Sol 1 Swokowski PDF

1 Table of Contents PRECALCULUS REVIEW. 11 Algebra 1 1.2 Functions 7 1.3 Trigonometry « 16 LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS. 2.1 Introduction to Limits « 23 2.2 Definition of Limit « 28 2.3. Techniques for Finding Limits « 33 24 — Limits Involving Infinity « $8 2.5 Continuous Functions © 41 2.6 Review Exercises « 43 ‘THE DERIVATIVE .. 3.1 ‘Tangent Lines and Rates of Change « 47 3.2 Definition of Derivative » 51 3.3 Techniques of Differentiation « 57 34 Derivatives of the Trigonometric Functions « 63 3.5 Increments and Differentials « 66 3.6 The Ohain Rule « 71 3.7 Implicit Differentiation « 76 3.8 Related Rates 79 3.9 Review Exercises « 85 APPLICATIONS OF THE DERIVATIVE. 4.1 Extrema of Functions « 93 4.2, The Mean Value Theorem # 98 4.3 The Finet Derivative Test » 101 44 Concavity and the Second Derivative Test 109 4.5 Summary of Graphical Methods « 117 4.6 Optimization Problema « 126 4.7 Rectilinear Motion and Other Applications « 137 4.8 Newton’s Method « 141 4.9 Review Exercises » 1475 INTEGRALS. 6a 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 6a 62 63 64 65 86 67 68 69 1 LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS. 11 12 13 TA 15 8 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS..... 81 82 83 84 85 Antiderivatives and Indefinite Intege Change of Variables in Indefinite Integrals « 168 Summation Notation and Area « 161 ‘The Definite Integral « 168 Properties of the Definite Integral © 170 ‘The Fundamental Theatem of Calculus « 173 ‘Numerical Integration « 177 Review Exercises © 183 187 ‘Area ¢ 187 Solids of Revolution « 194 Volumes by Oylindrical Shells « 203 ‘Volumes by Cross Sections # 209 Are Length and Surfaces of Revolution « 214 Work » 220 Moments and Centers of Mass « 228 Other Applications « 229 Review Exercises » 233 Tnverse Functions « 230 ‘The Natural Logarithmic Function « 242 ‘The Natural Exponential Function # 246 Integration « 253 General Exponential and Logarithmic Functions « 257 Laws of Growth and Decay « 202 Review Exercises « 265 Inverse Trigonometric Functions « 273, Derivatives and Integrals 278 Hyperbolic Funetions « 283 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions © 289 Review Exercises « 293To the Instructor the eolutions are abbreviated since more detailed solutions In the review seetions, ‘were given in sections. In easier groups of exercises, representative solutions are shown. ‘When appropriate, only the answer is listed. When possible, we tried to make each piece ‘of art with the same scale to show a realistic and consistent graph. This manual was done using EXP: The Scientific Word Processor. ‘The following notations are used in the manual. Note: Notes to the instructor pertaining to hints on instruction or conventions to follow. ) {comments to the reader are in bracce} = {implies, next equation, logically follows) « {if and only if, is equivalent to} . {(bullet, uted to separate problem statement from solution or explanation } * (used to identify the answer to the problem } i {section references} v {For all, ie., Ve means “for all 2.) i = {a} (The et of all real numbers except a.} { therefore } ‘The following notations are defined in the manual, but also listed here for convenience. {Does Not Exist} {the original limit or integral} rs {the result is obtained from using the trapezoidal role or Simpson's rule) ul {increasing, decreasing} cu {ritical number(s}} PI { point(s) of inflection } CU, CD {concave up, concave down } MAX, MIN {absolute maximum ot rinimum } LMAX, LIN, {local maximiam or minirmum } VA, HA, OA { vertical, horizontal, or oblique asymptote} QU, QU, QUE, QTV quadranta 1, 11, 1, IV}Chapter 1: Precalculus Review (@) (-5)3 61 = 15 (b) 6-23) = -3 (I+ [aba (@) (46 — 71 =4 (b) 5/21 = § (bal + a (a) Since (4 — 1) is positive, 4 — (b) Since (w — 4) is negative, |r — 4] = -(n — 4) (6) Since ({2 ~ 1.5) is negative, |{2 — 1.5] = —({2 — 1.5) = 1.5 — 7. D (@) Since (4 — 1.7) is positive, [13 — 1.7] = — 17. (b) Since (1.7 ~ 4) ia negative, [1.7 — 8] = -(.7 - 3) = B- 17. © -i=lk- l= -al=-Ca= 8 ‘Note: Have students oubstitute a value to test ifthe expreasion inside the absolute value ‘symbol is positive or negative first, then generalize. CE O a a B We< 3, then3 +2<0. Thus, 8 +2] =—(9 +2) =-2-3. @ is>6, then 5 ~2<0. Thus, [6 ~ x|=—(6—2) = 2-5. © W2<2,then2—2>0. Thus, 2~ 2] = 2-2 BH We> —7,then7 + 2>0. Thus |7 +s] =7 +2 (152? — 12 = —B2 = 16: + Be — 12 = 0 > (62 + 6)(82— 2) =O r= (0) 152? — 14 = 292 => 152? — 29 — 14 = 0 = (52 + 232-7) =O = (i 2s(4e + 15) = 27 = Bs" + 302 — 27 = 0 > (2x + (42-3) HO = (2) (80 + 10) = 77 = 32? + Or — 77 = 0 => (2 + 82 — 1) =e ag OS 18 5 08 Mi)? +42+2=05 a2 -6:- (Ws? 45241-09224 = pai fe +8 C32 ~ 7 =p 2-12 => > 12 & (12, 00) (B2—8> 6248 42> Us rc-H oe (~ (Bs < EB C7 15 < 22-9 < 35 1 < 22 < 98 9S 2K 19 o> (9, 19) W-2< St} cos sctepicos Teac 15 ~ers-fa(- Note: For the problems using sign chart the following proceduce is used. 1) Factor the expression into linear and/or quadratic factors, 2) Construct the sign chart, 3) Determine the regions containing the desired sign. {‘The sign of the negative if the region contains an odd number of negative signs, positive if the region contains an even numberof negative signs. }2 EXERCISES 1 BF —=— 60s @- Her <0 —2 -1 & (0-3 U [1 ) (28)? — 2s —~5>3> 222-8 >0 > (2-42 + 2) >0 > F< —Rored 4 ( Value of = 4 Value of = Sign of 2 —& F] [Ssnofe—7% [= [Sign ofe 42: | — | + Tart 25 4-17 4 Pde (a7 +5(2-) 20> #¢ -Jorz2 1 @ (—c0, -§] Uf, 0) 4 se 49) 259 2 +5e Value of 2: -5/2 1 Value of = = [ Sign of 2 — =] -] + Sign of de — Ee =yT-|+F Sign of 2s + 6: -/+]+ Sign of x +1: =-|+] + (hart 25} (BB) 2(32 - 1) <4 32? 2-405 G2-Ae+ SOs -isesfeol-14) Ongth>2> thew) 95 eT soe tcrcde Gp ‘Value of =: 3/2_1/8 Value of =: -5/3 ign oft] + | +] — i) [Soke t =] + Sign of 22~3:_| —| + | +} [Signof—1s—22:] + | - | - Conart2e) aA 4 PEM co men co 2< —2ors> —§ 9 (—c0, ~2} U (~§, oo) phat rhy 2 Se lge dy” 20> caine to 2 Ud Valueofs 127 val =8 “5/2 [Senet FFP) fe aE Sign of = — =a le] pres =|-Jal+ Sign of s+ tleie) [exw [4 |= [= |= (that 25 1 4 ue — 6) — 2125 + 3 =t~ Glas oS SO oan at aa WD + 8] <0.01 = 0.01 <2 +3 < 001 + —301 < 2< —2.99 49 (—3.01 2.99) [Ble = 41 < 009 > 009 <= 4 < 009 397 <2 < 4.09 & (8.97, 4.03] Gls + 2] > 0.001 > 2 +2> 0.001 or z +2 < -0.001 >EXERCISES L1 3 > = 1.000 or § —2.001 4 (—co, ~2.001] U [=1.998, oo) Ble ~ 81 > 0.002 = 23> 0.002 or s~ 3 < 0.002 > 8,002 or # < 2.998 + (—0o, 2.998) U (3.002, 00) (Bes + 8) <4 > 42+ 6 <4 > -9< 2-1 rice< fe (-h-) W)|32— 11> 5 3-7 > bor3e~7< 5 r24orz $3 (—c0, J] UL, 00) Wille - sel<3 2 -3<0-te<35-9<-H<-35) 6 = -1L — 12> 6 or -11 -72< 0 £< Hor s> -$ 42 (—00, -) U (—f, 2) (@) = = —2is the line parallel to the yaxis that intersects the axis at (2, 0). (b) 5 = 8s the line parallel to the c-axis that intersects the y-axis at (0,3). (©) # > Ois the set of all points to the right of and on the g-axia. (@) ey > 0 is the set of all points in quadrants T end TIL, (©) 1< Oia the set ofall points below the sexi. (1) tel < 2 and fy| < 1 is the set ofall points within the rectangle such that -2<2<2end -1<¢9< 1. (0) y = ~2ie the line parallel to the axis that intersects the praxis at (0, —2). (b) 2 + —4 ja the line pacalle to the yraxis that intersects the eaxis at (—4, 0). (©). 2/9 <0 is the set of all points in quadrants II and LV. {d) 24 Ja these of el podat 6 theses or vasa (©) ¥> Lis the set of all points above the line parallel to the maxis that interseeta the yaxia at (0, 1). (0) tet > 2 and fpf > 3 is the et ofall points that are al least 2 unite from the y-axie ‘and 3 units from the eaxis, BD (s) 4, 5) = [0-4 +B (ay = FH = (0) (4, 8) = (44%, =34) = (6, -1) DA-2, -8), B46)» * (0) LF (LD (43) Show that (A, C)? = d(A, 8)? + a(B, C)*, Le, ({180)* = (108)? + (132)*. Area = 64 = }(1B3)( 08) = 28 4G, D) = AD, A) {each is 439} and HA, 5) + B,C) HA, C) = TB} GBy=28-1 - @y=-F 42+ FAlshow that (4, 8) = dB, C) Figure Figure 14 EXERCISES 1.1 7° z= 2 ! , Figure -P+1le 7 7 Het eee = Figure Figure 50 By-G-4- : — 7 _ rine Figure 52 (Be +3)? + (y— 2)? = 9 © Gitele of radius 8, center at (—3, 2) 7 7 7 4 nee Figure 33 Fg 1 (A) # + (y— 2)? = 25. © Citcle of radius 5, center at (0, 2)EXERCISES 1.1 5 y=—lie—-? Hy * vy 7 Figure Faire 56 [Center O(2, ~3); radiva 5 + aD ++ 3? Center C{—4, 6); passing through P(1, 2) © The equation of a circle with center C is (2 +4)? + (y— 6)? = 7. Letting = = Land y = 2 yields . (a are raat we 4 AP + (y= 6 = AL ‘Tangent to both axes; center in the second quadrant; radius 4 + Since the radius fs and (8, #) isin QU, k= —4 and b= 4. (e+ 4)? + (4) {BD Endpoints of a diameter A(4, —8) and H—2,7) «= ‘The center ofthe circle ia the midpoint of AB. M(A, B) = (1,2). ‘The radius of the circle ie }- (A, B) = 41136 = {34. k(t (9-2 4 42-5) det ys e+) 22 -3y= 4 nd b= 35 y=e-3 w3r—ty= 2 16 DD Through (5, [D)Through A(— (Bi) =intercept 4; yintercept —3 « [Through A(6, 2) and H{—1,4) © m= hoy =-I@-95 ya-fe+f42er=—jer¥ Preeest [G5] Through A(2, 4); parellel to the line Se —2y=4 4 52 2y=4@ y= fx — 2. Using the same slope, y + 4 = {(2 — 2) + 6x — 2y = 18, [GB Through A(7, —8); perpendicular to the line 2 5y=8 22 5y = 8 co y= Fe f. Using the negative reciprocal off forthe slop, y+3 = -fe—1) = be ty (DAG, —1), B(—-2, 6) © MCA, B) = (9) and my = -E > y—$=Me— 2) 9 ty B= bef be — Ty = 8 f= (BAG, 2), B(—-2, 10) © MA, B) y—6 = ¥(2— 1) > dy — 24 = 32-3 = 32 — dy = = 21 (1, 6) and map‘ EXERGISRS 1.1 ‘Note: ‘The notation B, and B, refere to the first equetion and the second equation. Det sy=%r—2y=8 © 2B, +E y= My = = 7 7 en coe : 7 @.-¥ Figare 63 Figure 76 (ss + by = 1582+ y= —4 © -5B) +E, > Ne = 825-3 y [Mas + by = 16; 32—Ty= 24 © 3B, - 2B, + y= 0 y= a 7 7 = Hehe 6.0) 1-2) * Figure 7 Figure 72 (12 — 8y = 9542 + By = —10 «© 4B, — TE, > —83y = 105 > (73) Rounding to 6 decimal places and using Cramer's rule yielde 1.01g034s + 0.220577y = o.4dr214 1.846925 + 4.537049 = 1.414214 rosea yw MERLE so UIT os o400805; » 0 MELRTAL w o.4s0z7 {TA} For the smallest root, : = Sahn 7 8 1.612 x 1077, srticm * mitten 5] a) Surface area of the eapaule = 4x(})* + 2x(4)(2 — }) = f+ 9 = x om? Surface area of the tablet = 2rx? + Qar(I) = 2x7? + ar. quating the two surface areas yields 2a? xr = x (@r= Ir 41) =04r=}ord=1em $n)? + AU) = a + = HF 0.360 em Volume of the tablet = x(§)?(4) = § = 0.393 cm’, (IDV = wrA with V= 3000 and A = 20 = 9000 = 20nr? => r= {I50/z ~ 6.9 cm (M23 > 8. 23+ 62 18 — 3p {since 6 — p> 0} > Pz 4, but p <6 since p< f Thus, 4 < p< 6. (b) Volume of the capsuleEXERCISES 12 i (TB) W <8 = 10H(gg fh) <5 (—, 0802 S409) < (f) > alt <] i ff» 0) ++ 04> 2800 +> 290m Dect v4 de <5 2 oF + 200~ 1500 <0 > (e+ 50)(0~ 80) <0 Ice < Mand v2O> 0 Va Merits Mates tris Po E4c OS I-A) O41 Ry = All + 67) 1 = 14 oT > oT =O. Since «> 0, Tmust be 0°C. Thus, Rp is the resistance when T= 0°C. (0) R= 0 ond 7 = —273 = 0 = Rll — 2180) = {since Ry > 0) 1-273 = 03 a = gly. © 22k = 1H =fonden he 2= tg) = faltshT > b= eT T= = T= 1638-0. Be) J Coutogs ue y= (+ 00) &) Ge = ae) + 25t + 26 = 481 => = Hf years 13 months = 4 — Gs, find 4(4), f(8), and f(13). 12; = Ey find F(—2), (0), and f(8.01). + +40; 301 @ f= 52-2 © (0) flo) = (0) -2 = (b) A 0) = (0) — 2 = 5a 2 (6) f() = 1. (52 — 2) = Ba 2 (@) f(a + 8) = 6(e + A) — 2 = 5a + BA - 2 (©) Ha) + f(8) = (6a — 2) + (Gh -2) = 5a + Bh 4 9 EAN = fe). Go4 8-9 Ge) _ gh _ (3-40 (3440 ()de—3 (4) 3—4e— 4h ()6—4a—4h (4 @eP—e43 Wd eet3 (-PHe—3 Mes ht Po hts |P EM Bet 32-7 © (0) fe) = (0)? + 30) — 2-0)? + 9(—@) —1 = 20? — 80-7 =1:(2e + 9a —1) = — 209 - 8047 (A) fla +8) = (04H)? + Mat A) — 7 = M0? 4 Dah 4 M4 ep BT 2a? + dah + 20+ Su 4 Sh — 7 ae A+6 (Q2e+h—1 = 20+ 30-78 EXEROISES 1.2 (©) He) + 10) = (2a? + Ba — 7) + (2K + Gh— 1) = 20 + 2 4 S04 Gh TE (9 ADAMO _ et + dah + 20 + 50 4 Sh) ~ Gel 4 307) Aha 2H bah MEME ayy 42-05 24 2)(2—2)=0 All real mimbers except ~2, 0, and 2 629 4 185 — 5 = 0 => (2 + 5)(3r— 1) = 0% All real numbers except —$ and 3 BoP -bre4a0se= 14; 2-305 229 + (8.4) UG, 00) (10) 2* — rah te-3205 223 % [B,2) U (2, 0) O(a) (2) = 5(—2) + (2) = —829 — 22 = —f(2) (b) (2) = |-a] - 3 = Je] — 3 = ff) (© A-9) = [8(-2° - M2"? = (80! - 327) = —(889 + 30) 4 21) % (a) Odd (b) Even (c) Neither WB) A-2) = [a(-9 + 2-2 — 6 = (3 FoF 5 = He) (8) fa) = 6(-2)° — (2) + (2) nos! 442" — 22 = (625 — 42° + 28) = - 71s) (© A-29) = (2-4) — 8] = fe 45) # 4M - (a) Even (b) Odd (c) Neither OB Ae) = [x] + Ge =0,1,-3 © fs) = |e ? 7 Figure 13 Figure 14 GB) =28 + 5¢=0,3,-2 + T= F4+ qe=0,1,-3 © 7 7 Figure 15 Figure 16EXERCISES 1.2 Figure 18 © BOM) =@+ i e= 0,1, 2 Oe) = Figure 19 Figure 7B PUG) = (= 97 40 = 04-2 Figure 7 Figure (@- 1 5 6=0,2,-1 + ) y= fle} 9) 6 shit fete 3 unite Ml os Figure Figure Bb (b) y= f(z — 3) © shift fright 3 unite10 EXERCISES 1.2 (© y=) +3 © shift fup 3 units (@) (2) 3 © shift fdown 3 units © = ~8f(2)_ «stretch fby a factor of 3 and reflect through the saxis y 7 7 eed Figure 23e Figure Dad Figure Be H(z) © stretch fby a factor of J and reflect through the z-axis (2+ 2)—$ reflect through the axis, shift left 2 units and down 3 (h) y= f(e— 2) +3 «shift fright 2 units and up 3 7 7 y UY Figure BF Figure Be Figure 23h (Dw) y= fle = 2) shit fright 2 unite 7 Figure 2a Figure Dab () y= sz +2) © shift lef 2 units (6) y= J(2) —2 © shift fdown 2 units (2) v= A) 42 © shift fup 2 units (2) y= —2f(s) © stretch fy a factor of 2 and reflect through the maxisEXEROISES n Pp p 7 br fete fl Figure Te Figure 240 Figure Te () 9 = Ye) © stretch fy a factor of | and reflect through the axis (e) y= —f(z +4) —2 © reflect through the eaxis, shift left 4 units and down 2 OB) 9 7 7 J fem tae Figure 7 Figure Dg Figure 24h 42) ifeg—2 mane {F ified a+3 ifz>1 iiss -2 ie = eacect Teta iteRt 7 7 Fare Figwe 2-1 iteg— mae {Ft UFO 2 GENES), 2 if2=-1 evr ‘fina line with a hole at (~1, —2) and the point (—1, 2}. See Figure 27.L EXERCISES 1.2 7 7 Figure 7 ee ifsA2 Bl s(s) = ane . =-2-2, ‘fis a line with a hole at (2, —4) and the point (2, 1). CB) £2) (b) f(s) = [2] — 3. © same graph a3 in part (2) 7 7 on gethey ‘Figure 296 © 19 @ A = Ra hy te Bs Figure 206 Figure 200 Me) (Q=k+2 0) Ae) Figure 30a Figure 306EXERCISES 1.2 18 © 4) = ib) (a) Ke) Figure We Bi) = FFE = EFS + 4 (0) FFE: 0; £45 1 )[-5, 00}; (8, 00) GD) = Be; os) = ea ke) + TG re - FE CHET H; {EB wI-4H (-4 BAA) = Pe, i= rh : * Oe atts city oHey HH! (b) All real numbers except —5 and 4; all real numbers except ~5, 0, and 4 UG) = ey a= () UF Ne) = He) + 90) = pe y+ By U- M@) =f) - of) = 5 2q- Ay Ne) = 102) le) = 2 8G = af —2 Oe = 9 = aes = ey (b) All real numbers except —4 and 2; ‘The domain of f/¢ also excludes the ‘e706 of g, and hence is all real numbers except ~4, 0, and 2. Note: Let Kz) = (Fe g)(z) = f((z)) and H(z) = (9 © fe) = off(=))- (BD (6) Ma) = (We FB) — 8 FH) = rh 2 fe FD ‘The domain of (f © 9)s) is the set of alle in the domain of g (x > ~2) such that (2) (the range of gis y > 0) isin the domain of f- Since the domain of fis R, any value of (2) isin its domain, ‘Thus, the domain fs all vouch that 2 > —2. () Ma) = [3 49 = (Poser. ‘The domain of (g 6 f)(2) in the oot of all xin the domain of f (all R) such that A(z) (the range of fis y > —f) isin the domain of g. Since the domain of gis #2 —2, we must solve f(z) > -2. oP — 32> —2 = a9 - 32+ 2205 (2 = Ife ~ 2) > 0 > 2 € (co, 1] U [2, 00) {use a sign chart as before to solve the quadratic inequality }. Thus, the domain ia (—o0, 1] U [2, 09)M4 EXERCISES, Be) Ho) = {¢ = {Fees Domain of g = R. Domain of f = {15, 00). (2) > 15 => 2? 4 22> 15 > a+ 25 — 18 > 0 = (2 + 5Yx — 3) 2 0 + cE (—00, —5] U [3, ow). (0) Ke) = (ETS? + ET) = 2-15 4 2B. Domain of f = {18, co). Domain of g = R. Since f(3) ie always in the domain + 2s) — tha sare 28 the domain of f, 16, 00} 5,00). Domain of f = [2,c0). Me) D2 FFB D IS 45 D429 > —1oreE [1 o). (b) Me) = (TEET46, Domain of f= 2, co). Doman ofp = [-5, co). fi) 2-5 EB 5, He) = is always true since the reult of a square root is nonnegstive. ‘The domain is [2, co). (e) Ma) = {3 — {2 +2. Domain of g = [~2, 00). Domain of f = (—00, 3} oe) $39 (oF S 8a 242595057. ‘We must remember that x > —2, hence, ~2 <= <7. (0) Ha) = (IT = e+ 2. Domain of f = (—co, 3}. Domain of g = [-2, c0). Sia) 2-29 oF 2-2 always true since the result of root is nonnegative. The domain ten a. (©) Ma = [25 —Ge— 9! = GH E= 5) = (=z. Domain of g = 8, 00). Domain of f = [—5, 5]. (2) <5 (9(z) cannot be lest than 0} = e~B <5 He-S< Hx < BW. [3, 00) M (—co, 28) = [3, 28] (6) Hay = Fas — =F — 8. Domain of f= [—5, 5}. Domain of ¢ = [8, 00). fa) 23> (B—F235 2-2 2942 < 16» rE [-4, 4) GD) (a) (2) = 3 — L216. Domain of g = (—co, —4] U [4, 00) Domain of f = (—00, 3). ofa) <3 (PF —16< 832-16 <95 2? < 26 = 26 [~5, 5], But |] > 4 from the domain of 9. Hence, the domain of fo g is (5, —4] U [4, 5]. = oes = —00, —4] U [4, 00). f(z) 24 (G2) cannot be less than 0) = (S—-2>453-2> 16 2< —13 De) 4 wr -tin= sth Domain of y = R ~ {0}. Domain of f= R — {-§}. oz) # -F > 44 -] + =f —3. Hence, the domain of fo gis R — {—3, 0). 0) 1) = rgb = BH. Domain of f = R — {—}}. Domain of g = R — {0}. He) #0 gg £0 #0. Hence, the domain of g 0 fin R ~ (—$, 0). (b) Ha) = {B= ay — 1 Domain of f= (~co, 3]. Domain of gDG) Me) Domain of f= R— {2}. (s) #2394224}. Hence, the domain of fo g ia R — (0, §). () Ha) =qesy 359. Domain of f= R ~ (2) Domain of g +0). 1) #0> rEg kOe exo. Hence, the domain of g © fis R — (0, 2}. Note: In anticipation of wing the ebain rule, you may want to think of the lest caleulater operation (if you were evaluating on a calculator) as your choice for y. (437 6 wus P ety yo acd {16 « kus 3p oI P+ hysdt ~ 28 45, ly = (24-22 +5)° « We aay bee Peg ele Sepa -2 = MES . wus Gera y= bey aie eee yah [5D (Fe 0)(2.4) = s(o(2-)) w= 7(8.019658) - 7.91296; (a © $24) = off(2.4)) = (2.014044) we 5.04811 (52 (0.0001) a WS = 5 x 10" V = bh = (30 ~ 25)(20 ~ 2(2) = 42" — 1002" + 6002 GH) V= Wh = 6 = a¥(18) + y= 4 oye Al () $= 2y + 2.8)e 4 2UL5)y = H{4/2) + Se + 9/2) = 4 + Be + 12) # = 100? + (29? > d= 24? + 2500 $= Der(10) + 22807) = Der + der? = der +) ye (ht a ey =A + Beh (y> 0} > 9 = Ya + Dlr (200)? + 2(200)(4000) = {(200)"(2 + 40) = 200f4i ~ 1280.6 mi (BB) (0) 2? 4 y= 157 => domain for the funetio (&) A = Jon = fofoas [Bet y denote the stance from the conteel booth to the beginning of the runway. ‘Then 7? = 300? + 207 and d? = y? + 27, or solving for & ¢ = {60,400 + (18, 15] and (0, 15) will form triangles.EXERCISES 1.2 2G) + ANG) = Be + yi O = 2(82) + 5(4y) = 16e + 20; (0) 162 + 20y = 400 & y= 20~ fe (b) V = dey = 4(20 — f2) Me) {= tts anya ke)= mas (b) Vm frat(y +) — fry = [Co — Pp + oh] = (e-oA4+ | = Plat Db + ot] = ge? + ob + 0) (©) 600 = $0? 40-348) oh = P= Broek Me 24-39 @ haar h=2-3r33(4~ 2) (b) Vis ae CBee TO) ote ‘Mobily sich dios ascut by yo btn ted Hdlen sass 0) = BE = 12 — 31) = 8er7(4 = 1) OG) 150° = FF (2) 450° = SF 0) CRY @) -3 Cy 330" (b) FY 495° (a) -F-Y 3 = rb = (4 16)(50- id = 35 ms 6.98 = 18 = (}-120)(2.2) = 192 D sino’ =4> 4-45 fo Gage sino’ =35 B= 952-28; wor =fo Bajar 8 Note: Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the remaining side. sind = $6 (adj)? +37 = 6? = adj = TD) cowe 17? 3 on (MH tane hyp)? => hyp = (EBlcota = 1» 1? + 1? = (hyp)? = hyp = 3) GB): =4andy= sara [P+ Cas (Bs = —8 and y = -15 = = [(—8)? + (-15)) =EXERCISES uw (1B) 2y — 7242 =0 e y = Jo— 1. Thus, the slope of the given line is f. ‘The line hrough the origin with that slope ia y = Js. If = —2, then y = —7 and point on the terminal side of @. z= —2 and y= —7 => * 458 Ge bb OF OF Ge bh F 8, ‘The line through the origin with slope —B {the negative reciprocal of If} is y= ~ yz If s = 15, thea y = —8 and (15, ~8) is @ polut om the terminal side of @. x= 15 and y= —8 = r= {157 +( +H -¥ Mee) cots = gad = Ean pS lg — ponds (Be) tane = sag = = eet Wa = hy = UD (2) 1 + tana = soc? > tan?# = cec?