Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted by
T.Yerranna (09W61A0145)
L.Kantarao (09W61A0126)
CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report titled Analysis and Design of Multi - Storied
(Stilt + G + 4) Residential Building Using STADD Pro. is the bonafide work of
P. Anil Kumar (09W61A137), N. Sita Gowri Punnaga (09W61A151), T. Yerranna
(09W61A145), G. Narayana Rao (09W61A0115) and L. Kanta Rao (09W61A126),
who carried out their project work under my supervision. Certified further, that to the best
of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other project report
or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier
occasion on this or any other candidate.
INTERNAL GUIDE
ABSTRACT
This is a final year Civil project report on Analysis and Design of Multi Storey
(Stilt+G+4) Residential Building using STAAD.Pro The present project deals with the
analysis of a multi storied residential building of Stilt+G+4 consisting of 4 flats in
each floor. This project is mostly based on software and it is essential to know the details
about these softwares. The softwares used in this project are STAAD.Pro (v8i) & Auto
cad.
The principle objective of this project is to analyze and design a multi-storied
building [Stilt+G+4] using STAAD.Pro. The design involves load calculations manually
and analyzing the whole structure by STAAD Pro. The design methods used in
STAAD.Pro analysis are Limit State Design conforming to Indian Standard Code of
Practice. STAAD.Pro features a state-of-the-art user interface, visualization tools,
powerful analysis and design engines with advanced finite element and dynamic analysis
capabilities. From model generation, analysis and design to visualization and result
verification, STAAD.Pro is the professionals choice.
STAAD.Pro has a very interactive user interface which allows the users to draw the
frame and input the load values and dimensions. Then according to the specified criteria
assigned it analyses the structure and designs the members with reinforcement details for
RCC frames. We continued with our work with some more multi-storied frames under
various load combinations. Our final work was the proper analysis and design of a [Stilt
+ G + 4] RCC frame under various load combinations.
We considered a RCC frame with the dimensions as per client requirements both
in x-axis and z-axis. The y-axis consisted of Stilt+G+4 floors. The total numbers of
beams in each floor were 97 and the numbers of columns were 24. The height of each floor
is 3m. The structure was subjected to self weight, dead load, live load, wind load and
seismic loads under the load case details of STAAD.Pro. The wind load values were
generated by STAAD.Pro considering the given wind intensities at different heights and
ii
strictly abiding by the specifications of IS: 875. Seismic load calculations were done
following IS: 1893-2002. The materials were specified and cross-sections of the beam and
column members were assigned. The supports at the base of the structure were also
specified as fixed.
The codes of practice to be followed were also specified for design purpose
with other important details. Then STAAD.Pro was used to analyze the structure and
design the members. In the post-processing mode, after completion of the design, we
can work on the structure and study the bending moment and shear force values with
the generated diagrams. We may also check the deflection of various members under the
given loading combinations. The design of the building is dependent upon the
minimum requirements as prescribed in the Indian Standard Codes.
In order to compete in the ever growing competent market it is very important for
a structural engineer to save time. Complicated and high-rise structures need very time
taking and cumbersome calculations using conventional manual methods. So, the
STAAD.Pro software provides us a fast, efficient, easy to use and accurate platform for
analyzing and designing structures.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of people who made it possible and whose constant
guidance and encouragement crown all the efforts with success.
First and foremost, I thank to my project guide Sri. K. Bhanuji Rao, Assistant
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering for giving me an opportunity to work on this
challenging topic and providing me guidance and also I would like to thank our external
project
guide
Sri.
V.
Madhusudhana
Rao,
P.Anil Kumar
(09W61A0137),
(09W61A0151),
L.Kanta Rao
(09W61A0126),
G.Narayanarao
(09W61A0115),
T.Yerranna
(09W61A0145).
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter No.
Title
Page No.
CERTIFICATE
ABSTRACT
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
viii
NOMENCLATURE
LIST OF ACRONYMS
xiii
INTRODUCTION
01 - 05
1.1
PROJECT AIM
02
1.2
SCOPE
02
1.3
GENERAL
02
1.4
05
LITERATURE REVIEW
06 - 15
16 - 24
3.1
INPUT GENERATION
17
3.2
TYPES OF STRUCTURES
17
3.3
18
3.4
MATERIAL CONSTANTS
19
3.5
SUPPORTS
19
3.6
LOADS
19
3.7
22
3.8
DESIGN PARAMETERS
22
3.9
BEAM DESIGN
23
3.10
COLUMN DESIGN
24
3.11
DESIGN OPERATIONS
25
3.12
GENERAL COMMENTS
25
3.13
26
28 - 41
4.1
30
4.2
31
4.3
32
4.4
LOADING
32
4.4.1
SESIMIC LOAD
32
4.4.2
WIND LOAD
36
38
38
4.4.5
40
LOAD COMBINATION
DESIGN OF STILT + G + 4 RCC FRAMED
BUILDING USING STAAD.PRO
42 - 44
45 - 62
7.2
7.3
63 - 84
DESIGN OF SLABS
64
7.1.1 GENERAL
64
66
DESIGN OF FOOTINGS
73
7.2.1 GENERAL
73
74
DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
78
7.3.1 GENERAL
78
80
84 - 92
93 - 97
CONCLUSION
98
REFERENCES
100
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
Table 2.2
Topic
Page No.
Table 2.3
10
Table 2.4
Load combinations
11
Table.4.1
30
Table.4.2
32
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig No.
Title
Page No.
Fig.3.1
14
Fig.3.2
15
Fig.3.3
17
Fig.4.1
25
Fig.4.2
26
Fig 4.3
27
Fig. 4.4
28
Fig. 4.5
29
Fig.4.6
32
Fig.4.7
33
Fig.4.8
33
Fig.4.9
35
Fig.4.10
35
Fig.4.11
36
Fig.4.12
37
Fig.5.1
38
Fig.5.2
39
Fig.7.1
58
Fig.7.2
58
Fig.7.3
70
Fig.8.1
78
Fig.8.2
78
Fig.8.3
79
Fig.8.4
79
viii
Fig No.
Title
Page No.
Fig.8.5
81
Fig.8.6
81
Fig.8.7
82
Fig.8.8
82
Fig.8.9
83
Fig.8.10
84
Fig.8.11
85
Fig.8.12
Bending in Z
85
Fig.8.13
86
Fig.8.14
86
Fig.8.15
87
ix
NOMENCLATURE
b
width of beam
bw
width of web
bf
breadth of flange
effective depth
d1
effective cover
Xu
Xu max
Mu
ultimate moment
Mbal
Fck
fy
Ast
ast
asc
asv
area of stirrups
Pt
D.L
dead load
L.L
live load
tc
Vu
tv
Ocbc
S.B.C
Df
depth of flange
Le
Sv
spacing of stirrups
design load
angle of repose
bd
load
Pv
ultimate load
Puz
Mx
My
Lx
Ly
Ld
development length
Vz
k1
xi
k2
k3
topography factor
Cpe
Cpi
Pd
Ah
Ta
Height of building in m
Qi
Wi
Hi
xii
LIST OF ACRONYMS
STAAD
API
ATL
COM
FTP
GUI
HTTP
IDE
I/O
Input/output
URL
VB
Visual Basic
VBA
xiii
CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Project Aim:
To analyze and design a multi-storied building for the usage of residential purpose
using STAAD PRO and manual calculations.
1.2. Scope:
The main scope of this project is to apply class room knowledge in the real world
by designing a multi-storied residential building. These building require large and clear
areas unobstructed by the columns. The large floor area provides sufficient flexibility and
facility for later change in the production layout without major building alterations. The
residential buildings are constructed with adequate headroom for the use of an overhead
traveling crane.
1.3 General:
STAAD Pro. V8i is the most popular structural engineering software product for
model generation, analysis and multi-material design. It has an intuitive, user-friendly
GUI, visualization tools, powerful analysis and design facilities and seamless integration
to several other modeling and design software products. The software is fully compatible
with all Windows operating systems but is optimized for Windows XP.
Structural analysis comprises the set of physical laws and mathematics required to study
and predicts the behavior of structures. Structural analysis can be viewed more abstractly
as a method to drive the engineering design process or prove the soundness of a design
without a dependence on directly testing it.
of safety, they should sustain all the loads and deformations of normal construction and
use and have adequate durability and adequate resistance to the effects of seismic and
wind. Structure and structural elements shall normally be designed by Limit State
Method. Account should be taken of accepted theories, experiment and experience and
the need to design for durability.
Design, including design for durability, construction and use in service should be
considered as a whole. The realization of design objectives requires compliance with
clearly defined standards for materials, production, workmanship and also maintenance
and use of structure in service.
