Table 1.

Factors Associated With Frequency of a Severe Hypoglycemic Event in Past 12 Months

n
% With
UnadjustedP Value Initial
PValue Final
1 SH
Multivariate
Multivariate
Event
Modela,b,c
Modelb,c
Total
Age, y
26<50
50<65
65
T1D duration,d y
<20
20<40
40
Mean HbA1c in past yeare
<6.5% (<48
mmol/mol)
6.5-<7.0% (48<53
mmol/mol)
7.0-<7.5% (53<58
mmol/mol)
7.5-<8.0% (58<64
mmol/mol)
8.0-<9.0% (64<75
mmol/mol)
9.0-<10.0% (75
<86 mmol/mol)

497
3

11.8
<.001

300
5
145
8
510

.74

10.5

1.0

13.0

0.96 (0.77, 1.19)

16.1

0.98 (0.72, 1.33)

<.001

192
3
229
2
758

PValue

<.001

<.001

8.6

1.0

1.0

12.3

1.57 (1.28, 1.94)

1.53 (1.25, 1.88)

18.6

2.43 (1.84, 3.21)

<.001

2.36 (1.83, 3.03)

<.001

<.001

582

13.9

1.88 (1.34, 2.62)

1.95 (1.40, 2.72)

672

12.5

1.59 (1.15, 2.21)

1.64 (1.18, 2.72)

100
2
907

8.3

1.0

1.0

12.4

1.46 (1.07, 1.98)

1.47 (1.09, 2.00)

105
8
393

13.7

1.59 (1.19, 2.13)

1.62 (1.21, 2.17)

9.4

0.96 (0.63, 1.46)

1.01 (0.66, 1.52)

10.0% (86
mmol/mol)
Gender
Female
Male
Race/Ethnicity
White non-Hispanic
Black non-Hispanic
Hispanic or Latino
Other race/ethnicity
Household annual incomed
$75 000
$35 000<$75 000
<$35 000
Insurance status
Private
No
insurance/nonprivate
insurance
Educationd
Master's,
professional, or doctorate
degree
Associate or
bachelor's degree

264

12.1

1.19 (0.76, 1.89)

.09

269
1
228
2

.13

11.1

1.0

12.7

1.16 (0.97, 1.39)

.005

450
5
198
141
129

.03

11.5

1.0

15.7
19.9
8.5

1.28 (0.84, 1.94)

1.83 (1.17, 2.86)
0.69 (0.36, 1.32)
<.001

195
2
123
9
705

.001

<.001

8.4

1.0

1.0

11.9

1.35 (1.05, 1.72)

1.34 (1.05, 1.71)

18.4

1.65 (1.23, 2.21)

<.001

380
1
967

1.25 (0.80, 1.97)

1.69 (1.27, 2.25)

<.001

<.001

9.8

1.0

1.0

19.0

1.57 (1.25, 1.96)

1.63 (1.31, 2.03)

<.001

.01

.003

108
6

9.9

1.0

1.0

205
1

9.1

0.87 (0.68 1.13)

0.87 (0.68, 1.13)

 High school
diploma GED
BMId
Normal/underweight
Overweight
Obese
Insulin delivery method
Pump 1 y
Injections
Pump <1 y
Insulin, U/kg/dd
<0.43
0.43-<0.56
0.56- <0.72
0.72
1st-degree relative with T1D
No
Yes
Current smoker
No

161
0

15.8

1.26 (0.97, 1.65)

1.32 (1.01, 1.71)

.67
117
8
136
4
101
8

12.8
10.8
12.0
.005

259
2
203
4
335

.32

10.6

1.0

13.6

1.14 (0.94, 1.39)

10.4

0.96 (0.66, 1.41)

.01

112
3
122
1
117
8
120
7

.05

13.9

1.0

12.3

0.94 (0.74, 1.21)

9.8

0.73 (0.56, 0.95)

10.4

0.77 (0.59, 1.01)

.66

385
8
111
5

11.7

437

11.1

12.2
<.001

.04
1.0

2
Yes
515
16.9
1.33 (1.02, 1.75)
aThe initial multivariate model includes variables having P value < .10.
bFor models 1 and 2, missing values were imputed for covariates, and an indicator for missing values was added to the regression model.
cThe final multivariate model was conducted by using backward selection keeping those variables with P value < .01 and variables of clinical
interest.
dP value obtained by treating as continuous variable. BMI Z score was analyzed. Education level and income category analyzed as ordinal
variables.
eMean HbA1c averaged over 12 months before enrollment. P value was obtained by categorizing HbA1c with 3 levels: <7.0% (<53 mmol/mol), 7.0
to <7.5% (53<58 mmol/mol), and 7.5% (58 mmol/mol).