® — 1 > tand = face! — i ea 79 = 39 (b) ing = {1 — cos = h ~ he et ving = Sndleost _ tang _ doc = [feos = eed = eee (BD (a) 1 + cote = cse¥ = cot? = coc¥@ — 1 > cot = fescte (0) cae = rots tm fie =F = Lig —tosin®s = fie sin?) = acon? = cos] = Acos8 since coud > Oi F< O< 5 2 W , Pe) = simplify as in Beri COTS ~ ee oats (my ain Be [te = Blane btn Stan _ tant _ sand Varo Tas + astento ~ Yoo + tanta) Sleect@ — love6l ~ see {since v8 > OM —f <9. <§) = aint WFEA _ [ate TG ey ann Buereh ty tet — Sten’ +4 ( cinwpify as in Exercise 23} = 28868. = Jot ese 2 Aten? fy 2} 4tan’@ * End _ (ince —9 Wee 1) aft _ tunel — tg ‘Baeet ‘Saccd {since tan® > 0i00-<0 <§) = sind OB) [PF 5 = 125 00080 {50007 — 25 = 125s0c°0 (6 tan 4) {simplify ax in Bxercige 25} = 625eec%0 tand18 EXERCISES 1.3 ‘Note: Bor the following problems, we use the formulas for negatives and then reference angles before evaluating, De) sine (ZBI (a) cow 150" = (&) con(—60") = cons" = 9 BG) tn () tan(—) = —tang = 8 (-cot 30°) = 13 () see(—j) = see (b) eve(—880") = Note: We will refer to f(z) = sing as just sins (f(2) = cos as coas, ete.) GBl(a) Hz) = joins» vertically compress sins by & factor of 4 () fle) = —Asinz reflect the graph of sins through the xaxis and vertically stretch it by a factor of 4 Figure B36 Figure 36 BIO) #0) (©) (2) = sing — Fw ail sins down § unite [ 7 sin(2 —$) © shift oins to the right § unite Figure te Figure 33EXERCISES 1.3 (BB) (a) f(z) = 2eoe(z +) © w shift coe to the left x units and vertically stretch it by a factor of 2 (b) fle) = eo ee vertically stretch cosz by a factor of 2 and shift up x units y Figure Te Figure 356 Gl (a) J(2) = feosz + vertically compress cos by a factor of 3 (b) Mz) = —Seonz © reflect the graph of cos: through the saxis and vertically stretch it by a factor of 3 7 Pp i Figure Soa Figure 366 [BD (e) M2) = Atans «vertically stretch tans by a factor of 4 (©) Je) = tan(s — «shift tans to the right f anita Figure STBEXERCISES 1.3 © HG) = Peans + vestcally compress tan by a factor of = fants ed 6 kus tntet y= fe (AO) y = cot? (22) + * cote, y= a My=eee+) + wesethysece By=coctr=F © wks Ee, y = cow a 24H) = fe) _ cons + 1) — come _ cons conk = rg esinA = cons = ctu an — nga = (=) — s(t) apf = J) _ sale + N= sins _ sins cash + cope sinh — ine nce yah = is A4=3) +d) (BB) (1 — sin?(1 + tans) = (cos*A)(20e*) = (co8?A)(1 eos?) = 1 il secp — coop = aby — con = 1 see8 = sat — tne ing = tan sin coctt _ csc2@ _ Win _ cos? _ (cos8? — ont? Stag = 9 hea = Soe = SY = sed an Bl cott + tant = sort 4 sint = cow taint A A et ot WDE SE — cotp = ly + SEB ~ corp = coup + S25 - eat = oop Geter = wertan Serb ~ StS = SY = (Bi)singy = sin (oe + inw cos w)coou + (1 — 2ein*u)oinu = 2oin cos? + sine — 2ainu sez + cote sin u cos + cos2u sin sin u(1 ~ sin?) + sin ~ 2sin*u = Qeinw — Qein®y + simu — 2sin?u sin ~ 4ain®e = sin (3 ~ 4sin?s) [BB] asin? 20 + cont = 2sin?21 + cos(2-24) = 2ein? 24+ (1 — Bein? 24) = 1EXERCISES 1.3 By CEB) cos" = (c00?§)? = (LE geesp = Lt Bowed cod 1 4 poons 4 H(t eot28) = 1+ found + f+ Joon2d = f+ Joosd + joos20 Le Beonte con's | Joonte + (1+ gatBt) = fn foods + | + foosts = Bsa = 4420 bas — }eonde + jose (55) 20020 — 3 = 0 = cos: 9 =F + an, ME + an, where m denotes any integer Gs 0 = + ono, + Oe > Ont en Et on 0 => (2sinu — 1)(sine + 1) =0 > bree ne 14 sla. Squate bath sides to obtain an equation in + 2ein# + sin’? = + Qsin# + sin’? = 2sin?? + 2sind = 0 => O (sind +1) =0 = sind = Since each side of the equation was squared, 2sin38 + {2 = 0 = sinsa = (57) 2sin?u = 1 — sin => Qoin?s + eee the solutions must be checked in the original equation. x is an extraneous solution, (BU) 2tant — ooo? = 0 = Atant — (1 + tan*f) = 0 = tant — 2tant +1 = 0% (Bsns + coe scote = sin + coe. SB82 = ‘This is an identity and fs true for all numbers in (0, 2x) exeept 0 and © since these values make the original equation undefined. (sine + sint = 0 = 2sinteost + sint = 0 => sint(2eos! + 1) = int = Or cost = —J = t= 0,7 or &, [id}con + conde = 0 =} coon + Bea 0 (Reooe — Ifcoss + 1) = 0 (Gi tends = tans = Qe r+ rn z= wn > £= 0, x. Another approach is: tem de = tanz => SD98 — GIRS p sin2e cose = sine cos 2s => sin22.coas — sin 2 con2e = 0 = sin(2e — 2) = 0 sin singu + cosu = 1 =» singy + [1 ~ 2ein%(fu)] = 1 => infu — 2sin*(fu) = 0 > Ju( —2sinfs) = 0-4 sinfu =O) =O 89 3 a0 Os 2=Ox,2 EXERCISES 1.5, (BBlsind = —0.6040 » After pressing ‘avd converting to deghees on & calculator, we obtein 84°20", Since the sine is negative ia QUI and QLY, we went the angles in those quadrants whose reference angle is 34°20" . 180° + 24°20" = 214°20" and 360° — 34°20" = 25°40" cos? = 0.7490 Enter 0.7490 and then press [INV_Y COS ] to obtain 41.50" to toro decimal places. 8p = 41°80!, Ql: 41°80!, QIV: 818°80" (Titans = 2.798 + oq = 10°20", Qh: 70°20", QUE: 26020" (BBlcot# = —0.9601 After entering —0.9601, use [172 ] and then CINV-CTAN I. 4p, = 46°10", QU: 133°50", QIV: 13°50" (GD sec# = —1.116 « After entering —1.116, use [T/% ] and then CINV GOS). Om = 28°20", QU: 183°40", QUIT: 206°20" (il esc = 1.485 + After entering 1.485, use [1/2] and then CINVTSIN. 4 = 42°20, Ql: 42°20", Qt: 197740" ‘The sinlercepis are approximately ~0.73 and 0.8, 7 Figure 71 Figure 72 (7B) From Figure 72, a reasonable first approximation ie =, © 0.5. xy = Joon, = OA3670L = = Jeonzy ve 0.452633 xy = Jeaszy wy 0.440640 rq = feos, 0.450300 xy = feonzy m4 0450158 ty = Jeonzy w 0.450189 3 = Joon, 1 OASUIB2 xy = feoszy 0.450184 49 = eons, as 0.450184 Since zy and aio agree to G-decimal-places, x re 0.450184.Chapter 2: Limits of Functions (Heeiciees 20) Note: DNE denotes Does Not Exist. (82 — 1) = 8-2) ~ clin, Bi hig, +2) = ings a a m, (—#) a a © te a @ pit ote aint = ehh = ig £2 = S42 Te (0) Ji Soa inet f= 249-0 ye png _ mn ten 9 pet = =t-4 8h, EF DEED — yn 49) = (ay? 43=4 Win e=$ Jig, EF ME 2) = i (2 4 2) = Ua jin, =O p= 9S dig, OF + UE - 8) Iperf +y = tae oy re) SDMA Gtr ta 7 re eo ae ee oo eer (+9r— 1) rae ~4 BU rere it oe a ies ee Op, = = pp tos 9) i (F-+ OME +2) = 22 a os -5 s i 0) in, Fh = tn. ge ery = eres 7b OB fy SPP =F My BEM = Ji Cas + 4) = 20 oN eee oe = DAO hee an, FES = tn 5 iss iamancy, in =f = fp, ST = bn tyne SAG = lms: Sinee hy does not approach some real number [i as z approaches —2, the limit DNB. =, lim, (8-28 +4) =Bing pe = does not approach some real number 5 as 7 approaches 5, the limit DNE. (€) Since the right-hand and left-hand limits are not a, the limit DNE, Be) ©) im eB (©) Since the right-hand and left-hand limite are not equal, the limit DNB. ) im, (We+ 6 + 2) DNE, since f+ 6 is undefined for = < 6. () tim , (GEE + 2) = —6, since {FF 8 ie defined for s > —6. (6) The limit DNE, since {4 6 is not defined throughout an open interval containing —-6. CBN (@) _ yy, (U5 = 2 — 22) = —¥f, since 15 — Be is defined for z < § (b) “by, = 25 — 2) DNE, since {5 — 25 is undefined for = > §. (©) The limit DNE, since {B— 25 ie not defined throughout an open interval containing §- @B)(e) lig (1/s*) DNE, since the function becomes unbounded in the negetive sense. (©) jim, (1/=*) DNB, since the function becomes unbounded inthe positive rene. (6) Since 1/2? does net approach come real number L as ¢ approaches 0, the limit DNE. (BD) (a) im =-1Lg DNB, eince the function becomes unbounded in the negative sense. Jim ;-L g DNB, since the function becomes unbounded in the positive see. (6) tim 5b pw » (6) Since Lg doesnot approach some real number Las = approaches 8 the limit DNE. es 1 @DNE 2 @2 2 4 (b)4 (4 (a). (1 (1 @1 @1 @3s @:a 3 2 @DNE (@-1 @-1 1 (0 @DNE 1 @) 0 (QQ DNE ()-2 @DNE (a1 @o (Q DNE ()DNE ()DNE (4)DNE @)0 (9 DNB (b)DNE (@)DNE (a) 0 @o (Oo @)-1 @=-1 @DNE @1 — @DNE (@®)DNE (@)DNE (a)2 @r orEXERCISES 2.1 % De ips = ip <0 (0) im (0) = im, = 9) = 8 (6) Since the left-hand and right-hand limite aro not equel, Tip (2) DNB. 7 7 : ee te Figure a Figure a2 BG) ti 102) = m2? = 1 ©) Jim, J@) = Jim, (8 ~ 2) = 2 (6) Since the lefthand and righthand lite are not equal, iy, /(2) ONE Ge) (6) Since the lefUhand and righthand limita both exist and are equal, lin f(2) = 2. 1) = Gea? (©) im, 102) = im, (8 = 2) = 2 7 7 Figure @ Figure 4 GAC) tim £2) = liga (1 — (&) tim, 4) = tim, (e 1) = 0 (€) Since the left-hand and right-hand limits both exist and are equal, lim, f(2) = 0 BC) hin (2) = Jim (2? +1 2 (©) tim s(0) = im, (41) = 2 (©) Since the left-hand and right-hand limita both exist and are equal, Jip f(s) = 2. ” 7 Figure Fue6 EXERCISES 2.1 Be) tin 10) (-#)=-1 (©) ir, f(0) = im, (= — 2) = 1 (©) Since the left-hand and right-hand limite both exist and are equal, iy J(2) = 1. See Figure 46. use its < 20,000 GB) %) = { S000’ 0.22 20,000) it = > 2,000 [06 its < 20000 = {cans — r000 it > 20,000 © ig M9 ~ iy) = 200 i o(0-208 — 1000) = 3000 2s est _ 4025 itr< BDO) 49= {035 ¢orme—a) west = {01040368 Wed () im CG) = Jim (0.10 + 0.152) = 0.10 + 0.15" lin, (2) = im, [(0.20 + 0.163) + 0.16] = 0.25 + 0.150 BD) tim, FCO = 2; a ot there i a force of 2s ) _ lim, 719 = 8; just before the second booster is released, the force ia 8 9. Him, F() = 1; just ater the second booster is released, the force i tg. (©) timy_ (0 = 8; just before the spacecraft's engines shut off the force is 89's. = 0; just after the spacecraft’s engines shut off, there is no force. [51 rp. 7(2) = 200; just before the second additional 100 mg dose, the patient has 200 mg of a drug in the bloodstream. Yim, f(0) = 900; jut after the second additional 100 mg dooe, ‘the patient haa 200 mg of a drug in the bloodstream. ‘Note: In Exercises 51-56, answers may vary depending on the type of calculator used. Round-off will affect answere. ‘The values in the tables were found using double precision. Since we cannot enter arbitrarily small values on a calculator, we cannot ‘even begin to use a calculator to prove that fis liz (4 ay 110 5087 000 28680 Tor 27048 099 27320 LOOT PG 0.599 21196EXERCISES 2.1 3/2 2 1+ 22 5 Li =oi 7.0 ‘0.0 LO tor 98 O.00T LOR 3000 i [0.005 0.598 200 90586} TOOT T0007 30,000 403.19, a.000r 0.9998 30,000 40367 7.00001 1.00002 300,000 403.40, =b.0000% 99998 =300, 03.45 wo = 2-2 St—9 GF of(e-2) EL Tr Tar Toast iw or TaoE6e 9.364 201 0.0L ‘a.0gar 9.947 Ts S001 0.00853 9.853 IT G00 0.000805. 553 000 =a.00t 0.00885 x 2 z-1 a2 Fe Zr i Ta6 1435. oo} Gi Tag89 1380 TOT COL ‘CO139T L391 as S001 = 001382 1382 ‘LOOT 0.001 0.001387 1387 a.900 oon = alg gt alel ag glahizet - a Se 4) ns To TIO. E095 oor 700, i O1S0BTE 60087 O.00T 1000 LOOT 6.0008 % Only positive Values for # were used dines the sign of = does not affect the value of any of the expressions. 2 tet ie or or 0.7988 on 1.2589 or T9550 Oo TOaTE 0.001 Co0ST C00 T0060 C0007 0.9091 0 1.0009 (A (@ Approximate values: 1.0000, 1.0000, 1.0000; —1.2802, 0.6290, —0.8913 (b) The limit does not exis (5B (@) 0.04124; 0.02199; 0.00025. (b) The limit appeats tobe O, but is actually —0.092Ly EXERCISES 2.2 (2) Bip, () = K means that for every € > 0, there is a 6 > O such that if 0 < lt — cl <6, then [4f) — K| 0 auch that if Cis inthe open interval (¢ — é, ¢ + 4) ‘and £ 3 6 then o(é) iain the open interval (K — ¢, K+ 6) K means that for every € > 0, (6) fig ( = Mmenna that for every «> 0, there is a § > O such that if0 0, there is and 1 # 4, then f(¢) isin the open interval (M—e, M+ ¢). 5 > Osuch that if tis in the open interval (b — 6, 8 + 8) (0 i) = Crenstha a vey €> there is a 6 > O auch that if p— 6 < =< p, then le(2) —- |<. (0 liye) = Crean ta or every €> Gon > Oi aE ah pe sil 49 then 9(z) is in the open interval (C — ¢, C+ €). © fe there ia a 6 > Ouch that if @— 6 <2< a, then Ma) — LI 0, (W) lim M2) = E means that for every € > 0, there a a 6 > Ouch that if sis in the open interval (a then (a) is inthe open interval (Z— 6 + &. 5, a), (2) im, (0) = mean ha fo vey € > 0 therein a 5> O much thavit tc rc £4 5, then| f(a) — ace (0) tim, 2) = A mean hat for every € > 0 therein a6 Ouch that if sin the opn interval 4 +8), Chen J) sn the open interval (0 — 6,46 (0) lim, 2) = Dimeane hat fr every €> 0, there is a 6 > 0 euch that if ¢<2< c+ 6, then |s{2) — Dj 0, there is a 6 > 0 such that if xis in the open interval (c, ¢ + 6), then o(2) is in the open interval (D — ¢, D+ ¢).EXERCISES 2.2 9 0.01 and 42HP = 224 9ite Xf Fore = 0.01, use the lines y= Y= 64001, Hence, 5.99 < 25 + 8 < 6.01, or, equivalently, 1495 < 2 < 1.605. ‘Thus, 6 must be within 1.505 — $ = 0,005 units of 3. @ Sef a= se— aie x |. Pore = 0.1, use the lines y= —4— 0.4 and y = 4+ 0.1. Hence, 07 < £<~065. Thus, 6 must be within ~0.65 ~ (—§) = 0.63 units of -3. Use the lines y = 16 + 0.1. In order to assure us that 15.9 < 2” < 16.1, we must Ihave 6 Jess than o¢ equal to the minimum of |Yi5.9 — 4] ~ |-0.01252] and [$6 — 4| x 0.01248). Hence, 6 = fii — 4 ~ 0.01248. [10] Use the lines y = 27 + 0.01. In order to assure us that 26.99 < 2° < 27.01, we must have 6 less than or equal to the minimum of| {E55 — sl x: |0.000370416) and | ARTO — 3 ~ |0.000370325]. Hence, § = YH — $ w 0.000370325, = 4401 In order to assure us that 8.9 < 42 < 41, ‘we must have 6 Jess than or equal to the minimum of |(3.9)? — 16] = |-0.79] and |(4.)? = 16] = Jo.s1l, tence, 6 = [(.9)? — 16] = 0:70. (TD) Use the lines y = 3 + 0.1. In order to assure us that 2.9 < YE < 3.1, 27| = 1-261) and [@.* = 27] = 2.791, Hence, 6 = |(2.9) — 27] = 2.611. (Here, (2) = 5s, L = 15, end «= 3. Then|f(2) ~ £| = |(6e) ~ 15] = le — 3} ‘Thus, |f(2) ~ L] ce 4 Ble — a cee fe ch. Hence, we may choose 6 = {, Now if0 < ls ~ 31< 6, then [f(2) — L| = lz — 8] < 55 = 5(f) Mote: We could have selected any positive 6 < j. Tt is only required that we satiafy the definition with one particular value of &. (il Here, f(s) = —42, £ = —20, and a = §. Then |f(s) — £] = |(—43) + 20] = {dz — 5] = Ale — 51. Thos, |f(2) — D] cee dle 5h cco le ~ Bc § Hence, we may choose § = §. Now if <|z~ 5] <4, then |f(2) — £| = dle — 5] < 48 = 4($) = ¢, as desired. (UB) Hore, (2) = 22 +1, = —5, and a = —3. Then|f(e) ~ Z| = (Qe + 1) + 5] = [te + 6] = le + 3h Thus,|f(2) — te Bet dlce sles sch, Hence, we may choose § = §. Now if 0 <[z +3] <4, then |f(s) — Z| = 2ls + 3] < 26 = 215) = «, as desired (1G) ere, f(s) = 52 - 3, L = 7, and a ‘Then |f(2) — 2] = (6s — 8) — 7] = [6s - 10] = 5lx— 2), Thus, |f(2) — 1] <¢ 4 Sle — A 0, So any 5 > O will satily (2.4), that is, 6 can be chosen arbitranily. (22) Here, f(z) = 3, L = 3, and a = 5. Then|f(2) — Z| = [3-3] = 0< efor alls and any € > 0. So any 6 > 6 will satisfy (2.4), that i, 6 can be chosen arbitrarily. Bi tere, 42) c and any € > 0. So any 5 > O will satify (2.4), that i, 5 ean be chosen arbitrarily. Dl Here, f(s) = me +b, b= ma +b, and ais arbitrary. I'm £0, then [f(2) ~ 2] = |(me + 8) ~ (ma+ 8) = fm(z — a] Thus, [f(s) ~ LH] <¢ € ime ~ al 0 may be chosen by Exercise 23. (2B) Let f(2) = =*. For any small positive ¢ consider the lines y = a? + ¢ and = a? — in Figure 25, ‘These lines intersect the graph of fat points with ecomtlaiian~ {Fa ved PO Hee Cle el ah the f(z) € (a? ~ (“Le + 0) and (0 + LPG It follows thet = € («- 6 0 +6) > re (fe He Wd) os) (PF — G0 +0. By (25), In? =o. 6, = 6 and ais asbiteary. Then f(s) ~ Z| = te— l= 0 FE (ME ~ 0, (9 + 0) > Hla) € (ME 6 LO + A). By (28), Jin VB = HE (30) This is similer to Exercise 29 except we replace {a with “fa, etc, [Bi] Since f(z) = 1 for 2 > 8 and f(x) = —1 for x < 8, it is geometrically evident that no Fimit exists. Formally, assume the limit L existe. If ¢ = J then there ia a 6 that ‘satisfies (2.4). Let x € (3 — 6, 8), 2 € (3,3 + 8) so that f(x) = —1, (5) ‘Then 2 = |f(=) ~ A=)] = |[f@) — 2) -[fl) - 4] < [fes) = a + [fe — t]ce tea. ‘Thie fsa contradiction and hence the limit does not exist. (2) The solution is like that of Exercise $1 except that the interval of width 26 on the 2 Ife) = Moc s > —2, and f(s) = —1 for 2< —2, [Ed] Assume the limit L exists. For each ¢ < I there is a & that satisfies (2.4). Let a € (-1~ 6-1) and ay € (—1, —1 + 8). Then f(m) = 8 and f(e,) = 9. 90 8 = |e) ~ f=] = [[Men) — 1] -[Wea) = 2) sen) - 1] + ed - 4 <¢-46 2 This in a contradiction and hence the lit does not exit. [Bd] Assume the limit L exists. For each ¢ < 1 there is a 6 that satisfies (2.4). Let 2 € (8 — 6,8) end 7 € (6,8 + 8). Then f(x) = —Band f(s) = 2. So 4 = |fle) — fad] = [Ae) ~ 2) ~ [en ~ 2) < len) ~ 2] + [fle - 2] <€46 2 This ie a contradiction and hence the Hit doea not exit, (5B) Asoume the timit L exists, Then by (2.4), there is a 6 > 0 such that 2€ (6,5), 2£0 > Ife? € (L— 6 L +6). But thie axis ia centered at = possible since 1/2? can be made ritzy lange by piking il all enough — that 0 < tet < Tb +4 = l/s > L-+ e Thin is « contradiction and the limit does not exist [HB] Assurne the limit Z exists. ‘Thon by (24) there isa 6 > O auch that if FE (A= 54+ 82 6 4 then Ly € (L~ 6 E+ 6), But thin ponte since 1 cou bo made chil by picking « — 4 > 0 amall enough —thal W+edee-sc +dEXERCISES 2.3 , then given any € > 0, we could find 6 > 0 such that Wb ae 64 bet 5 then bec bg c b+ eby 8) But thie fe impossible since 1 can be made larger then L + ¢ by making # + 5 > 0 small enough. (GB) The solution is like that of Exercise 35. For ¢ > 0, it is not possible to find a 5 > 0 such that 0 < le = 1) < ¢ fora fixed number L. {G5) There are many examples; one is f(2) = (x" — 1)/(z — 1) if x # Land f(1) = 3. Also, see Exercises 32, 88, 44, and 48 in §21. (GInformaly, the right-hand limit ofthe funetion for & equal to «. ‘The left-hand limit of the function for every integer « is equal to e ~ 1. Hence the limit does not exist. See Figure 1.19. Formally, we prove indirectly that no limit exists. If Jim f(s) = © S we can find 6 < 0 such thet, ife— 6 <2< a+ 6,24 a, then|f(z) — L]< 6 -<} Now let a, and xy satay a— 8 < ay < a< 4, < a4 6. Then, avin the feet sentence, f(%) = 4 f(z_) = @—2 and |f() ~ f= [a -(@- DJ = 2 But; using the triangle inequality, we obtain 1 = |f() — f(22)| = [Yen = 2] + (2 — Heal] se) - 4 + |e) — fcc testy and we have the result 1 < 1, which isa contradiction. [Al Assume Z exists. Let ¢ < 4 and § satisly (24). The interval (e— 6, a+ 6) contains both rational and irrational numbers. Let 2, and 2 be rational and irrational numbers, respectively, in this interval. ‘Then, 1 =|f(z,) — f(a)] = (en — 4] - [re - 2] < |e) — 1] + |e) — tx ete sh ‘This is & conteadiction and so Z: does not ex (HD Definition (2.4) requires that the funtion be defined on an open interval containing 4. ‘But f(z) = 4 is not defined to the left of zeto, and hence the definition does not apply at 0. ‘Hig [of = £ exists, where ¢ is an integer, then given any positive (2) 41 =7 x =iD ig (—2e + Ht = 3° WD inte 9% =)" 0 Bip eh = CH = (13) tim, (829 — 22 4 7) = (-24 +4 +7) = -18, OA) Jip, (622 — 92 ~ 8) = (60 — 36 ~ 8) = 36 OB) im + 32-4) = alg +9): Im - = 512 - 4) = 512 - 20 (TE) irm, (34 + 4)(7¢ — 9) = tim, (34 + 4)» tim, (7 — 9) = (—5)(—30) = 150 lm, = dim, la, (7 Jim (2 — 3.1416) = x — 3.1416 Ol Jim Ge- 9) = 4-9 23 % im 42, —62+3 1-343 Mngt pact = Fee A (OD tim 22823 py CA VEHD eT agF — Te 4p 2 ~ « STya(d2 — 1) — 2) in = baer tag epee ‘i wade , ( — 2)(z + 1) — (8 ip, Ea = Jin ERED = fy FE Dv P4o-3_ 5 (@+9Me—1 _ _ Cl tpn, SEES = un ENED = (tn, ONE Bim 28 im CME = 2+) yy P= teed CB ting = BET aE De TO HG HET ine FAM = Jin, EGE = noe +0 = 8 (2D pi, UD =U) pi 2@= MED ty 5) = -] BB ues a75 thy = bese tyes = des @9 = Bn (Fy - =) = By (0) jin (12 + £) = G+ ye = 28 = 08 fim 22 +2 _8464_ 72 ee? Dan. ere 7 TTS im, rn GB fig, = 62 4 = Yip, He = ae = Jig (e +1) =2 Tn, @ — +1) = =5EXERCISES 2.3 ee) ‘hint Ba PERRO ye a (RES SB Hay 4 OB di, UES = 7) tn 1 OER 4 (OTH 4+ VT 1 fim, t Jin, at ts, = fi ae doen ORT fern 8 , tm LAA 1 ER Bin Nah - 1) = in a Tt = aye-1) qipha + Th £4 Hle— 7 t= inmate ie ey wt i in (2 2(2-5) By = Jin eee eo TEER” 5 Bip = GD pirn, (0 — 4)(9 — v*) = (9)(5)(~18) = ~810 GD jig, OF + 4 ETH = 8 =e GB tin, l= 25 +8) = 43= 8 GD ty alo —F = a (3) lim = in 1 F=$ (2-3 >0its>3)=1 eer a a eet ae FH = 4a. [hy] i Wet e i = OO EDP] asp ASB = = GD) lin 152 = 5 =0 (b) tim, {5 == DNB since 6 — =< Ofor +> 5. (©) Jap, {=e DN ence the Limit in (b) does not exit, GD) im. {=F =0 (©) tim, {7— DNB since 8 — 2 < 0st > 2 (©) Jip, {48 — = DNB since the imit in (b) does not exist. We) tp V1 = VP i =0 © ip Wai = (©) Sap, V1 = O since the Himita in (a) and (b) exist and are equal.36, EXERCISES 2.3 @ ols. (8) im 22" = (ARB)? = (2h = 4 (©) tim, #°/* = 4 since the limits in (a) and (b) exist and are equal. Br oF, then zis in the interval (n — 1, n). Hence lim,.,,~ {3 If n°, then z iain the interval (2, w+ 1), and lim, 44 S(@) Figure 63 Figure the greatest integer function and the solution is similar to that of Exercise 63. = Land tim, (2) = (Ed) This i Thue, tiny rq fla) = BB]Since # # a, lim, f(2) = Oand lim, , 6 f(2) 7 gee (poe nc ec 041, fle) = Vand, thay, pn, fl) = lm = 2 Similaly, x — 1c xem fe) = 1 and mf) = Sit (Recall that tc x < m+ 1, then fo] = mand lim, fo} =» n= Land tim [2] = 2-1. Amit 1< 4 mth fo © gt = () (®) lim fe] = (= bD =a =o ~ lig [-al =+ > (He) (tim (2 = fe) = n= G1) =1 BOW) n-1er< ny anc -2< -(n-1) > fd ain. Ci-a (b) ncecntls (nt I< —e< af lim, (f-s)) = — tim, fs] = -(-(2 + D) = +1at (0) tim (el ~ 2) = (2-1) - FP = 1 = (©) lim, (el - 24) WDM -1 << 1then0 <2 ¢ jetand 1 <2 41 < tet +L But Jin = Land ‘Tig (lel +1) = Ls given, By the sandwich theorem, Jim, (=? + 1) ve#t0, fe $4 $7 > (7 >1. Bese 9S ell —s4 < 2 in(1/4) < 24 (1/2) < tet 4 Hei < sin (0/2) < et ‘Tip, (—2") = Cand Jip, = = 0. By the sandwich theorem, L [BH Sinee 0 < f(2) < cand * >0,0< 2%f(2) < Pe. ‘Tap, 0 = 0 and Jig c=” = 0. By the sandwich theorem, I = 0 [Bi Following the hint, L = 0- M = O by (2.