A

MANUAL
of
DRILL
and
COMMONLY PRACTICED
MANOEVRES.

11th Virginia Regiment,

Morgan's Rifles
VIRGINIA:
Printed and Distributed by Captain Simmons
Co.
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MMXIV

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Table of Contents
Introduction
Sect. IThe Manual of Arms
SECT II
Practiced

Motions Generally

SECT III
Wheeling

Of Marching and

SECT IV
The Duty of Sentries
upon Their Posts
SECT V

Of Safety

SECT VI

Signalling

The members of Morgan's Rifles would

like to thank

His Majestys Tenth Regiment

of Foot 2006 manual

for the compilation of most of these

contents. Any errors or omissions are ours,
not that esteemed Companies'.
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introduction
The greatest secret of military
discipline consists in correcting and
providing means to remedy the
causes of failure in mobs. The soldier
learns to walk so that the whole of an
army may walk in a given time an
equal number of paces...and these
paces of equal length. The soldier
learns to obey, because unity of action
towards a single end, is necessary to
remedy the weakness which is found
in a mob...and an army without
discipline,
without
subordination,
without officers competent to lead
them, and to lead them properly, is no
better than a mob.
The whole of military discipline
then consists in producing on a body
of men an uniform habit of acting and
thinking; or executing movements in
any manner, time, and place, as they
may be commanded to do. Unless
this habit of motion and obedience be
aquired, there is no discipline; and
that discipline which renders these
objects most certain, simple, and
effective, is the best.
These
principles
are
universal...they apply to every part of
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an army...and although there are

various kinds of troops, and each kind
has something peculiar to its own
particular kind; the principles of
obedience, and the exact and uniform
execution of movements, are common
to the whole of an army.
Every species of troops should first
acquire the infantry discipline of
marching, evolution, and exercise, for
as the infantry compose the main
body of every army, and as rifle men
are only auxiliaries of the line of
battle, those who understand infantry
movements will the better understand
their own duties.

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THE
MANUAL
OF
MILITARY EXERCISES
AND
COMMONLY PRACTICED
MANOEVRES
AS
MODIFIED FROM
THE ORDERS OF
THE TYRANT KING
IN 1764
FOR THE
RIFLEMAN

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All
manoevres,
unless
otherwise noted, are to be
completed from the position of
Attention,
with
sharp
and
decisive movements.
Formation - Company!
Upon
the
command
of
Company sounded from any
officer, the next-highest ranking
non-commissioned officer shall
assume
the
guide
position.
Riflemen shall form to his left in
order from tallest to shortest,
with recruits joining in at the far
left of the rank. When sufficient
riflemen are in attendance,
multiple ranks may be formed.
The
next
ranking
noncommissioned officer shall take
the far left of the line, excepting
only officers that may fall in
ranks.
The guide position is facing the
officer sounding Company, facing
him at a distance of four paces,
and offset to his left a sufficient
distance to center the rank upon
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the commander. If flag bearers

are present, they are to align to
the right and separate from the
guide.
The position of Attention.
When forming, and when not
given any other instruction, the
proper position for a rifle man is
attention.
His heals are close
together, his toes pointed out at
an angle. His posture is erect.
His right arm holds the rifle at
order firelock. His left arm aligns
as close to his side as possible
based on his gear.
His head
remains erect and forward at all
times. A rifle man does not talk,
eat, or spit while at attention.
Rifle men being considered elite
troops, they shall not be held at
attention for undue lengths of
time.
Dressing the ranks -Right
Dress!
The first rank guide shall retain
his position and demeanor. All
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others will look to their right and

dress themselves upon the man
to their right, coming shoulder to
shoulder.
See Sect. III, Marching and
Wheeling, for a more detailed
explanation
of
the
Dress
command.
Manual of Firing
The
rifle
man
never
participates in the standard line
company manual of firing, not
being prepared with cartridges
and box. A rifle man is always
expected to load at his own rate
and manner.
Volley firing is
typically
only
practiced
for
ceremonial purposes, and is
covered in a separate section.
SECT. I
The Manual of Arms
The position of Order Firelocks:
(Command of Company! or
Order Firelocks!)
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The rifle is held close to the

right side of the body. The butt
grounded firmly next to the right
foot, with the right hand securing
the rifle vertically with a natural
cupping motion. All else as the
position of Attention.