The design of the building is dependent upon the minimum requirements as prescribed in
the Indian Standard Codes. The minimum requirements pertaining to the structural
safety of buildings are being covered by way of laying down minimum design loads
which have to be assumed for dead loads, imposed loads, and other external loads, the
structure would be required to bear. Strict conformity to loading standards
recommended in this code, it is hoped, will not only ensure the structural safety of the
buildings which are being designed.
2.0 kN/m2
Floor finish
1.0 kN/m2
Weight of partitions
2.0 kN/m2
Location
2.5 m
200 kN/m2
Storey height
3 m,
Floors
Ground beams
Plinth level
0.6 m
Walls
Material Properties:
Concrete
All components unless specified in design: M25 grade all
Steel
HYSD reinforcement of grade Fe 415 confirming to IS: 1786 is used throughout.
CHAPTER - 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER - 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
IS: 875 (Part 1) 1987 for Dead Loads, Indian Standard Code Of Practice For Design
Loads (Other Than Earthquake) For Buildings and Structures, All permanent
constructions of the structure form the dead loads. The dead load comprises of the
weights of walls, partitions floor finishes, false ceilings, false floors and the other
permanent constructions in the buildings. The dead load loads may be calculated from the
dimensions of various members and their unit weights. The unit weights of plain concrete
and reinforced concrete made with sand and gravel or crushed natural stone aggregate
may be taken as 24 KN/m3 and 24 KN/m3respectively.
IS: 875 (Part 2) 1987 for Imposed Loads, Indian Standard Code Of Practice For
Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake), For Buildings And Structures, Imposed load is
produced by the intended use or occupancy of a building including the weight of movable
partitions, distributed and concentrated loads, load due to impact and vibration and dust
loads. Imposed loads do not include loads due to wind, seismic activity, snow, and loads
imposed due to temperature changes to which the structure will be subjected to, creep and
shrinkage of the structure, the differential settlements to which the structure may
undergo.
IS: 875 (Part 3) 1987 for Wind Loads, Indian Standard Code Of Practice For Design
Loads (Other Than Earthquake) For Buildings And Structures, This standard gives wind
forces and their effects ( static and dynamic ) that should that taken into account when
designing buildings, structures and components thereof. Wind is air in motion relative to
the surface of the earth. The primary cause of wind is traced to earths rotation and
differences in terrestrial radiation. The radiation effects are primarily responsible for
convection either upwards or downwards. The wind generally blows horizontal to the
ground at high wind speeds. Since vertical components of atmospheric motion are
relatively small, the term wind denotes almost exclusively the horizontal wind, vertical
winds are always identified as such. The wind speeds are assessed with the aid of
7
Design Wind Speed (Vz): The basic wind speed (Vb) for any site shall be obtained from and
shall be modified to include the following effects to get design wind velocity at any height
(Vz) for the chosen structure:
a) Risk level;
b) Terrain roughness, height and size of structure; and
c) Local topography.
It can be mathematically expressed as follows:
Vz = Vb * k1 * k2* k3
Where:
Vz
k1
k2
k3
topography factor
Risk Coefficient (k1 Factor) It gives basic wind speeds for terrain Category 2 as
applicable at 10 m above ground level based on 50 years mean return period. In the design
of all buildings and structures, a regional basic wind speed having a mean return period of
50 years shall be used.
Terrain, Height and Structure Size Factor (k2 Factor) Terrain - Selection of terrain
categories shall be made with due regard to the effect of obstructions which constitute
the ground surface roughness. The terrain category used in the design of a structure may
vary depending on the direction of wind under consideration. Wherever sufficient
meteorological information is available about the nature of wind direction, the
orientation of any building or structure may be suitably planned.
Topography (k3 Factor) The basic wind speed Vb takes account of the general level of
site above sea level. This does not allow for local topographic features such as hills,
valleys, cliffs, escarpments, or ridges which can significantly affect wind speed in their
vicinity. The effect of topography is to accelerate wind near the summits of hills or
crests of cliffs, escarpments or ridges and decelerate the wind in valleys or near the
foot of cliff, steep escarpments, or ridges.
WIND PRESSURES AND FORCES ON BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES:
General:
The wind load on a building shall be calculated for:
a) The building as a whole,
b) Individual structural elements as roofs and walls, and
c) Individual cladding units including glazing and their fixings
Pressure Coefficients - The pressure coefficients are always given for a particular surface
or part of the surface of a building. The wind load acting normal to a surface is obtained
by multiplying the area of that surface or its appropriate portion by the pressure coefficient
(Cp) and the design wind pressure at the height of the surface from the ground. The average
values of these pressure coefficients for some building shapes. Average values of pressure
coefficients are given for critical wind directions in one or more quadrants. In order
to determine the maximum wind load on the building, the total load should be calculated
for each of the critical directions shown from all quadrants. Where considerable
variation of pressure occurs over a surface, it has been subdivided and mean pressure
coefficients given for each of its several parts.
Wind Load on Individual Members When calculating the wind load on individual
structural elements such as roofs and walls, and individual cladding units and their
fittings, it is essential to take account of the pressure difference between opposite faces of
such elements or units. For clad structures, it is, therefore, necessary to know the internal
pressure as well as the external pressure. Then the wind load, F, acting in a direction
normal to the individual structural element or cladding unit is:
F = (Cpe - Cpi) A Pd
Where,
Cpe
Cpi
Pd
Table 2.1: basic wind speed at 10 m height for some important cities in
Andhra Pradesh (IS 875)
City/Town
Hyderabad
44
Vijayawada
50
Visakhapatnam
50
IS: 1893 (Part 1) - 2002, Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures, (Part 1-General Provisions and Buildings), It deals with assessment of seismic
loads on various structures and earthquake resistant design of buildings. Its basic
provisions are applicable to buildings; elevated structures; industrial and stack like
structures; bridges; concrete masonry and earth dams; embankments and retaining walls
and other structures. Temporary elements such as scaffolding, temporary excavations
need not be designed for earthquake forces.
Design Lateral Force:
The design lateral force shall first be computed for the building as a whole. This
design lateral force shall then be distributed to the various floor levels. The overall
design seismic force thus obtained at each floor level shall then be distributed to
individual lateral load resisting elements depending on the floor diaphragm action.
10
VB = Ah W
Where,
Ah
Ta=0.085 h0.75
Where,
h = Height of building, in m.
This excludes the basement storeys, where basement walls are connected with the
ground floor deck or fitted between the building columns. But it includes the basement
storeys, when they are not so connected. The approximate fundamental natural period of
vibration (T,), in seconds, of all other buildings, including moment-resisting frame
buildings with brick lintel panels, may be estimated by the empirical Expression:
Ta = 0.09H/D
11
Where,
H =
D = Base dimension of the building at the plinth level, in m, along the considered
direction of the lateral force.
Distribution of Design Force:
Vertical Distribution of Base Shear to Different Floor Level
The design base shear (Vb) shall be distributed along the height of the building as per
the following expression:
Where
Qi
Wi
Hi
12
Dynamic AnalysisDynamic analysis shall be performed to obtain the design seismic force, and its distribution
to different levels along the height of the building and to the various lateral load
resisting elements, for the following Buildings:
a) Regular buildings -Those greater than 40 m in height in Zones IV and V and those
Greater than 90 m in height in Zones II and III.
b) Irregular buildings - All framed buildings higher than 12m in Zones IV and V and
those greater than 40m in height in Zones II and III.
The analytical model for dynamic analysis of buildings with unusual configuration should
be such that it adequately models the types of irregularities present in the building
configuration. Buildings with plan irregularities cannot be modeled for dynamic analysis.
Note: For irregular buildings, lesser than 40 m in height in Zones II and III, dynamic
analysis, even though not mandatory, is recommended.
Dynamic analysis may be performed either by the Time History Method or by the
Response Spectrum Method. However, in either method, the design base shear (VB) shall be
compared with a base shear (VB) calculated using a fundamental period Ta.
Time History Method: Time history method of analysis shall be based on an appropriate
ground motion and shall be performed using accepted principles of dynamics.
Response Spectrum Method: Response
spectrum
method
of
analysis
shall
be
Zone
Zone Factor, Z
Hyderabad
II
0.10
Vijayawada
III
0.16
Visakhapatnam
II
0.10
13
IS: 875 (Part 5) 1987 for Load Combinations, Indian Standard Code Of Practice For
Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) For Buildings And Structures, The various loads
should be combined in accordance with the stipulations in the relevant design codes. In
the absence of such recommendations, the following loading combinations, whichever
combination produces the most unfavorable effect in the building, foundation or
structural member concerned may be adopted ( as a general guidance ). It should also be
recognized in load combinations that the simultaneous occurrence of maximum values of
wind, earthquake, imposed and snow loads is not likely.