(i)), which contradicts Z # 0. [BZ] Becituse ‘Theorem (2.8) is applicable only when the individual its exist, (GB) Because Theorem (2.8) is applicable only when the individual and 2 in = dim [vou + aioe! 7 (b) If T< —278°G, the volume (HO) ,lim_m = ip Ht does not exist since the ratio becomes unbounded d= I Tay in the positive sense. As an object approaches the apeed of light, its apparent mass increases without bound. (b) Hf v > ¢, the mess m does not exist. bak a eel of , (22 + §)°-+0-. Thus, (b) As 2 ff, (22 + 5)? +0". Thus, (6) LDNE @ (a) Ass —$>, (72 +8) 40>. Thus, LS (b) As 2-H, (12 +8) +0", Thus, RS () LDNE (a) As s+ 8, 32+ —24 and (z+ 8)? +0*. Thus, LS = —oo. (b) As 2+ —8*, 92+ 24 and (x + 8)?—+6*. ‘Thus, RS = 00. () L = —00 D(a) As z-vf>, 32? +f and (25 — 9)? +0", Thus, LS = oo. (b) As s+ 8%, 80 + and (25 — 9)? 0%, ‘Thus, RS = oo. (Le (a) As 2+ —1, 25° 2 and (2 — 2 — 2) = (2 — 22 + 10". ‘Thus, LS = 0 (b) As e+ 1", 25? 2 and (22 — 2-2) = (2 — 2)(2 4 1) 40". ‘Thus, RS = —co. (LDNE B (0) Aa et-, deed and (22 — de $3) = (= 1)(z— 8) 40". Thus, LS = 00. (0) As e+ 1*, deed and (2 — 42 + 8) = (2— 1)(@~ 3) 40. ‘Thus, RS = -o0. () LDNE ® (@) As 2+9-, af — 3)? +0". Thus LS = 00. (b) As s+3*, a(z — 3)? 0". Thus, RS = 00. ()L=00 (D(a) As s+ —1-, (2 +1)?—+0*, Thus, LS = —oo. (b) As 2-1", (2 + 1)? 0%, Thus, RS = —00. La - Note: ‘The first step in 11~24 is the result of dividing the expression by the term cotaing the highest power of in the denominator. 0 tim +1 B= S/s+ fs? _ 5 an SH = MRIS ae 2 =EXERCISES 2.4 30 im Se te aa ey apa tm FEE ee =f Ua, SEED = ole Sager (aisebs 2) = 2! Us — 3/2 Ite, 2F=3 = on a sie in Bt Ue? + fo? OO ig FEES = Jy BS ee e428 _ —oo fie tin CF ee Gao = MS ape = Pao (if <0,2=—12) = jm Ae ee Tee (BD li, sin DNE since sin does not approach a real namber £, ete TF 1) (Te) Dut rather oncillatea between —1 and 1 as = increases without bound. (lim, cos DNE since cos does not approach a real number f, Dut rather ates botween —1 and 1 a8 z increases without hound. 2,3, A= #10, 100, 100, 1,000 = Fian(§ — 4) = Feot() a 0.996864442, 0.999965656, 0999890066, 0.999999085; the limit appeara to be 3. (Bo) n = 1, 2, 3, 4 = = = 10, 100, 1000, 10,000 => Jim Feng w 0.315700083,0.099908333, 0.0316227T1, 0.009990000; the limit appears to be 0 Note: Let VA and HA denote vertical and horizontal saymptote, respectively. The vertical aaymptotes are found by finding the zeros of the denominator in the reduced form of f(z). Bjn= ‘The horizontal asymptote is found by finding lim. f(2) and im f(+). BDI) = LG = epaheay VAs Pande Hyarse Bs) = PEs Wo VA; HA: y= 2. (BD) Js) = AEs No VAs HA: Be =s 4; pate = eraesy = 325 0,andz=% HA: y = 0. GAs) Z=5- oe doy. —4and 3s (= + 1)(z + 2). fe = gtbit. “eageea, VAre= Sands = 1; HAry = 1. se) = aH = EET = php ite A 5: VA ee Be) S44 - otitis m4; VA: 2 = 4; HA: y = 0. BAe) = ABEP = EER va weapeyee, Note: For Bxercises 37-40, the figure was plotted using the listed function. f= 5; HA: y = re = Figure 39 Figure Met 32-2) _ 3274 32-18 Boe = ay =EXEROISES 2.5 4 [410 (@) Since 5 gallons of water flow into the tank each minute, ( = 604 58 Since each additional gallon of water contains 0.1 Ib of salt, A({) = 6(0.1)t = 0.64 0) (0 = $0 = PEs = suet yoy bi (©) Since lim, peg = 0-1 Ib/esl, o{®) approaches 0.1. [Since lim R(S) = «, we conclude that the number of recruit approaches «. (Bierce 25) @ Jump Removable [J Removable J Jump Jump Jump infinite (Infinite ‘Removable [I] Removable TM)Shnce ifs) = 0 and lin, f(2) = 8, there na jump discontinuty at 1 GBSince timp f(=) = 1 and tim, /(=) = 2, there is ¢ jump discontinuity at 1 GU) Since lm, f(e) = 1 #2 = f(—2), the discontinuity fe removable, CASince lisy f(z) = 0 4 1 = (1), the discontinuity is removable. Since Jim, f(2) = 2 4 1 = f(1), the discontinsty is removable, {CB Since iy f(2) = —1 74 2 = J(1), the discontinuity ia removable. (since tim, (2) = tg he) = 0 and f(0) does not exist, WB) since ip 2) = co and tim, fs) = oo the ascontinity is nine, Mote: In 19-22, we use the standard limit theorems to show that (2.20(fi)) is satisfied. Din se) = 124 B= 1H) tim, (=) = 3 = (5) BH lim s@) = 19- b= s(-2) BD ime) = BE}Since fis not defined at —2, (2.20)i) is not satisfied. (Bh) Since fie not defined at 4, (2.20)(i) ia not satisfied. (BB) Since Jin, f(2) = 6 # 4 = J(), (2.20) (i isnot satiated Bsince in, f(2) = —6 4 2 = f(—3), (2.20) is not satisfied. BA Since ny f(a) = 1 #0 = (9), (220)(i) in not sate. (BB Since lip f(a) = —1 and tim, #2) = 1, J (2) doesnot exist, and (2.20)(i) fe not satisfied. (BB) Since Jin f(2) = 1 0 = {(0), (2.20) in nok eatisied. BH) Since Jig, (=) = 0 3 1 = £(0), (2.30) ta nt satiated.42 EXERCISES 2.5 Gh) = 353 = eee discontinuous at —3 and 2 by (2.21). cers )A(2) = zis = era ‘fis discontinaous at —2 and 6 by (2.21)(ti). re) = 5 = yaya ayi is iscontinuous at ~2 and t by (2.21)(i). ante) Pa = esis fis discontinuous at —3 and 4 by (2.21)(ii). (Bis <6 <8, Jim Me) = fim 4 = 7 = 100) Similarly, lim, f(=) = 0 = 4(4) and timp. f(2) = 48). Hence, fis continuous on (4, 8) by (2.22). WO=3 = Me = 109, Simitarly,.limy_f(@) = 0 = f(16). Hence, fis continuous on (—c0, 18 Wied o, jim fe) = GBI << 9, tM) = tin shy = hy = 0 Hence, fis continuous on (1, 3) Note: For 39~64, each function fis continuous on its domain. GBI ¢ < 16, then tp /(2) Him, (1/2") = 1/4 = f(«). Hence, fis continuous on (0, 00). Ga = Bh = ay e{n2e¢ 1) Gye) =fSPasrsegs kas £3) GAs) = eso 42 + w-3>0422} # (<0) GAN) = pee oe r-4¢ 0 eed {ae X 4) GAs) = 1 «© P-1>0e2>1au1>1 at (00, 1) U (1, 00) B= Tey oe l-f>051>Famc1 *(-11) Gone = Ete (1, F222 a {ned 8) Gr) = 35 © 2 +1 £0 forall real numbers = *R Bins = s25 = hy (224 0,1) Ae iz % 4, — B= yet ery Eee Poy Kiet 6-8 Go = Fa? . py s>om mes, W—- Posie e4 * [-8, —3] U8, 4) U (4, 8]BXERCISES 2.6 4s ~6>042>6 # (69) ands e IAF tana Xx ht En aw {art E+ Ga} [B)fle) = cots o be A nea Z Sen (siz # Sen) (Me) = acl 6 fet rns ef ten {12 # Dea) (AUG) = ede + Bex Etre AE In a {ned f+ fa} (1) $ ws fQ)e0 w > f2) #0> w> 8 fe) sw ~P sw c= Aw GOA) < w< 18) HOS w <6 fQewse wa cowed ew ENTER Choo ex LETS yy Fit sess BA s(-2) 100. Since fs continuous on (0, 10), there in at least one number a in (0, 10} such that f(a) = 100. (Gi Lat (2) = oF — 324 — 22 — 2 1. $0) = 1 > O and (1) = 4 <0. Since fis continuous on (0,1), there is at lenat one number ain (0, 1] ueh that f(2) = 0. (HD (35°) w 9.79745 < 9.8 and g(40") r 9.80180 > 9.8. Since g is continuous on (35°, 407, there is atleast one latitude @ between 35° and 40" euch that g(@) = 9.8. ‘T(s000) = 98.0995 > 98 and (4800) = 97.0178 < 98. Since T'is continuous on [4000, 4500], there is at least one elevation A between 4000 meters and 4500 meters auch that T{) = 98. Dayan Banat Boe bya, (22 — (49? + 2) iW tim ( - fio - #4) 7 bs? + (Qa — 3)(z + 2) " z in, eS = oe, GPE = Hd ae Se e=2) — 5, te ingested = ay Seog oH = 8 = Jig CA MEF ME) _ yy + OE +9 2D = Eee ta 9 t DIE since the ratio becomes unbounded (+00) as = +3". ‘The limit DNB since the ratio becomes unbounded (+00) as ++ 0*, -0=445 BH) rm, 162) = in, fe) = | hn (8) Hiro, 2) = im ETE 1 (b) Him (6) = Bim (4 + a) © lyn /@) DNE ©) yn, f@) = 2 LX Figure Fe 0 BD) lif) = Ji? = De) iy Me) = iy +1) (©) lin, 1) = (b) lim, (2) = tim, (+1) (© Bip se) DNE © Jp s@) = 7 7 Figure St Figure 37 (Gl Here, f(2) = 5x — 21, b= 9, and a= 6. ‘Then f(z) — Z| = [(S2~ 21) — 9} = [5s — 30] = Sle — 6}. Thus, {f(a} — Z| -2¢8<38 & [-2, 3] ase) = Y= 2 9-P>0s 922 Ss de— 16 AO eA ED w [-3, -2) U (-2, 2) U (2, 3) Os) = 2. o 2202-1 d0eees! 4 [0, 1) U (1, 00) GV = FFG = 8 © mf) = = £18) ie) = VP 40597 © lim fle) =5 = F027)Ante Yost, he sep me = fg fE EH LO os gaa nd D6) a= fin, et = Met BI) = oP Ae) yy tek gw = we ip, (106 4 54 — 4) = 100 (b) my = 16 and f(2) = 1; y— 12 = 16(r — 2) ot y= 16x — 20. (0) me = fi B= M+ NYO — 20) iy tah — 2 fim, (-40 2h) = —40 Be + IL (b) my = —8 and f(2) = 5; y+ 5 = —8(2— 2) ory fim (2+ H)® ja" + Sah” + 4° BD (@) ma = fin EEN =O iy SoA Ba? bP [in @e + 30h +) = 30? 12(2 — 2) or y= 122 — 16 Bh 0) me = fim, + ita ot reas + Goh? + dah? + h4 _ Hi Ge? + 607A + dah? + 8°) = 40? (b) mg = 82 and f(2) = 16; y— 16 = 3(s — 2) or y= 32x — 48, B ) m= pet ]= 042) _ ip 98 = in, (b) my = 3 and f(2) = 8; y — 8 = le — 2) ory = S242. Note: ‘The tangent line to a linear function ia just the line itelf. B 6) me = gg ME IT 29 =f = pm) = -2 (b) my = —2 and f(2) = 0; y— 0 = 22 — Dor y= —2e 44. = im SFA (eth + i _ h ~ DB @) m= fi 4 - anaes MEeir ee yeh (6) See Figure 7. (b) m, = 12 and f(2) () m ~2=He- Aormo exencigesst 4 a Figure? (2) m= fig, ET (b} mig = diy t 2 = dle+ Bory = dr— jh. (¢) See Figure 8. 4 fim 1/0) = Mea (@) my = jim MO ae (b) m, = tH Figured Figure 10 1a + Wt ~ 14 Mle Wt = wet at ye lim =2ah — &* —2o—b 3 tin, atkyh = bn a aRB = A(z — 2) or y = 2a = 6, then (©) See Figure 10. , and the point is (3, 9). - Figure T BG) By Exercise 3, me = 302 13a! = 0, then « = 4, and the points are (4 (3, 4 343).EXERCISES 3.1 9 UB) (0) Ueing (8.2), my = = EAN = M9) wis ¢Q = 4 + 34, the average velocities (in cm/sec) for each interval are as follows. time 2h) aR T ne tap 4 ae 14 te, roy, EOD A — TOA = To ho (0) Veing (8.3, te = fig LO * BP + He + HI] ~ (40? + 80) fig, hea ah y (80+ 4h +3) = Bat % vy = 11 em/eee. (HI («) As in the previous exercise, fig CD= a). -102 =i tip CDS) a= CD) 4s lea 0) = 1) _ = 10403 — 0. (©) The projectile’s velocity at impact ie v, = 112 fe/ace. — gg Dt et 4 1/0) - OMe = pA TOF ig oh in ety (@) At PUL, 2), the equation of the tangent lin ia (y — 2) = —1(e ~ 1) or £43. This line has sintercept $. ‘The creature at 2 = 3 will be hit, (b) At Q(2, 9, the equation of the tangent line is (y — §) = — (x — 9) or y= — Je 4 J. This tine has wintercept 9. No creature is hit.50 31 ls = Bn Het mt + (0 +) - Ge +89 _ yy IAtIP +8 aye (a) % = 8 m/sec (b) vg = 10. m/sec (¢) The athlete crosses the finish line when Ad) = HP + BE = 100 oF t= 10 for t> 0. ‘Thus, vp = 12 m/sec. TB (a) Using (3.4)() with f(s) = 2? +20 3,andh= 35-3 = 0.5, wehave oy = £25) = 10) = ah =U = 65, (ee) a te Bo Bg @et 8) = 2a Thos, yy = 6. (0) soy = 24) = 12) _ 859 (gy (aM W]— 0-2 ag aaah (b) Using (8.4)(ii), ye = Jim, (0) ve = ji Jing (Aa 2) = te Ths, = 8 _ H0/(u + A) — 200/24 200k 900 BC) 9 fg BOM DOL AO = eB = BP ‘The negative sign indicates that the pressure decreases as the volume increases. (8) no = —209/107 = =2 [BB] (a) Use An, Sy. = fi SEEM? Bee pg Seok tat i (eur + at) = Bar (b) Sy = Me 2/te BD) mae 1 (oy AMI) HLA) ars ant HDS 14) ora 5 ; Figure 25 Figure 24 se 15 1999) — f(—0.5) a ADs) @) fica 16138 (0) y — 2.065 = 1.614(2 + 0.5) orEXBROISES 3.2 5 ADD TA) we RISIABTISA = O.78207ISTD 5 9.06064 fee seo) 2) = +(2) y QTSROORSIE = PALGZOTESTY ny — 9.06426 11 /nec b= 0.0001; » = 22.0001) — 20) SI jg 0.6889 jee (HNC) Prom the figure, the object ie moving Ja « postive direction when the slope is positive. Hence, the velocity is positive on the following intervals: (0, 0.5), (1.8, 47), (7.9, 20). Figure 26 Note: Use f'(2) in SEF) — 0) in Buereises 1-4. iy LOCH A + e+ w) 42]— (5 + 8s +2) Jip, =O SH BF i (102 — 5h + 8) = 102 + 8 @)R (o) (1) = 18; y + 11 = 18(z + 1) or y = 182 + 7. (@ $@) = 04 2= aD (0 Pe) = fg LG OP = Met = ~~ 20) in ht ah D@re= = jl, (Gr + 3h — 2) = 622 OR (0) = 10; 9 4 = 10(2 ~ 2) or y = 102 — 16, @f@ =05 2=hG - » BD ©) rye py tM tee] +8) yg ath tse pw EL Hig @? + 3k4 P41) 328 41 HR (OPQ) = hy —2 = Me Nor y= te 2 (2) S42) # 0 for any real value of BG) rie) = py Et DPE + NI] —— t0)_ fin, SEB EBA tA in Cae + teh +4) 8? 4 OR (IP) = 87-0 = He Dory =e 16. OSG) = 05 rete PE Th) @PQ=9 OR ()y=%—2 (a) None P= eR ys —tee a (A) None @P@=0 OR @r=at (@) None aesEXERCISES 3.2 OR yen (@ None () f= 2 = () (00, 0) U (0, 09) -}=-Ae (4) None (®) (-20, 6) U (0, 0) © £0) = Ky 1 = 42 Dory (@) None 2 pla) = = atl % 0) U (0, 00) (© Pl) = Hiv — 12 = He — 81) ory = fet. (@) None (ED) 462) = 12849 = f(g) = 4s? = 4)??? (b) (00, 0) U (0, 00) © 1-21) = hi vt 86 = He + 27) oF — a. (@) None (HB (=) = 8" = (2) = 18s, 772) = 902", f(a) = 3003 [Ds = 62" = f(2) a, f(a) = T2e?, f(s) = 144 (Bs) = 91 = 92° 3 f(a) (BG) = 22"? = play = 12, f (Ps = 2507 & dpa = 45¢'/* and DBs (Bly = 3245 = Dey =3, Dhy = 0,and Diy &y a ” de is = 64M = 6a" = aoe" ana Bf = ne (EI (a) No, because fis not differentiable at ¢ = 0. (b) Yes, because /” exists for every number in (1, 3). (2) (a) No, because fis not differentiable at = = 0. (b) Yeo, because J" exists for every number in [ [B3)(a) From the graph we sce that fis not differentiable at (b) J" exists for every number in [—5, 0) 7 7 ys -a+7s Figure Figure 2 [EAV(a) From the graph we see that fis not differentiable at = = 2. (8) P exiats for every number in [~1, 1}53 RCISES studenta graph each function in 25-80. ‘ote: Tt may be helpful to have th LPG] = Jin [e?/*| = oo => there ism vertical tangent line at (0, 0). Since fin always postive, no cusp is formed. 7 7 Figure Figure 26 (2)] = gy $27 | = 0 = no vertical tangent line at (0, 0). Since /' is always nonnegative, no cusp is formed. A ying CO] = ny fe 00 => there is a vertical tangent line at (0, 0). As 2-0, f'(z) 9 —00. As 2+ 0*, J"(2) + 00. By (3.10), there is 8 cusp. 7 7 Figure 27 Figure 28 Note: We use a one-sided anslogy to Definition (3.9) since # = is an endpoint. lin PC] = fim [fe] = oo = th ia w vertical tangent line at (0, 0). 1c f' does not exist for negative values of z, no cusp is formed. ny 12] = Nin [fs'| = 0 = no vertical tangent line at (0, 0). Since f* does not exist for negative values of z, no cusp is formed. ¥ 7 Figure Figore 30BXEROISES 8.2 0 = no vertical tangent line at (0, 0). J'(2) = 0, no cusp is formed. See Figure 30 GD From the figure, it appears that f(—1) = 1, (1) = 0, (2) is undefined, and f'(3) = [52] Prom the figure, it appeara that f"(—1) = —1, /*(1) ia undefined, (2) is undefined, and (3) im Pt b= 5|-—=5)_ 5, UA Gig PHAGE in tt ig BA A= 5] = 15 — W sR = lige = le tim, # = 1 Since the one-sided limite are not equal, the derivative f jee A+ 2) — [24 2)_ i i tg EPA M12 Wn fm a stint = in, eeyy rears ee ae slp RRA SEE SD 8 Ul = lg of = Sine thn one shed aaa nol equ he Gcvalv fl to xt a ee oe ee ee yin B+h= 4-2-2 1p 5, which DNE Since the left-hand derivative fails to exist, the derivative fails to exist at Bt, 2 M92) pg B20 = aaret saat aso = QB to exiat at tm (249-9 - (1-2) _ Be? Baan Re Since the leftchand derivative fai GDI = <0, (2) = 2 and if 2 > 0, f(2) = 2 ‘At x= 0, the left-hand derivative ia 2 and the right-hand detivative is 0. ‘Thus, the graph of fhas a corner ab = 0. ‘The domain of j! y Y Figure 37 Figure 38 GB) <1, f(s) = Band ifs> 1, (= % ‘Ata 1y the left-hand and tight-hand derivatives are equal to 2 ‘There is no corner at x = 1. The domain of f* is R.EXERCISES 3.2 55 (ite < =1, PG) = —Be and itz > 1, (2) = % The cight-hand derivative, 2, is equal to the left-hand desivative at z= —1. However, the function is not continuous at x = 1 and hence, by the contrapositive of Theorem (3.11), cannot be differentiable at that point. The domain of fis {2:2 7 1}. 7 7 Figure 39 Figure 45 GOI = < 0, f(s) = 2eand if > 6, f(s) = 0. The right-hand derivative, 0, is equal to the left-hand derivative at z= 0. However, the function is not continuous at # =.0 and hence, by the contrapositive of Theorem (8.11), eannot be differentinble at that point, The domain of fis {2:7 # 0}. GID fis not differentiable at z= £1, +2, since fhas a corner at these points, 7 7 Figure ti Figue a. BB) = (9 = 22? maa are ta (A os) = #() = 120; 127 = 300 P= Beta 45. Go=hr-3 3 F=fo+ sro at Gv = v(t + aT) > T= ano fe 1) Ty = 279/%— Gv=gers ve GHG = arse r= Biro = gh a conan Ge) A= ar? = Ae = One (b) r= B00 fe = A = 2n(500) = 100m 13/f (O(a) V = fre Ve = ane? (b) r= 10 = ¥ = 4n(20)? = 400% 19/2 is not differentiable at 2 = :£1, since f has a corner at theve points. a irr’, the value of the surface area of « sphere with radius r.36 BXERCISES 3.2 TED (@) The formula gives an approximation ofthe slope of the tangent Hine at (a, f(a)) by wing the slope ofthe secant line through P(a — A, f(e — )) and Kath, Kat a). () fig, e+ le = Jip, Met NM fe) + Ke = dip, AE RAL — 7 yp A =) +h Yi LET DLO) (ohare b= 2) = Yd) + YM) = 10) 10.) 109) 2 UO? = 1109) 4 20408 (kaon pe) boone) we LEM ABE ALLOY 10900 5c soot x) m HAM = f80) _ 1/00 — HE) 2999 (@) 1) = fs? > (a) = -2/3% FQ) = -2 BO r@ = [roy fet OFfe-D +H+ H)- flat (a+ 2) ~ 24(0) + fla — 2) a Sat 240) + 0-8) rere b= Om, e+ N= 2a) 4 ile= 8) (b) Using h = 0.2, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively, f'"(1) is approximately equal to £01) = 2/0) + (00.9) _ UGA? = 2 + O89)" grog (0.1) . £(.01) — 240) + f(0.99) _ 1/(1.01)? — 2 + 1/(0.99)* BO TA EO) MO at LO we 8.0010 (1.001) ~ 2f(1) + f(0.999) _ 1/(1.001)? ~ 2 + 1/(0.999)? oni)? = nt — (©) f@) = YF > Ma) = —2/s? = Fe) = 6/2 J") = 6 BH) e=3hat: (3) = (3) 8 eee 140.0 = 42.8 — 53.2 face (b) a= 6h=n 8) Dw ve) = 0 7 2 aie +2) _ 140.0 = 26691) + 420 5 gene? (b) ¥(6) = #"(6) mags) = SET = 18-7) + 20 6 fone? (6) oO 4M = AB =) 5 90827 = 2201 8 53.4 feeEXERCISES 3.3 ST THis ot differentiable at = w 07 since the graph of Fhas a corner thee 7 7 Figure 55 Figure 56 has horizontal tangent lines at = = —0.43, 0.54, 2.14. Ov 18 = sol? Ba) = a-ge8 = 22? (9) = -1 4 Bs — 2068 Or = -128 + ae B ry aot ge”? Bete) = 40" - ge" Doe) = (2 ~ (4s) + Qe? + 3)(8e") = 10s" + 92" — 282 GD H(s) = (2s? — de + 1)(6) + (62 — 8)(42 — 4) = 962" — 082 + 26 Me) = 8 BP 4? a) = fo 4? 00? (OD M2) = 32°? ~ 22°? 4 52? = bys) = Ba!” — al? > el? UD Mr) = 30 — 1 4 20? om We) = 18H — 2b + Ar UB Ko) = —208 + of — a0 = (0) = — 1008 4 Ae — a? (HS) (x) = (82 — 5x)(26s) + (132" + 4)(162 — 5) = 416s" — 1952 + 642 — 20 UA) ar) = (2 — 2 Yds 4 1) +? + 2 — 864 — 64) = 40s" + Ga" — Lost — 63? ~ 482" wore = St 21 = (4r— 593) _ 93 (3x + 2) Ge +3 ore = (e= mate 9)— we =6e+ WO) _ ie alee = ie alee iy = CH OML + 6) — B= + V9) _ mina a Mae = =o ae wy = (A DQ) = Quj@u?) _ -4y4 — du? +14 tar == = hGH =F 7 wy ) (+ 16307) — (v? — 1650?) _ ga? BC) OD ap (@= 264 90) = GL N=) aa = 30 Gary = (24 9) oa = 9EC)—-P4I@_CCPOr-9-9] eg GD (1) —wee “Wer FP ‘aat— 6)58 EXEROISES 3.3, n 2a" — dz + 8)(}e 4") ~ (2°/7\(az — 4) an = Sha EN ed [le = 26 + 4) ats ~ 9) ait QF = a+ 8 Te (at = de + 8) GEDBY the reciprocal rule, f(s) = — b+ 28 $ 8s Geese aye Bos) 1h py et oe ple) = et + (2) + (3) ORC) =~ y= 28-3 Bg =2- haat as OB) RG) = D4) = (4) = Dy(Bts') = 34(As?) = 324s 1s (252 — 40s + 16) = Bz ~ 40 = 10(52 — 4) Dy(Gu* +.12u' + 6u +1) = Uw? + Mw + 6 = 64? + dw + 1) tet) = 9g ap] = ern where we waed Exercise 31 for D,[(6r — 4)°) 1je 1 [ate] = fever] Mzt6 _ ~OF+ 1) _ 6 "G@ +6241)” Gl Grip _ p (te) _ 2+ ag - 29) Py(lat) Gare = >(Faa)= ag “B04 ] gone are ae - a af_3tar ]_ tag mame = (SAGs) = (-attn]= a BH MG) = Delos 14 ae 4 S04) = 2 Ae? ort 4S De = v.(6241- 27) are) Dz (32* — 52 + 8) aoe Gas) =544r? = 6s — Se + 9) De a? 4 ABs — 24 = (22 — (e+ 4); Dey 0 > 2 44} GB Da y = = Mls + 8) — 2 + Je ~ CL) oat = BES, a3) @=2) Sas H2,3. Dey = 09 2=0,4EXERCISES 8.3, 59 (e+ 122 +2) — (F + 26 + HNL +1) dey = Dey = 0-42 = -3)1 (HB) Dey = 22? + 122 — 10802 = DE y = 72s? + 144s — 1080 = 72(r + 5)(z — 3); Dhy= 025-53. [HB] Dey = 802" ~ 202° ~ 902" + 11 > Diy = 120s ~ 602” — 1802 = 60x(22 — 3)(z + 1); Diy = 0 > r= -1, 0,9. aw #= #03) or (22) _ az - 32 tok (B= allae ne) =e K-24) = (9 B= 2.62 #6(s) ~ (#8 4 1940?) _ pat gat _ ~2(0" +2) Ble) % al pia ate ends) sa sat pte ae 0) = delle + Ne] = 2 + 4) + RD) = Haat p= =e) (0 Ba Dee be) = wae — tert = SP = ED) aM) mae #=! (ae — 2: - a = 3G [3028 — 3) — 26" — 33)] _ . Sate (0) 4 = delta? ~ 3(e)] = (2 — 309-49) + EYE - 9) 4232 tema a sale fe ale (9 P= dee? — 2A My 27s — 40s we a-* 2P2@- fs * ag: a =a +9) as on (e) = alesse") = (22 + 3)(—1 “ y+ (0) = 0 gen sh B-gn= (9 Yaniger 482%) ale60 EXERCISES 3.8 mg Gea erat mg De - pt are Bobet ap Bar = -aisy] = ate 9 = 2. eri G+ yr ba fet2ory=fe4 9 BO = 62-2, 9) = ey - = Ye 4) BG) fa) = 32 + ae — 4 = (Be — lz + 2); FD) (&) The given line hes dope —4. f'(3) = 4 => BP ar Ao 32 4dr a0 > 82+ 4) 05 (Bi) Let f(s) = 2°. (a) == 80” and the tangent Hine equation is (y — a2) IF thie Hine has wintereept 4, then (4,0) rust saisy its equation ‘Thus, (0 — 6) = 30°(4 — 6) = 20%(« — 6) = 0 > 6. If a-were 0, then P would have aintercept 0; a0 a must be 6 and Pls (8, 216). a(x — a) [BA The slope of the given line is 1. yf = ga’? — fx? = Sh Now, S15 0 6541 = de (92 —1Yle- 1 =O = hh ‘The points are j, ~) and (1, 0). ‘The given line has slope —}, 90 the dested slope is 2. Ya ee ate ba} 05 5(29)8 — (227?) 41 = 0 2! — IY"? — 1) ‘The four points are (+ ~ see e+ pity) and (41, #2). @My-)"= re Jim, a ‘= 00 = vertical tangent line at z = 0. 