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Shoulder your Firelocks!

-from the order
1. Seize the Firelock with the
right Hand, bringing it upwards
and across your body, turning the
Lock outwards and continuing
around so the trigger faces the
body.
2. With the left Hand, grasp
the butt of the rifle and bring it in
close to your body, guided by the
right
Hand.
Thumb
and
forefinger should be over the
butt, with the remaining fingers
on the heel. The rifle should be
held as vertical as possible.
3. Throw
briskly back.

your

right

Hand

Present your Firelocks!

-from the shoulder
Upon
the
preparatory
command of Present, rotate the
butt of the rifle in a clockwise
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manner with the left hand so the

lock faces upwards.
1.
Upon the command of
execution, seize the firelock at
the wrist with the right Hand.
2.
Raise the rifle to the
vertical with the right Hand. The
left Hand releases the butt and
grasps the rifle just above the
lock. The rifle should come to the
vertical directly in front of the
face, with the rifleman able to
look through his trigger guard.
3. Bring the rifle down to the
right side of the body, vertical
and tucked in close. The right
arm should be almost fully
extended. The lock should lay
somewhere
near
the
belt.
Simultaneously, step back with
your right Foot, placing it behind
and to the right of your left Heel.
Shoulder your Firelocks!
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-from the Present

1. With both hands, bring the
firelock back to the same position
as 2. above.
Simultaneously
Come to your proper Front,
bringing the heels together.
2. With the left Hand, grasp
the butt of the rifle and bring it in
close to your body, guided by the
right
Hand.
Thumb
and
forefinger should be over the
butt, with the remaining fingers
on the heel. The rifle should be
held as vertical as possible.
3. Throw
briskly back.

your

right

Hand

Order your Firelocks!

1. Seize the firelock with the
right Hand, bringing it downwards
and across your body, turning the
lock outwards and continuing
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around so the trigger faces away

from the body.
2. With the left Hand, guide
the barrel of the rifle, and with
your Right, bring down the ButtEnd strong upon the Ground,
placing it even with the Toe of
your right Foot; the Thumb of
your right Hand lying along the
Barrel, and the Muzzle kept at a
little Distance from your Body.
3. Throw your left Hand briskly
back.
Ground your Firelocks!
1. Face to the Right upon your
Heels, and at the same Time turn
the Firelock so that the Lock may
point to the Rear, and the flat of
the Butt-End lie against the inside
of your Foot, at the same Time
slipping the right Foot behind the
Butt of the Firelock, the right Toe
pointing to the Right, and the Left
to the Front.
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2. Step directly forward with

your left Foot about as far as the
Swell of the Firelock, and lay it
upon the Ground, your left Hand
hanging down by your left Foot,
and your Right kept fast with the
Butt-End against it.
3. Raise yourself up nimbly,
bringing back your left Foot to its
former Position, keeping your
Body faced to the Right.
4. Face again to the Left upon
your Heels and come to your
proper Front, letting your Hands
hang down without Motion.
Take up your Firelocks!
1. Face to the Right upon both
Heels.
2. Sink your Body down, and
come to the Position described in
the second Motion of Grounding.
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3. Raise yourself, and Rifle,

bringing it close to your Side.
4. Come to your proper Front,
seizing the Firelock at the Muzzle,
and come to the Order.
The positions of Rest
Rest your Firelocks!
Rest!
Parade Rest!
In Place, Rest!
1. Slip your right Hand up the
Barrel as close to the muzzle as
comfortable.
2. Seize the Firelock with the
left Hand just above the right.
3. Step back with your right
Foot, placing it behind your left
Heel, and come to the Rest.

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At Parade Rest eyes remain to

the front and there is no
movement.
At In Place, Rest eyes may
follow the leader and some small
movement is allowed.
At Rest movement, quiet
talking, and eating / drinking are
allowed. Riflemen do not leave
their position in ranks at the Rest.
In all cases of Rest, the
command Company shall bring
the unit back to Attention.
The Ceremonial Volley Fire
Sequence
Initial
preparations
will
normally be given prior to firing
formation. Commands such as,
"With loose powder only, Load
and Prime" are to be expected.
(refer to Sect V. Safety). These
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commands are normally issued to