Table 2.3: load combinations
Load combinations
Remarks
1.5(DL+LL)
1.5(DLEQX)
1.5(DLWLX)
1.5(DLEQZ)
1.5(DLWLZ)
0.9(DL1.5EQX)
0.9(DL1.5WLX)
0.9(DL1.5EQZ)
0.9(DL1.5WLZ)
1.2(DL+LLEQX)
1.2(DL+LLWLX)
1.2(DL+LLEQZ)
1.2(DL+LLWLZ)
IS 456 - 2000, Indian standard code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete (fourth
revision), Bureau of Indian Standards. This standard deals with the general structural use
of plain and reinforced concrete. For the purpose of this standard, plain concrete
structures are those where reinforcement, if provided is ignored for the determination of
strength of the structures.
IS 800 - 2007, Indian Standard General Construction in Steel Code Of Practice (Third
Revision) This standard gives only general guidance as regards the various loads to be
considered in design. For the actual loads and load combinations to be used, reference
may be made to IS 875 for dead, live, snow and wind loads and to IS 1893 (Part 1) for
14
earthquake loads. For seismic design, recommendations pertaining to steel frames only
are covered in this standard.
SP: 16 - 1980, Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456-1978 (third revision),
Bureau of Indian Standard. This is the explanatory handbook which covers the
basis/source of each clause. The objective of these design aids is to reduce design time in
the use of certain clauses in the Code for the design of beams, slabs and columns in
general building structures. The charts and tables included in the design aids were used in
calculation of footings and slabs.
SP: 34 (S & T) 1987, Hand Book of Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing, Bureau of
Indian Standards. This Handbook provides information on properties of reinforcing steel
& detailing requirements, including storage, fabrication, assembly, welding and placing
of reinforcement in accordance with IS: 456-1978. As a result of the introduction of limit
state method of design for reinforced concrete structures and the concept of development
length, detailing has become extremely important as many of the design requirements are
to be met through detailing. This Handbook will be useful to concrete design engineers,
field engineers and students of civil engineering.
Reinforced Concrete Limit State Design, by Jain, A.K., we designed staircases. They
are used in almost all buildings. A staircase consists of a number of steps arranged in a
series, with landings at appropriate locations, for the purpose of giving access to different
floors of building.
15
CHAPTER - 3
WORKING WITH STAAD.Pro
16
CHAPTER - 3
WORKING WITH STAAD.Pro
3.1 Input Generation:
The GUI (or user) communicates with the STAAD analysis engine through the STAAD
input file. That input file is a text file consisting of a series of commands which are
executed sequentially. The commands contain either instructions or data pertaining to
analysis and/or design. The STAAD input file can be created through a text editor or
the GUI Modeling facility. In general, any text editor may be utilized to edit/create the
STAAD input file. The GUI Modeling facility creates the input file through an interactive
menu-driven graphics oriented procedure.
17
A SPACE structure, which is a three dimensional framed structure with loads applied in
any plane, is the most general.
A PLANE structure is bound by a global X-Y coordinate system with loads in the
same plane.
A TRUSS structure consists of truss members which can have only axial member forces
and no bending in the members.
A FLOOR structure is a two or three dimensional structure having no horizontal (global X
or Z) movement of the structure [FX, FZ & MY are restrained at every joint]. The floor
framing (in global X-Z plane) of a building is an ideal example of a FLOOR structure.
Columns can also be modeled with the floor in a FLOOR structure as long as the
structure has no horizontal loading. If there is any horizontal load, it must be analyzed as a
SPACE structure.
3.3 Generation of the structure:
The structure may be generated from the input file or mentioning the co-ordinates in the GUI.
The figure below shows the GUI generation method.
18
G = 0.5 x E/ (1 + POISS)
If Poisson's ratio is not provided, STAAD will assume a value for this quantity based on the
value of E. Coefficient of thermal expansion (ALPHA) is used to calculate the expansion of
the members if temperature loads are applied. The temperature unit for temperature load
and ALPHA has to be the same.
3.5 Supports:
Supports are specified as PINNED, FIXED or FIXED with different releases (known as
FIXED BUT). A pinned support has restraints against all translational movement and none
against rotational movement. In other words, a pinned support will have reactions for
all forces but will resist no moments. A fixed support has restraints against all
directions of movement. Translational and rotational springs can also be specified. The
springs are represented in terms of their spring constants. A translational spring constant is
defined as the force to displace a support joint one length unit in the specified global
direction. Similarly, a rotational spring constant is defined as the force to rotate the support
joint one degree around the specified global direction.
3.6 Loads:
Loads in a structure can be specified as joint load, member load, temperature load and fixed
end member load. STAAD can also generate the self-weight of the structure and use it
as uniformly distributed member loads in analysis. Any fraction of this self weight can
also be applied in any desired direction.
19
Joint loads:
Joint loads, both forces and moments, may be applied to any free joint of a structure.
These loads act in the global coordinate system of the structure. Positive forces act in the
positive coordinate directions. Any number of loads may be applied on a single joint, in
which case the loads will be additive on that joint.
Member load:
Three types of member loads may be applied directly to a member of a structure. These
loads are uniformly distributed loads, concentrated loads, and linearly varying loads
(including trapezoidal). Uniform loads act on the full or partial length of a member.
Concentrated loads act at any intermediate, specified point. Linearly varying loads act
over the full length of a member. Trapezoidal linearly varying loads act over the full or
partial length of a member. Trapezoidal loads are converted into a uniform load and
several concentrated loads. Any number of loads may be specified to act upon a
member in any independent loading condition. Member loads can be specified in the
member coordinate system or the global coordinate system. Uniformly distributed
member loads provided in the global coordinate system may be specified to act along the
full or projected member length.
Area/floor load:
Many times a floor (bound by X-Z plane) is subjected to a uniformly distributed
load. It could require a lot of work to calculate the member load for individual members in
that floor. However, with the AREA or FLOOR LOAD command, the user can specify
the area loads (unit load per unit square area) for members. The program will calculate the
tributary area for these members and provide the proper member loads. The Area Load
is used for one way distributions and the Floor Load is used for two way distributions.
Fixed end member load:
Load effects on a member may also be specified in terms of its fixed end loads. These
loads are given in terms of the member coordinate system and the directions are
opposite to the actual load on the member. Each end of a member can have six forces:
axial; shear y; shear z; torsion; moment y, and moment z.
Load Generator - Moving load, Wind & Seismic:
Load generation is the process of taking a load causing unit such as wind pressure,
ground movement or a truck on a bridge, and converting it to a form such as member load
or a joint load which can be then be used in the analysis.
Moving Load Generator:
This feature enables the user to generate moving loads on members of a structure.
Moving load system(s) consisting of concentrated loads at fixed specified distances in both
directions on a plane can be defined by the user. A user specified number of primary load
cases will be subsequently generated by the program and taken into consideration in analysis.
Seismic Load Generator:
The STAAD seismic load generator follows the procedure of equivalent lateral load
analysis. It is assumed that the lateral loads will be exerted in X and Z directions and Y
will be the direction of the gravity loads. Thus, for a building model, Y axis will be
perpendicular to the floors and point upward (all Y joint coordinates positive). For load
generation per the codes, the user is required to provide seismic zone coefficients,
importance factors, and soil characteristic parameters. Instead of using the approximate
21
code based formulas to estimate the building period in a certain direction, the program
calculates the period using Raleigh quotient technique. This period is then utilized to
calculate seismic coefficient C. After the base shear is calculated from the appropriate
equation, it is distributed among the various levels and roof per the specifications. The
distributed base shears are subsequently applied as lateral loads on the structure. These
loads may then be utilized as normal load cases for analysis and design.
Wind Load Generator:
The STAAD Wind Load generator is capable of calculating wind loads on joints
of a structure from user specified wind intensities and exposure factors. Different wind
intensities may be specified for different height zones of the structure. Openings in the
structure may be modeled using exposure factors. An exposure factor is associated
with each joint of the structure and is defined as the fraction of the influence area on
which the wind load acts. Built-in algorithms automatically calculate the exposed area
based on the areas bounded by members (plates and solids are not considered), then
calculates the wind loads from the intensity and exposure input and distributes the loads
as lateral joint loads.
3.7 Section Types for Concrete Design:
The following types of cross sections for concrete members can be designed.
