
polarization. The corresponding transmission spectra are presented in Fig. 5. For nanoparticle with the dimension of
GY 0.3 lm and GX 0.08 lm, a broad transmission peak
appears near the band edge of PBG for TM polarization
when the number of air hole is only three. The reason can be
explained by that the PBG in finite PC nanobeam structures
is narrow and shallow for TM polarization, which can be
seen from the transmission spectrum of complete PC structure without metallic nanoparticle. Fixing GX 0.08 lm and
increasing the length of GY to 0.5 and 0.65 lm, the transmission peak shifts to shorter wavelength approaching the center
of the PBG, and the line width narrows at the same time. The
blue-shifted behavior for TM polarization is different from
the red-shifted behavior for TE polarization when stretching

FIG. 4. Dependence of transmission spectra on d (d 0.2 lm Dd) with parameters of N 3, a 0.5 lm, GX 0.08 lm, and GY 0.3 lm for TE polarization. The transmission spectrum of complete PC nanobeam structures
(N 3) without metallic nanoparticles is also included by the dashed red line.

J. Appl. Phys. 116, 043106 (2014)

FIG. 5. Dependence of transmission spectra on N and GY with parameters of

d 0.2 lm, GX 0.08 lm for TM polarization. Transmission spectra of
complete PC nanobeam structures (N 3 and N 7) without metallic nanoparticles are indicated by the dashed black line and dashed purple line.

the length of GY. We also examine how the PBG can affect
the transmission of the resonant mode by increasing the periodic number to seven. For a nanoparticle with dimensions of
GY 0.3 lm and GX 0.08 lm, a transmission bulge
appears near the band edge of the PBG, as indicated by the
purple line in Fig. 5. While stretching the sizes to
GY 0.65 lm and GX 0.08 lm, a sharp transmission peak
occurs near the center of PBG, which can be noticed as the
olive line in Fig. 5. The dependence of the quality factor and
resonant wavelength on GY has been extracted and shown in
Fig. 6. In Fig. 6, for GY 0.3 lm, the resonant wavelength
shifts from 2.14 to 2.094 lm when increasing the number of
air holes from three to seven. While for N 3, the resonant
wavelength shifts from 2.14 to 2.018 lm when stretching GY
from 0.3 to 0.65 lm. So it can be concluded that the magnitude of the blue-shift is more significant for stretching GY
than increasing the number of air holes. This transmission
dependence on the size of nanoparticles for TM polarization
indicates that OTSs can be excited with relatively larger
nanoparticles compared with those for TE polarization.
III. THE PHYSICAL ORIGIN OF OTS FOR TE AND TM
POLARIZATIONS IN HPPCN

By now we have observed resonant modes appearing in

the PBG for both TE and TM polarizations. Their transmission dependence on both the sizes of the nanoparticle and the
PBG has been explicitly investigated. Further evidence can

FIG. 6. Dependence of resonant wavelength and quality factor on GY

extracted from Fig. 5.

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J. Appl. Phys. 116, 043106 (2014)

FIG. 7. (a) The electric field intensity

distribution of the resonant wavelength
1.706 lm with parameters of N 3,
a 0.5 lm, d 0.2 lm, GX 0.08 lm,
and GY 0.3 lm for TE polarization.
(b) The electric filed and magnetic
field intensity profiles in the plane of
Y 0 of (a). (c) The electric field intensity distribution of the resonant
wavelength 2.137 lm with parameters
of N 3, a 0.5 lm, d 0.2 lm,
GX 0.08 lm, and GY 0.3 lm for
TM polarization. (d) The electric filed
and magnetic field intensity profile in
the plane of Y 0 of (c). (e) The electric field intensity distribution of the
resonant wavelength 2.018 lm with parameters of N 3, a 0.5 lm, d
0.2 lm, GX 0.08 lm, and GY
0.65 lm for TM polarization. (f) The
electric filed and magnetic field intensity profile in the plane of Y 0 of (e).

be given by studying the field distribution of the resonant frequency in HPPCN. For OTSs in 1D situation, the field is
highly localized in the interface between the metallic layer
and the DBRs. The electric field intensity of the resonant
mode in HPPCN is shown in Fig. 7. In Figs. 7(a) and 7(b) for
TE polarization, the electric field at the resonant wavelength
of 1.706 lm is localized between the nanoparticle and the
closest square air hole. Along the Y 0 plane, the field profile indicates both the electric and magnetic field are confined to the nanoparticle. Interestingly the maximum field
intensity lies at the corner of the metallic nanoparticle, which
can be explained by the excitation of the localized SPP of
the metallic nanoparticle.26,27 For TM polarization, setting
GX 0.08 lm, we show the electric field intensity of the
resonant mode for particle sizes of GY 0.3 lm and
GY 0.65 lm in Figs. 7(c)7(f). For GY 0.3 lm, the electric field is not tightly confined between the metallic nanoparticle and the nearest air hole, which can be justified by
the field profile in Fig. 7(d). Compared to the case of
GY 0.3 lm, the electric field becomes more localized when
stretching GY to 0.65 lm. So at this point, we can summarize
that OTSs can be generated in HPPCN by adding metallic
nanoparticle in the PC nanobeam structures. Both TE and
TM polarizations can be used to excite OTSs.
For the metallic film and DBRs structures, the condition
for generating OTSs must satisfy

rM rBR 1;