the unit when already loaded,
primed, and at the half-cock.
-from Shoulder Firelock:
Make Ready!
1. With right foot, step back as
for the Present. Bring the firelock
off your shoulder and assume a
Port Arms with muzzle facing up
and away at an angle to the left
oblique. Bring the firelock to full
cock.
Take Aim!
1. Bring the firelock to the
shoulder, maintaining the muzzle
up oblique angle.
Eyes and
firelock should be facing to the
left oblique.
Rotate the stock
counter-clockwise so as to tilt the
pan and flash-hole upwards to
the right.
Fire!
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1. Pull the trigger and observe

the firing.
Do not move,
remaining prepared for any hangfires.
Recover Firelocks!
1. Drop the firelock from the
Fire position to the Make Ready.
If there was a misfire, dump the
pan. Feet do not move.
Shoulder Firelocks!
1.
As above, return
Shoulder Firelock.

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to

SECT. II
Motions Generally Practiced
though not in the Manual of
Arms
Trail Firelocks!
also Trail Arms!
1.
From the Shoulder, the
firelock is moved so that it be
across the body with muzzle
down, pointing forward and to the
left.
2.
As each rifle be of a
different length, the butt will tuck
up under the right side of the
body to varying extents. In all
cases, the intent is to keep the
muzzle clear of the man in front
and pointing to the side.
3. Both Hands may be used to
support the firelock.
With Muzzles
Firelocks!

Up.

Trail
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1.
From the Shoulder, the
firelock is moved so the right
Hand grips the balance point.
2. The firelock is carried by
the right Hand only, the Butt
coming within a few Inches of the
Ground, and the muzzle above
and to the right of the Shoulder.

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Support your Firelocks!

1. Without stirring the Firelock,
seize it with your right Hand so
far below the Lock as to give
Room for the left Arm to be
brought under the Cock at the
next Motion, the Thumb on the
Inside, pointing upwards, the Ball
of it only touching the Piece, the
upper Joints of the Fingers on the
Front of the Small of the Stock,
and the lower Joints clasping
round on the Outside of it.
2. Quitting the Butt with the
left Hand, bring your left Arm
close up under the Cock, resting
the left Hand upon the right Arm,
the Palm nearly on the upper
Side, the Fingers mostly on the
fore Side of it, extending toward
the Elbow, and the Thumb
between the Arm and the Body ;
the left Arm is to be straight
across the Body, in the most easy
Position ; and the Cock resting
upon it near the Bend of the
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Elbow supports the Piece. The

position of the Firelock at the
Support, if well carried, does not
differ materially from its Position
when shouldered.
Shoulder your Firelocks!
1. Seize the Butt with your left
Hand.
2. Throw your right Hand down
by your Side.

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[ This section reserved for

Shoulder on the Right ]

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SECT.III.
Of Marching and Wheeling.
Art. I. Position of a Soldier
Under Arms. (The attention)
[from The Manual Exercise,
New York, 1775]
To stand straight and firm upon
his Legs; Head turned to the
Right: Heels close: Toes a little
turned out; the Belly drawn in a
little, but without Constraint; the
Breast
a
little
projected;
Shoulders square to the Front,
and kept back; the right Hand
hanging straight down the Side,
with the Palm close to the Thigh;
the left Elbow not to be turned
out from the Body; the Firelock to
be carried on the left Shoulder, as
low down as can be admitted
without Constraint; the three last
Fingers under the Butt; the ForeFinger and Thumb before the
Swell; the Flat of the Butt to be
supported against the Hip-Bone,
and to be pressed so that the
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Firelock may be felt against the

left Side, and that it may stand
before
the
Hollow
of
the
Shoulder, not leaning towards the
Head nor from it; the Barrel
almost perpendicular.
In dressing Ranks, the Soldiers
must observe, to stand upright,
and without stooping to cast their
Eyes smartly to the Right and
Left, and see the Third Mans
Breast, taking Care to keep six
Inches distance between the
Files. In covering their File
Leaders, they must look between
their Heads and the Firelocks.
The Soldiers stand with 30
Inches between Ranks, or the
Distance of an out-stretched Arm.
At Close Order they stand with six
Inches between Files, or the
Distance of the Arm with the
Palm placed upon the Hip with
the Elbow extending sideways. At
Open Order they stand with 30
Inches between Files, or the
Distance of an out-stretched Arm.
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The Quick Step at 120 Steps