For Beams Prismatic (Rectangular & Square) &
T-shape For Columns Prismatic (Rectangular, Square and Circular)
3.8 Design Parameters:
The program contains a number of parameters that are needed to perform design as per
IS: 13920. It accepts all parameters that are needed to perform design as per IS: 456.
Over and above it has some other parameters that are required only when designed is
performed as per IS: 13920. Default parameter values have been selected such that they
are frequently used numbers for conventional design requirements. These values may
22
be changed to suit the particular design being performed by this manual contains a
complete list of the available parameters and their default values. It is necessary to
declare length and force units as Millimeter and Newton before performing the concrete
design.
3.9 Beam Design:
Beams are designed for flexure, shear and torsion. If required the effect of the axial force
may be taken into consideration. For all these forces, all active beam loadings are prescanned to identify the critical load cases at different sections of the beams. For design to
be performed as per IS: 13920 the width of the member shall not be less than 200mm.
Also the member shall preferably have a width-to depth ratio of more than 0.3.
Design for Flexure:
Design procedure is same as that for IS: 456. However while designing following criteria
are satisfied as per IS: 13920
1. The minimum grade of concrete shall preferably be M25.
2. Steel reinforcements of grade Fe415 or less only shall be used.
3. The minimum tension steel ratio on any face, at any section, is given by:
min =
0.24fck/fy
The maximum steel ratio on any face, at any section, is given by max = 0.025.
4. The positive steel ratio at a joint face must be at least equal to half the negative steel
at that face.
5. The steel provided at each of the top and bottom face, at any section, shall at least be
equal to one-fourth of the maximum negative moment steel provided at the face
of either joint.
23
ends
are considered while calculating shear force. Plastic sagging and hogging
moments of resistance can also be considered for shear design if PLASTIC parameter is
mentioned in the input file. Shear reinforcement is calculated to resist both shear forces and
torsional moments.
3.10 Column Design:
Columns are designed for axial forces and biaxial moments per IS 456:2000. Columns
are also designed for shear forces. All major criteria for selecting longitudinal and
transverse reinforcement as stipulated by IS: 456 have been taken care of in the
column design of STAAD. However following clauses have been satisfied to
incorporate provisions of IS: 13920
1. The minimum grade of concrete shall preferably be M25.
2. Steel reinforcements of grade Fe415 or less only shall be used.
3. The minimum dimension of column member shall not be less than 200 mm. For
columns having unsupported length exceeding 4m, the shortest dimension of
column shall not be less than 300 mm.
4. The ratio of the shortest cross-sectional dimension to the perpendicular dimension
shall preferably be not less than 0.
5. The spacing of hoops shall not exceed half the least lateral dimension of the
column, except where special confining reinforcement is provided.
6. Special confining reinforcement shall be provided over a length lo from each
joint face, towards mid span, and on either side of any section, where flexural
yielding may occur. The length lo shall not be less than a) larger lateral dimension
of the member at the section where yielding occurs, b) 1/6 of clear span of the
member, and c) 450 mm.
7. The spacing of hoops used as special confining reinforcement shall not exceed
of minimum member dimension but need not be less than 75 mm nor > 100 mm.
24
Specify the members and the load cases to be considered in the design.
These operations may be repeated by the user any number of times depending upon
the design requirements. Earthquake motion often induces force large enough to cause
inelastic deformations in the structure. If the structure is brittle, sudden failure could occur.
But if the structure is made to behave ductile, it will be able to sustain the earthquake
effects better with some deflection larger than the yield deflection by absorption of energy.
Therefore ductility is also required as an essential element for safety from sudden collapse
during severe shocks. STAAD has the capabilities of performing concrete design as per
IS: 13920. While designing it satisfies all provisions of IS: 456 - 2000 and IS: 13920 for
beams and columns.
3.12 General Comments:
This section presents some general statements regarding the implementation of Indian
Standard code of practice (IS: 800 - 1984) for structural steel design in STAAD. The
design philosophy and procedural logistics for member selection and code checking are
based upon the principles of allowable stress design. Two major failure modes are
recognized: failure by overstressing, and failure by stability considerations. The
flowing sections describe the salient features of the allowable stresses being calculated
and the stability criteria being used. Members are proportioned to resist the design loads
without exceeding the allowable stresses and the most economic section is selected on
the basis of least weight criteria. The code checking part of the program checks
25
stability and strength requirements and reports the critical loading condition and the
governing code criteria. It is generally assumed that the user will take care of the detailing
requirements like provision of stiffeners and check the local effects such as flange
buckling and web crippling.
Allowable Stresses:
The member design and code checking in STAAD are based upon the allowable stress design
method as per IS: 800 (1984). It is a method for proportioning structural members
using design loads and forces, allowable stresses, and design limitations for the appropriate
material under service conditions. It would not be possible to describe every aspect of
IS: 800 in this manual. This section, however, will discuss the salient features of the
allowable stresses specified by IS: 800 and implemented in STAAD. Appropriate
sections of IS: 800 will be referenced during the discussion of various types of allowable
stresses.
Multiple Analyses:
Structural analysis/design may require multiple analyses in the same run. STAAD allows
the user to change input such as member properties, support conditions etc. in an input
file to facilitate multiple analyses in the same run. Results from different analyses may be
combined for design purposes. For structures with bracing, it may be necessary to
make certain members inactive for a particular load case and subsequently activate
them for another. STAAD provides an INACTIVE facility for this type of analysis.
3.13 Post Processing Facilities:
All output from the STAAD run may be utilized for further processing by the
STAAD.Pro GUI.
Stability Requirements:
Slenderness ratios are calculated for all members and checked against the
appropriate maximum values. IS: 800 summarize the maximum slenderness ratios for
26
27
CHAPTER - 4
ANALYSIS OF STILT + G + 4 RCC FRAMED BUILDING
USING STAAD.Pro
28
CHAPTER - 4
ANALYSIS OF STILT + G + 4 RCC FRAMED BUILDING
USING STAAD.Pro
Column section
Column section
Column section
All beams
0.60 * 0.23 m
All slabs
0.20 m thick
Parapet
29
27.19 m
12.83 m
3m @ 6 floors
18.0 m
(1.0 m parapet being non- structural for seismic purposes, is not considered
of building frame height)
2.00 kN/m2
30
Beam Details:
Beam Section
0.60 * 0.23 m.
Column section
Column section
Column Details:
Column section
Supports:
The base supports of the structure were
assigned as fixed. The supports were
generated using the STAAD.Pro support
generator.
32
Fig.4.5 STAAD utilizes the following procedure to generate the lateral seismic loads.
Seismic weight of the building:
As per code provisions, the percentage of design live load to be considered for the calculation
of earthquake forces is 25% for the floors and no live load needs to be considered for the
roof.
Hence, effective weight on each floor will be
Self weight of slab and floor finishes
3.50 KN/m2
Weight of partitions
2.00 KN/m2
Live load
2.00 KN/m2
7.50 KN/m2
5.5 kN/m2
Weight of 97 beams, each of the dimensions as given at each floor and roof
=
33
907.5225 kN
245.712 kN
x 245.712
122.86 kN
348.85 m2
2949.05 kN
3769.60 kN
2949.05 + (3769.60 x 5)
21797.05 kN
Base shear:
The fundamental natural period of vibration (T) for the buildings having shear walls is given
by
Building is situated at Visakhapatnam which comes under Zone II with Zone factor of 0.10
m and give the importance factor (I) as 1.5, Response reduction factor, R = 5.0
For 5% of damping and type I soil, average response acceleration coefficient Sa/g
(From IS: 1893 2000)
Sa/g
Sa/g
1.0/0.45
2.22
34
Base shear VB = Ah x W
0.033
0.033 x 21797.05
719.30 kN
Lateral loads and shear forces at different floor level are given in Table 4.1
Table.4.1 Calculation of lateral loads and Shear
Hi
(m)
WiHi2
(m)
2949.05
18.00
955492.2
3769.60
15.00
3769.60
Wi (m)
Qi (kN)
Vi (kN)
0.3386
243.55
243.55
848160
0.3006
216.22
459.77
12.00
542822.4
0.1923
138.32
598.09
3769.60
9.00
305337.6
0.1082
77.83
675.98
3769.60
6.00
135705.6
0.0480
34.53
710.51
3769.60
3.00
33926.4
0.0120
8.63
719.14
WiHi2 = 2821444.2
35
36
Fig.4.7 STAAD utilizes the following procedure to generate the lateral seismic loads.