(1)

where rM is the amplitude reflection coefficient of the wave

incident on the metal and rBR is the amplitude reflection
coefficient of the wave on the Bragg mirror.4 Heuristically

FIG. 8. Transmission and reflection spectra of dielectric waveguides only

with metallic nanoparticles for TE and TM polarizations. The transmission
spectrum of complete PC nanobeam structures (N 3) without metallic
nanoparticles is represented by the dot black line for the TE polarization.
The transmission spectrum of complete PC nanobeam structures (N 7)
without metallic nanoparticles is represented by the dotted red line for the
TM polarization.

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J. Appl. Phys. 116, 043106 (2014)

FIG. 9. (a) The scattering, absorption

and extinction cross section of gold
nanoparticle. (b) The calculated electric field intensity of 1.8 lm using the
TFSF source. The white arrow stands
for the propagation direction of the
source and the pink arrow stands for
the polarization of the electric field.

Eq. (1) can be extended to apply in our HPPCNs and be

rewritten in the following form:
rB

NP rPCN

1;

(2)

where rB_NP stands for the backward scattering amplitude of

the wave incident on the metallic nanoparticle in dielectric
waveguide and rPCN stands for the amplitude reflection coefficient on the PC nanobeam. The combined contribution of
strong backward scattering of metallic nanoparticles and
large reflection coefficient in the PBG can lead to the satisfaction of Eq. (2) at certain frequency. In order to prove
Eq. (2), we study the transmission and reflection behavior of
metallic nanoparticles in dielectric waveguide for TE and
TM polarizations. When only the metallic nanoparticle with
dimension of GX 0.08 lm and GY 0.3 lm is embedded
inside the dielectric waveguide, large reflectivity can be
obtained for the TE polarization and small reflectivity for the
TM polarization, which can be seen in Fig. 8. The large
reflectivity at the TE polarization is proportional to the
strong backward scattering of metallic nanoparticles owing
to the excitation of localized SPP. In contrast, for TM polarization, SPP cannot be excited in our situation. Fig. 9 exhibits the scattering, absorption, and extinction cross sections of
the metallic nanoparticle with dimension of GX 0.08 lm
and GY 0.3 lm using the total field scattered field (TFSF)
source22 in a uniform medium of n 2.55. A broad and
strong scattering peak is near the position about 1.8 lm,
which coincides with the PBG range of our PC nanobeam.
The electric field intensity at wavelength 1.8 lm is also presented in Fig. 9(b), which is akin to that of the OTS in our
HPPCN. So large rB_NP for TE polarization can be expected
and it leads to easily succeed the resonant condition of
Eq. (2). For TM polarization, the tradeoff is to use large metallic nanoparticle to improve the backward scattering. In
fact as GY stretches from 0.3 to 0.65 lm, the resonant wavelength shifts from 2.14 to 2.018 lm approaching the center
of the PBG. As a result, not only the backward scattering of
the nanoparticle is enhanced but also the reflection of the
PBG is improved at the same time. Such blue-shifted behavior can guarantee the resonant condition of Eq. (2).
IV. CONCLUSIONS

In summary, OTSs have been explicitly investigated in

our HPPCN structures. OTSs can be proved by transmission
spectra exhibiting resonant peak near the center of PBG and

the field distribution at the resonant wavelength localized

between the metallic nanoparticle and the nearest air square
hole. Similar to OTSs lying between metallic layer and
DBRs, the OTS in HPPCN can be excited by both TE and
TM polarization waves and the position of the OTS is tightly
related to the PBG of the PC nanobeam. Changing the period
and the number of air hole can lead to the change of the OTS
correspondingly. Decreasing or increasing the separation distance can also shift the resonant wavelength to shorter or longer wavelength. More importantly, the resonant wavelength
of OTS in HPPCN can be finely tuned by the dimension of
the nanoparticles, which is superior to the OTS in 1D multilayer structures. The physical origin of OTS can be attributed
to combined contribution of the strong backward scattering
exerted by metallic nanoparticle and strong reflection
imposed by the PBG. For TE polarization, strong backward
scattering can be achieved by exciting the localized SPP of
metallic nanoparticles, which is justified by the scattering,
absorption, and extinction cross section of nanoparticles.
While for TM polarization, strong backward scattering is
realized by using relatively large metallic nanoparticles.
OTSs in HPPCN show great potential in extending the application scope of OTSs from 1D structures to practical integrated photonic devices and circuits, such as integrated
photonic filters and switching components, etc.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was supported by the Special Funds for

Universities Discipline and Specialty Construction of
Guangdong Province, China (No. 2013KJCX0066) and the
National Basic Research Foundation of China under Grant
Nos. 2011CB922002. One of the authors (Zi-Ming Meng)
acknowledges the financial support by the Youth Science
Foundation of Guangdong University of Technology
(13QNZD018).

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