per Minute ; at the Slow Step at
60 Steps per Minute.
Upon the March, swing the
Arm forward nine Inches while
keeping the Fingers together and
extended.
Art. II. The Slow Step.
When you lift up the Foot carry
it forward near, and almost
parallel to the Ground, (the Toe
being turned out, and rather
pointed downwards than else) till
the Knee is straight, when you
are to make a momentary Pause,
but so as to be to be scarcely
perceptible ; during which the
Balance of the Body is to be kept
back on the Leg, that is behind ;
then setting the advanced Foot
flat on the Ground, (advancing it
withal still farther, in bringing it
down, and keeping Time with the
Music) step forward in the same
Manner with the other Foot. Care
must be taken not to drag
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forward in a lifeless, sluggish

Manner, the Foot that is behind ;
but the Instant one Foot strikes
the Ground, spring the Other
forward briskly, till the Knee is
straight, that you may be ready,
when the Music bids, to set your
Foot to the Ground.
In performing the Slow-Step,
the Feet when advancing should
be carried over a little to the
opposite Side, and both set down
on the same Line, otherwise the
Body will reel disagreeably. For
instance ; if you walk on the
Crack of a Floor, at every Step
you should cover the Crack with
your Heel.
Art. III. The Route Step.
The Route Step is performed
where keeping the Step is not
practical. You may march at your
own Pace and carry your Firelock
as you see fit, but the Dress in
Ranks should be maintained.
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Art. IV. Facings.

To the Right Face!
1. Face to the Right, turning
upon the right Heel and the left
Ball of the foot.
2. Bring the left foot up to
match the right Foot smartly.
To the Left Face!
1st. and 2d. As in the
foregoing Explanation, coming to
the Left about, instead of to the
Right.
Art. V. Halting.
Company, Halt !
Let the rear Foot be brought
upon a Line with the advanced
One, so as to finish the Step
which was taking when the
Command was given.
Dress!
Quickly adjust the Dress of the
Ranks by taking small, shuffling
Steps.
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Art. VI. Wheeling.

To the Right (Left), Wheel.
In all Wheelings to the Right,
the Men must cast their Eyes to
the Left, except the Left-Hand
Man : And all Wheelings to the
Left, they cast their Eyes to the
Right, except the Right-Hand
Man, observing to feel the Hand
they wheel to, without crowding
upon it.
The whole Rank is governed by
the
Flank
that
wheels.
In
wheeling, therefore, to the Right,
every Man should look to the Left,
and regulate his Steps to those of
his left-hand Man ; in order not to
advance before, or fall behind
him, but to bring the Rank about
even. In the same Manner, in
wheeling to the Left, every Man is
to look to the Right, and to
regulate his Steps by those of his
right-hand Man.
If the Front Rank wheels
regularly, the Rear Ranks will
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have nothing to attend to, by to

preserve their Close Order, and
cover their File Leaders.
To do this indeed will require
considerable Attention ; for the
Ranks are extremely apt to open
on the wheeling Flank, and to
close too near, so as even to
crowd, at the Center-Flank.
In wheeling to the Right, the
Rear Ranks must incline to the
Left ; and in wheeling to the Left,
the Rear Ranks must incline to
the Right ; otherwise they cannot
keep exactly behind their FileLeaders... using a Step similar, in
a greater or less degree, to the
Oblique ; although as you
approach the wheeling Flank,
especially if the Ranks are long,
the Obliquity, or Inclination
sideways, is hardly perceptible.
Art. VIII. The Oblique Step.
To
the
Oblique.

Right

(Left),
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Front.
The Oblique Step is to be
performed in the same Time and
Manner, as to the Motion of the
Feet and Legs, as that straight
forward, only that it is made by
carrying them obliquely to the
Right or Left, the Body being kept
square to the proper Front.
If you are to incline to the
Right, when you step with the left
Foot, you carry it across, setting
it down even with and before the
Point of the right Foot, the left Toe
pointing to the front : and then
step obliquely to the Right with
the right Foot, advancing it
towards the Front, and setting it
down before, and about six
Inches to the Right of the Point of
the left Foot, the Toe pointing
obliquely to the Right ; and so
alternately, moving towards the
Front on a diagonal Line, inclining
to the Right ; observing to keep
the Body and Shoulders square to
your proper Front.
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In marching by the Oblique

Step, in Ranks or Divisions,
particular Attention is to be
given, that they keep parallel to
their proper Front ; and not
advance on the right Flank, when
they incline to the Left ; nor on
the Left, when inclining to the
Right ; as they are exceedingly
apt to do, and to make as it were
a half Wheel : to prevent this, the
Men must be taught to look to
the Right, when they incline to
the Left; and to the Left, when
they incline to the Right; and to
regulate themselves by the
outside Flank; observing by all
Means to advance equally, and
keep even with it.