Thickness
(mm)
Height(m)
Density
(KN/m3)
Load
(KN/m)
Outer walls
0.23
3.00
20
13
Inner walls
0.12
3.00
20
Parapet wall
0.10
1.00
20
0.23
3.00
20
22
38
39
40
41
CHAPTER - 5
DESIGN OF [STILT + G + 4] RCC FRAMED
BUILDING USING STAAD.Pro
42
CHAPTER - 5
DESIGN OF [STILT + G + 4] RCC FRAMED BUILDING
USING STAAD.Pro
The structure was designed for concrete in accordance with IS: 456 codes. The
parameters such as Fy, Fc, etc were specified. The window shown below is the input
window for the design purpose. Then it has to be specified which members are to be
designed as beams and which member are to be designed as columns.
Design Parameters:
Design Commands:
DESIGN COLUMN :
TAKE OFF
44
CHAPTER - 6
STAAD.Pro INPUT COMMAND FILE
45
CHAPTER - 6
STAAD.Pro INPUT COMMAND FILE
The STAAD.Pro input command file for our particular Stilt + G + 4 storey building has
been shown below:
STAAD SPACE
START JOB INFORMATION
ENGINEER DATE 07-Mar-13
JOB NAME * Analysis and Design of (Stilt+G+4) Building *
JOB CLIENT * Project Work 2009-2013 *
END JOB INFORMATION
INPUT WIDTH 79
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 0 0; 2 3.47 0 0; 3 7.58 0 0; 4 11.58 0 0; 5 13.94 0 0; 6 16.53 0 0;
7 21.25 0 0; 8 25.36 0 0; 9 0 0 6.38; 10 3.47 0 6.38; 11 7.58 0 6.38;
12 11.58 0 6.38; 13 13.94 0 6.38; 14 16.53 0 6.38; 15 21.25 0 6.38;
16 25.36 0 6.38; 17 0 0 12.83; 18 3.47 0 12.83; 19 7.58 0 12.83;
20 11.58 0 12.83; 21 13.94 0 12.83; 22 16.53 0 12.83; 23 21.25 0 12.83;
24 25.36 0 12.83; 25 -0.84 3 0; 26 0 3 0; 27 3.47 3 0; 28 7.58 3 0;
29 11.58 3 0; 30 13.94 3 0; 31 16.53 3 0; 32 21.25 3 0; 33 25.36 3 0;
34 26.35 3 0; 35 3.47 3 1.91; 36 7.58 3 1.91; 37 13.94 3 2.25; 38 16.53 3 2.25;
39 -0.84 3 2.95; 40 0 3 2.95; 41 3.47 3 2.95; 42 7.58 3 2.95; 43 11.58 3 2.95;
44 16.53 3 2.95; 45 21.25 3 2.95; 46 25.36 3 2.95; 47 26.35 3 2.95;
48 11.58 3 4.11; 49 13.94 3 4.11; 50 -0.84 3 6.38; 51 0 3 6.38; 52 3.47 3 6.38;
53 7.58 3 6.38; 54 11.58 3 6.38; 55 13.94 3 6.38; 56 16.53 3 6.38;
46
47
163 13.94 9 2.25; 164 16.53 9 2.25; 165 -0.84 9 2.95; 166 0 9 2.95;
167 3.47 9 2.95; 168 7.58 9 2.95; 169 11.58 9 2.95; 170 16.53 9 2.95;
171 21.25 9 2.95; 172 25.36 9 2.95; 173 26.35 9 2.95; 174 11.58 9 4.11;
175 13.94 9 4.11; 176 -0.84 9 6.38; 177 0 9 6.38; 178 3.47 9 6.38;
179 7.58 9 6.38; 180 11.58 9 6.38; 181 13.94 9 6.38; 182 16.53 9 6.38;
183 21.25 9 6.38; 184 25.36 9 6.38; 185 26.35 9 6.38; 186 3.47 9 7.6;
187 7.58 9 7.6; 188 13.94 9 9.32; 189 16.53 9 9.32; 190 -0.84 9 9.4;
191 0 9 9.4; 192 3.47 9 9.4; 193 7.58 9 9.4; 194 11.58 9 9.4; 195 21.25 9 9.52;
196 25.36 9 9.52; 197 26.35 9 9.52; 198 11.58 9 11.38; 199 13.94 9 11.38;
200 16.53 9 11.76; 201 21.25 9 11.76; 202 3.47 9 12.07; 203 7.58 9 12.07;
204 -0.84 9 12.83; 205 0 9 12.83; 206 3.47 9 12.83; 207 7.58 9 12.83;
208 11.58 9 12.83; 209 13.94 9 12.83; 210 16.53 9 12.83; 211 21.25 9 12.83;
212 25.36 9 12.83; 213 26.35 9 12.83; 214 -0.84 12 0; 215 0 12 0;
216 3.47 12 0; 217 7.58 12 0; 218 11.58 12 0; 219 13.94 12 0; 220 16.53 12 0;
221 21.25 12 0; 222 25.36 12 0; 223 26.35 12 0; 224 3.47 12 1.91;
225 7.58 12 1.91; 226 13.94 12 2.25; 227 16.53 12 2.25; 228 -0.84 12 2.95;
229 0 12 2.95; 230 3.47 12 2.95; 231 7.58 12 2.95; 232 11.58 12 2.95;
233 16.53 12 2.95; 234 21.25 12 2.95; 235 25.36 12 2.95; 236 26.35 12 2.95;
237 11.58 12 4.11; 238 13.94 12 4.11; 239 -0.84 12 6.38; 240 0 12 6.38;
241 3.47 12 6.38; 242 7.58 12 6.38; 243 11.58 12 6.38; 244 13.94 12 6.38;
245 16.53 12 6.38; 246 21.25 12 6.38; 247 25.36 12 6.38; 248 26.35 12 6.38;
249 3.47 12 7.6; 250 7.58 12 7.6; 251 13.94 12 9.32; 252 16.53 12 9.32;
253 -0.84 12 9.4; 254 0 12 9.4; 255 3.47 12 9.4; 256 7.58 12 9.4;
257 11.58 12 9.4; 258 21.25 12 9.52; 259 25.36 12 9.52; 260 26.35 12 9.52;
261 11.58 12 11.38; 262 13.94 12 11.38; 263 16.53 12 11.76; 264 21.25 12 11.76;
48
265 3.47 12 12.07; 266 7.58 12 12.07; 267 -0.84 12 12.83; 268 0 12 12.83;
269 3.47 12 12.83; 270 7.58 12 12.83; 271 11.58 12 12.83; 272 13.94 12 12.83;
273 16.53 12 12.83; 274 21.25 12 12.83; 275 25.36 12 12.83; 276 26.35 12 12.83;
277 -0.84 15 0; 278 0 15 0; 279 3.47 15 0; 280 7.58 15 0; 281 11.58 15 0;
282 13.94 15 0; 283 16.53 15 0; 284 21.25 15 0; 285 25.36 15 0; 286 26.35 15 0;
287 3.47 15 1.91; 288 7.58 15 1.91; 289 13.94 15 2.25; 290 16.53 15 2.25;
291 -0.84 15 2.95; 292 0 15 2.95; 293 3.47 15 2.95; 294 7.58 15 2.95;
295 11.58 15 2.95; 296 16.53 15 2.95; 297 21.25 15 2.95; 298 25.36 15 2.95;
299 26.35 15 2.95; 300 11.58 15 4.11; 301 13.94 15 4.11; 302 -0.84 15 6.38;
303 0 15 6.38; 304 3.47 15 6.38; 305 7.58 15 6.38; 306 11.58 15 6.38;
307 13.94 15 6.38; 308 16.53 15 6.38; 309 21.25 15 6.38; 310 25.36 15 6.38;
311 26.35 15 6.38; 312 3.47 15 7.6; 313 7.58 15 7.6; 314 13.94 15 9.32;
315 16.53 15 9.32; 316 -0.84 15 9.4; 317 0 15 9.4; 318 3.47 15 9.4;
319 7.58 15 9.4; 320 11.58 15 9.4; 321 21.25 15 9.52; 322 25.36 15 9.52;
323 26.35 15 9.52; 324 11.58 15 11.38; 325 13.94 15 11.38; 326 16.53 15 11.76;
327 21.25 15 11.76; 328 3.47 15 12.07; 329 7.58 15 12.07; 330 -0.84 15 12.83;
331 0 15 12.83; 332 3.47 15 12.83; 333 7.58 15 12.83; 334 11.58 15 12.83;
335 13.94 15 12.83; 336 16.53 15 12.83; 337 21.25 15 12.83; 338 25.36 15 12.83;
339 26.35 15 12.83; 340 -0.84 18 0; 341 0 18 0; 342 3.47 18 0; 343 7.58 18 0;
344 11.58 18 0; 345 13.94 18 0; 346 16.53 18 0; 347 21.25 18 0; 348 25.36 18 0;
349 26.35 18 0; 350 3.47 18 1.91; 351 7.58 18 1.91; 352 13.94 18 2.25;
353 16.53 18 2.25; 354 -0.84 18 2.95; 355 0 18 2.95; 356 3.47 18 2.95;
357 7.58 18 2.95; 358 11.58 18 2.95; 359 16.53 18 2.95; 360 21.25 18 2.95;
361 25.36 18 2.95; 362 26.35 18 2.95; 363 11.58 18 4.11; 364 13.94 18 4.11;