7 y Figure 3 Figure 88 ain ada = 2 vet ncaa em 0CW =O 374 He = 4 4s) = 10,000 = Teo) () () = 50 P+ 2 Made t= 143K; (1 + 818) = BIE Re/oce ms 13.4 ft/sec A (0) uo) = 9'(d) = 67 + 6 2) = 96 cm/eee (b) ff) = 30 = 6 + 61 — 30 = 0 => t= {1 + LE) w 1.79 eee for t 2 0. va e(altaa] = athe Mesey = aif = ay = CAPM oY hake Aen ay hatin, {55) Let (4, «) be the point of tangeney. ‘The slope of the tangent line is 2a and (2 = 9) = 2a) > a? — 10049 = 0 a= 1, 9. Thus, there are two euch = Uz — 5) and (y'— 0) = 18(2 — 5) or equivalently, y= 2e— and y= 182 81. (Gist (a, 4/4) be the point of tangency. Since y = 4/2, the slope of the tangent line at aie 4/02, ‘Thus, (4/a — 1) = —4/0%(a— 8) = (4a — 0) = —4(a- 8) + @ — Be + 12 = 0 = @ = 2,6. Thus, there are two auch lines: (¥— 1) = =1(2 — 3) and (y ~ 1) = —Ah(e — 8) oF equivalently, ye —stdandy=—jet$. lines: (y — Wo) U4 9) = Fe) + ¢@) = -142=1 () = 1) = £0) - ¢@) = -1-2= 8 © (N'@ =4P@) = {-1) = 4 (8) (1)'(2) = £2) 042) + o€2)@) = (@)L2) + (5-1) = 1 1) ) = AEA) = DEO) _ (B= =) © Ye = ee pe = OO © GM) = Fs = sh} We @-N@) = 72) - £2) =2-(-)=3 = fA) 72) — 92)F'R) _ 32) — (—5(-) 0 (fey = DEM AONE HED = K=D (©) (49'@) = 492) = 4@) =8 © YE) = fA)FQ) + MLA) = 2A) = 23-1) = -6 BD) CF — 92) = 2/2) ~ 92) = A-1) -2 = 4 (b) (6F + 39)'(2) = 5F(2) + 3702) M—1) + (342) = 2 (©) (992) = 92) #2) + 92) 92) = 25(2)9'(2) = 2(-8)(2) = +92) £2) + ¥\ 1+2_ © (ry) = aR > Hare pad (-3yEXERCISES 8.8 mo (8f — 29)'(2) = 3F(2) — 29(2) = (3(—1) — (2)Q) (a) = © GY =f fat aged (9) GA) = 6F@) = 6-1) = Lye = 0 ee) = #2)- + (2) _ (—2(-1) ~ LL wr + ale) Cy Fi} For brevity, we suppress the argument of 2 for each function. Da( gh) = Dal(fi)A] = (adhe + Delis) = Soll + Ey + of) = Soh’ + fork + Sok, With f= 9 = hy we have Delf?) = FP + FF + FY = BF (FB) Delfohk) = Delf(ghk)] = f(ohH)! + F'CoAR) = Joh’ + Job'k + fo'hk +f'ohk. ‘With , we have De(f*) = 4f*/'. (BD dyfaz = Be 1) (2 + Ae +7) (Bs*) (Writing the answer in the form + @e—1) (2s +4) (2*—5) shown is helpful for students. } + @) @ +47 (5) (Aayféz = (st — 10? +8) (27-10) (6) + (3x 1027 +8) (42) (62 +7) + (122 — 202) (22? — 10) (62 +7) (Bayfaz = (2) 29 82-1) (128) +(@) (2-5) 647 + @) @# 52-1) +7) dots = (4) (2-1) 2) +4) () Ge) +) (2-1) Qe- 9 O(a) (ey = 304; ey) = 900" rg) = 8" 0) V = gers Vi = $xBXD? = B605 H(D = 362; VO) (0) Sm Ane; Sf) = 4n(BVi)? = 36x”; 911) = 360-3? 3s 9(8) = 120 cm /min VCO) = 5000 + 2¢-+ 1) = VCH) = 50O0(2E + 2) = 10,000(¢ + 1). (0) = 10,000 fe /month. (2) = 80,000 1/month, When ¥(0) = 6000(1 + 1)? = = 11,260, we have #4 24+ 1 = Lord? + 81-5 = (2t— t+ 8) =O. Since 0 << 3,1 = J and V(4) = 15,000 A /month. (DA w a? and (9) = Ao = ACO) = a(406? = 100008 A) = S000 (2) 4'() = 92005 () 412) = 64002 (6) ANB) = 9600 (em? /sec) v= ep" and pi) = 20 + 21 =» a9) = (204.24 o(0) = 60 + = 1200, Now of) = 1200(20 + 24) = 7800 and w(4) = ~a 20 ¥(5) = $3 = em? /min. The volume ofthe gos is decreasing because the pressure is increasing. on, em/rain 36x em®/minEXEROISES 3.4 63 OD) £0) we YE KOS) lsd 50.008 1.01 (9 f@) = 32-2 7) 4, is nearly parallel to the tangent line, but J, is not. a [i Figure aT Figure 62 (9) me OD CO) LBB 2 (©) (0) does not exist. —4sine BD BU) = Teec?s SL {cae # coty) + esc - I] = Beaco(t ~ veots) Mzcous + sinz-1) = ine + = cov2) = 1 — [P(—sint) + 24 cost] = # sin — 24 cost + 1 P (0) = 2w+ weorw + sinw ro= (Osea in 0) = tant aint yo) = (eins) 5 yaaa tana} bene I) = B cost + 30 sint = #(C cont + Bsind) GD) Ty) = 7 seertane + 2rsecr = recer(rtanr + 2) (1/2) = 2x{—cse's) + Deote + 2 sects + Pe tans (12/2) = 32" sece tans + Gr seer — 2° sec?s — 32" tanz (HB) WG) = (+ soealeins) — (1 = con2)f—sina) | dine o @ o a a a5 as Hae = =e =e a Ba ag UB) os) = caer cots = o(e) = cacs(—eoe?s) + cot {exes cots) = eae x(eaets + cot? H(z) = secs tans = F(s) = eeca{o0:"s) + tana{eecs tans) seca(vecTs + tan?s) = seez(I + 2tan*s) ~esea{l + Beats)4 EXERCISES 3. D9) = (@ + caca)(—cae*s) + cot {1 — exes cota) OBI H(0) = Dy (sin*@ + 2sind cos + cos?) = 2[sind (—sind) + cosd (cos) ] = 2(cos? — sin®9) {0D} x2) = sine S682 = cons, oo p's) = —sine (a) (9 = Di GLp-sing) = D(X) = 0 1(o) = (ht laces) — (ton s}(22) _ gece 2 once — de tne mae Coe = eet eg tans sey (LS ae id) = (eo cd WS) ued and min) (i = sed) @ , (2) 0) = D.( PEE) = D. (cote) = ~cacty (BH) o(H = D,[sint- (feos )] = D, (tant) = aee"t (BB) o'(2) = Dy (sine + coaz) = —cose —sinz {sine is odd, cosine is even) (2B) (2) = D,(—tans + 0ecs) = —sects + seertans {tangent is odd, secant ia even) (2D H(A) = Dy (1 — cood + seed — 1) = sing + sec tang wites | cuetl lites _ WHC) = gent fGhe ~ aise Fst cons ~ aI eo) ~ hE OS DeL{(2)] = De cscs) = —csc x cote DEP (s) = sece tans + (9) =. tangent: (y — (2) = {B(z~ 9); normal: (y ~ 8) = —}(s- 9) (HD s'(2) = —coe s cot s — acs = f'(f) = —42 — 2. tangent: y+ BB) = (9 + 22 = Pj normal: y — (14+) = Ee D [80a (0, 29}, f(a) = ~sins + cose = 0 = corr sine > tans =15 2 = 4,8. ‘The points are (f, 12) and (&, —{2). Bon fo, 2x}, f(s) = —sins — cons == 0 = sins = —coss = tans = -1 > 2524, The pointe are (8f, — 3) and, 1B). (On (0, §), f(z) = —csezcote + seostans = 0 = SDS = S08 2 = cos*s {sins # 0, cons # 0) => 2 =f. The point Ie (f, 243). cor = 0 {secs # 0 Vs) jeez tans — o8c?s = 0 Qtane [5a] On (—§, §), £2) o> Ding, saint =} = 2 =F. Thepoint is (f, 13). EB) #2) = 1 - Qeine = 0 = deers R + ea B+ ten (©) #0) = 2 and #*(0) = 3; (y — 2) = 1s — 0) ory = +2. He) £2) + coor = 0 = coor = -loe rant 2en ©) AD =F + Land /G) = y- G+) =e Porya et.EXEROISES 3.4 65 (DG) ¥ = Bone and the slope of the given lin Tes cor = Gs Pt 2am Et tee () Ate= fy = dandy = ‘The equation of the tangent line is (y — 4) = {(e — {). ) yf = —2sinz and the required slope is —{3; y' = —{3 = sing = {5/2 > ft ten, B+ aan Sand y= 0. (b) ‘The graph intersects the paxis when z= 0. At z= 0, ‘The equation of the tangent line is (y — 3) = 0(z ~ 0) of y = 3. (55) fis not differentiable at x as 0.9, 2.4, 3.7 el Figure Figure 40 [HD) The scoordinates of points at which the graph has a horizontal tangent line are 0.8, 24, and 39. aint = bo t= B+ an, 4 Oem P+ 2en, Yt ten -W=5527 15 (27, —27) Be) J") = -sing $™{2) = —co0, (2) (b) Due to the cyclic pattern, every fourth de Since 09 = 3 + 98 and 06 is a multiple of 4, the 90th derivative is sin. GBP (2) = —csets = —(es02- e503) F(a) res ive is equal to cos, = Benes cots [ese x( ene cot 2) + exe (—cse 3 cots) [sea —cve?s) + cot s(—2es?s cots] —2esetafese*s + 2eot?x) = —2esc*x(Scot*s + 1) GD Dey = secs = sece-seee DB y = seca(secs tans) + seca(eecs tan 2) = 2sec?s tan DB y = 2[secPa(ecc%s) 4 tan (sees tana] = DeocPe{onc%s + Btan®s) = 2eoc*e(Stan?s + 1)6 EXERCISES 3.4 GF = wecetanz yo seca{ee's) + an aeces tans) = scs{eets + lan?s) = eece(2oc's — 1) % = seca(2-25ec%y tan) {from Bxereise 47} + (2e0cs — I)(sees tana) = secs tan s(4secs + Beects ~ 1) = secs tan 620c%2 — 1) onan = ea ton «mabe may = -cae's (Bi) D. (esc) aly SBE = —cce cote GH) Desin2e = D, (2sinz cos) = 2[ sins{—sin) + cosz cous] = 2(cos"s — sin"s) = 2eose (BD. (cos2s) = Dz (1 ~ 2ain®s) = D, (1 — 2sinzaina) = —2sing cose + sin x cou 2) = —2(26in zenes) = —2ein 22 Note: In Exercises 1-10, the formulas for Ay and dy are obtained using Ay = f(z + As) — f(x) and dy = f'(s) dz. DG) dy = [e+ An? de An +8] - Qe ae 48) Az + (Aa)? — 4Az = (42 — 4) Az + 2(A2)% se — 4) ee (&) = and Az = 02 + ‘Ay = 4(-0.2) + 2(—0.2)? = 0.72 and dy = 4(—0.2) = -0.8 B @) dy =[(e+ a0 +4) - (8 +4) = [FP + Se Ae + 52(A5)? + (2)* +4) - 0 +4) Bebe + 39(097 + (Aa)? = [B27 + See + (42)"] 5 dy = (2) de (B) 2 = —Land Az = 0.1 =} Ay = 2.71(0.1) = 0.271 and dy = 9(0.1) = 0.3 - ae Bale + Ae? _ et ae oe) oss [Ep 3)- Feta ray? dy = (2/2) de (b) 2 = Sand Ar = 03 > Ag = hit = —gls ~ —0.01028 ond dy = —2(0.3) = i _@4)-P4 eras a @) sve[py aE as -ria]= D+ G+ agora = As EYer ayers w-=-t aeat*EXERCISES 3.5, or > ‘Ay = $03 = hy © 0.007614 and dy = —H{—-0.08) = gf = 0.0075 [4-02 + Aa)] - 4 — 92) = -94e (©) dy — By = 0 (Recall thet Az = dz) [ee + ax) 410] — (r+ 12) = Tae ae © dr BD (0) dy = [B(s + As)? + (2 + Ax) — 2] — (Be? + 5 — 2) = (62+ 5)As + 3(A2)? (b) dy = (G2 + 5) az (© dy — Ay = -3(A9)" B (s) y= [4-14 As) ~ 22 + O9)"] - = 72 24+) = (-7 ~ dz)z — 2(02)" (0) dy =(—7 —42)de (6) dy — By = (As)? a ©) 49= sat = zk (0) y= —4ae = ay = $e Et Ae (As)? © ay BSE + aay t= ae ag 0) dp= 1 nee (00? = WO) = Pap 3- era | OH Be 0 one ae EE «ga Ha (ID dy = (202* — 2429 + 62); 2 = Land As = 0.08 yield dy = 2(0.03) = 0.06; 10.09) = §(1) + a (TB dy = (02 + 8) x = 4 and Ax = 0.04 yield dy = 4(8.96) me f(A) + dy dy = (429)Aq x = Land Az = —0.02 yield dy = 40.02 0.98) = 0) + dy = 1 + (0.08) Ci dy = (4s? — 00? + 80)de; 2 = 2 and Az = 0.01 yield dy = 12(0.01) = 01% W001) © f(2) + ¢y = 3.4012 = 3.2 167 + 544 = 161.56 UB dy = f"(0) A9 = (2e008 - ind) A; 4 = 30" and AO = ~3" yiela dy = (1B ~ H)(-3- fy) {radian measiize must be ved } m2 ~0.0645; f(27") ws 4(30") + dy w (1 + 43/2) + (—0.0645) ws 1.8015 (1G) dy = s"(4) Ag = (—cacg cotd — ese”6) 4; @ = 45° and Ag = I" yield dy = (—J2-1 — 2)(1- 4G) —0.0590; H(46") = f(A5) + dy we (43 + 1) + (0.0596) we 2.3546 dy = fi(a) Ae = (seca tana) Aa; cr = 60" and Aer = 2" yield dy = (2-{8)(2-yfq) = GE = 0.12005 S462") re J(60") + dy 2 + 0.1209 = 2.1209EXERCISES 3.5 nec BAB; vied dy = Q)(~2 th) = — Bh © —0.0465; f(08") ns (30°) + dy ns {5/3 + (0.0468) ws 0.8309 1H) win t= 000, 25) OH =f), 9s = (25) + f(2.8)(2 — 25) = ym 0.08451 ~ 0.27815(2 — 2.5) (b) When + = 2.6, y =» —1.011825, (©) £(2.8) » (25) + dy = (28) + f(2.8)Ae 0s —0.98451 — 0.27316(0.1) = —1.011825, (@) They aze equal because the tangent line epproximation is equivalent to using (a1). 68 (OB dy = (8) AB B= 30" and Ap = DB) £2) P+ Gx — 25 $"(04) = 0.88; = f(04) + fCOA)(= — 0.4) = y = 4.744 + 0.88(2 — 0.4) (b) When 2 = 0.43, 9 = 4.7704. (©) HOA3) % J(0.4) + dy = J(0A) + P(OA)Az = 4.744 + 0.88(0.03) = 4.7704 (@) They ate equal because the tangent line approximation is equivalent to using (oan, ED Te evmae errs Em Y = HEY = pe = ERED — 5 ‘The percentage error ls (average error) x 100%, ie, (4: 0.02)(100%) or + 2%, CD Se we Y= OADM _ MEDD. 204s, 210.5% my aYe oe = ME) — sos; 24% ~¥o4 ie é2= 01 3 4A = 1101) = 14 Gear = we 4 2ydy te Band de dP = 19(02) = 38 = (#) = L1S%) = 445% gn ne =Ke)= theta == £0,082 “7g Bag = Meat = (4) = $= BY = fle oon = 0.00 mg= Wazds = 0 ad ipoenpens (SACs) = we se GA = tarde, AA ws dA = 2e(16)(40.08) = 41.920 in? £6.03 in; A(10) = 2560 => 2A ae SLADE = 4 0.0075; 40.75%EXERCISES 3.5 69 dz DA ws dA = WINER B) = tas SOOTY AQ) = 1 = 4 x 20.0104; + 1.04% Vos) = 2 = dV = 827d, AV ms dV = 4(10)°(0.1) = 30in?* ‘The exact change is AV = (10.1) — (10) = (10.1) — 107 = 30.3025. OB) Sr) = Ane? a5 = Ber dey AS ee aS = 8x(1)(0.01) = 0.08x rs 0.251 17, If ris the length of the side of the equare, then the base of the triangle is = end the total aren is y = f(s) = 2 + (13/4)2". fi(s) = 22 + (19/2)z. = = 48 ond Asm 4 Alto dy = f(2)de = (96 + WYSE) = 8 + 21S we 1LACAL ‘The actual aren in f(48) = 2904 + 5763 = 3301.66 12. dy _ £4 H) 7 = Gee » sonser, cose (GB) Let rdenote the radius of the cylinder and hemisphere. ‘The volume of the silo is V(r) = 74(60) + Grr. If Cin the circumference of the cylinder, then Enand c= 904058, WG = S06 Ly? + Fey? = Give? + GAa)o? ana Ham) = SMES a smn.c6 0% V9 = BE 4 Zoo ave votes) = + WEED. isos 8, AY. BLS we onnes; + 3.40% GOV = Jerthand bar Vm de AVS dV = ed 2 = a(10)? dr => dr = phy cm = 0.00637 em, Using A = Jhesina, we have A = }(12)(12)sin@ = T2sin8 and A’ = 72cos8. When @ = 30° and A@ = 3°, dA = 72c0030'(3-sfy) = 245K/5 ~ 3.20 1) = EYE o> ey = 2S, ‘The averoge change is SE we Of = Pla) Ae _ (c20mma/st) Ae _ = 2,00, 2 Gr m/ Now, =2A# — 0.1 (10%) and # = 20 + As = —ge = —lem. P 17 Cay of = RATT 9a 30% = f= 260%) = 00% crete (arf? (i) Let r denote the radius of the arteriole, P the pressuze difference, and c the porrtonlity constant. Now, P= Sand SE w A = (19 )(?) = -4(4), == 0.1 {10% decresse} => QP = 40.4, an increase of 40%. Gi) Let £ denote the wice's length, D the wire's diameter, and ¢ the proportionality constant. Now, R= Sf and Mf wy 4B = (—2eban)(DE) = —2( #2), Equivalently, 4P = —J48. Thos, $B = 43% = P = 215%.EXERCISES D0) = ah ra = era ans (ence w= 02 and W = 100), = _2{0:2¢080 — sin) _ apsind = dos PO = ~aacind + cond)? (0Rsind + cond” When @ = 45° and A9 = fap GOR = BEF cc) = SE wore ian = Eine 88 sy ang a = Berea — 808) oy ir 4a = 0 kos dh = 10? sing coed0" = 5B A Lae and AR wd = MAM? (oo8? a0 = sin? 00) a = 128 ws 273 8 (HB}A(@) = 20tand => dh = 200040 dd. Let 0 = Fand AD = £1 = qh Thus Ah ws di = 20002760" (49%) = 20) dof) = FS £0.85 1 (HB) mn the figure in the text, let A represent the epacclab's position, C'the earth's center, and B the point of tangency on the earth, In right triangle ABC with hypotenuse ay then AG, the equation relating r and 8 = fitsing and rm Dame ae 0 65.8 and 0 = 2 OSE de = BBDcOA6E (a fh) vv 176 mien G = sines.87 0 A = 115tang and dh = 115sec"¢ dp => ap = yfycostg ah Ror dh = sk Land ¢ = 52, we need d9 o2 40.0038 0.10". Ga) Let & = Eeap#, where bis « constant of proportionality. ind, 2) a he, ff = (Higa) (gy) = tana. With @ = 21° and ¢6 = —1', YF = tan21"(gh) = Stu = udp = ~Gdv > vép + $40 = 0 = vdp + pa [H1) From the text's figure, tan ¢ = .0067 ms 0.67%. 0. lp = § > dp= BOi= k= —Kars rar v Vane ak = Rat Fan =O Ral + 1d A = DaAsand AA = (3-4 Ag? 2 = 2500 4 (09% 4A is the shaded area and AA — dA = (As)? is as labeled.EXERCISES 8.6 a Figure 57 (av = 342as, AV = (0 + Ae) — o = 50 As + 30( As)? + (00), and AV— dV = 30(As)* + (49). ‘Thus, dV is the sum of the volumes of shaded blocks A, B, and C, while AV — dV is the eum of the volumes of the unshaded blocks D, E, F, and G. O # = Bis = anyaet) = 62*v = 02%" — 4) = is . Hts eee Hae)? ~ ae — 957 ae ds = (Gu + 2)(4) = 8(8u + 1) = (122 + 1) z- ae = (Sec? 3u)(22) = Ge eee” Bu = Gx sec?(B2") GE @ $F 2 Mle = (4 conn — sin (82%) = 32%" cone? + sins) P@) =e — 32+ 82" — 3) F(2) = de? + 26 — — 8)(12s? + 42 — 1) D oe) = —6(8e — 7°%(8) = —40(82 — 1)* GW) HG) = ~3(62" — 28 + 1)-Mloe ~ 2) = -6(52" — 22 + 1)-YGe — 1) esas ) = @ =D) = AG — y's) _ (= 1) U9) te ar) = C=O ip We = lee = (22 + 3)*(4s* — 62) — (=* — 32 + 1)(4)(2s + 3972) _ Ms G43) = (2e + 3)(ts — 65) — (2 — 36? +1908) _ 19s" 4 190" — 182 — Gz +3) = @e+a UBD F(@) = 5(85° — 22? + 2 — 7)4(24a? — 42 + 1) Th ev) = (wt — su? + 15)*(4w* — 16m) = 160(w" — Bu + 15)*(w? — 4) 5) F(x) = 1000007» — 5)°*"(47) = 17,000(179 — 5)°° OD) (= ~2(4# — 38° + 29-201 — 997 + 2)n EXERCISES 8.6 TDG) = Ge — HEH + HUUGs) + 3065 — HOVE + OF (6 — 7)°(82" + 9)[320(62 — 7) + 18(82? + 9)] (6x — 1)%(82" + 9)(8862? — 2242 + 162) = 26 — 7)*(e4 + 9)(1682? — 1122 + 81) (uw) = (Qu? — Bu + 1)(4)(Sw + 29°08) + (Aw ~ 3)(80 + 2)¢ = (Bw + 2)*[12(20? — dw + 1) + (dw — 3)(8w + 2] = (sw 4 2)°(860? — ste +6) Ws = (2 — 4)'(2+ 3) = (2 - 3 (2+ 4) 7 of (64 — 7108) — (804 4 2 * (0 = aA) {! 2) = 8 + ue} = sata +0 OED 4(0) = Yor? + 27)°22404) = Brae? + 2777? Be) = 102 - 9149" —-9) aya sO Ie) gat BP = OT (OF 32°" mew) = ee) O= a = ey vale = 400"? 42047] 2 BA (wu) 2 42? get? owt du 9 aw (2B) w°(2) = Yas? + 20 + 37482 +2) = ae mn = C2 +2) — e+ NYE? + 9700) ao _ Mast 4 9 [fe +9) — 22022 + 3)] 0 — 28) ~ ~ (4? + 9) BDI) = ots + FO +e + 37 0)] = ote + eral +7 i (BD) H(e) = con(s? + 2)- (22) = 2x cos(z? + 2) ra GD () = -sin(a — 34)-(—3) = 3sin(4 — 3) (BY) (6) = D,(cos30)* = 5(cos36)*(—sin 36)3 = —15cos*30 sin3d (BD) (2) = Da (sin z*)* = 4(sin 2*)°(cos 2°)(32") = 1227 sin’ (4) cos (2*) GHB) o((2) = see (2s + 1)? tan (2s + 1)? (2)(22 + 1)(2) = 4(Qz + 1) seo(2s 4 1)? tam (22 + 1)? 2x cac(s? + 4) cot(#? + 4) GH) H(2 = ~caelA + 6) cot? + 4)-(22) [35] H"(s) = —cac® (2? — 2s). (85? — 2) = (2 — 382) cac?(s? — 24) GB} (2) = see? (22? + 3) (ds) = Ae 000? (202 +3) GDP (s) = ~sin(32")-(62) + 2(c003s}(—sin :)(3) = —6e sin(3e4) — Gone sineEXERCISES 9.6 B Tl ow) = 3 (tana)? sec? Gu (6) = 18tan? Ow ooc? Ow [BB PG) = 2(cee2g)(—ce02$ cot 24)(2) = —Aene? 6 cobs (a0 ara) (1/7) tan (1/24) (—2/9) = —(2/28) sec (1/2?) tan (1/7) (HT) 10(2) = 2 (—cae45)5 + cot Br. (22) = Br cota — b:? exe 6e FED (a) = o{—cne(sot sh] 2s + (a)exe (a) = ess") — 257 xe() cot(s) (EB) W(0) = tan?o (900c%# vec tané) + 2(tamd)(o0c76)(e0c%# 2tanl sec’? + Stan*d sec? aw Du sec 4u + 120? vec*du tan de (EB) ¥(=) = O(sinSz — cos5s)* (ScosSe + Sein 52) = 25(cin 5x — cobs)*(coobz + sin5e) (BB) y(s) = De[[eindey(a/ainasy] = D(H) = 0 (HD P(w) = Scot? (a + 1)[-eae?(w + 1)(8)] = —Ve0t* (Bw + 1) coc?(3w + 1) (BB) 92) = [cos (2r + 3)*](4)(2r + 8)5(2) = 8(2r + 3)° cos (2r + 3)* (a) (wy = (= sind) (sind) — (conde)(—deondy) _ [[a(eec* 4u)(vecdn tan 4y)4] + 2u oc 4 (= sind) =4oindw + 4sin?4w + 4eos"4w _ 4{1 — sindu) _ (= sind = G Sandu)! “Taint nq) = (Lt tan 2x)(2see2s tan22) — (gee 24)(2vec” 22) Bore =6 : (1+ tan2ay i Deve Def tan2e + tan?2s— (1+ tan?2s)] _ 2sec2s (tan2x ~ 1) G+ tantey C+ tan da} (5D) p(s) = Stan? 2s sec? 22(2) — 3aze? 2c ane 22 tan 2e(2) = Gtan2e sec? 22(tan Je — sec22) GOW) = S(tan 2g — 00024)? Poec? 24 — 2ece26 tan?) = Gooc2¢ (tan 26 — sec2p)*(sec2d — tan 26) = Geec2¢ (sec 29 — tan 24)* BBL) = (em YE?) + Hina) eos = GE +B GDP) = 2 WH Ge [OG — 6-77"(-8)] = agi HHO) = 2(con {3 = B6)(—vin 13 — 80)[ (a — 80)"/7(-8)] = 8cos {3 — 80 sin (3 — 88 8 (BD r'() = Hein at — cos2t)-/*(2c082t + 2sin 24) = ee Mo = FF ime PHD Ke +1709] + [ee + Pea tan FF See FGI + ape4 EXERCISES 3.6 gn = EO eae Ad) — (cot 4a )ii(8? + 4) '77(26)) _ (10? + 4) AUG? + 4) cc? 4g — 4 cota (+4) (BU (2) see fF tan fF Ye + 12704) = pele Fleet = }(cac2s)"'/"(—2ca0 2s cot 2s) = — TI) = Yocrsy (nese ta cote) = —eaepesgh2e (x) = ¥ exc? 82) /?(2)(c0c82)(—Scsc3x cot 2) = —Setea 3x cot HG) = Ha + cae? S2)™/?(2)(cscS2)(—Seac3z cot32) apcaeats GEs(d = (sin? 20 f(con24)""/?(—sin 20(2)] + 2(sin20)(co020)(2) Feoodt = sin 24(4e002¢ — sin? 20) Yeosat Mote: Let y = J() in Exercises 63-68. ‘The answers are listed in the following order: (@) £2); the slope at P; the equation of the tangent line af Py the equation of the normal line at P (B) the roots of f(z) = 0 [BBD (a) FG) = Mas? — Be + 3)°(6x — 8) = 222 — 1) (22 — 1922 — 3%; I(2) = 864; y — 81 = 864(2 — 2); y ~ 81 FG) =0e254hF AG) FG) = 10(2e — 1)°2) = 20028 — NO) = hil - 2) 5 (= — ty = He = 1) OMG) = 0% s=4 I r= e+ )M(- 4 P() = 0 y ~ 32m O(2 — 1) ot y 83; the negative reciprocal of 0 is undefined indicating that the normel line is vertical, namely, = aren, (22? + 1%) = 2502s? +); (1) = Bi y-Wi= - RE + diy- B= Fern = e+ Me + Me = 1), OPW) 04220 G00) P(e) = 44 dents; (0) = 65 y— 0 = 6(2 — 0) or y= 6 -He—Oory= + ia yee Oory=zths ede = 15 dear tore ~ Dina; f(0) = y—1= -12-O)orye —241 () PW) = 0 sints = fo 22 =f + On, Ft ene ea + ee + aeEXERCISES 8.6 i Bs) = 4241977) = ay a any 4 Jory) 19 ~ EST *4Ge+ (TO) () = 30? +4928) = we tt ad a? + 4) — US +477 es) ra = oe + 4 UF + 47 [6Ce? + 4) ~ (40)(0)} 46s? 4 19) ~ oe +a OF ay [ED () = Sar + 29%) = 20(4r + 75 (2) = 20-4(4r + 7)9(4) = 3204" + 7) CF = aor + 7)" 00) = =e 02 +7) ng) = MEAT (00) PO ae ee (D2) = Bsn? con; $e) = S[sin?e-(—sins) + (cons) eins cons'] = Gsins cos’s — Seine TH] Ge) = 2secdt(seedt tani) 4 = Btandt sec? 4% Gr(t) = B[inn 4t- eee 4t sect tan dt-4 + see?At- sce? 4t-4] = ‘Soect 4t + BAtan? 4d vec? 4t HK) = ME a= oe ‘When 2 = 64 and de = 1, ya ae) = te H(05) = (64) + dy = 443 = 4% Wily = 1) = 88 = y= grayde, When 2 = 2 ond r= 8, 46 = al) = By 105) © 102) + dy 5 ato Vad vaprs es m te __300(6400)? IE = SE 100 Gh) [aad et] ff = “oan soe Ate son nith = 6A = DLO 019 WO) w = OF = Heh = (9-10.37517)[0.19(2 — 2)] = 5.6025.1"(2 ~ 1) () W= 103750 > b= W103 Fe 1.245 for W = 20 > W 6.56 kg/yr. DAD) = F642) = 10) = ~45 (2) = PUal2) 9) = VEO) = 3-5 = 15 x63) = dr(3) = (8) = -% PD (r(3)) e"(3) = (3) r'(3) = 6-4 = 24 BI = rHMODHY) > HO = AEN = aby " (0) = 0) x0 = woo #00) > 00) = ZG = aby = + hath ange 3- [2 20) — eg 19 = ea 7 (un gaa a) = 491 BB ¥(-2). = FUo(—2)) - (2) = (8.46) - 9-2) x [ee = f(=8. ama [es = al 0.0202) “3000 = — gene [=8 saeee {-s4s002)) = 0d EI) (a) Since fis even, f(—2) = f(z). Differentiating both sides yields: (2-1) = Ps) > (=2) = =F) > ft in odd. ‘Example : If f(2) = 2 (an even function), then #'(z) = 4z* (an odd function). (b) Since fis odd, f(s) = —f(2). Differentiating both sides yields: I-21) = =F) = (2) = f() = Jin even Example: If f(2) = 2° (an odd function), then /'(2) = 82% (an even funetion). = 2) = conf — 9): (-1) = eon — 3) = (a) HE = ME = (04e x 0-2 HE (B) W= (6 x 10-9) 2274 = 05 = Lm 26.975. wus, of = Witt, __04_g ont Toes, = pa” GeaeaTeaA RSTO TATE em /month. p= ev os Bm dev tt = — Dycooz sine fa) (8) = 60%, AS w dS = 9(A) dh = Sth ap, (De) 58) (OF ore a, 05 a ORO) (0.1) = 4Be we 1.808 2 Thus, 05 mee (# 01) = £04be w 21.808 (b) %error as pu x 100% ms 40.8% uprea enn = 0015 a = 0.02/ or I must increase by 2%. Note: or all exerclaes, we assume is that the denominators are nonzero, Note: In Exercises 1-18, the frat equation chown i the result of differentiating the original equation implicitly. 