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SECT IV.
The Duty of Sentries upon
Their Posts.
Sentries
are
to
stand
shouldered
to
all
Officers,
whether in the Army or Navy,
passing by their Posts; and to all
general and field Officers they
are to rest their Arms {Present
Arms}. But when a Sentry is
posted on a general Officer, he is
only to rest to him, and those of
superior Rank; to all of an inferior
Rank he is only to handle his
Arms,
or
stand
shouldered.
Besides to the general and field
Officers, Sentries are to rest
{Present} to the commanding
Officer, whatever his Rank, and to
all Parties with Arms marching by
with the Beat of a Drum. These
Compliments are to be paid only
from the Time of Reveille beating
in the Morning till Retreat beating
in the Evening; after which
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Sentries are to take no notice

whatever of Officers.
When an Officer addresses
himself to a non-commission
Officer or Soldier, the Latter is to
recover his Arms {Order Arms};
but when on his Post, a Soldier
must not recover his Firelock, but
stand shouldered.
N. B. His Majestys Regulations
also state that: Sentries posted
with
shouldered
Arms,
are
permitted afterwards to support,
but not to slope them. On the
approach of an Officer, they
immediately carry their Arms;
and put themselves into their
proper Position, which is not to be
done at the Instant he passes,
but by the Time he is within
Twenty Yards of their Post, so that
they may be perfectly steady,
before he comes up.

- 35 -

SECT.V .
Safety Rules.
Morgan's Rifles is dedicated to
the authentic Reproduction of an
18th Century American Rifle Unit.
This Quest for Authenticity,
however, is seconded to safety
Considerations. The following
Guidelines,
therefore,
are
intended
to
maintain
our
impeccable safety Record, and to
insure the Safety of our Members
and the Public.
The 11th Virginia portrays a
military Organization, and as part
of this Portrayal, Officers and
Non-commissioned
Officers,
(N.C.O.s),
will
issue
Commands and give Orders.
These Commands and Orders,
however, are similar to Lines in a
theatrical Production. As such, all
Members are expected to refuse
an unsafe Command and to
initiate a Halt to Activities when
an unsafe Condition is observed.
Accordingly, if following the
- 36 -

Direction of an Officer or N.C.O.

would compromise Safety, each
Member has an affirmative Duty
to point out the Danger, and has
complete Discretion to fall out of
Ranks.
The following safety Provisions
should be followed by every
Member of the 11th Virginia.
These Rules, however, are not
comprehensive, and your good
Sense must be your Guide at all
Times.
All Members should be aware
of all local, state, and federal
Laws
concerning
the
Transportation and Possession of
their rifles.
Members
shall
never
demonstrate the Firing Sequence
of their rifle if the rifle has
recently been fired and not yet
cleaned.
Members must take special
Care that their Rifles are placed
in a safe Location while at an
Event attended by the Public.
- 37 -

Rammers will be carried, but

they may not be drawn or used
when skirmishing with other
troops.
Hammerstalls
should
be
employed when the Musket is in a
non-firing Sequence.
A functioning Flash Guard
should always be employed.
N.B. At some official events
Hammerstalls and Flash Guards
shall be required, not optional.
No alcoholic Beverages should
be
consumed
by
Anyone
employing a Firearm.
No loose Ball, or Ball-loaded
Cartridges of any type, may be
carried when skirmishing is
involved. This includes any loose
balls in the pouch. "Ball boards"
or quick-loaders shall not be
carried while skirmishing.
No hand-to-hand Combat
shall be portrayed unless it is
part of a scripted Battle.