365 -0.84 18 6.38; 366 0 18 6.38; 367 3.47 18 6.38; 368 7.58 18 6.38;
49
369 11.58 18 6.38; 370 13.94 18 6.38; 371 16.53 18 6.38; 372 21.25 18 6.38;
373 25.36 18 6.38; 374 26.35 18 6.38; 375 3.47 18 7.6; 376 7.58 18 7.6;
377 13.94 18 9.32; 378 16.53 18 9.32; 379 -0.84 18 9.4; 380 0 18 9.4;
381 3.47 18 9.4; 382 7.58 18 9.4; 383 11.58 18 9.4; 384 21.25 18 9.52;
385 25.36 18 9.52; 386 26.35 18 9.52; 387 11.58 18 11.38; 388 13.94 18 11.38;
389 16.53 18 11.76; 390 21.25 18 11.76; 391 3.47 18 12.07; 392 7.58 18 12.07;
393 -0.84 18 12.83; 394 0 18 12.83; 395 3.47 18 12.83; 396 7.58 18 12.83;
397 11.58 18 12.83; 398 13.94 18 12.83; 399 16.53 18 12.83; 400 21.25 18 12.83;
401 25.36 18 12.83; 402 26.35 18 12.83;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 26; 2 2 27; 3 3 28; 4 4 29; 5 5 30; 6 6 31; 7 7 32; 8 8 33; 9 9 51;
10 10 52; 11 11 53; 12 12 54; 13 13 55; 14 14 56; 15 15 57; 16 16 58; 17 17 79;
18 18 80; 19 19 81; 20 20 82; 21 21 83; 22 22 84; 23 23 85; 24 24 86; 25 25 26;
26 26 27; 27 27 28; 28 28 29; 29 29 30; 30 30 31; 31 31 32; 32 32 33; 33 33 34;
34 27 35; 35 28 36; 36 30 37; 37 31 38; 38 25 39; 39 26 40; 40 29 43; 41 32 45;
42 34 47; 43 35 36; 44 37 38; 45 35 41; 46 36 42; 47 38 44; 48 39 40; 49 40 41;
50 42 43; 51 44 45; 52 45 46; 53 46 47; 54 37 49; 55 43 48; 56 48 49; 57 39 50;
58 40 51; 59 41 52; 60 42 53; 61 44 56; 62 45 57; 63 46 58; 64 47 59; 65 48 54;
66 49 55; 67 50 51; 68 51 52; 69 52 53; 70 53 54; 71 55 56; 72 56 57; 73 57 58;
74 58 59; 75 52 60; 76 53 61; 77 60 61; 78 55 62; 79 56 63; 80 50 64; 81 51 65;
82 54 68; 83 57 69; 84 58 70; 85 59 71; 86 60 66; 87 61 67; 88 62 63; 89 64 65;
90 65 66; 91 67 68; 92 69 70; 93 70 71; 94 62 73; 95 68 72; 96 63 74; 97 69 75;
98 66 76; 99 67 77; 100 64 78; 101 65 79; 102 70 86; 103 71 87; 104 72 73;
105 74 75; 106 76 77; 107 72 82; 108 73 83; 109 74 84; 110 75 85; 111 76 80;
112 77 81; 113 78 79; 114 79 80; 115 80 81; 116 81 82; 117 82 83; 118 83 84;
50
119 84 85; 120 85 86; 121 86 87; 122 26 89; 123 27 90; 124 28 91; 125 29 92;
126 30 93; 127 31 94; 128 32 95; 129 33 96; 130 51 114; 131 52 115; 132 53 116;
133 54 117; 134 55 118; 135 56 119; 136 57 120; 137 58 121; 138 79 142;
139 80 143; 140 81 144; 141 82 145; 142 83 146; 143 84 147; 144 85 148;
145 86 149; 146 88 89; 147 89 90; 148 90 91; 149 91 92; 150 92 93; 151 93 94;
152 94 95; 153 95 96; 154 96 97; 155 90 98; 156 91 99; 157 93 100; 158 94 101;
159 88 102; 160 89 103; 161 92 106; 162 95 108; 163 97 110; 164 98 99;
165 100 101; 166 98 104; 167 99 105; 168 101 107; 169 102 103; 170 103 104;
171 105 106; 172 107 108; 173 108 109; 174 109 110; 175 100 112; 176 106 111;
177 111 112; 178 102 113; 179 103 114; 180 104 115; 181 105 116; 182 107 119;
183 108 120; 184 109 121; 185 110 122; 186 111 117; 187 112 118; 188 113 114;
189 114 115; 190 115 116; 191 116 117; 192 118 119; 193 119 120; 194 120 121;
195 121 122; 196 115 123; 197 116 124; 198 123 124; 199 118 125; 200 119 126;
201 113 127; 202 114 128; 203 117 131; 204 120 132; 205 121 133; 206 122 134;
207 123 129; 208 124 130; 209 125 126; 210 127 128; 211 128 129; 212 130 131;
213 132 133; 214 133 134; 215 125 136; 216 131 135; 217 126 137; 218 132 138;
219 129 139; 220 130 140; 221 127 141; 222 128 142; 223 133 149; 224 134 150;
225 135 136; 226 137 138; 227 139 140; 228 135 145; 229 136 146; 230 137 147;
231 138 148; 232 139 143; 233 140 144; 234 141 142; 235 142 143; 236 143 144;
237 144 145; 238 145 146; 239 146 147; 240 147 148; 241 148 149; 242 149 150;
243 89 152; 244 90 153; 245 91 154; 246 92 155; 247 93 156; 248 94 157;
249 95 158; 250 96 159; 251 114 177; 252 115 178; 253 116 179; 254 117 180;
255 118 181; 256 119 182; 257 120 183; 258 121 184; 259 142 205; 260 143 206;
261 144 207; 262 145 208; 263 146 209; 264 147 210; 265 148 211; 266 149 212;
267 151 152; 268 152 153; 269 153 154; 270 154 155; 271 155 156; 272 156 157;
51
273 157 158; 274 158 159; 275 159 160; 276 153 161; 277 154 162; 278 156 163;
279 157 164; 280 151 165; 281 152 166; 282 155 169; 283 158 171; 284 160 173;
285 161 162; 286 163 164; 287 161 167; 288 162 168; 289 164 170; 290 165 166;
291 166 167; 292 168 169; 293 170 171; 294 171 172; 295 172 173; 296 163 175;
297 169 174; 298 174 175; 299 165 176; 300 166 177; 301 167 178; 302 168 179;
303 170 182; 304 171 183; 305 172 184; 306 173 185; 307 174 180; 308 175 181;
309 176 177; 310 177 178; 311 178 179; 312 179 180; 313 181 182; 314 182 183;
315 183 184; 316 184 185; 317 178 186; 318 179 187; 319 186 187; 320 181 188;
321 182 189; 322 176 190; 323 177 191; 324 180 194; 325 183 195; 326 184 196;
327 185 197; 328 186 192; 329 187 193; 330 188 189; 331 190 191; 332 191 192;
333 193 194; 334 195 196; 335 196 197; 336 188 199; 337 194 198; 338 189 200;
339 195 201; 340 192 202; 341 193 203; 342 190 204; 343 191 205; 344 196 212;
345 197 213; 346 198 199; 347 200 201; 348 202 203; 349 198 208; 350 199 209;
351 200 210; 352 201 211; 353 202 206; 354 203 207; 355 204 205; 356 205 206;
357 206 207; 358 207 208; 359 208 209; 360 209 210; 361 210 211; 362 211 212;
363 212 213; 364 152 215; 365 153 216; 366 154 217; 367 155 218; 368 156 219;
369 157 220; 370 158 221; 371 159 222; 372 177 240; 373 178 241; 374 179 242;
375 180 243; 376 181 244; 377 182 245; 378 183 246; 379 184 247; 380 205 268;
381 206 269; 382 207 270; 383 208 271; 384 209 272; 385 210 273; 386 211 274;
387 212 275; 388 214 215; 389 215 216; 390 216 217; 391 217 218; 392 218 219;
393 219 220; 394 220 221; 395 221 222; 396 222 223; 397 216 224; 398 217 225;