62+ 2y 0 y =~ Be —oy'y <1 y = B 62+ (ey an) + ary 02 y= Ste10s + (207y + dey) + Duy’ a B Ws ~ (ey + 5) - By = O04 ye 4? + OPW + Or) —Onty 4a) +2 — 09 y = SS Be? Oe +b y= 0 vii =e = = Le B44 wy <0 v/s = ee o wo ast Moy (ev + 9) 2 Hea) ay + 9) + vv =0 > a es tote (7 — rg)? = a8 or aye [1D %(sin 3y(cosay)(av) = 1+ ¥ > v= tayo = rams TB = foom(on)iey +») = v = see) Daly = [cot (<9) ne (ex) ley’ + 9) = ¥ + axl cot(sy) coe(x9) = —y cot(sy) exe(zy) = of = Uiagy = 2 Geecy tans) y’ + 2enecy > y= EME 2y— Teecytany Bam = «{—sing) y + cosy = (2einy + Bye? = cony = yf = = cot ey) ese (29) Pee, ing FH DB (ey + 9) = vecty x = ¥'(2— sect) = — sales (iar + Hein y)"/*(cosy) y' — 2yy! = 0 > a seh tem (orm Gf 2 = sale i co 6 oa ode, iv Spy ster=sh5 W}2(e" + 9? + o)(2e + Qyy) — 8e*e =O y= At PQ, VB) with «= 2,6 = 16, 7 = -H3. (Bi 32" + 3945’ — Salzy' +9) =O (eon Gy? y ~ At P(6,6) with @= 4, y= —1. CD 2<" + $)(2e + 2yv) = Bey + 9) > ¥ eee At PQ 1) with «= 4B, ¥ aly ale +EXERCISES 3,7 ‘Note: Tn Bxercisca 25-28, you do not need to explicitly solve for y (eee Exercve 26). By +y=0> 7 =-} A M-2,8), "= law - 82 =0 5 y = 4%. At A-1,3),¥ = -$ dey — 62? wat lo? — (y+ tn) Foy =O . At PQ, 3) ¥ =H. 1ayy + 4 — (@y' coay + Bein y) ya0S4-y=05 yah Chey + 9-2 teonyy Oa v= 5, ALP Be), = Oe. @ Pay te toy nOe ya ey At PQ, 3), 9 = —B a = “ a (ay) tye te Diss + sy 0 =~ y= 485? + 362" _ 12630" + a = eae RT = pa ince a? + 4 = 4) (0: - ayy = 0 v= eye = NE) ~ (6e(2y) _ 10H = G5) grrr = Gao (oier) YD mea SRO Bw 8 (ance — 9" = 0 s* ayy <0 y= 5 yr = FD - 2"(2yy’) _ Bay ~ Be sv) BA s"@y'v) + 22) = 0 = = 5h 3x(2u') ~ 20(3) cegtte ~ 0-3 i) + OY _ sony Joy ae 21s oP - =si Bley ty =i raphy = - es =a peop GH —siny y = 1 y = ese, y Bitty -1s0e% fas t-rsese wai (CC gireeess Y (=e ycaty) x = (ese ct y(cy) = ent y c2c%y ~#epeali—e for any ¢ in [-1, 1) ‘There are an infinite number of solutions. [Bi] One, f(2) = 0 with domain = = 0. [32] None, (2? + 9?) > O and hence (x? + y*) +1 >1>0. [BH] None, since (coos + siny) <1+1< 38Er} @ Weeds ; miin=(e yas. ‘Then, fe(z) Is a solution of y* = = shown in Figure 39. pean A typical example with = Figure 38 Dl+vaisy me = “Band mop = HE. Thus, m-mgp =F. The slope of the tangent line at P(t9y ¥0) 8 Irovided 29 # 0, 9p #0. al and OP is vertical. If yp = 0, the tangent line io vertical ond OP in horitontal, In all eases, they are perpendicular. ey tay’ = 62 mise See a If-zy = 0, the tangent line is hor 12 = 62 — (2-3y°y + 299") + y' =O = AL (2,0), yf = —3. ‘Then, Ay = dy = f'(2)Az = (~3)(—0.08) = 0.09. (BS + ay t yt = 19 3 80 + (oy + 9) + Py = AL (LD, ¥ = ~uif = -19(-4) = = 8 BD -2y —4y= 4 > -28 yf — ney GAB ao (y+ nH = - ts 0H 16) » Bas. i > a a D Let x denote the diameter. A= fro? Ym Jradf = Jr(a0y(00n) = 0.15% 6 047 em?/nin. TDA = ae? > tf = amr = (Ul {diameter = 16 in. ¢ radius = 9 in. = 7h} Vag a Patria Fa at = pO =F #8 0.707 ft/min. a vs fre oY a tr = ae(10)*(—p) = BBE ws -110.7 infin, [I Let x denote the distance between the base of the building and the bottom of the ladder and y denote the distance between the base of the building and the top of the ladder. 2” + y? = 400 = = = {336 when y = 8 and x(150)(6) = 1800 = 5655 £2/min. dey yt moe Ya pte = By _ edt + ay m0 oe Y= 50 = -20 (a) = GN wv —6.9 ft/ece, (Ta) Let z denote the distance of the first girl east of A, y the distance of the second gis! north of A, and the distance between the gts, =? de oglt 4. ny! oo aU (ode 4 pW Pata ys welt a ml + ryt > Ga 1H + VF). = 10 fle(120 occ) = 1200 fe, y = 8 fh (60 nee) = 480 Mt > x = 120TTE A, we - =I gy f= 0 ond = 8 > = hg Li200100) + 40006)] = ih 12.3 ft/ece, (IB) Let 2 denote the distance of the tip of the shadow from the base of the pole, y the Aistance of the boy from the base, and # the length of the shadow. <2 = G— Mb similar tangles, & = 2 G4 > == fy = Me = 1G = Hea w 5.52 foe. Than, Mf = Of — 4 = Po 182 fee {1G} Let z denote the horizontal distance between the bow of the boat and the dock and J the length of rope between the boat and the pulley. Paty te wih a rots & = bi = GA» = BT ~2.08 ft/sec (negative since = is decreasing).[Tz] Let T denote the thickness of the ice and uote that the radius is 120 in. The ae of the ice (outer hemiephere — inner hemi.) is V = $r(120 + 7)® — §x(120)* => A = ax(ia0 4, 7S = 2n(120 + 2)°%(—H) = —T442" w —23,360 in.*/br (Wsince r=, V = arth = be EE we ah Bh = w(10)2(0) = 007 9 1885 in.*/min, [D) tet £ denote the length of string and s the horizontal distance of the kite from the boy. HP = at + 100 + olf = af = = fa = BB = Pw 2.9 fae Let A denote the height of the balloon and J the length ofthe sope. e = 4207 sig = ws 5.00 fre 211i = 2ff = f= fi = pith gio = pA, = soo a pv = c= pt + of sos = 3% = a 2) = 5 in.*/min (increasing). Tet z denote the diameter of the enble in inches, Hence, A= 12(1200) isthe curved surface area. 4 = 12000 4 = $F = ands Y= byg(760) = gf % 0.1960 in. /y. [Zi} Let & denote the depth of the ater ‘The ares of the submerged triangular portion is Ana 8. vasa Bo alte $= h0¢ = se = BB w 0281 8/min [Using the same notation as in Exercise 23, A= 4A? and V = 40? => Mf = and) = = AME = shy = Hf = 0908 Hyon [Bet denote the length of de safes Y= Git ge Balt tame OB) & —4oHs Ba 4) =-AEw 0.2149 m/min. ant ¥ = 400, r= 49, ena é 5 : = -10 = $= nan" 10) = “Tey eooy 0.088 ft/rain, DMC = der =p $F = ae dF = 20(0.8) = 9 3.14 m/sec. Mote: C's linear in +30 its rate of change is constant. (BB) Let = denote the runner's distance from third base and h her distance from home plate, A? = 2? + 60 => 2nd) = neff oo Y= Fa = ZL (-20 = — fhm 180 fee GB) = fart => coe2 EXERCISES 3.8 == a= -g- Be R= manne fb was Bo 002 Be ain th) — eon ob] = ids = 9.006875 obmm/eec. G0) oor Bann ow des varh tt «0 & 4 = pF =~) = — Fh > - 3.21 em? tee, (since « = 16, v= gxt?[3(a6) ~ Ht] > Af = wagaa - ay B= = gad ay seat (t0010.800) = FIFE 0.098 fin [Bl] Let s denote the outside diameter of the sphere and Vo the volume of the tank, =i) —ve9 ‘The volume of the ice is = gee, Wo alr have &Y = e[4r(J}F] fr some constant > 0, ee = H[an(§s)*] = 4f = 24, two times the constant of proportionality. (33) Let 1 denote the distance between the two stones. £ = [tei] ~ [16(¢ — 297] = 641 — 64. Thus, = 64 f/te, a constant rate Let A denote the length of the rod and s the diameter. V= (}s)?h => AF — w(asnde + 2) = BL a(a)(40)(0.002) + 3°(0.005)] HE» 0.41 em®/min, Orient the plane as in Figure 35. L ia the distance y avasivay between the plane and the control tower. Using the cme distance formula, { 10,560 fL = 2 miles) b= {hy + (G42) = eee Hm YP Be + (as + 249) TO = 360(g) = 6 and #f = 380 = Figure 35 4 OLE Le 443586 nif @” Toran i (BB) Let y denote the number of miles the car is north of P, x the number of miles the plane is west of P, and L'the distance between the plane and the car. = Smiles) 2 = 24 y 4 8? 204k = aedt 4 ryt {26,400 ft = 5 miles} 1? = P+ y? + 5% => 24h = 2548 + ay 0(j) = 125 > L = (BRT. 100 ~ 4(200) = 50 and y 4 fe $y = 50 and F = —200 = f= aghrpgli—200 + 12.5060)] = ~ pRB —1811 mipEXERCISES 83 i) Consider the cup as showa in Figure 37. Let b = Land a vary with the depth of the water. ‘The equation af line lia y = 6(2 — 1) and thus, = 6(« ~ 1) = (b+ 8). Vm eho 4 Pa) = raLg(W? + 12h + 36) + 1+ Hh + 6)] = BAC? + 184 + 108), Wager e ging. B= -ynate ga - = —0.8488 in./hr. Figure 38 ‘A croas section of water at depth h has the shape of a trapezoid with lower bese 20, upper base (20 + 8), and height & as shown in Figure 38. Line (has equation BA. ‘The area of the trapezoid is }4[20 + (20 + 8A] V = 30({8)(40 + 84) = 6oOA + 12017 => y= frandooy=h>b and the volume of the water F = (600 + 240i) gh ae 00 gal/min ev 66.85 ft? /min and A = 4 = 60.85 OB ne 90.85 os 0.049 r/min, Let x denote the horizontal distance between the airplane and the observer and @ the angle of elovation. = 10,000 eot# => 4 = —10,000e0%0 42 = 10,000 4)" fa) = —SBHPE ws -292.1 e/oee (toward the obeerver). (} Let 1 denote the rope's length. = Tescd =i Mt = —reaed cota dt => Gf = —foine tang = 4B (—2) = AAG w 0.00 efone 4 4.7 dese EAI] Using A = }be sine for any triangle, we have A = 3(6)(6)sin# = 18sin 9A = 18cos0 = 18(8)(2- $e) = ANB w 0.54 in2/min. Lats denote the horizontal distance from the bottom of the ladder to the bat of the boiling and y the distance from the top of he ladder to the hase of the bt se con, = snd, and f —'—(20 sina) = (> B= fe. petted = 25 if 0.167 rad/ece r —9.56 deg/see (decreasing).84 EXERCISES [Ea] Let s denote the distance between the top of the control tower and the alzplane and = the distance the airplane is down the runway. 24 3007 4 20" = al = aelt 2,640, Haifa ata ft/min) = ord 6218.6 R/min as 70.63 mi/hr. 087 {T7273 = #- alta ~ aft - a tor em B] Let z denote the horizontal distance between the plane and the observer, and @ the angle of elevation. When the plane is 60,000 ft from the observer {@ = 30°}, the constant height is 30,000 f8. == 30,000cot 0 => 9% = ~30,000cx*0 d? — ~80,000(2)°(0.5 «ra = —H42* fh/sec s» —714.0 mi/e (Loward the observer). (HB) Let A denote the missle’ height and 6 its angle of elevation. h = Stan => B= betel = 8(E)*O aia) = HF 0.238 mi/sec as 837.8 mi/be Let ¢ represent the angle the wheel turns through when the pedals are rotated through an angle 4. Assuming no stippage in the chain, the length of chain moving ‘around each sprocket must be equal. Using the aze length formula, 4, = 58, . 4 = 24, and s, = 9) => ¢ = J. The length x that the wheel travels is 149. 3m Up = 350 = $f = 26 fin jee = HEM mite. = Weseg and I= 100, Since 9 = (§ - 4), Sonn" G cong de GDI (a) 7 = Foing and v= ry tand => vot = ghoind tana, 204d = aisind sec?8 + tand cose) Se = g(tsind)(1 + vecte) 2 = gr(1 +-s0c%e) #2. oo = Leona => = AM. Using the result from part (3) elds 2048 = gr(a + 000?) p3g SF = a(t sing)(1 + 50020) pL St = ag tan9(i + vec%0) $F. (b) r=H By similar triangles, forthe filter, § = 5 => ro Vyater + Veup = 10 = be(}e)?s + 2(2)'y = 10 He + ey = 10 ede oe We des, ped ta a0 T= heeEXERCI 286 mi/min = 15.96 mi/he Sp a As = 908 = 5.80 — 0.204 mifmin = 18-44 mifhe ‘Let 2 denote the distance between the two ships. Att = 5,2= {(L77 — 6.08)? + (8.67 — 1.24)" = (24481 mi, sy 4 (= 1.77 = 1.29 P= (eq — LID? + (yy — 108)? & a ETE + = 1 (6.08 — Lana 4 (8.61 = 1.200589) 1696 mine j24.481 ” BH sasseo.sse if — gh = me if 1 dy 4- TG dt ~ ao) a f= gaemmeeetEbas) TERT) © TWEET ETT ST = —0.619 (Biever Berar) _ _ Be +2 -a(e+ I -2 0 10> Baile a] HP a Dae +3] = tim =6sh — 38° = ede = TBA Paces wt + ae 73 ey 1) = jg, EE = OEE PTET + BE @ f@) = kin, “Bret H+ 8-7 Soe iet s+ (ete Bb 1G) = 627 = FO = 161+ 8)"70) = GA ior +5) 76) g wo - HO mo a 3/3, 27s — 2) PO) 0? 40k ae) = Ag w) = f(8u?)*/"(6u) = 20) = [wy 60) = a q (gH 62) pas g oe = 00) = ad (0) r(e) = 3.4092? — 1)°G62) = 4x(32 - 1)? = -1)-2(0¢ 4 art) = Art) WD P(e) = 267 = erg 26%) = AEE86 EXERCISES 3.9 aes = sft? — n° — 1]'[5¢? — 129] = sox? — 1)*[(2 - 1) - 1} CB o(2) = e+ 297°") = mi (2 + 2) ODP) = ae + eNO 24) = Me + 1/M - 1/2?) Teta = a(S 54) = 6) — we = 4-218) © = 838 a= A(Ge? — 4)2(736t — 1086? + 16s) _ 10240(20" — 1)%(18.9 — 976 4 4 (985 C= 985) = p(w aw 3) _ (ut + 4u + 9(2w ~ 4) — (ut — dw + SQW 4-4) Wes) = 0.( 54844) = ties ae = tw Mw — 8) > Gale OF ey (2* + 1)°(8)(3z + 2)*(8) + (Sz + 2)°(5)(2* + 1)*(62*) = (e+ 143s + 2)*[9(e" + 1) + S0e4(32 + 2)] = B(a" + 1) + 2)°(832° + 2025 + 3) v0) =f? + (2 + 977s + 1? + 97029] = 24? +9)? 45 Tes +e + oF uae = (2s? — 35 + 1)(4)(9s — 1)9(9) + (9 — 1)*(4s - 8) = is — a)$[B6(24 — B04 1) + (98 — 1)(40 — 39] = (0s — 190080 — 1305 + 89) tare De(Q? +3— ra = 42+ Qfe) De) = 12+ te 2 + 210) — (62 — Ha a a ney = EA a — or ed 5 gyno Qve BB sw) = eth) (w=) 2]@u + 5)(t~ 9) si) = (@ eee yet — 92a) + ae UR + Oe Fed = BP +t 4) + 9+ AE 9) _ ge — pay — 9 slam re aes (BBD o'() = 4C1 + e021) /7(—2ain 2) [BB] g(2) = —cae (1/2) cot (1/2) (—1/2) + Da (ean:) = (1/34) ese(1/2) cot (1/2) — sin (BT S'(2) = la(oin dz*)(condz3)(122") = 122 sine” BY) = (1 + 8in30?(Sc083t) = (9cos34)(1 + sin3t)? [BB] I(2) = Blocc x + tan z)*(oec s tans + sec*s) = Secc x(eees + tan z)® mre)anise 39 a TW) aA? a conor) ™*"T52 — ene) eot(b1).6] a Pm Belt) co) 1B 0) = Ke e692 [37 — x6) cot ()-€] = ED Se) = A —2eae? ae) + ae cot 2 = 2efcot2e — sete? 2) [BE] (0) = 6°(2) tan (0%) soc? (0?) (20) + 29 tan?(o?) = 20 tan? (0?) + 40° tan (07) aee? (0%) = (1 + ¢0829)(2c0828) ~ (sin 26)(—2sin28) mee (1 + con2ey = cou Reon? 26, Dain? 26 _2(1 + con2@) _ EE + eet} = pana! Fe _ _Reost(—2einds) sind Deo = PHD in (0) Seon — on NG)? Lin NEQUE”) — conQLE™)] = _ (cos — sin V3)"(cos VE + sin V3) § Bl (s) = Cet a Oe 22 + Becez seer tans) _ sec*e(1 — 22 tan) Bs + sect) Gs ects ot w+ 1)(-cew cobs) — (oun + 1) ens) _ Me = (eotw + 1) = cocu(—cot?e — cotu + coc + coc) _ coow(l — cote + coe) Getty = cotu +i? = (Cond ~ sind) (cong) ~ (sing)(—sing — coo) _ mae) (cod sing) é (BPs) = Dy (tan? 5x) = 2tandz coc? 6z (6) = 10tan bz 020? Be ) (2) = (sin 12)""/*(coe 47) = fog dE (= Ion By 'e00 hy) = Es tan® (oe) we [AP(s) = (cc? 32)(2)(cot82)(—Seac? 32) + 3cac?Bx(—Bese Bx cot $2) cot? 32 = —Beac® Sz cot 3z (Scot? 3x + Bese” $2) Note: In Exercises 43-44 and 40-48, the first equation ehown is the result of Aiteretatng the orignal euatonimplistly. ‘The asumpton thatthe denominators are nonaeo ia made ehrovghost oH) = 4(tan® Ao)(oes? WO) qo*/ Gs? — 26? -t9y — dey 4 at = 0 9 = Hh a Gite — tay — oP yy 309 y= SE Sot By? tye e 1 Sy pny aes ve gabayEXERCISES 3.0 Ay PPP a sno iw = 3 HG 1fh—s 2y— ify Nay We ~ ee Boe) + of = costes aft av} y= De Ul y = -ae (a) fay + v= = “sg, Gly = 2 + 2/42. At PCs, 6), 9! =f. Tangent fine: y — 6 = (2-4) or yah normal line: y — fe-A)ory = fe +B ay -wy = = eI = (50) <*y' + dry Sv star aos At P(—3, 1), 7 = 1 ‘Tangent line: y — 1 = 1(e + 8) or y = 2 + 45 normal li: y~ 1 = —I(e-+3) ory = I) The slope of the given line is J. Thus, y= 8 + 2einde = 2 => sind 22 E+ Pen or UE 4 dene 2m UF + em ore + on = sins = ~cos2z = tends = —1 + 35 4 En. In {0, 2), the colutions are &f, 3, YF, and WEE, Why = 188 + fo y= ar saan ¥ SAr— 3+ Ssinbs = y= 4 + Bco8be = y" at2y ye Det day’ + dy — toy = 0-9 y= EE yr = (y= 290 + 29) = (6 + WY = 2). syasiatng tory, the namerlar become Gam (29 +204 29) [EAB] 5 te 4 29 = Ge +0 - EB, Ti now follows that y" = @2+ 809 = 26) = (e+ da)? _ sty? — toy [aly = 2conts + 2ein2s eaten = 3 a Ga 8) wo G23 Gy (EB (2) yy = 3; f'(2) = 824 — 2¢ B= (92+ A(z — 2) = Jord. (b) (2) = 0 8x? — 22-5 50 (Ba — Sot 1) = 0 e=-1, 5. Sa) = 62-2 > (1) Ble) Ay = se + Aa) — f=) = [32 + A? - 7] - 27-7) (b) dy = f'(s)dz = Orde (©) dy— Ay = Gede—[beAs + 3(A2)*] = ~(A2)? ==2) = ae = 5150.00) = n= Grp apts as = Bond Br = — 002, dy = 9(—0.02) = 0.012; 8 and fr(§) = 8. GrAz + A2)? ty = f(a), then Ay = f(1.98) — f(2) = $559 — 2 = AME + 0.01203154.EXERCISES 8.9 89 {BDA = 4182", where zis the length of a side. 4A = WBxde = $15(4)(40.03) = £ 0.0613 = £0,104 in”, Ow if = S000 § (001s = 210% =H = Or — not +29, ater and f= Ba = IB. BD tet y = of(s)). dy = FU(a) Pe) de. With x = —1 and de = —001, 49 = (FD) F(-1)(—0.) = 9 (1) #(—1{—0.00) = (49)(9)(—0.01) = —057. (al Let f(z) = AE. Using f(z + As) = f(a) + f(2)(Ax) with z= 64 and Az = 0.2, BAT me 4 + (G)(0.2) w 4.004, (IE) CF — 89%2) = 2702) — 8902) = 4) — 90%) = 2 () OF 89)"@) = 27") ~ 89") = A—2) — 81) = —7 ©) (a¥(2) = 12) 92) + 2) 702) = (=) + (904) = -. (@) (fa)" = (fe + af = fa + 29 + of at © = 2, the value is (~1)(1) + 2(4)(2) + (—3)(—2) = 21, © GY@ = 2 o— fl2)o(2) _ (-9) = 2) 1p 0 GY =(*5 = sort + 91) - Us" £49] ~ torah ~ fe), at = = 2, the value is —§f Go a8) = £6a(8)) (8) = f(—3)-(-8) = #(3)-(—B) {since fis even} (90 1B) = 9G) I") = #(-3)-7 = =W(3)-7 {since gis odd} = ~(—5)-7 = 85 BG) P00) = aye ante a= =I. 3) = co ad -B. 1(-8) = -35 ‘edi, _£'() = co => fhas a vertical tangent line at (~1, ~4). 0) F'@) = woe” undefined at = = 8. fim, (2) = oo and _lim_f'(2) = —00 = fhas a cusp at (8, —1)20 EXERCISES 3. im, L2 +H = 1) 2(2 +h) ~ 1 — 3? a oo “pe, Sb SON 4 1? in, BH OR = 5 2 + §) — f(2) bea + Ay? + 342 + A) — Or] ~ 37 ip} = = ty Ep ae Note: It is not sufficient to show that the derivative of each piece of the function ‘evaluated at 2 is equal to 54 since the second piece could be replaced by bs? + 34x + cc # —61; yielding - 3, g a Wan = aera of = ATR er = ler results but not being continuous, Since 4F wv AT = 0.696, we have SE ve 4B m 4(0.6%) = 2%. WV = fr? 9 av = are dese dra AY, and $= der? = OS = Sarde ™ 2(12) 2 hun 49 = Orly = 24 = 209) = gem @s-=m Pe ae Bm afr fer + 04) C09) + (9? + 04) = ae _ax(r? + 99) - 2n(68) __ x(? + 64) [P+ (+ oj] = BED, whe r= ge = 2000) _ Sgr /f. (TO) Let Fdenote the intensity and the dntaoes fom the souee. Fe dm Mees f= EP ae = 2 at Hf wat, Sf me 10% = -24F = 10% = AE ms —5%, oF 5% closer. (ZI) Let & denote the depth of the water and w the width of {he murface of the water. Using similar tangles and Figure 71, F = 3 = b= 22 and hence, w= 8+ h ‘The crose-sectional area of the water at one end of the trough ia A = [3 + (3 + AJJA = 3k-+ HA Hence, the volume V of water is V = 10A = 30h + 547, AY = (a0 + 108) 44 = (30 + 10(2)] -[4()] = §2/min. Figure 71 Let # and y denote the distances fiom the intersection of A and B, respectively, and J ' Pe 4, acd 4 1y8t the distance between A and BI? = 2 + 9? = 204E = ane + ay ff. r=hy=h $= -20,9 40, and b= HB = =20f5 x 44.1 rif. (DistaneEXERCISES 3.9 a [Assuming p isa function of x pte af [Zi] Lot 2 denote the distance of the man in the train from the center of the bridge, y the distance of the main in the boat from a point (on the water) directly below the center of the bridge, and Z the diatance between the two men. 17 4 gt 4 20% op 20h = neff 429. ‘Ten second ater, we have (G0 Wand 8/sse) = = 900, y = 8, £ = [0007 + ERE? + 20° ~ 927.8, : : = 0a Ha The f= wm7hpe, Gaeta tn t= ae (75) (e) Consider the ferris wheel to be in the xy-plane with the origin centered at the snag of sa wT (9 eng wage given by (50cosd, 50sin), where 6 is the angle in standard position with terminal A = 60sind + 60. ‘The wheel rotates 2x radians every 80 second, #0 @ = Yt — J. Note that at t= $. Thus, A(t) = B0sin je — $) + 60 = 60 — Scone. = 0.1 = fy = Beow*O.1 vv 7.02. W (9 = sin gyt and M(ta) = {Tix x 10.4 ft/sec. 7B) (s) 184 inthe angle in standard position with terminal side passing through A, then the coordinates of A are (2e0s6, 2sin #). ‘The wheel rotates at 4x rad/acc and 104 9 = 0,808 = drt. Thus, A is located at (2co84nt, 2sindr). (®) The peoordin coordinate of A and cosy, where ¢ is the acute angle that the connecting rod makes with the axis, So B(s, ») = (etedrt + 6cos4, 0). Since AB sng = BARC EO ago maa It follows that the coordinate of B is 2cos(4nt) + 2 [9 — sin (4rd). (6) Let s(t) = 2eon Ant) + 29 — win? (40. (6) = —Anvin in) + [B — sit Ans)“ [Busin (Art cos 4} At A(0, 2), 0 = fand t=}. f'(]) = —8x in./eee. Bis moving to the left, ide passing through the point (2, 3)- Since ground level is at y = —60, (0): = 55 = conf i the sum of the of Bis always 0. The e-coordinate ofChapter 4: Applications of the Derivative (CBrercises 21) ‘Note: In this chepter and subsequent chapters, we will use the following notation: MAX for absolute meximura (maxima), MIN for sbsolute minimum (minima), LMAX for local maximum (maxima), LMIN for loeal minimum (minima), and CN for ertieal number(s). DD MAX of 4 at 2 MIN of Oat 4; LMAX at 2 = 2,65 28 LMilVat s= 4, 6 <2<8,2= 10, Note There iv not a local minimum at ¢ open interval containing 6 auch that f(=) > /{6) for every =i ‘The same holde for «= 8, However, there are local maxima at s = 6 and z= 8. BD MAX of 5 at 6; MIN of 1 at 11; since there is no he interval. IMAX at 3 <2<42= 6,229; MNS cede (0) MIN: f(—8) = —6; MAX: none MAX (1) = 9 (©) MIN none; MAX: (1) = § (a) Mains 40 MAX: f(8) = 6 (2) Mine s(—1) = 401) = =H) MAX: f(—2) = 100) = s(2) = 0 (®) anne 0) (©) Mint $1) = —} MAX: (0) = 0 (2) Mitt none; MAX: f(—2) = 0 Bre Op 2=2 (0) MIM: {(2) = —2; MAX: none (b) MIN: none; MAX: none (©) MIM (2) = —2 MAX: none (2) Milk f(2) = —2; MAX: (6) = § 7 | Figure 5 Figure 6 B Pe) = Ke = seb 1) # 04/09) DNB te (a) MIN: f(1) = —4; MAX: f(9) = 0 — (b) MIN: none; MAX: f(2) = —3 (o) MIN: J(1) = —4; MAX: none (a) MIN: none; MAX: (0) = —3 10, the desivative and its CW are given Set, then all candidates for the MAX and MIN are listed, and finally the MAX and MIN are given. #2) = 122 — 62" = 6x2 + 2) = 0 2 = 0, 2. (0) = 6, f(—2) = —3, f(—3) = 5, and f(1) = Note: In Exerci hy MAX: 8, MIN: —39 EXERCISES 4.1 @ /@=e-W=05 1 J(—1) = 20, and f(3) = 45 MAX: 20, MIN: —$ 1/9 4 0, however, f(s) is undefined at z= 0. HO) = 1, f(—1) = 0, and f(8) = —3; MAX: 1, MIN: —3 (1D) f(z) = 423 — 102 = 2e(22* — 5) = 0 > 2 = 0, 4 f5/2, however, — {5/2 ¢ (0, 2). A({5/2) = —§, 1(0) = 4, and f(2) = 0; MAX: 4, MIN: 2 OOr@) = 8-3 =0e raf (1 o(s) = 2 > ghas no CN D9 = 6 + 24 ~ 20 = 2688 BYt + 2) =O t= § -2 DA &(s) = 122 + 10r — 42 = 22r- 3)82 +7) =O =~] OB P(u) = du? — 92 = Aw — 2u + 2w +4) = 0 v= VER GH Hs) = 5 — 6? 