Total
Age, y
26<50
50<65
65
T1D duration,d y
<20
20<40
40

679
6

Table 2. Factors Associated With Frequency of a DKA Event in Past 12 Months

% With
UnadjustedP Value Initial Multivariate PValue Final
1 DKA
Modela,b,c OR (95%
Multivariate
Event
CI)
Modelb,c OR
(95% CI)
4.8
.02

410
8
201
0
678

.14

5.3

1.0

4.2

0.84 (0.62, 1.12)

3.8

0.72 (0.45, 1.13)

.02

261
5
315
8
102
3

.69

5.5

1.0

4.5

0.97 (0.75, 1.25)

3.9

0.98 (0.65, 1.48)

PValue

Mean HbA1c in Past

Yeard,e
<6.5% (<48
mmol/mol)
6.5-<7.0% (48
<53 mmol/mol)
7.0-<7.5% (53
<58 mmol/mol)
7.5-<8.0% (58
<64 mmol/mol)
8.0-<9.0% (64
<75 mmol/mol)
9.0-<10.0% (75
<86 mmol/mol)
10.0% (86
mmol/mol)
Gender
Female
Male
Race/ethnicity
White nonHispanic
Black nonHispanic
Hispanic or
Latino
Other
race/ethnicity
Household annual incomed

<.001

<.001

<.001

864

1.6

0.77 (0.40, 1.45)

0.80 (0.42, 1.51)

983

2.7

1.24 (0.74, 2.09)

1.26 (0.75, 2.13)

141
3
121
8
136
3
503

2.3

1.0

1.0

4.2

1.68 (1.07, 2.64)

1.67 (1.06, 2.61)

5.5

1.93 (1.26, 2.95)

1.98 (1.30, 3.02)

10.3

3.16 (1.98, 5.04)

3.41 (2.15, 5.40)

334

21.0

5.22 (3.28, 8.31)

6.26 (3.99, 9.83)

.004
371
7
307
8

.006

.008

5.5

1.0

1.0

4.0

0.73 (0.57, 0.93)

0.73 (0.57, 0.93)

<.001

0.41

619
3
232

4.3

1.0

12.1

1.41 (0.89, 2.24)

199

9.0

1.23 (0.71, 2.12)

172

8.1

1.53 (0.83, 2.82)

<.001

<.001

<.001

$75 000
$35 000<$75
000
<$35 000
Educationd
Master's,
professional, or doctorate
degree
Associate or
bachelor's degree
High school
diploma GED
Insurance status
Private
No
insurance/nonprivate
insurance
BMId

Normal/underweight
Overweight
Obese
Insulin delivery method
Pump 1 y
Injections

278
9
169
3
926

2.1

1.0

1.0

4.2

1.34 (0.93, 1.93)

1.33 (0.93, 1.92)

12.5

2.11 (1.44, 3.10)

2.23 (1.53, 3.26)

<.001

<.001

<.001

156
0

1.3

1.0

1.0

284
8
210
1

3.2

1.95 (1.19, 3.21)

1.97 (1.20, 3.22)

9.3

3.68 (2.25, 6.02)

3.72 (2.28, 6.05)

<.001
525
5
128
5

<.001

<.001

3.0

1.0

1.0

11.4

2.04 (1.54, 2.70)

2.08 (1.58, 2.74)

.04

.03

169
7
193
8
133
4

6.4

1.0

3.5

0.58 (0.42, 0.81)

4.2

0.58 (0.41, 0.82)

368
7
262
7

4.3

.12

5.4

Pump <1 y
Insulin, U/kg/dd
<0.43
0.43-<0.56
0.56- <0.72
0.72
1st-degree relative with
T1D
No
Yes
Current smoking status
No

466

5.4
.69

155
7
172
1
157
4
161
9

5.1
4.6
4.4
5.0
.02

525
0
154
6

.04

4.5

1.0

6.0

1.35 (1.03, 1.75)

<.001

.21

605
4.1
1.0
1
Yes
635
11.3
1.28 (0.94, 1.74)
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
aThe initial multivariate model includes variables having age-adjusted P value < .10.
bFor models 1 and 2, missing values were imputed for covariates, and an indicator for missing values was added to the regression model.
cThe final multivariate model was conducted by using backward selection keeping those variables with P value <.01 and variables of clinical
interest.
dP value obtained by treating as continuous variable. BMI Z score was analyzed. Education level and income category were analyzed as ordinal
variables.
eMean HbA1c averaged over 12 months before enrollment.