399 219 226; 400 220 227; 401 214 228; 402 215 229; 403 218 232; 404 221 234;
405 223 236; 406 224 225; 407 226 227; 408 224 230; 409 225 231; 410 227 233;
411 228 229; 412 229 230; 413 231 232; 414 233 234; 415 234 235; 416 235 236;
417 226 238; 418 232 237; 419 237 238; 420 228 239; 421 229 240; 422 230 241;
52
423 231 242; 424 233 245; 425 234 246; 426 235 247; 427 236 248; 428 237 243;
429 238 244; 430 239 240; 431 240 241; 432 241 242; 433 242 243; 434 244 245;
435 245 246; 436 246 247; 437 247 248; 438 241 249; 439 242 250; 440 249 250;
441 244 251; 442 245 252; 443 239 253; 444 240 254; 445 243 257; 446 246 258;
447 247 259; 448 248 260; 449 249 255; 450 250 256; 451 251 252; 452 253 254;
453 254 255; 454 256 257; 455 258 259; 456 259 260; 457 251 262; 458 257 261;
459 252 263; 460 258 264; 461 255 265; 462 256 266; 463 253 267; 464 254 268;
465 259 275; 466 260 276; 467 261 262; 468 263 264; 469 265 266; 470 261 271;
471 262 272; 472 263 273; 473 264 274; 474 265 269; 475 266 270; 476 267 268;
477 268 269; 478 269 270; 479 270 271; 480 271 272; 481 272 273; 482 273 274;
483 274 275; 484 275 276; 485 215 278; 486 216 279; 487 217 280; 488 218 281;
489 219 282; 490 220 283; 491 221 284; 492 222 285; 493 240 303; 494 241 304;
495 242 305; 496 243 306; 497 244 307; 498 245 308; 499 246 309; 500 247 310;
501 268 331; 502 269 332; 503 270 333; 504 271 334; 505 272 335; 506 273 336;
507 274 337; 508 275 338; 509 277 278; 510 278 279; 511 279 280; 512 280 281;
513 281 282; 514 282 283; 515 283 284; 516 284 285; 517 285 286; 518 279 287;
519 280 288; 520 282 289; 521 283 290; 522 277 291; 523 278 292; 524 281 295;
525 284 297; 526 286 299; 527 287 288; 528 289 290; 529 287 293; 530 288 294;
531 290 296; 532 291 292; 533 292 293; 534 294 295; 535 296 297; 536 297 298;
537 298 299; 538 289 301; 539 295 300; 540 300 301; 541 291 302; 542 292 303;
543 293 304; 544 294 305; 545 296 308; 546 297 309; 547 298 310; 548 299 311;
549 300 306; 550 301 307; 551 302 303; 552 303 304; 553 304 305; 554 305 306;
555 307 308; 556 308 309; 557 309 310; 558 310 311; 559 304 312; 560 305 313;
561 312 313; 562 307 314; 563 308 315; 564 302 316; 565 303 317; 566 306 320;
567 309 321; 568 310 322; 569 311 323; 570 312 318; 571 313 319; 572 314 315;
53
573 316 317; 574 317 318; 575 319 320; 576 321 322; 577 322 323; 578 314 325;
579 320 324; 580 315 326; 581 321 327; 582 318 328; 583 319 329; 584 316 330;
585 317 331; 586 322 338; 587 323 339; 588 324 325; 589 326 327; 590 328 329;
591 324 334; 592 325 335; 593 326 336; 594 327 337; 595 328 332; 596 329 333;
597 330 331; 598 331 332; 599 332 333; 600 333 334; 601 334 335; 602 335 336;
603 336 337; 604 337 338; 605 338 339; 606 278 341; 607 279 342; 608 280 343;
609 281 344; 610 282 345; 611 283 346; 612 284 347; 613 285 348; 614 303 366;
615 304 367; 616 305 368; 617 306 369; 618 307 370; 619 308 371; 620 309 372;
621 310 373; 622 331 394; 623 332 395; 624 333 396; 625 334 397; 626 335 398;
627 336 399; 628 337 400; 629 338 401; 630 340 341; 631 341 342; 632 342 343;
633 343 344; 634 344 345; 635 345 346; 636 346 347; 637 347 348; 638 348 349;
639 342 350; 640 343 351; 641 345 352; 642 346 353; 643 340 354; 644 341 355;
645 344 358; 646 347 360; 647 349 362; 648 350 351; 649 352 353; 650 350 356;
651 351 357; 652 353 359; 653 354 355; 654 355 356; 655 357 358; 656 359 360;
657 360 361; 658 361 362; 659 352 364; 660 358 363; 661 363 364; 662 354 365;
663 355 366; 664 356 367; 665 357 368; 666 359 371; 667 360 372; 668 361 373;
669 362 374; 670 363 369; 671 364 370; 672 365 366; 673 366 367; 674 367 368;
675 368 369; 676 370 371; 677 371 372; 678 372 373; 679 373 374; 680 367 375;
681 368 376; 682 375 376; 683 370 377; 684 371 378; 685 365 379; 686 366 380;
687 369 383; 688 372 384; 689 373 385; 690 374 386; 691 375 381; 692 376 382;
693 377 378; 694 379 380; 695 380 381; 696 382 383; 697 384 385; 698 385 386;
699 377 388; 700 383 387; 701 378 389; 702 384 390; 703 381 391; 704 382 392;
705 379 393; 706 380 394; 707 385 401; 708 386 402; 709 387 388; 710 389 390;
711 391 392; 712 387 397; 713 388 398; 714 389 399; 715 390 400; 716 391 395;
717 392 396; 718 393 394; 719 394 395; 720 395 396; 721 396 397; 722 397 398;
54
723 398 399; 724 399 400; 725 400 401; 726 401 402;
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC CONCRETE
E 2.17185e+007
POISSON 0.17
DENSITY 23.5616
ALPHA 1e-005
DAMP 0.05
END DEFINE MATERIAL
MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN
25 TO 121 146 TO 242 267 TO 363 388 TO 484 509 TO 605 630 TO 725 726 PRIS YD 0.6 ZD 0.23
2 8 24 123 129 145 244 250 266 365 371 387 486 492 508 607 613 629 PRIS YD 0.48 ZD 0.23
MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN
1 3 TO 7 17 TO 23 122 124 TO 128 138 TO 144 243 245 TO 249 259 TO 265 364 366 TO 370 380 TO 386 485 487 TO 491 501 TO 507 606 608 TO 612 622 TO 627 628 PRIS YD 0.6 ZD 0.23
10 12 13 131 133 134 252 254 255 373 375 376 494 496 497 615 617 618 PRIS YD 0.23 ZD 0.9
9 11 14 TO 16 130 132 135 TO 137 251 253 256 TO 258 372 374 377 TO 379 493 495 498 TO 500 614 616 619 TO 621 PRIS YD 0.3 ZD 0.9
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL CONCRETE ALL
SUPPORTS
55
1 TO 24 FIXED
DEFINE 1893 LOAD
ZONE 0.1 RF 5 I 1.5 SS 1 ST 1 DM 5
MEMBER WEIGHT
25 TO 121 146 TO 242 267 TO 363 388 TO 484 509 TO 605 630 TO 726 UNI -10
FLOOR WEIGHT
YRANGE 0.1 3.1 FLOAD -7.5
YRANGE 3.1 6.2 FLOAD -7.5
YRANGE 6.2 9.3 FLOAD -7.5
YRANGE 9.3 12.4 FLOAD -7.5
YRANGE 12.4 15.5 FLOAD -7.5
YRANGE 15.5 18.6 FLOAD -5.5
DEFINE WIND LOAD
TYPE 1
<! STAAD PRO GENERATED DATA DO NOT MODIFY !!!