41 = (6-10? — 1) = 0 r= 4 fF, 41 DEC) = qopgs = its = 0 but Oi not in the domain of S'(2) ia undefined when x = +4—these are endpoint extrema. J'(2) ia undefined for tt < 4, but these values are not in the domain of f (HB) (=) = 22 =1_5 y= Dat em and doce not exist at f= —1,2. We 2-97 OH = 2 Head = 09 = SAL w a7, 092 nty 5 IE i ig the domain of h, M(e) in undefined at = 2 O00) = By = 1 = LH wiry ot 2.8, —2.9, which are not in the domain of 7. 7’ is undefined when v= £4, which are also endpoints. ‘The Cl are 0 = ao tte! = HB oe, iat - at = and fails to exist if ¢ = §. a) = ASO Ly 2 3,5. gis undefined at 43. Claes oe: le lee aed £4 Dew = tee # Vand fails to exist at 2 = £3, Since 43 are not in the domaln of 6, there are no CM. fh sis undefined at » = —f, but this value of + ot in the domain of f. ‘Thus, the CN are «= 0, —B. (B/C) = Paint cont + sint = sint(2eost + 1) =O ee sint = 0 or cost =~} tam ts Bt den, t= Ft Oe (2B) #() = 12sin*c cont — 64Fcoet sin t = Grint cos (2eint — 12) = 0 « sint = 0, cost = 0, oc sint = (5/2 <> t= xa, § + an § + 2am, 4 Onn Gry war = 8 06sEXERCISES 4.1 (BD (6) = 20520 — 201 21 — 2ein#) — 2sin@ = — 4 (sing — 1NGine + 1) = 0 @ ind =f, 1 OH + 2am, + 2am, or + Ben —24eos%s sins — 6(2coe*s — 1) -— 6 = 0 Oorsings = fo ea ftwn B+ en, Ur 4 arn (= sins)eoox — (1+ sinz)(—coss) ihre) = Gh —sinslens — Se—oee) dean, — 0 cs cone 4 r= F42enor H+ en. Note that = J + 2en ace notin the domain of ‘Thue, the CN are == YF + 2nn. (BO) 9'(0) = 218 + 400840 = 0 49 conde = —H13 4 40 =F + 2am, + Own eon t itp 1 — sec?s = 0 =} secu = £1 = 1 = xn. Note: tanwis undefined where secu is, 20 we do not need to look for CN where #(u) ie undefined. (bl p's) = Secs — 4 = 0 ty weer +S oF tam, + ee (55) #(G) = conf — coed cots = 0 o cxegleaeg + cots) = 0 cots. Now, cseg # 0 for all and exc = —cot ¢ & q— Bind +2=0 [BB)s"(2) = —24eos?e sins — Geos 2s ~ 6 4 ~Meoste(2sin + 1) = 0 4 coe ee excg = 0 oF csc: aby = GEG © cons = —1 and sin g #0, which isnot posible ‘Thus, there are no CN. Bates Oe cers 4 capt mor + mn e F= (n+ DE (5B (2) = 2x sec(x? + 1) tan(x? + 1) = 0 when x = 0 or tan(z? + 1) = O since seo(s? +1) # Ofor anys, Thus, 2 =0orz? +1 = br @ 2 =00r z= {Fe =I, where Fis any positive integer. GB) An equivalent form for o(0) is J +8, cost £ 0; (2) = —= ont, OT con? sind = 0 4 (= wn. ot) iv undefined when cost = 1, but these values are not ia the domain of s. Also, cost = 1 => sin = 2ra, Thus, the CH are (2n + 1). (FF) (a) Since f(z) = gs°°/°, /1(0) does not exist, If a # 0, then f'(a) # 0. Hence 0 is ‘the only critical number of f. ‘The number f(0) = 0 is not a local extremum, since f(2) < Of 2< 0 and f(z) > Dif e> 0. (b) The only critical nurmber is 0 for the same reasons given in part (a). ‘The number /(0) = 0 is «local minimura since f(2) > 0 if = #0. (0) does not exiat by Example 4, Section 8.2. (2) i Hs) = ~1ite <0, fas no tangent line at = = 0 and = 0 isthe only CW of f Since f(s) > 0 for = + 0, J(0) = 0 is a AMIN (and MUN). Hae) ° ifs > OondEXBROISES 4.1 jel number, 0, but f(0) ia not since f(2) < J(0) if + < 0 and f(s) > f(0) it => 0. (©) The function is continuous at every number g, since limg-+, (2) = f(@)- HO < x < 2) <1, then f(x) < f(z) and hence there is neither a maximum nor a minimum on (0,1) (4) ‘This does not contradict ‘Theorem (4.3) because the interval (0, 1) is open. 7 7 local extremum, Figure 35 Figure a0 (i) (a) There are no critical murnbers, and hence, no local extrema. (©) The function is continuous at every number a in (0, 1), since lim,+, (2) = f(a). WO f(z) and hence there is neither a maximum nor « minimum on (0, 1). (@) This does not contradict ‘Theorem (4.8) because the interval (0, 1) is open. (ED (a) I fle) = ex + dand e £0, then f(s) = e #0. Hence there axe no critical numbers. (®) On [4,8] the function has absolute extrema at a and 5, [42] Since f(z) = f(c) for all xin (a, 8), the conditions of (4.2) and (4.4) a (Gif c = nis an integer, then f'(n) docs not exist. ied. Otherwise, (2) = 0 for every = # n. GAD By Exercise 41 of §2.2, lim, —+ f(z) doce not exist for any «, end thus fis not continuous at every = Hence, by (8.5), Fis not differentiable at any z and every z must be a CN. GBI fe) = a? + be + cand a 0, then f(s) = 2ar-+ b Hence —5/(2a) isthe only critical number off (GB) The derivative is a quadratic. It exists everywhere and can have 0, 1, or 2 eros. ‘The functions used to plot the figures are f(z) = 2 — x, f(z) = 2°, and f(z) = 2° + 5, respectively, See Figures 46a, bEXERCISES 4.1 oT yates Figure Wa Figure 465 Figure Be [Since f"(2) = nz", the only possible critical number is # = 0, and /(0) = If nis even, then f(2) > O if 2 7 O and hence 0 ie «local miaimura, If nis odd, then 0 is not an extremum, since f(2) <0 if <0 and f(a) > itz > 0. 7 7 y= F(raeven) yar (niseds) Figure Wa Figure 47 (BY The derivative of a polynomial fof degree n is 8 polynomial of degree n ‘The desivative exiata everywhere and has at most n — 1 distinc, real zero By (4.8) and (4.6), these are the only points at which fean have local extrems. GB) When reading graphs it is generally difficult to estimate coordinates beyond 4 of ‘the smallest grid marking, For example, if a graph is marked in units of 0.2, then we will usually have difficulty eatimating coordinates beyond the accuracy of 0.1. ‘The answers given carry more accuracy than most students will be able to achieve without some additional aid. MIN: (0.48) 0.36; MAX: f(—1) = f(1) = 2 7 ¥ Figure Figure 50 ] MIN: {(—0.05) ms —0.51; MAX: f(—n) ms 2.1198 EXERCISES 4.1 [li not differentinbie at = —0.02, LAL, f(@) = Oats ™ —BAl, OAL, ‘The eritcat numbers are approximately ~2.41, —0.02, O41, and 1.41. > 7 Figure 51 Figure 52 BE) The critical numbers occur where f'(2) = 0 at approximately 41.57, 0, and £0.98. (Exercises 42) The idea is to find the values at which the slope of the tangent line is equal to the slope of the secant line, After drawing a line between the two endpoinis of the graph, it appears that these values are approximately 8 and 7. Asin Exercise 1, we have the values 2, 4.5, and 9. Note: In Exercises 3-8, since the given functions are continuous and differentiable ceverymhere, we only need to verify that f(c) = f(b) and solve f'(e) = 0. B f0) = fa) = 11. fl) = 6e~ =O He H-1) =f) = 0. fe) = 12 de 0 = A(-8) = JG) = U8. f(d = Ade? +2) =O =O. @ f-1) FQ = 30-10 c= a1/hi. . Ie) = Decode =O C= EER Tn the open interval (0, x), ¢ = f and AF. ine = 0 = Qsinecose + sine = 0 => rn, A On Ab Do, In the open interval (0, 2x), ¢ = 3, m, and 4. $(0) = fn) = 3. (9 = sin e(2eose +1) =0= ¢ fine — Note: In Exercises 9-24, unless otherwise specified, the functions are continuous on the indicated closed interval and differentiable on the associated open interval, thereby satisfying the hypotheses of the mean value theorem (MV). $8) — 10) = F(Q3 = 1) > 37 = 3 = (De — 3)(2) > 0 (5) — 0) = (96 ~ 1) > 8-0 = Ge +14) He 1D /(1) is undefined = fia not continuous on [0, 2. (12) /(2) is undefined = fis not continuous on [—2, 3}. {H5] (0) does not exiet = fis not differentiable on (—8, 8). (4 (8) does not exist => fis not differentiable on (—1, 4)EXERCISES 4.2 0 (4) — $1) = F(4 — 1) > 8 — — 4fe*)(3) > € (1, 4). Os) - (-1) = FOL — (-1)] > 23 — (—23) = (1504 + 15 + 15)(2) > Let 4 Ibe = f= 3-15 + (706) since & > 0. [3(—16 + 1705) = 40.62 € (-1, 2). G0) - -1) = r@ft - (-1)) + 8 - (-1) = GP — 4e + NA) > 3 ~ de 1 = 0 c= (2 ~ fF) we -0.22 € (-1, 1). GBIA-1) - K-8) = #O[-1 - (-8)] 34-7 = OAD) > e= £(%)°/? me £3.56. Choose the negative value for the interval (—8, 1). B06) -— $0) = FG — 1) 3 6-4 = eo ~ 1°74) em. BD s6) — (1) = fs - (1) 4-1 = He MD > c= (Y) —2 = BM w 1.76. DAA) ~ 4-2) = f([4 - (-2]] = 05 — (7) = 32(6) c= £2. Choose 2 since the number ¢ must be in the open interval (—2, 4). (2 H(6) — (~8) = (of — (—3)) => 240 — (—39) = (Be? + 4)(9) > = 43. ‘Choose 3 since the number ¢ must be in the open interval (—3, 6). I) ~ 100) = PEONG — 0) = 1 — 0 = (con0V§) core =} > ew 088 € (0,5). AI) ~ 100) = PORE - 0) + 1-0 = Geet) > wece = > em 048 € (0, 2). (25) f(—1) = 1) = 1. f(z) = Life > 0, f(z) = —Lif'z < 0, and f*(0) does not exist. ‘This does not contradict Rolle’s theorem, because fis not differentiable throughout the open interval (—1, 1). 12). f(a) = 2-1"? #0. Since f'(z) does not exist at x = 1, fis not differentiable at each z € (0, 2). BD A4) - f(—1) = HO[A — (-1)] 9 1 (-4) = (4/6) & = ‘The lat equation has no real solutions. This is not @ contradiction, because fis not continuous on the interval [—1, 4]. (BEE [eo] = mand 6 — a > 1, then b > a + Land [3] > n+ 1. ‘Thus, {(8) — f(a) = [8] — [o] > 1. Trying to solve f(8) — fa) = f"(e)( — a), vee obtain (6) = 0) 19 > 1 5 0, This equation has no solution since F(z) =O if zis not an integer, and f'(2) does not exist if zi GB so) integer. 2 15 [a d] contains at least one integer at ‘There is no contradiction, since b which fis neither continuous nor differentiable.EXERCISES 4.2 Tat f(z) = pe + ¢. Since [is « polynomial, i is continuous on every closed interval Lo, Since f(a) = p, fis differentiable on every open interval (2, &). If cin in (0, 8), then f(¥) — (a) = (9 +) — oe + 0) 7 — a) (GO) f(a) = ra? + sa + {7 0}, then f'(c) = Ire + Herice, the equation /(3) ~ J(2) = J'(e)(b— @) is Tinea in efor each a and 5. ‘Therefore, there ean be only one solution for c, that is, +{5 y= He a 4] = +(e _ =d baa) J= Ko+o, the midpoint of the interval. (BID faa degree 3, then f(z) ie polynomial of degree 2. Consequently the equation $8) — fo) = FG) — 6) has at most two solutions. I fhan degree 2, ‘then f(a) isa polynomial of degree n —~ 1 and there are at moat 1 ~ 1 solutions. Assume f has four distinct real zeros. Then by Rolle theorem, f* must have 3 F(A 4) for every c. iatinct real aeros located between consecutive zeros of f. However, is quadratic and can have at most 2 distinct real zeros. The proof can be extended to polynomials of degree m Assume fin polynomial of degree m with (n+ 1) zeros, ‘Then, by repeated use of Rolle’s theorem, f' is of degree (n — 1) with n zeros, f” ia of degree (mn ~ 2) with (m — 1) seros and finally "in of degree 2 (quadratic) with 3 zeros. ‘This is a contradiction as above. Let 2 be any number in («, 8}. Applying the mean value theorem to the interval (a, a yields £2) — Ka) = P(e ~ a) = Ole ~ 4) = 0. ‘Thus, f(2) = f(a), and hence fis a constant funetion. [Let = € (0, H. Applying the mean value theorem on the interval [a, #, $2) — A) = (Oe- ) 3 M2) = e941) 3 I= at . where d = f(a) — ca. [55 Let 9(2) be the distance traveled, (1) the instantaneous velocity, fg the time of departure, and ty the time of arrival. By the mean value theorem, v9 = = ta) =o in (0, 1). [BB] Let 4, be the time when the temperature was 44°F and t, the time it was —86°F. By the MVT, for some time ¢ between f, and f, = MH)— TM) [Si] Let 4, be the time when the person weighed 487 pounds and t, the time when the person weighed 130 pounds. By the MVT, for some time between 4, and ta, av. Wt) — Wy de ooh = 50 mi/he for some time 100 = (—a)) "F/he < —8°F fie, S52 = — 44.625 1b/mo < —44 somo,EXERGISES [BB Let «be the time when the capacitor stored 2 millioulombs and f th stored 10. By the MYT, for some time t between and ty, £9 = Wt) = 1H) — § milgsnlomds w 0823 > jcoulomb/se (amper). B] Let f(2) = sins on [x, . By the MVT, [Ao) — £0] = |P(0u — of = Jeo elt lu — v] since Jeose] < 1. (Let f(A) = 41+. For A > 0, foatiafies the MVT. Thus, (i) — $00) = P(e) (b — 0) for some ec > 0 => {I Fh=1 rs’ < 1+ dk (Ai) The slope of the line is equal to the slope of the tangent line at ¢ * 0.64. 101 Figure a7 Figure 2 [4 The slope of the line is equal to the slope of the tangent line at ¢ r¥ 0.81, 0.84. (Bierce 43] Note: We will use the notation | for increasing and | for decreasing in this chapter and subsequent chapters. Determining the sign of the derivative can be accomplished by using @ table method as shown in the solution of Exercise 18. 7 7 igure T Figue? BD f(z) = 12-9 = 0 & 2 = §. On (co, 9), #"(2) < 0 and fis | on (—co, 9) On (f, 00), f"(2) > O and fis 7 on [§, 00). ‘Thus, f(Q) = Wf is = LAIN,102 EXERCISES 4.3 B f(s) = 62" + 22 — 20 = 232 — e+ 2) = 08 (§, 00), (2) > 0 and fis t on (—co, —2] U [§; 00). On (-2, §), f(z) <0 and Fis ton [—2, f]. Thus, f(—2) = 29 is a LMAX and f(§) = — MF ia a LMIN. 7 7 Piguet @ f(a) = 32 — 2 — 40 = (Br + 12-4) = 0 On (—00, =If) U (4, 20), #(s) > O and fis { on (—o0, —¥ u in ). On (-¥f, 4), (2) < 0 and fis | on [-1P, 4}. "Thus, f(—#f) = 2S ns 93.2 is a LMAX and f(4) = —104 is LAIN, $2) = 42 = 162 = GP — 4) = 0 = -2,0,2. On (—c0, =2) U (0, 2) F(z) < 0 and fis L on (~oo, ~2) U (0, 2). On (—2, 0) U (2, 60), #2) > O-and fis f on (—2, 0] U (2, 20). Thus, f(0) = 1 is a LMAX and f(—2) = f(2) = —16 are LMIN. 7 7 “Figure 5 ‘igure 6 M2) = 122? ~ 12 = (1 = 2) = 0 r= OL On (00, 0) U (0, 1), (2) > O and fis { on (—c0, 1) ‘On (2, 60), f(z) <0 and fis Jon [1, 60). ‘Thus, #(1) = 1 is a LMAX. f(s) = 302%(« — 1)? + 2 — (1024) = 102% ~ 1)(52 — 3) = 0 F= 0, BL ‘The sign of f* is determined by the sign of the quadratic (2 — 1)(62 — 3). Sia T on (—c0, §] U 1, 20) and | on {f, 1). "Thus, (8) = Hf % 0.35 is a LMAX and f(1) = 0 ie a LMI, See Figure 7.EXERCISES 4.3 103 Figure 7 Figore 6 B P(e) = (2? — 106)%@s — 10) = B(e— 10)%(e — 8) = 0 49 2 = 0,5, 10. Since each factor is alse to on odd power, "will change sign at each CN. Hence, (2) < 0.on (co, 9) U (6, 10), and f(2) > 0 00 (0,8) U (10, 0). Fis | (20, 0} U [5, 10} and on [0,5] U 10, oo). J(0) = f(10) = 0 are LMI and (5) = 390,625 is a LAX. BD p(s) = gel? + 2/4) = EDD <0 a = 1. ffl to exist at 2 = 0. ‘he ign of fn determined by Die factor (e + 1). On (00, —1), PQ) < O and fiw | on (—c0, =I], On (=1, 0) U (0, oo) f(a) > 0 and fie fon [—1, c0). Thus, f(—1) = —3 is a LAIN, There is « vertical tangent line at = = 0. 7 Figure o Figure 10 Dre) =e ite 9" + 0)" = RN 0 ne. F fails to exist at x = 5. On (~00, if), f(z) < 0 and fis | on (~co, 4). On ('f, 5) U (8, 00), /"(2) > 0 and fis T on (38, 00). ‘Thus, f(48) = —48°[§ a —4.04 is a LMIN. There is a vertical tangent line at = B. * Me) gg enh 32 fi fails to exist at x= 0, f* changes sign at each of its CM, ‘On (—o0, 0) U (3, 7), f(z) < 0 and fis | on (—co, 0] U ff, 7). ‘On (0, 3) U (7, 00) f(z) > 0 and fis T on (0, 3) U (7, 00). Thus, f(0) = f(7) = 2 ‘are LMIN and f(¥) = 48°[49 + 2 ms 42.03 is a LMAX. See Figure 11. Mra) = 2" aye 7) + @— NDE104 f Figure IF Figure TB Mar =-P4 436-9 = = Mak = 0 z= if. / fails to exist at += 0, ‘The sign of f* changes at each critiesl number. On (—20, 0) U (8,00), #(2) <0 and fis | on (—00, 0] U ff, 00). On (0, ¥f), F(z) > O and fis ton 10, 8]. Thus, f(0) = O is = LMIN and f(32) = 3$(48)°/? a 10.42 is a LMAX. I = (8 47" 4 fe 9? = aah a16 229218 4 fll to exist ab ¢ = 42. Using a table, we find the following. Interval Be ( ae (@-) Ff (oe) = = (-2, - 13) = (8,0) = [ (0, 13) la [3, 2) Ge) ‘Thus, fis Ton [— Faw WE, Sy and Fan Se 3. ‘f(0) = 0 is a LMAX and f(£48) = —3 are LMIN. ‘There are no extrema at = £2, but there are vertical tangent lines at these values. + = = + +/+] +/+] “ 7 7 7 % : Figure is Figure (Pls) = — Ye? — 22 +1) (as — 2) = mo #0. J fails to exist at 1. Fis { on (09; 3] and J on [1, 00}. ‘Thus, f(1) = Bin a LMAX. ‘There in e.ensp at 2 = 1.EXERCIS! FAG — 9709 + (2-9)? 105 ersefh which ace notin the domain of f./*flls to exist at 3, i positive throughout its domain, and hence fis T on (—c0, —3] U [3, 20). ‘Theve ore no extrema. ‘There are vertical tangent lines at ¢ = £3. 7 7 ‘ pone 7 Figure Ti “Faure TS Ms) = 24 = a2 = 2052) ates ks WBr(e) = ~~ 27 + 01? = TEED wots = 2h 1 fala to exist at = £2. Since the denominator is positive on (—2, 2), /"(2) <0 on (2, (3) U (43, 2) and f'(e) > 0 on (—{3, 43). Thus, fis | on [-2, —3] U [-4, 2] and fis t on (—13, £3). f(—{3) = —2 is a LMIN and f({2) = 2 is a LMAX. Note: # = £2 are endpoints of the domain off [TT /"(2) = cons ~ sins = 0 if = 5, 5. Since coz > sinzon (0, §) U (Sf, 25), it follows that /"(2) > O on these intervals, Hence, fia Ton (0, 3] U ff, Similarly, cos < sinz on (f, ) and fis | on [f, F]- ‘Thus, f() = {2 is a LMAX and (88) = — 1 is a LIN. 7 7 *). se Figure TB eosrifs = 4, %. Since —sinx < cos on (0, 94) U (#Z, 2x], (2) <0 om these intervals (To see this, consider the graphs of y = on [0, 94] U EE, 2x]. Similarly, ~sin 2 > coaz on (2, 2F) and fis | on BF, 27. ‘Thus, (27) = — {Bis a LMIN and f(%$) = G3 ia a LMAX. and y= cosz) Hence, fis |106 EXERCISES 4.8 DOP =] — coor = 01s =F, F. Since cove > fom (0, §) UC Pal, £(2) <0 on these intervals and fis | on (0, §] U [Rf 2x]. Similarly, cosz < 4 on (§, %f) and fia Ton [§, $f]. Thus, JQ) = f= HG w+ ~0.34 in 0 LMIN and f(5f) = HF + ING 3.48 ina LMAX, 7 y Figure 1 Figure 20 (20) Pz) = 1 — deine = Oi e = §, MF. Since sine < J on (0, U (fs Beh F(a) > 0 on these intervals and fis f on (0, $] U (Sf, 2x]. Similarly, sing > J on (, $) and Fis | on ($F). Thus, (G) =f + 43 me 2.20 is a LMAX and (°F) = 9 — 13» 0.886 is a LMIN. (2 f(s) = —2einz + 2eo82s = —2sinz + 2(1,— 2ein*s (2 = Asin 2)(sins + 1) = 0 & sing = J orsins = —1ifs = §, Hf, B. Since (cin + 1) 2 0 for all z, the sign of f"(2) in determined by 2(1 — 2ain 2). Following the solution to Exercise 20, fis { on (0, {] U [%f, 2x] and | on [f, if}. ‘Phus, 109) = FB is @ LMAX ond 1 = LMIN. 7 7 Figure 2 Figure 22 DB) (2) = —2eins — doin2: ~2sinz — dsinz cose = —2sin2(1 + 2cos2) = 0 49 0, 2, x, MF, 29. Since f* changes sign at each CW, it follows that /'(2) < 0 on (0, 2} U (x, $f) and f(z) > O on (%, x) U ($F, 28). Hence fis |on [0, f] U fr, $f} and f on (BF, =] U (4, 23]. J(0) = §(2n) = 3 are endpoint maxima. Note: These are not local extrema since O or cons = Hite there is no open interval in [0, 2x] that coitain’ 0 or 2x. fn) = —EXERCISES TI wre 92) (e #0, 48) ond oo thie sign of fia determined by (z? — 8). Hence, J"(2) > O for tat > 1B and f(s) < 0 for tet < 13. ‘Thus, f(—{3) = (613)'/* we 2.18 is a LMAX and f({8) = —(643)'/? is a LMIN. G0) = Tyee = 0 =O. 0) < Ofors< Oand M9) > 0ior2> 0 +4 ‘Thus, (0) = 2 is a LMI. Br) = (es Ge soe for 2. Since the fret factor is nonnegative and the second and third factors change sign at —1 and §, respectively, it follows that (2) > 0 on (00 —1) U (f, 2) U (2; 00) and (2) < 0 on(—1, §) ‘Thus, f(—1) = 0 is e LMAX and f($) = —9°(12)*/7" » —18.36 ise LMIN. GBP (e) = 2e(32 — 5)(2 — 5)° = 0 @ z= 0, for 5. Since f* chany CN, #2) < 0 on (—c0, 0) U ($8) and f'(2) > 0 on (0, $) U (6, 00). ‘Thus, f(0) = J(6) = 0 are LAIN and f($) = (4)"(—1)* = 342.04 te a LMAX, _ akin Mare = Beano P fils to exist at x = O and 8, but 0 is notin the domain off 163 <2<4, (2) > Oand if e > 4, /{) <0. Thus, f(4) = le a LMAX, = et 8) are = ye =08 However, —7 and —4 are not in the domain of f I=7 <8 <0, f(s) < 0 andif'z > 0, /"(2) > 0. Thus, s(0) = 0 is a LMIN. (BB) Pez) = fore ds tan}: ‘On [—§, f), the only CW ia 0. Since f"(2) < 0'on (—$, 0) and F(2) > 0 on (0, §], f(0) = Lie a LIN, (BO s(s) = —2eot 2 cac*s — 2eacts = —2eac?x{cots + 1) = On [f, HF] = = since cscs 0. f' failp to exint at x = J but f iv not in the domain of f. Since the to positive at = a= AF, JCF) = —1 kam LIN sign at each 4. fi falls to exist at 2 = —7. 0 49 tangs = 0 (seefe of 0) o Je = wn ty = Be, sign off changes from nega DD S'(@) = 20cc*s — 2ton 0ec%e = 2aee?2(1 — tans) = 0 on (-§, 9] secs # 0. Since f' changes from positive to negative at z= §, f(5) = fre) = Yoecs tans = seca{secz — 2tanz) = 0 tans (since sec sf 0) 9 1 = 2sinz on [—$, j] = 2 =F Since f' changes from positive to negative at =f, f(f) = {5 is a LMAX. (ily =} sine = 0 on [—25, 2] + 2 = —4F, sing > } on (§, %) U (1%, — 9) and f'(2) < 0 on these intervals. sing < J on [—2n, —Y2) U (—T%, $) U (RF, 2x] and f*(2) > 0 on these intervals, ‘Thus, there are LMIN at = = —17, and LMAX at 2 = —UF, f.108 EXERCISES 4.3 By = WS — cose = 0 on [—2n, 25] > 2 = 2UF, 45 cost > $43 on (—2x, ~4F) U (—§, §) U CH, 2x) and f(s) < 0 on these intervals, cosz < 13 on (—4E, —f) U (F, HX) and f'(=) > 00m these intervals. ‘Thus, MIN at 2 = —HE, ¥ and LMAX at » = —§, Note: In 85-80, the functions listed are the ones that were used to obtain the graphs. ‘The graph for Exercise 40 was drawn freehand. WBN) = eee — 19 +3 y Pr iferei ~ Figure 35 Figure 36 (Dsl) = Me — 5) - 2) GB) = fet fe 43 7 o | bes Figure 35 Figure GB s@) =ee EXERCISES 4.4 16 TD (©) Max: f(—1.81) 10.18 () increasing on [—2, ~1.81]; decteasing on (~1.31, 9] 7 7 Fie a7 Figure a GB (a) Max: f(0) = 2.5; min: (1.48) a 1.59 (b) increasing on [~1.45, 0] and {1.45, 2}; decreasing on [—2, —1.45] and (0, 1.48] GBLAt « ~0.51, /*) = 0 and changes sign from positive to negative. At ees 0.49, /'(3) = 0 and changes from negative to positive. ‘There Is a LMAX at 2 ps —0.51 and a LMIN at = 65 0.49. ? Figure 5 Figure GEDA « rs —0.44 and 2 0.63, (2) = 0 and changes sign from negative to positive. ‘At x 0.80, /"(s) = 0 and changes sign ftom positive to negative ‘There is a LMAX at x 2s 0.80 and LMIN at 2 as ~0.44 and 0.63. (Brees 2) ‘Note: Throughout this section and all subsequent sections, CU denotes concave up, CD, concave down, and Pi, point(s) of inflection. OD fe) = 32 - 4241 = (Se-1fe- 1) =0 Seah PD 2'Q) = -2< 0. 