- 38 -

No bayonetting, "scalping",
or "tomahawking" of wounded
Re-enactors is permitted.
Weapons may not be fired
when opposing Forces are closer
than
40
Yards.
In
all
Circumstances, the Barrels of the
rifles must be elevated over the
Heads of the opposing Forces.
When the rifle does not fire,
there is always the possibility
that a Hang Fire may cause the
Firelock to discharge a few
Seconds later. Therefore, in the
Event that the rifle does not
discharge, keep the Piece pointed
at the Ground, or at a safe
Direction, while the rifle is either
reprimed or the Barrel emptied.
When the Rifle is loaded, and
an Order is given to Order
Firelocks, it is imperative that
Members do not place their
Hands over the Muzzle of the
Barrel.
Before appearing in Ranks,
each Member should inspect his
- 39 -

own Rifle, running the Rammer

down the Barrel, making sure the
Rammer pings, indicating a
clean Barrel. Remember, each
Man is responsible for the Safety
of his Firelock.
No Weapon should fire when
Pressure is applied to the Trigger
while the rifle is at the Half
Cock Position.
No Member shall appear in
Ranks with a Firelock that he
feels is unsafe.
All Firelocks must be wellcleaned, oiled, and kept in
complete and thorough Repair.
The Signal to Cease-fire is
communicated by a Hat held atop
either a Pole-arm or Sword, or by
the Cease-fire Whistle Command.
(All Members must become
familiar with this whistle call.)
When a Cease-fire is sounded, all
Members
must
immediately
cease firing and come to the
Order Position.
- 40 -

SECT. VI.
SIGNALS
Whilst Drums and Bugles
suffice for line soldiers, the rifle
man must communicate without
drawing attentions of their Foe.
This section reserved for
whistle signals

- 41 -

Hand Signals on Patrols

Disperse (spread out)
Extend either arm vertically
overhead; wave the arm and
hand to the front, left, right, and
rear, with the palm toward the
direction of each movement.
Rally (assemble)
Raise the arm vertically
overhead, palm to the front, and
wave in large, horizontal circles.
Note: if the signaler then points
at a spot on the ground, he is
designating a rally point. If he
just circles over his head, it
means form up on him.
Join Me, Follow Me, Come
Forward
Point toward persons or units;
beckon by holding the arm
horizontally to the front, palm up,
and motioning towards the body.

- 42 -

Increase Speed, Rush, Double

Time
Raise the fist to the shoulder;
thrust the fist upward to the full
extent of the arm and back to
shoulder level, do this rapidly
several times
Slow Down, Quick Time,
Normal Pace
Extend the arm horizontally
sideward, palm th he front, and
wave the arm slightly downward
several times, keeping the arm
straight. Do not move the arm
above the horizontal.
Enemy In Sight
Hold the rifle in the ready
position at shoulder level. Point
in direction of Enemy.
Can be followed by number of
extended fingers showing
distance in tens of feet. (4
fingers - enemy 40 feet away)
Take Cover, Get Down
- 43 -

Extend the arm at a 45-degree

angle from the side, above the
horizontal, palm down, and then
lower the arm to the side.
Form A Line (come up on line)
Extend both arms parallel to the
ground. Arms show direction of
line.
Move Out, Advance, Continue
Extend the arm overhead and
swing it in a circle from the
shoulder.
Cover My Move / Cover His
Move
Point to covering person, Extend
one arm to a 45-degree angle.
Bend the arm and tap your head.
Repeat.
Map Check / Compass Check
Point at the palm of one hand
with the index finger of the other
hand.
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Pace Count
Tap the heel of moccasin
repeatedly with an open hand.
Head Count
Tap the back of the head
repeatedly with an open hand.
(Don't tap top of head, that
means 'cover my move')
Danger Area
Draw one hand, palm down,
across the neck in a throat
cutting motion. Can be followed
by pointing at area.
Alarm Trigger / Snake /
Booby Trap / Specific Problem
Point at the problem with your
extended index finger. (The F* U
sign points at the object)
Freeze in Place
Raise a closed fist to head level
Stop in Place and Listen
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Like freeze in place, except cup

hand over ear instead of fist.
Everybody Down (more than a
freeze)
Extend arm at waist level, motion
downwards repeatedly with palm
down.
All Clear / No Enemy in Sight
Fist clenched, thumb extended
upwards (thumbs up)
NCO to Me
Fingers tap waist. (Sergeant's
sash)
Officer to Me
Fingers tap throat (Gorget)

F I N I S.

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This version is draft 2.0

Please direct all comments to
Sergeant Glauser

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