1G) = Sinn MAX, $1) = 20 CL Since /"(2) <0 if = < J and f"(2) > ite > 3, Plat 4, Lis a LMIN, =h CD on (—0o, §) and CU on (f, 00). See Figure 1.0 EXERCISES 4.4 7 7 pe we Figure T Figure #2) = 327 + 2r 4 25 = (Be 4 (+5) = 0H r= PAG) = Be +20. FX —8) = -10.< 0 = f{—5) = —50 ina LMAX FA —§) = 10> 0 = f(—-$) = — HP wy 68.5 is a LIN, Since f"(2) < Oife < —Wf and f(x) > Oifs > —¥, Plat Cox f(a) = ae — 128? = tas'(2— 1) = 0 = 0,1. $"(@) = 960 — 2x = 12e($e — 2). f"(l) = 12> 0 f{1) = 5 ise LMI, 1°X0) = 0 gives no information. By the first derivative test, = = 0 is not an extremum, f"(2) = 0 at = 0, §. f” changes sign at each of these points. $'(@) > 0 and fis CU on (—c0, 0) U (G00). "(2) < 0 and fis CD on (0, §)- “Thus, there are Prat 7 7 >, HB) and CU on (—2, 00) Figure S Figuie 4 @ Pla) = 16s - 82 = 8(2 — 7) = 0 = 0, 1B. f(s) = 16 — 24a? £0) = 16 > 0 => f(0) a LMIN, f"(442) = -32<0 > Hee{B) = 8 are LMAX. $°(2) > O and fis CU on (—{273, (278). F(z) <0 and fis CD on (—co, —{2/3) U ({273, 0). Plats = + 2/3. B p(@) = 128 — 24s’ = 120%? 2) 50 = 0,28, F(a) = O02" — 72? = 602%(s" — B). f"(413) = 96 > 0 > f(4 12) AMIN, 7°(0) = 0 gives no information. By the first derivative test, IMAX. Since 602" > 0, the sign of f” is determined by (77 ~ f) it follows that Pia) > Vif wt > 675 and f(z) < 0 if i < {6/5 (2 #0). Thus, fis CU on (—00, — {6/8) U ({675, co) and CD on (—{675, {675). Plate = +675.EXERCISES 44 ui Figure 5 Figure 6 © P(e) = toe! — 152? = 192%" — 1) = 0 += 0,41. fe) = 602? — 902 = 302(22? — 1). (1) = £80 = J(1) = —2 bem LAIN and f(—1) = 2 i a LMAX. £"(G) = 0 gives no information. By the frst derivative tet, ‘{(0) not an extremum. The table indicates ), + fi72. Taterval 30 22-1 f" Coneavity (00, — 7) # + = cD 1,9) = = + cu Oi + = = co (T=) + + = co P(@) = Ad? = 1) 0. 220,41. 7) = 4082 — 9) #0) = -4<0 > F(0) a LMAX. f"(41) = B> 0 = f(41) = 0 are LMIN. F'(3) > O and fis CU on (—00, — {1/3} U ({173, 00). F(z) <0 and fia CD on (— fi78, {i78). Prat e = +fi73. 7 7 5 - etd % ‘ “ Figure 7 Figure 6 I) = 4P(2— 8) = 0 2 = 0,8. $2) = 1x2 — 2), fe(8) = 36 > 0 = f(3) = = LMIN, f'"(0) = 0 gives no information. By the first derivative test, f(9) = 10 isnot a loeal extremum. ‘The sign off changes at = = 0,2. (2) > 0 and fis CU on (—o0, 0) U (2, <0 ‘F(2) <0 and fia CD on (0,2). PlatPE) > 0. No local extreme, “*. #(2) > 0 and fia CU on (—o0, 0). P"(2) fla Cen (00d). The PL one = B58 = 0 = 4 fi fails to exiat at x = 0, f%(a) = WOZ= “ F-$) <0 and f(—3) = 4216 w 7.27 ina LMAX. Since (0) ia undefined, we the first derivative teat fo show that /(0) = 0 is a LMIN. Since 92°/*> 0, the sign of f"" i determined by (82 ~ 2). ‘Thos, /"(@) < O and fis CD on (—co, 0) U (0,3) and f"(2) > Wand fis CU on (9, 00). Plat = Note: fin not CD at x = 0 since no tangent line exists at x = 0. 7 Figure 11 Figure 12 ara = 25f =e. £°Q) <0 = $B) = (0.4)"/"(0.6) as 0.33 is a LMAX. Since f"(0) is undefined, use the first derivative test to show that J(0) ‘a LMIN, Since 92"/* > 0 for z #0, there inno Plat # = 0. f"(s) > O and fle CV on (20, —B) f'"(2) <0 and fis CD on (—$, 0) U (0, co). Plat Note: is not CD ak x = O since f* does nok exit at = = 0. Also, the P noticeable in the sketch of the graph since the concavity change is slight. BO ee hf fallstocxist at 2 = 0, J" -4 not13 I"(2) = aul e578) $"(0) = —2NB <0 = f(0) = 0 in a LMAX. 7a FR) = 2A2AB > 0 => fGP) = — 195 V2A5 we —1.82 is a LIN. By the first derivative test, f(§) = 0 i not ou extremum. Pie) 04 = ME 8D pg = OH 092 and b= (f" changes sign at a, §, and b. Hence, there are Plat x = a, §, and b. f(z) > 0 and Fis CU on (2, §) and (b, 00)- f"(2) < 0 and fis CD on (—c9, a) and (f, 8). HAA Figure 13 Figure 14 WD = 2*D, - 0 2}. stale to exit at 2 =~}. +2) re = ae Pof) = AMES 05 HB) = ANT —04 is a LN, By the fist derivative teat (2) = isnot an extremum. $"(z) > 0 and fis CU on (~c0, 1) and (—§, 00) P43) <0 and fie CD on (1, —f). coordinaten of Place —1 and —3, Oso) = Bf m0 2m 2 Phan ocrhat em 0. 1") = Meo 02 (2) = IND > O and f(—2) = —6%F ws 7.55 iva LMIN. 7°(0) ia undefined, By the fiat derivative teat, /(0) = 0 isnot a local extremum, ‘The sign of f” changes at x = 0,4. f(z) > 0 and fis CU on (—co, 0) U (4, 00). F(a) <0 and fis CD on (0,4). Plat s= 0,4 y 7 Figure 5 Figure 161d EXERCISES 4.4 ms S58 = 0 2 © = —2, which ta not in the domain of ff fails to exiat at ==0. (0) = 0's an endpoint extremum since f> 0 for > 0. ‘There are no local extrema, $%(@) = BSP. f"(2) <0 for 0 < =< 2 and fis CD on (0, 2). Jr(2) > O for 2 > 2 and fia CU on (2, 00). s-coordinate of Plis 2. See Figure 16. Tye) = HERS) = 0 ex = 0,246. f fet xt ops = 43, whch ae endpoints of the domain. f"(2) = ee af) = 28 <08 S(+ 16) = GAB ss 10.4 are LMAX. f"(0) = 6 > 0 => f(0) = 0 is a LMIN. P(2) = 0 r= 227 a GS > 2 = ah oT— BRS for ies <3. Let a= —} 27 — S4S3 we —1.56 and = —a. f(a) > O and fis CU on (2, §). ‘J"(2) < 0 and fie CD on (~3, a) and (b, 3). coordinates of Pare a and b. | y Figure 17 Figure 18 TOP == Bin = 0% r= 48. 1 = BE, f"(-{2) = 4 > 0 > M2) = -2 isa LMIN, f"(12) = -4 <0 > #({2) = Bisa LMAX. z= +2 are endpoints and cannot be local extrema. ‘The only value where J" changes sign in the domain of fia = = 0. f(a) > O and fis CU on (—2, 0). f"(2) HQ) = Pisa LMAX. #"(8f) = {2 > 0 = s(8f) = — {is a LMIN. (The CNare s = P(g) = —cosz + sing, ("(G) = —f8<0 > JEP) = Bisa LMAX. f(if) = 12> 0 > fCf) = {2 is a LMIN. The CW ate = 3%. f(a) = sing, pr) = Bos 43) = + Pina umax. 9 = B> 0 1 =4- Bisa mm,45 AF is also a CIV, but f"(8Z) = 0 gives no information. (EA) The CW in (0, 2x) are = = 2, x, $F. f"(2) = —2 cone — 4 conde, S"(a) = -2 <0 > fn) = Lisa LMAX. PO) = IG) =3>05 109) = ‘Note: For Exercises 25-30, nee Exercises 29-24 in 4.3 [BB] The only CW in (~f, F(a) = YGseo}s tant fe + Jsee™}z) = J"(0) =] > 0 = J(0) = Lisa LAIN. (28) The only CW in (§, 82) is z = BE, f(z) = descz cota (cots + 1) + Qese's > SIGE) = 8 > 0 = FRE) = —1is a LMIN, [2D The only CW in (—§, §) in x = J. f"(2) = doce? tan z(1 — tanz) — 2 sects => iG) =-8 <= fl ia a LMAX. s=0 (@B) The only CW in (—4, 9) v2 = 5 ‘J"(a) = see tan (sez — 2tanz) + secx(secz tan x ~ 2sec?s) => ID = <0 = (Whe CW on (Be, Dn) are 2 = US, 19, FF. 1 Since J"(—UE) = rg) = —B <0, 4) = B - Be ws 201 and B+ gw 119 ae LAX, since $1(—) = 710) = F>0, H-%) = —B 1 w 2.10 ana f(g) = fy - Bow 0.44 are LO, (HD) The CW on (—2n, 2) are z= —UE, —$, $US. (2) = sins Since 4°42) = £"(G) = 4 > 0, (HE) = ~ YE — } 5.49 and 1) = RE — f= -0.05 are Min, Since f"(—f) = fF) = -} <0, AED = 4 — Be w 0105 and (0) = BE 4 be 6.40 are LAX. a AB is a LAX. 7 7 i Figure 3T Figure 2ww a) Figure 33 Figure — 7 7 Figure 5 Figure 36 7 a Figure 37 Figure 38 IE f(a) = a2" + be + c, then f"(2) = 2a, which docs not change sign, ‘Thus, there ia no point of inflection. (a) CUita>0. (b) CDife <0. IE f(a) = an? + ba? 4 cx 4 d then f"(2) = Gar + 2. Since a + 0, J" changeo infection at thia value of = sign at z= —b/(80) and hence there is a point Estimate from the screen, (2) CU on (0.48, 1); OD on (—1, -0.48) (b) —0.48,EXERCISES 4.5 ut 7 7 ad, ft a Figure a Figire [2] Fstimate from the sereen. (a) CU on (0.88, 0.61); CD on (—1, ~0.58) and (0.61, 1) (b) —0.58, 0.61 F(a) =O at 2 = 3, J. However, "does not change sign at these values. Since f"(2) > 0 on (0, 3}, fis CU en (0, 3) with no Pl ¥ 7 Figure #3 Figure [EAD /r(e) = Oat = we 1.02, 2.25, 2.66. Since J" changen sign at each ofthese pointa there ‘are Plat these s-coordinates. J"(2) > 0 on (0, 1.02) U (2.25, 2.68) and Jia CU. #°(2) < 0 on (1.02, 2.25) U (2.66, 3) and fie CD, (CBiereiees 25) ‘Note: It js helpful to know where the function intersects the horizontal or oblique asymptote to determine how the function is approaching the asymptote. None of the functions in the exercises have more than one point of intersection and it will bbe denoted by i(z, 3). See the solutions to Exercises 6 and 12 for detalled work on finding J D fe) = BER LO = G Uap #0) = — Ha No extrema e495 Figure FigureEXERCISES 4.5 = ~atp #0; 7") = 718 ye No extrema. See Figure 2 i) srt By = 2525 = EERE D s,m f@) = git rab a OG fs) = tea ee) 1) Max: (6 + 246) = 1.05; min: f(5 — 26) » 5.95 iy 7 Figure 3 Figure 4 @ 16) =3—$ 4 en 10, 0); HO) ae a yey Made fe) = gta 09 = Hire = HERD, Max: (({3) 7.48; min: f(—) w —0.54 B na = feats, = BED 02,9); rong be eat + 2a; 7 (2? — 362? + 722 — 168) rea @—=- i) Max: f(12 — 2430) a 0.25; min: f(12 + 2130) a 2.98 Figure Figure 6EXERCISES 4.5, 119 D fe) = =e EME 9, « stl fp Me = 24 gy oe? 4 e428? — de 2 fy MY 2s as oor na) = 082 = 85-8) oy ga TG, Fa) aa 7°? $420; 1y(s) wz (Ge? — 1922 — 24s — 16) me aE+R . Max: (f+ FTO) rv 0.03; min: £(§ — 3110) wv 37.97 0 fe)= PE = tt =o ee res ay Min: 0) = 0 Fema? Figured ik f(s) = Edel ‘ai a 10) = SO Pe) = Te Bl a0 me Be i) = ee ete Max: (4 + 18) re 0.21; min: (1 — 48) ae 1.21 a0 eee ke) = -t5fh ee 4 fe) = FEA IG) = 7 Figure _ e+ 20) om Max: (8) = Oe es 8/8) =EXERCISES 45 erg tore) No extrema, {esr 120 OM s2) = are 4G) = 7 T Figure Figure = 5s F(z) = st4 = t= 4 Ta) = TB 0) = a Riga n oe ts 8 f@ =2> pet grissslirettes K-2, 2); es nit) = fet Be ig? a fla) = ae Min: f(—4) -2.14 Bie) = 25258 = = FANE), pg) = 2 fins #0; Ja) = Boog, No extrema G3 Figure 1 ie) = peed = ANE D, pay = matte ng # ea2t HG ("() = wy Max: f(2 — 318) ws 2.10}, min: f(2 + 346) # 13.90 IBA) = ero Ev #20870) = oe +1) + Max: f(~ ao = —4; min: f(0) = 0EXERCISES 4.5 iat Figure 15 Figure 16 me a tped Me tot ’ Bie = =P aged = ET ree = ERD <0 2a 0, ra) ~aa Max: f(0) = —45. min: f(-2) = 0 Wife) = 458 = PHAR po) = EEA 0 em 98 f'@) = er Max: f(—3 + 5) = 1.53; min: f(—3 — 15) = 10.47 Se - A {hye -r0a LAR {Px Figue TF Byte) = Bap = C= MEH) (2 PAM 0 2m 2G; 12) = 2 ie (2) we 1.80 2) = y= ME=9), ppg) 18) BC) = GB HO, 04 0) = HERR, pr) = AO. Max: f(8) = 33 PI: (16, 4) Figure 2012 3 De) = GA Mh Di i (—hs th) Bs) = 38s 10,05 00 = ESD, me = SED. = Sala? = 3) Max f(1) =} min: f(—3) = —B PE (0,0), (84, £8) 7 7 Figure 2 Figure 4 pa) 2 8 pfs) = AGE =D Me) = AO = atte Me = ESP . Min: f(0) = i (445, -3) MMe) = 2-3 = 25.8, 09 = 2 Y= ME, aya 2 1B = Med eo) Pk (4, 6) 7 Figure Figure Wye) = 2 +b = BES py oat - 9 = NEEM EY, 9) = 624 GSE EY Mase (1) = 4 min 48) = 4 NoPE ether 6_ (24 M~9)_ re deg GBA) = Saeca = GF Mery TaD Eee ‘To determine the value of y when z= —2, substitute —2 into 22=3 to get 7. ‘There is a hole in the graph at (—2, 7).EXERCISES 4.5 Figure 26 Ga = se) pa-1H £ #8; ole at (8, 1) # 1s hole at (1, —$) Figure 37 Figure 25 |? ~ 0245] = [2 - (2 -5)] # —2; hole at (=2, 7 7 sheets " es i — Figure Figure 30 As) = |e + 2x - A] =| - 92 +0] 12314 EXERCISES 4.5 BH) =| +4 7 7 Figure 5 Figure GBs) =? — al = fe + 1902 - 0} =leinl 7 7 waiow PH PDBIAO, He Figure 3B Figure 4 (=) = leona +2 Note: In 35-88, all pertinent informatio in the problem, ik) i > \ { vi i it! i 1 = AT 1 H Y ! f ! Figure 35 Figure 36EXERCISES 4.5 135 {BDI intersecte the horizontal asymptote, y = 2, at 18, 2) Figure 37 (58) f intersects the horizontal esymptote, y = —3, at (—7, —3). {B51 (a) Let k> 0 bea constant of proportionality. (6) ‘Die attraction to the particle at 0 is f= ED 8, ta is an the negative sign indicates force to the left. ‘The attraction to the particle at 2s ayy f= WC). ; 2= ~G-at G-F ‘The additional negative eign is used to indicate that Figure 39 Fis in the opposite direction an Fy. Since F = Fy + Fy the result follows B] (a) Not appropriate, since jim +5 = 0 # 0 (6) May be appropriate, since jim al, = 0 GU (2) CU on (—0.43, 2); CD on (—2, —0.48) (b) -0.43, ¥ ? a Pr ea n ~ Figure 4 Figure (al (a) CU on (—2, 0.54) and (1.84, 6); CD on (—6, —2) and (0.54, 1.84) (b) —2.00, 0.54, 1.64126 EXERCISES 46 ‘Note: In this exercise set and future exercise sets, the following ia used to justify that a local extremum is an absolute extremum for a continuous function f. First, if 1% € I for some interval J, and if f'(s) > 0 for all = < ay and f(2) < 0 for all > 9 (where + € 1), then f(z) must be an abeolute maximum. (A similar statement can be made for an absolute minimum.) Second, if (zp, f(ze)) ip @ critical number of fon J, and if {"(z) < 0 (f"(2) > 0) for all x € J, then f(z) is an abeolule maximum (minimum) of fon Z. The interval J cati be open ot ‘unbounded. ‘These statemente assure that f does not approach a maximum or minimum asymptotically. (I) Let = denote the length of a side of the square base and y the height of the box. 4/2}. ‘The wurface area is given by Ss day t 2? = 10/24 2, where 2> 0. 9 = —16/2 +22 =01F Since 8” > 0 for 2 > 0, this will be a minum value. ‘Thus, = 2 and y 1 Asin Exercive 1, V = oy = 4 => y= 4/a". S$ = day + 22” = 16/2 + 227, 9 = -16/2? +42 = 0ifs = VA. Since "> Ofor 2 > 0, thia will give a minimum. = = y = NZ. (The optimal shape isa cube.) B Va ath = 1 b= 1/(xr*). The surface aren S's to be minimized. $= Quek + xP = Ofer + ert, where r> 0. F = —2/? + Ber = Oi r= 1/ AE Since 5” > 0 for r > 0, this will be @ minimum value, r= A= 1/4. G) The area fof the material used is to be minimized. The smallest square that the base can be cut from will be of length 2r on a side. As in Exercise 3, Ms Derk + (00)? = fr AP. Ms 2/1? 4 Br re / TE Since M” > for r > 0, this will be @ minimum value. {Bl The length of the fence used is 4y + 32 = 1000 => y= 250 — 3x (250 ~ fs) = 2502 — 32%, where 2 € (0, 99) = = 1663. A(0) = APR) = 0, and A(1663) = 20,8334, ‘Thus, x = 166§ (and y = 125 ft give the maximum ares. ieya T Ha oe T= Ths =} <0fors>Oand Tis Mets pe =r deme decreasing. The minimum time must occur at = 6, that is the peraon should stay in the motorboat the entire trip. At a time t hours after 1:00 P.M., B is 10¢ miles west of ite location at 1:00 P.M. and A in 30 — 15¢ miles south of Bie 1:00 P.M. location. If f(t) is the square of the distance between A and B, then {7(9 or f(i) is to be minimized. J() = (104)? + (30 — 154)? = 3254 — 9004 + 900. F(d) = B50t — 900 = 0 > 45 Hf hours. "(d) = 650 > 0 = this iva minimurn distance, ‘Time m2 2:23:05 p.m. See Figure 7. UI6/x. Asye AN) = 250 = fz = @ From Example 6, the time in the motorboat is "Thus, for 0 < 2 < 6,EXERCISES 4.6 ar 30 — 15¢ a Figure 7 Figure 8 @ If ydenotes the height of the rectangle and 2 the radius of the semicircle, then the curve has length r= and the perimeter in 2 4+ 2y 4 22 = 15 = fy = 18 ~ (24 w)m The aren A i to be maximized 1. re A= tay + fre = le (24 2. A= 16 ~ (64 tO Since A" <0, tha maximum value, 2 = y= zB. BD et z-and y denote the distances shown in Figure 9, and 1; the length ofthe ladder. Using similar triangles, = Ly = 8 or y= SEHD Hence, 2 = (2-41)? + 9? a + Os + 65 + (128/2) + (64/2%) = f(2)., We can minimize £ by minimizing f(z). S15 e118 This is a minimum, since f"" a4 y= 10and Ti Figuie 9 OB) With sand y denoting the page dimensions as shown in Figure 10, xy = 90, or ¥ = 90/2 Ifthe printed aren is A, then A = (2 ~ 2)(y ~ §) = 98 ~ (180/2) ~ J. At = (180/s*) — 3 = 0 = 2 = {120 we 10.95 in. Thus, y= 28. we 8.22 in. (180/24) — 3 = 0 = 2 = {120 Lae Since A" 360/2* < 0 for z > 0, this is a maximum. OT Let w denote the width, (the leigth, and A the height. Then, w = $l Also, V = lwh = $1 = 900 = 4 = 1200/1. The coat ia given by C= A(wl) + 6(218) + 6(2uk) + 3(ul). Substituting for w end A yields128 EXERCISES 4.6 =F + (14,400/1) + (10,800/1) + 3? = BI? + (25,2001). ©" = Bt ~ (95,200/12) = 0 = 211° — 50,400 = 0 => {2400 = 2(%7800) w 13.88 ft, w = $(°V300) as 10.04 fe, A = YR0O w 6.69 fe. Since C" > 0 for {> 0, this gives a minimom, (A) Let r denote the cup's radius, & its height, and «its slant height. Examining a cross section through the cup’s vertical axia, we see the relationship +? + A? = o? holds. The volume of the cup is V = arth = g(a? — K)k = fx(ath — 1°), = Ja(? 9) 02 Pat a de (b= Hg ‘Thus, V = §x(§a?)(G13 o) = pn {50° vv 0.40%. VW" = —29h <0 for b> 0 = this isa maximum. (El) Lot # denote the width of the fied, y the length, end & a constant, the length of the ham, where 0 the rectangle isa square. (Ha) Let the variables be as in Exercise 18. We wish to minimize the amount of fence used, given by F = 224 y + (y— 8). Sincey = 4, P= 224 Ak P= 2- 24/2 = 0 r= y= UA. Since P' > O for x > 0, this is minimum, [5] Let # denote the numberof rooms reserved, where 2 € (20, 60]. ‘The price for each b 2a05e= 500 +k 00 4 & ~F ~T room is given by p(2) = [80 — (z — 30)] = 110 — s. The revenue received is (2) = {110 — 2) = 1102 — 2*, Now, Rg) = 110 — 22 = 0 > 2 = 58. R(30) = 2400, R(60) = 3000, and (55) = 3025. ‘Thus, maximum revenue occurs ‘when §5 rooms ate rented. Note that the maximum will not occus on {0, 20]. [16] In this case, the cost in given by O(2) = 62. ‘The profit function ie PQ) = RG) ~ Oz) = de — 27, Pa) = 104 — 22 = 0 = 82, ‘P(30) = 2220, 7(60) = 2640, and 7(62) = 2704. For = € [0, 30}, P(2) = 802 ~ 6: Ts, which has maximum when = 30. ‘Thus, maximum profit occurs when 82 rooms are rented. (1) The volume ofthe eylintical part ie +17A, and the volume af each hemisphere ia Ki)e?. The total vlumein V = ah + fort = 102 + b= DELP, $= 2arh + dar! = 2ar(M at) 4 a ‘The total surface area is $= 2arh + 4 aar(Mest) + an, Since the construction of the end piece is twice as expensive as the cylinder, the cost function is (1) = rar(Mes*) + dar?) = (20n/r) + Bar,EXERCISES 4.6 129 CG) = (—204]7) + Bevand 0") = (40x/A) + Bee Op) = Oi? = 8 r= ANT. Since Cv > Oforr > 0, thie value for r will give © minimum, 4 = 2516 for this velue of r. [IB Let 2 denote the distance between the point Cand the point on the shore opposite A, where 0 < 2< {8 (2= 01 ZAGB = 90"). Let kedenote the cost of pipe per mile ‘above the ground and 4& the cost per mile under the water. ‘The length above ground ia {8 — s, ite cont a MAB — 2). The length under water is {+ 2, ite cost ie 4k {1+ 2. If P(x) ie total cost, then A(z) = KYB — 2) + a(t + 2 PO) = e+ TAs = 09 2 [hw 028 mt +? ‘This is « minimum since P"(s) =, = a+r) ‘he dotcom to B wou be {8 — fm 257 mi [Consider Figure 19. The area A = Yay = 2x{a? — 2 a= cewee = Wie. Thus, y= {o? — Ql2e)" = J{Za and the length of the base is (2a. Gal | 7 Figure 19 [Bi} From Figure 20, APET is a 30°-60'-00" triangle, with ET = 0 — =, 90 y = H1B(a — 2). A = sy = W(x — 2%), where 0 Seca A = [ile — 23) = 04 2= fe Since A(0) = A(a) r=hqy= HG [ED V = Jas. To relate rand h, consider the emall right triangle in Figure 21. ‘The vertical leg is h— aif h > a (shown) or a— hifhh = §(4a — SA)A = Of A = fo and the volume is 2x ‘This is a maximum since the endpoints of & = 0, 2a yield V jive a maximum area.130 EXERCISES 4.6 7 a NS Qe Figure 27 Figure 22 DV = Ph, Pram Figure 22,7? = a? — J, Vin (Ph — Hi), where OAs 20. VW = x(a — Y) 01th = NFa. The corresponding r Hee ‘These values produce a maximum since the endpoints of h = 0, 2a yield V = 0. (BBIIC /(2) is the square of the distance of « point (z, 2* + 1) on the parabola fiom (8, 1), then f(s) = (2 — 3)? + (2). f(z) = Ae —3) +42" = 0ite = 1 {Since the num of the coefficienta of fia 2eto, 1 ia a root.) ‘The point (1, 2) gives a minimum, since f(s) = 2 + 1224 > 0. FAIIE f(2) ia the aquore of the distance of « point (2, #) on the graph from (4, 0), then f(s) = (2 — 4)" + (2°). J") = Az ~ 4) +62 = Oi = 1 ‘The point (1, 1) gives a minimum, since /"(x) = 2 + 80=4 > 0. (BIE $ denotes the strength, w the width, and dthe depth, [a4 page then $ = hud, where k > 0is a proportionality constant, With the circular cross section placed as shown in 4 Figure 25, we have w = 22, d = 2y, and y? = a? — S = H2s)ty? = Bias ~ 2) = Bie — 3) = 018 on if = Thun, w = 26/15 and d = 2459/3. Figure ‘Thin ia a maximum, since the endpoints of « = 0, « yield $ = 0. [28] Let P be a point on the line segment x units from S,. Let the illumination at P be X(), whieh Js the sum of the illumination from the two cources. ‘Ths, Ja) = s + z where > Osa constant of proportionality 28s, | 2k 2 3 am 10) = B+ Fy 00 F (433) sea Fi Since #” > O for # € (0, d), this value of « wil give minimal illumination. RAC zi the nurnber of paits ordered and p(s) the pce (in dollars) per pais, then x2) = 20 0n [1,40] and 20 ~ 0.02 on [50,600]. Hence i R) isthe revenue function, R(s) = sp(2) = 20s on {1,49} and 20 ~ 0.022 on (80, 600), TheEXERCISES 4.6 ast maximum of Ron (1, 45] is (9) = 980. On (60, 600), RC 104 -¢2 # = 500. R(50) = 950, R(600) = 6000 and (600) = 4800. Thus, x = 500. (BB) V = fxrh = 360 > k= 108/77. Qe = wee + 1087), ‘The surface area i S' > Oifr > 34%, r= 313 and & = 6 give minimal surface area. (Al() Let dy denote the length of the piece of wire bent into the equilateral triangle and 6: (width e and length 22} the amount bent into the rectangle. The triangle’s area is 413 y? {inside cover of text). Now, 3y + 62 = 36 = y = 12 — 22. ‘The total area is A(z) = 413(12 — 22)? + 2s” = {3(6 — =)? + 22°. 1G A a4 Me- 1068s 2.766, « 8) i = 4+ 23 Use 6 #4 16.71 em for the rectangle. This is « minimum, since A*” > 0. (b) The maximum must occur at an endpoint. A(0) = 363 < A(6) = 72. Use all the wite for the rectangle to obtain a maximum ares. [BU] From Figure 30, APQS is similar to ATRS. Therefore, we have pity Ges y= A= BTEEP rue te ta fe Ate) = ORE ea aye) — Ca tale =F ite ay at (4? — @ give a maximum. the endpoints z =O and 6, A= 0. = fb andy Figure 37 (GD From Figure 31, 32 + 2y = 12 = y = }{12 — 32). ‘The total area is given by Hie $y = 4-62 4 be Ae) = HB —O2+ 6 = 0% 1 i LB tt Be 178 Since A(O) = 0, A(2.81) s+ 8.43, and A(4) = 443 Fs 6.93, these values of z and y give & maximum area, 281 fhand y =sa EXERCISES 4.6 [BD Let « denote the distance from the base of the shorter pole to the point S where the cable touches the ground, Let R denote the point at the top of the 6 ft pole and T the point at the top of the 6 ft pole. Sa fe? + 86 and T= [Gio — a? + Gi. “The total length of the cable is f(z) = {2 + 36 + {(l0~ =)? + 64 and (e109? Wy +a f= pig Ea 08 Eg (10 ~ 2)? + 64s? = 27(10 — 2)? 4 36(10 — 2)? ¢> 28:7 + 720 ~ 8600 = 0 & A(Tz ~ 30)(2 + 90) = 0 = 2 = B. The endpoints are x = 0, 10. FO) = 2441 + 6 = 18.8, #(32) = 2474 w 17.2, and f(10) 6 19.68. ‘Thus, 17.2 ffs the minimum eable length. (BEVIE the dimensions are Iby w, then 21-4 2u = p => w= 4p —L Azh=fl-P = aaip-t=06 15). ‘Thus, f= w = 4p, a square. ‘The area is maximum (Gi) Let z and y denote the dimensions of the rectangle with the rotation about an edge of length y. 25+ 2y = p= y = jp — sand the volume is Vn ney = sei — 2) = 2 — 2). VW = ape ~ 32" anc Owhen = 6 dp. Ap and y = Jp will give a maximum volume, since the endpoints of = 0, Jp yield V = 0. GB) Lat denote the numberof trees planted in excess of 24 per acre. ‘Thus, (24 + 2) is the number of trees per acte and (600 — 12s) is the yield per tree. ‘The total yield per acre is f(2) = (24 + 2)(600 ~ 122) = —122* + 3122 + 14,400. Pa) = —2z + 12 = 0 4 @ = 13. f(x) <0 = this is & maximum. Plant 87 trees per acre. Let x denote the number of $10 increases. The rent per apartment is 300 + 10z. ‘The number of occupied apartments is 180 ~ 6x. ‘The gross income is Gz) = (800 + 102)(180 — 52) = —602? + 3008 + 84,000. G2) = —1002 + 300 = 0 when = 3. Since G” <0, this is a maximum, Charge 8330 per unit. (i) Let 2 denote the side of the aquare base, g the girth (g = 42), and I the length, 1p g = 108 = = 108 — dx, Vm oP = 1085? — 403, where 0 < = < 27. Wa) = 216s — 126" = 0 when 2 = 0, 18. V0) = V(2r) = 0 => x = 18 and 1 = 86 give a maxirmun volume. {correspond to 10:00 A.M. and let y denote the distance north of P that the = 504 Let 2 denote the horizontal distance of the airplane car is at time t. Hence,EXERCISES 133 ‘= = 100 — 200¢. Let d denote the distance between the ad the car. Since 26,400 f = 5 mi, f(l) Pe Peers (100 — 2002) + (600)? + 5%. We now have f'(1) = 85,0001 — 40,000 = 0 => {= fbr, This is minimum since f"" > 0. ‘Time ws 10:28 A. (BB) Let 5, denote the'amount of emoke from factory A and 5; the amount of smoke from factory B. ‘The pollution at a distance « from factory A on a straight line path to factory Bie P= BB 4 Ba, where > Win constant of proportionality dee VR sem teas sins bead. Sines P' > 0 for = € (0, 4), this gives a [G) Let = denote the number of additional wells to be drilled. The average production per well is given by 200 — 10:. ‘The amount of oil produced is given by A = (8 + (200 — 103) = 1600 + 1202 — 1077 Now, A' = 120 — 202 = 0 = + =6. Since AM < 0, thie is a maximum. FAN (a) ‘The volurme of the pyraraid is V = Jz%h Let y denote its slant height. ‘Then, gf = WP + (fx)? ‘The area of one of the triangular surfaces is fou = Je [P 4 Since there are 4 such surfaces, $ = 2207 4 Je Solving for hyekts k= =H, thus, v= ja A a) = La 28 sei 20 ince data = St = at 0 m9 = Sa = (ence det? = 5! ~ 38) £N HP) gy 2 = Gh. (Mis undefined at = = 0) V > Ofor0 <2 < hand V <0 for > {2h = meximum. A)(e) If » < 10, the boat makes no progress. The number of gallons of gas used each our is ku, where £ > 0 is a constant. The total time for the trip is distance _. _1 oa @) f= MOT oy ya ‘Thus, the total ges consumption is y Since #4 < 0 on (10, 20) and 44 > 0 on (20, 0), (2) Since 1 mi = 6,280 ft and each car requires (12 + 4) fe, Ft follows directly that the bridge ean hold [5260/(12 + d)] care. ‘The greatest integer function is necessary since a fraction of a car is not allowed. 20 mi/hr is @ miniraum.134 EXERCISES 4.6 (b) Since the bridge is 1 mile long, the ear “de i 2, caf, Wench ext is moving at v mifhr, then the flow rate is F = [52800/(12 + J cara/he. () Since d= 0.02508, P= —52800 = 63,360 — 13207 (© Since d= nse?, P= ARBOR, = HS = 0 9 = 415 = 21.9 mifte. F > 0 for 0 < ¥ < ALG and P< O for » > A150 o> 21.9 mit is a maximum value [AD Let («, f(2)) be an arbitraty point on the graph of f. Then, the square of the Aitance from (2 1) is given by @ = [f(2) — nF + [— a1). Ditlerentatng to find the critical numbers yields [/(2) — yi] /"() + (2 — 1) = 0. Let my bow folio of thin equation, Then, Af = — pds that the slope ofthe ine is perpendicular to the slope of the tangent line at (79, f(%9))- (IE f(z) = 0, then the Tine ia vertical but ill perpendicular to the tangent line.) Since this is true for all critical numbers, the shortest distance will be measured along @ normal line. Let x denote the distance from A to B. ‘Then, the distance from B to Cis [40 — a)? + 207 and the cost (times 10,000) is Ofs) = 5x + 10{(40 — 2)" + 400 Lora 2) — cote Go 3? amp = ONO I= TE phy = Bo 0 ar Since 620) m 289, GLAD) = 400, and (20/18) as 289, the minimum occurs at (HB) The capacity of the gutte [Let each of the turned up sides have length y and the bottom of the gutter have width x. Then, z + 2y = 12 => 2 = 12 — 2y. If Ais the height of the trough, then the aren A is the sum of a rectangle (z by A) and two triangles (height h and base b). Since the triangles aze 30°-80'-00", A= By and 6 = dy. A= sh + 24h) = HB ye + Sy? = LB(6y — fy"), where 0 < y < 6. AN 136 - fy) =0 > y= 4in. ‘This is a maximum since A(0) = 0,-A(4) = 123, and A(6) FEY) From Bxexcie 12, we know J? = Je? and hence #? = Ge? (or r = HB 0) ‘The following relationship holds: = 60" maximized when the cross-tectional area is meximized. (the circumference of the circular sheet of paper) — (bhe arc of the ciccular sector) = (lhe cizeurnference of the eup's tin), Ina 6m 2) ay — 446) 0 1:59 radians or 66.06" Qar > 0 = Ix(a— 1) >EXERCISES 4.6 135 Using Figure 48 and the law of cosines, we have Pa(249) 4 (2 +1)— 24 +1 LF +8 contd > _ P+ 0828 = Fae Since 0 < 20 < §, 26 will be maximum when e062 te minktourn. Pas (+ toe 4 ay a 4x(? — 3) en 80,0) ware = 0 when = Discard 2 = 0, —{3. Now, 0 < =< {5 = f(x) < Dands> {3 = f(z) > 0. ‘Thus, 2 = {8 fis minimum value for fand hence, thi value of = will maxim’ GB Let e = DC and A = BC, The volume ofa cylinder is V= 17h. Now, h and # = Leos, Since +a the circumference of the eyinder, # = 2er => r= iE. Let 109) = ‘Thos, + = 5228, We can now write Vin terms of @. V = £2(cos46 siné). “@ El tem aite + cote) = 0 6 cca ‘2sin’’) = 0 4 e086 = Dor tan? = +413. Since # must be acute, we have Og = tan“'(4 13) w 35.3". Since V > 0 for 0" <0 < 05 and V <0 for Ao< 8 < 90", Uy gives & maximum value. ( (o) FOG) = ALcoe(b- z) ~ acon (3b- JJ] = A (cong — acos8Z) = 0. FU) = 0 since Fis an even function. (0) FC = A(—bein dt + Sabsin 38) = 0 o> sin bt + 3aM(Bsin bt — dsinbt) = 0 {since sin3bt = sin (2H + bf) = sin 204 con bt + sin t coo2bt = (2ain bt cos btjoos Bt + sin (1 — sin nt onthe + sin bt — sin? Dain BA — winHt) 4 in be — Qsinbt = Ssin bt — sinh) 4 bainbif(0a — 1) — 12eein?hi] = 0 4 sin Bt = 0 (t = 0) or sin? = © (©) Ifa = 4, then sin®®¢ = § and coobt = {i — sin’ = H3. Ina manner similar to that of part (b), eoo3bt Pm = AL cos tt — {(4cos°bt — Scos bi) ] = Als =GE- ]) =Hia (@) 10 Fines = All ~ «(1)] = AGL ~ 0).136 EXERCISES 4.6 DW = Pe= BR, pe = MED cr (+9) For R Oand for R> r P<, Thus, = ryielde maximum power. Gr) = W- Pe PU) = Vt = 0 T= F. Pu) = —2r-< 0, Thus, = yields maximum power. [BED Por each 0 < @ <§, thece in exactly one red of length Z that touches the corner end both wall. We would like to find the minimum of all mich rods. Divide the rod in itRer he igen the ea he corer int two pate, Then, = ay + ay = 99 = dea! yee ve $A Sine fr 0 <0 0H < Oand fo Og <0 < 905 1! > (he wl be a nium ae fo Let P have coordinates (0, a), @ have coordinates (k, —8), and the point'A where the light enters the water have coordinates (2,0). ‘The time {f= d/r} for cotd — jescd = {cac# gf 0} => cond = 3. Let Oy = cos"4§ ws 48.2". Since 9 < 0 for 0.< 6 <0, and $ > O for By <0 < §, thio value of 0, gives # minimum, 0+ frets — NG Reacé cotd = 0 = ~— Ficotd = 0 {csc6 ¢ 0} => {3cost = 1 = 8 = cos”! (HB) we 54.7, For the same reason aa in Exercise 55(b), this value of @ will give « minimum. ince hy = Rot. ‘The total surface area isEXERCISES 4.7 17 Note: In Exercnee 1-8, x(t) = of) and o(9) = v( = 9"(0). ‘The motion is to the right when v(1) > 0 and to the left when ¥(f) < 0. Do) = 6(t— 2); o() = 6; lin (0, 2; right in (2, 6) iss 2 Cee init ree eee Tae He -0 0 Ww a = o st Figure T Figure 2 Hd) = 24 85 off) = 25 lee in [--2, fright in (3, 2) Bo = 4 — 3); a(t) = 64; right in [-3, —{3); left in (—{B, 18); right in (13, 3] = ; => es} “| ovat Ds) tena 7 tet fit oe is a Figive 3 Figure 4 @ ot) = 2 — #); o() = —64; lef in [—2, —J3); right in (—{3, 13); left in (12, 5] Bo) = (4 — 19(¢ - 45 (9 = 8021 5); left im (0, 1) right in (1,4); let in (4, 5} 138 tes iets Jind Cie ba v8 120 tao ae oe pa Figure 5 Figure 6 u(t) = GAC — A); aff) = 12(¢ — 2); right in [—1, 0); left in (0, 4); right im (4, 6}188 ; DW Figure 7 Figure BD od) = 61 — 50); off) = 1241 — 108"); left in [—1, —{B); right in (— i, 0) u (0, {8 leet in (ff, 3) B (8) 0) = 104 43) = 30 f/oee (0) 9 = 28 > t= Hor 2.8 nce TG) ue) = 6¢; (3) = 18 R/sce (0) 0) = 88 > = Mf oF 144 one TD) 0) = 144 — 32e = 1609 — 29; «() = —82 = 0 (1 = $); thie height is (f) = 324 f. 1) = 164(9 — 32 (b) The maximum height occurs when (4) (@) ‘The fight ends when s(¢) = 0 {4 > 0); WB) 4) = 192 - 32 = 926 — 95 0) = (b) i) = 0 4 1 = 6; o6) = 676 ft. (©) 0) = =4(24 ~ 25)(24 4 1) = 0 =e = 125 ae, Note: In Exercises 13-16, consider the general postion function s(t) = osinwt {or cos}. ‘The amplitude is (2, the period ia 8% and the frequency is #2, where w > 0. [amplitude = 5; period (amplitude = 4; period [Samplitude = 6; period = [amplitude = 3; period = x see; frequency = } eycte/sec 1 = 220(360x coa360e4) = 70,200x cos360"%; (1) = 79,200r. 7 = 20(/360c0a(360x4 — fF] = 7200x oo(360"4 — 3); M1) = 9600132. OB) 1-() = 14.84) con [E(t — 8} 1°08) = BPE ve 7.75°C/month. r(00) = sec; frequency = 3 cycle/sec sec; frequency = eyele/oce sec; frequency = 4 eycle/see ($8) w -6.21°0/month The temperate ie changing mont rapidly when 7" is maxiioum ot minimum. Sinee 1 < eoa[f(e ~ 8] <1, TT! = USBF is maximum and T! = — UBF is ‘Theoe values occur at {= 5 and ¢ respectivelyEXERCISES 4.7 eu ataph, the wave's amplitude is J(12 — the phase shift ie 10. Now f = 12 => 6 = and — ‘wave is shifted 7.5 units upward so d= 7.5 and y = 4.5ein[ f(t — 10)] + 7.6 (b) ¥ = Meoe[ E(t — 10) At t= 12, = Fw LTB ftyhe. CB (a) Xt) = acon bt 0) = 25 => « = 25. Since the period is 30 minutes, 3 = 80 = b= fy and thus, y = 2eos ft. (8) ¥(d) = —SFsin gt indicates the rsing (oF falling) of the wave ds inge = + [1 GF = +97 Thus, when y= 10, vo =(-¥\2%) ey 24.8 te/min, BD (0) ¥(9) = —rsin xt 0) = ot) = x2) = 0, of) = —, a) = 4 ll nin ore) (6) It isrsing when o() = —esinat> 0 = sinet <0 > x << 2m, Sx we have y= 10 con eget. o(f) = au cont — bu? sinut = ~u*(acoout + bsinwt) = —u* (i), satisfying the simple harmonic motion condition in the remark. (b) Following the hint, let (0) = Acoa(wt — ) = A(coswt cose + sin! sine). ‘This must be equal to.o(f) = acoewt + binwt Thus, A cos Asine = 5. Consequently, o? + 5 = A¥(cose + sin’e).= 4%, 20 and A= (FED sine } = fale = tame, we choo couch that tne =fM0 EXERCISES 4.7 so | aan) tao [ord Foss Loar v | 0 [ter f229 Fro Fors | 025 @ | 0 [sao | iar | 112 [ 066 | 020 # posers feat Figure 27 Figure 25 i fo [i [2 Js [4 Js + | 0 | 04s | 08s | 067 | 07 | 137 v_ | ia | ore [ont [ora | 028 | 089 « s [ose fo -| 007 | 024] 139 = 800 + 0.04 + 0.000227; C{100) = 806 = Cla) /2 = (B00/2) + 0.04 + 0.90025; O°(8) = (100 400 + 6.52 + 0.0032"; C{100) = 7080 a) 2 = (6400/2) + 6.5 + 0.0035; O'(2) = 6.5 + 0.006% (200) = 70.8; 6*(100) = 71 06; C*(100) = 0.08 [B)(@) C(e) = 250 + 1002 + 0.00124; of100) = 11,250 (2)/= = (250/2) + 100 + 0.0012"; C'(2) = 100 + 0.00327; (100) = 112.50; (100) = 130 (a) Oz) = 200 + 0.01 + 190; 100) = 202 (b) ez) = O2)/x = (200/2) + (100/27) + 0.01; G(s) = 0.01 — (100/2"); {100) = 2.02; €'(100) = 0 [55] 02) = 50 — (100/2*). The marginal coat at = = 5 js GG) = $46, whereas the actual cost of the sixth motor is (6) — O(8) = 4163 — 370 ws $46.67 G"(2) = 1 — (10/22). ‘The marginal cost at 10 is C'(10) == $0.90, whereas the actual cost ofthe eleventh liter is C(11) — C(10) = 14}? ~ 14 = 80.91 -01 (b) R(2) = xp(2) = 60 — 0.12? 2) — Os) = ~0.12? + 482 — 10 (4) $= 240, PH(s) = 0.2 <0 = Pl240) = 5750 i ( O¥(2) = 2 = CX(10) = 2, the marginal cost when the demand ia 10 unitsEXERCISES Be re = (b) R(2) = 29(2) = 802 7 = WGai— a (2) Pe) = Re) — Oe) = Be (e ET (a) Pe) = Me (6) Pla) = 0 4 {FT = Se 49 100(e — 1) = 924 49 (92 — 10)(e — 10) = @ r= 8,10. PQ) 8) ws 4.52, and P(10) = 14. Since P+ —00 aa +00, P(IO) = () OMe) = 15 + to => O10) = (SD x=) = 1800 ~ 25, 1 < x < 100, Cla) = 1000 + = + 0.0127 (e) A(z) = =p(=) = 18002 — 227 (b) Pz) = R(x) — Oz) = -2.012" + 1799" — 1000 (6) Ps) = 4.022 + 1799 = 0 2 2 = 447.51, which in not in the domain. (1) = 796.00 ond P(100) = 158,800; the maximum profit occurs at = = 100 (@) P(100) = $168,800 (2) = 400 — 0.05, Cfs) = 600 + 10 (=) R(s) = zx(2) = 4002 — 0.052" (0) Ps) = Rl) ~ (2) = —0.05e" + 00 — 500 (©) P(e) = -0.12 + 390 = 0 (4) RY(2) = 400 ~ 0.12 = 300 «2 5 a(2) = 8 and O(a) = 500 + 0.022 + 0.0012". (2) (2) = Br and F(a) = R(2) ~ O(a) = 7.982 — 500 — 0.0012" P (a) = 7.98 ~ 0.0022 = 0 when = = 3990 units yielding a maximum since P" < 0. 4 will bé maximum profit. 1g & maximum since P” <0. - (1000) = £350. () 7{3900) = 815,420.10. (GD) The points (1500, 7) and (1000, 9) are on the Hinear demand function. Its equation is y — 7 = gapfefera(= — 1500), or y = af) = —she +18. Rs) = ay(s) = —ghye! + Se and Rs) = phy + 18 = 0 @ 2 = 1025, Yielding a maximum since 2” < 0, P(1625) = $6.50. Note: Determining the accuracy of 2 by requiting |f(en)| < ¢ is not a sound numerical technique. A betier approach isto require fngx — fol <& Note: Polynomials can be evaluated more eally (and accurately) using nested multiplication. Example: 32 — 42° + 2 — 6 = {[(32 — 4)s]x + 1) — 6. Note: Numerical reauite may vary slightly. In the following, no rounding, has been performed before the final result hes been reached. ‘This increases both accuracy and case of celeulation.1a BXEROISES 4.8 DD tat fe) =F —2. fla) = 1, fQ) = 6 = therein vot in ft, 2 dn? ; fy — 52 and ny = 1 yi Ee " 1.8383, 2, and 25 = 1.2599, Roots «1.2599 D Let #(2) = 2° — 3. (1) = —2, f(2) = 29 = there is 0 root in [, 2). tt 1.2639, 2, = 1.2599, so = to — 8 ay =H il oy = 140025 = 12062 = 12, 1.251, andy = L487. Bote es L257 43d ge - BD sya, = en — BP HSE, Since (1) = 0, we cannot use 2, = 1 den + Gan — 10z5 Instead, 2, = 2 yields: = 1.6389, 25 = 14319, x4 = 1.9472, 25 = 1.8320, 45 = 1.3815, and 2, = 1.9315. Root: as 1.3315 ae Brag = on ~ BPEL t Be =F aad, = ying = 2557, ty = 22661, 24 = 2.2578, and oy = 2.2873. Ro BD egy = oe — tata 8 and gy = 2 yields sy = -1.8060, 7 beh + Bin 9 4 = 1.1895, #4 = — 1.7821, and xg = —1.7921. Root: & 1.7321 ‘Note: , = —1 yields a root of ~0.3222, which is outside the required interval. B tet f(2) = ing + 2 coax — cos. i ae pear 4 = Ovi Hy = 0.5, y = 04796, x [Any zeros will occur where 2* 0.4797, and 25 = 04707, Root: 0.4707 123 4 de + 24, From Figure 7, the largest zero #h = 112} ~ 44zn — 24 . isin (4,5). 241 = 20 — and 5, = 4 yield: x, = 4.9677, {9} = din — 22am — 44 a a 5 = 4.6860, xy = 4.6465, 55 = 4.6458, and x, = 4.6458. Root: ws 4.6458 7 7 30 eee . ¢ Figure 7 Figure Any weros will occur where 2° = 362 + 84. From Figure 8, the lacgest zero is in = 30y 6, 8). tay = = Bin = 4 ond 2, a 6 yields 2 = 7.1607, 16.8 Sagy = — Ss Pn A and = Orla 5 = O45, 2g = 6.0362, andy = 6.0982. Rao 6.9362EXERCISES 4.8 ‘oceur where the graphs of y = 2° and y= intersect. From Figuce 9, the only root is in (0, 1}. Foy = oe — RGF ES ano, = Ove The roots of = + Be r = 0.60, x5 = 0.56, and 24 = 0.68. Root: as 0.56 7 7 i t "| Figure Figure 10 {0} The roots of 2:9 — 4s? — S241 = 0 occur where the graphe of y = 22" and y= 4:7 4 Se — 1 intersect, From Figure 10, the largest root is in [2, 3}. 228 — 44 — Seq 1 . Sug, = tn — 2 ands, = 2 yield: 2, = » Om ~ 87 — 3 » 00, 25 = 63, 54 = 253, % = 262, ond x = 2.62. Root: 9 2.52 (1) The root occurs where the grapha of y = 2z and y = Sainz intersect. From Figure 1A, the positive root ie in [1, 2]. zag. = #0 — ‘patie and m= 1.6 yield: = 1.560. Root: ws 1.60 7 7 Figure Ti Figure TE [12] The root oceurs where the graphs of y cons end y 2 — siitersect. Prom Figure 12, the root isin [2 4. yyy = te — SbF Ee = yields #4 = 2.99 ond 25 = 2.99. Root: s 2.09 Note: In Exercises 18-20, the formula for 5,43 is determined in a manner similar to that in Exercises 1-12, and is therefore omitted. (Let f(e) = ot — 195. 4(3) = 44, (4) = 131 = there is root in 3, 4}. Letting 2, = 3 yields: 2, = 3.41, 2g = 3.95, x4 = 3.84, and x, = 3.34. By symmetry, ther 2 and 2 is a root at —8.94. ‘These are the only real roots since (=) = (2 — ATRB)(e? + A). Roots: ws 9.4EXERCISES 4.8 02 — 1. f(0) = —1, f(0) = 0 = there fea root in [0, I} Letting x = 1 yields: x, = 0.55, %5 = 0.37, 2, = 0.32, and x = 0.32, By symmelzy, there is a root at ~0.82. Roots: sy +£0.82 (5) Any roots will occur where 2* and 1. With x, = —I and f(s) = Newton's method yields 0 roots near — — — 2, we find that f(~1) = 0, and hence, 1 for all nm. Letting 2 = 1 yields: 2 = 1.67, 42. From Figure 15, there Bs = 1.44, 2 1.36, ay 1.35, and a = 1.35. Roots: # 1.35 and —1 (exactly) 7 7 par Fegan (HB Any roots will oceur where 2? =e? — 4. From Figure 16, there ia root neat — Letting 2 = —1 yields: sy = —1.11, 45 = —1.10, and 2 = —1.10. Root: 2 =1.10 (Any roots will occur where 2? = 32 — 1. From Figure 17, there ate roots near —2, 0, and 2. Letting x, = ~2 yielda: zy = —1.89, #5 = —1.88, and 24 = —1.88. Letting 2, = 0 yields: zy = 0.83, +) = 0.85, and ry = 0.35. Letting =) = 2 yields: ty = 1.61, ry = 1.86, ry = 1.83, and xy = 1.83, Roots: =» —1.88, 0.35, and 1.53, ” (3-99 Figure 17° Figure 18° {15} Any roots will occur where 2¥'= ~2* + 82 4 3. Prom Figure 18, there are roola near —4, 0, and 3. Letting =, = —4 yields: 2) = —3.88, cy = —3.87, and 24 = “387. Letting 5 = 0 yields: =) = —0.38, 25 = ~0.36, and 2, = -0.36. Letting 1, = 3 yields: 2, = 2.42, zy = 2.24, 24 = 2.22, and a = 2.22, Roots: mv —3.87, ~0.35, and 2.22EXERCISES 4.8 145 ‘orcur where sins = 2r — 5. From Figure 19, there ls a root near 3. Letting 5) = #4 = 271 and sy = 2.71. Root: 201 - ey Figure 1 Figure 20 () Any roots will occur where 2? = cos2z, From Figure 20, there are roots near + 1. Letting , = 1 yielde: 2, = 0.62, £5 = 0.60, and xy = 0.60. By aymmactey, the other root ie —0.60. Roots: as £0.60 (I) From Figure 21, the intersection pointe are in [~2, —1] and [1, 2}. Using (4.28) with f(a) = 2? — (245, f"2) = 2 — Mle + 9), and 5) = =I yields #, = -1.18, 2 = —1.16, and x = -1.16. Hy = 18T, xy = 146, 24 = 145, and 5 = 1.45, 7 7 Figure Figure 2 From Figure 22, the intersection point isin (1,2) ‘Using (4.28) with f(a) = a? + 2? — 1, (2) = 827 + 2s, and sj = 2 viel fy = 1.00, 55 = 1.03, and 2 1.03.

Sol 1 Swokowski PDF

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Sol 1 Swokowski PDF

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Você também pode gostar