ASCE-7-2002:PARAMS 50.000 KMPH 0 1 1 0 0.000 FT 0.000 FT 0.000 FT 1 1 40.000 FT 30.000 FT 25.000 FT 2.000 0.010 0 0 0 0 0 0.761 1.000 1.000 0.850 0 0 0 0 0.866 0.800 0.550
!> END GENERATED DATA BLOCK
INT 0.478803 0.478803 0.478803 0.478803 0.478803 0.478803 0.478803 0.478803 0.478803 0.478803 0.478803 0.478803 0.478803 0.478803 0.478803 HEIG 0 4.572 5.15815 5.74431 6.33046 6.91662 7.50277 8.08892 8.67508 9.26123 9.84739 10.4335 11.0197 11.6059 12.192
EXP 1 JOINT 1 TO 402
56
57
463 466 470 471 476 TO 479 481 TO 484 509 TO 512 514 TO 517 520 522 524 526 538 539 541 548 TO 558 562 564 566 569 578 579 584 587 591 592 597 TO 600 602 TO 605 UNI GY -13
34 35 37 39 41 43 TO 47 49 TO 53 58 TO 63 75 TO 77 79 81 83 84 86 TO 88 90 91 TO 93 96 TO 99 101 102 105 106 109 TO 112 155 156 158 160 162 164 TO 168 170 TO 174 179 TO 184 196 TO 198 200 202 204 205 207 TO 209 211 TO 214 217 218 TO 220 222 223 226 227 230 TO 233 276 277 279 281 283 285 TO 289 291 TO 295 300 TO 305 317 TO 319 321 323 325 326 328 TO 330 332 TO 335 338 339 TO 341 343 344 347 348 351 TO 354 397 398 400 402 404 406 TO 410 412 TO 416 421 TO 426 438 TO 440 442 444 446 447 449 TO 451 453 TO 456 459 460 TO 462 464 465 468 469 472 TO 475 518 519 521 523 525 527 TO 531 533 TO 537 542 TO 547 559 TO 561 563 565 567 568 570 TO 572 574 TO 577 580 581 TO 583 585 586 589 590 593 TO 596 UNI GY -7
29 56 104 117 150 177 225 238 271 298 346 359 392 419 467 480 513 540 588 601 UNI GY -22
630 TO 638 643 647 662 669 685 690 705 708 718 TO 726 UNI GY -5
LOAD 10 LOADTYPE Live REDUCIBLE TITLE LL
FLOOR LOAD
YRANGE 0.1 3.1 FLOAD -7.5
YRANGE 3.1 6.2 FLOAD -7.5
YRANGE 6.2 9.3 FLOAD -7.5
YRANGE 9.3 12.4 FLOAD -7.5
YRANGE 12.4 15.5 FLOAD -7.5
YRANGE 15.5 18.6 FLOAD -5.5
LOAD COMB 11 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 1
58
9 1.5 10 1.5
LOAD COMB 12 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 2
9 1.2 10 1.2 5 1.2
LOAD COMB 13 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 3
9 1.2 10 1.2 6 1.2
LOAD COMB 14 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 4
9 1.2 10 1.2 7 1.2
LOAD COMB 15 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 5
9 1.2 10 1.2 8 1.2
LOAD COMB 16 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 6
9 1.2 10 1.2 5 -1.2
LOAD COMB 17 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 7
9 1.2 10 1.2 6 -1.2
LOAD COMB 18 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 8
9 1.2 10 1.2 7 -1.2
LOAD COMB 19 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 9
9 1.2 10 1.2 8 -1.2
LOAD COMB 20 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 10
9 1.2 10 1.2 1 1.2
LOAD COMB 21 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 11
9 1.2 10 1.2 2 1.2
LOAD COMB 22 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 12
9 1.2 10 1.2 3 1.2
LOAD COMB 23 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 13
9 1.2 10 1.2 4 1.2
59
60
9 1.5 1 1.5
LOAD COMB 37 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 27
9 1.5 2 1.5
LOAD COMB 38 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 28
9 1.5 3 1.5
LOAD COMB 39 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 29
9 1.5 4 1.5
LOAD COMB 40 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 30
9 1.5 1 -1.5
LOAD COMB 41 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 31
9 1.5 2 -1.5
LOAD COMB 42 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 32
9 1.5 3 -1.5
LOAD COMB 43 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 33
9 1.5 4 -1.5
LOAD COMB 44 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 34
9 0.9 1 1.5
LOAD COMB 45 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 35
9 0.9 2 1.5
LOAD COMB 46 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 36
9 0.9 3 1.5
LOAD COMB 47 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 37
9 0.9 4 1.5
LOAD COMB 48 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 38
9 0.9 1 -1.5
61
62
CHAPTER - 7
DESIGN OF SLABS, FOOTINGS AND
STAIRCASE
63
CHAPTER 7
DESIGN OF SLABS, FOOTINGS AND STAIRCASE
7.1 DESIGN OF SLABS:
7.1.1 General:
Slabs are the plate elements forming floor and roof of building and carrying distributed
loads primarily by flexure. A slab is a flat, two-dimensional planar structural element
having a smaller thickness compared to its other two dimensions. It provides a working
flat surface or a covering shelter to buildings. It supports mainly transverse loads and
transfers them to supports primarily by bending action in one or more directions. Though
a RC slab is essentially a bending element, it differs from beam in the following aspects:
The bending cannot be only in one vertical plane as in case of beam but in more
than one vertical plane.
The slab is usually analyzed and designed, considering a strip of uniform length
Shear stresses are usually low and shear reinforcement is usually avoided in width
(usually 1m in practical design). Preference to increase in depth over the region
critical in shear.
Distribution steel provided at right angles to main steel in both the directions.
A reinforced concrete slab covers a relatively large area compared to a beam or column.
Therefore, volume of concrete and hence, dead load is large in case of slab. A small
reduction in the depth of slab therefore, leads to considerable economy. But, care has to
be taken to see that its performance (serviceability) is not affected due to excessive
deflection and cracking.
Depending on the direction of spacing (direction of distribution of loads), the slabs are
classified as following:
a. One way slabs and
b. Two way slabs
64
4500x4930 mm
415N/mm2
Fck
25N/mm2
Thickness of slab:
From IS: 456-2000,
32,
32,
140.62 mm ~ 141 mm
Then,
) = 116 ~ 125 mm
= 125 + 20 + (
= 150 mm
Effective Span:
Lx
4.5+0.1
4.6 m
Ly
4.93+0.1
5.03 m
66
Loads:
Self weight of slab and floor finishes
3.50 KN/m2
Weight of partitions
2.00 KN/m2
Live load
2.00 KN/m2
7.50 KN/m2
11.25 KN/m2
1.09 < 2
=
Ratio
1.5 x 7.5
.
1.09
x
-ve
0.032
+ve
0.024
-ve
0.032
+ve
0.024
x x wlx2
-0.032x11.25x4.62
-7.62 KN-m
67
At mid span:
Mx
x x wlx2
0.024x11.25x4.62
5.71 KN-m
y x wlx2
-0.032x11.25x4.62
-7.62 KN-m
y x wlx2
0.024x11.25x4.62
5.71 KN-m
At mid span:
My
7.62 KN-m
Hence it is safe.
68
Calculation of reinforcement:
At continuous edge of short span:
Mu
7.62 KN-m
Mu
0.87 x fy x Ast x d
7.62 x 106 =
Ast
(45131.25Ast) [1 0.000133Ast]
172.81 mm2
2. 3d
3.
78.54X1000
454.48 mm
3x125
375 mm
300mm
172.81
5.71 KN-m
Mu
0.87 x fy x Ast x d
5.71x106
(45131.25Ast) x [1 0.000133Ast]
Ast
128.72 mm2
69
1. Spacing
2. 3d
3.
78.54X1000
610.16 mm
3x125
375 mm
300mm
128.72
d
=
125-10
115
7.62 KN-m
=
0.87fyAstd 1
7.62x106
(41520.75Ast) [1 0.0011Ast]
Ast
255.11 mm2
Mu
2. 3d
3.
78.54X1000
307.86 mm
3x115
345 mm
300mm
70
255.11
=
=
Mu
5.71 KN-m
Mu
0.87fyAstd
5.71x106
Ast
125-10
115
(41520.75Ast) [1 0.0011Ast]
168.9 mm2
78.54X1000
2. 3d
3x115
168.9 =
=
3.
465.00 mm
345 mm
300mm
x1000 x150
= 180mm2
x1000
= 279.25 mm
Pt
=
=
x 100
0.58x415
0.209%
240 N/mm2
ratio
32
Ratio provided
=
=
72
30.66 < 32
73
In this project work, footings are designed as isolated rectangular footings. The SBC of
the soil in the present project work is taken as 200 KN/m2. One typical design of isolated
footing is presented.
4030.83 kN
200 kN/m2
FCK
25 N/mm2
Fy
415 N/mm2
4030.83 kN
Self weight
403.083 kN
Total load
4030.83+403.083
4433.913 kN
300 x 900 mm
22.169 m2
5 x 5 m2
1.5
266.03 KN/m2
74
Depth of footing:
Soil pressure from shaded area (vu) =
qu x B [
d]
0.266 x 5000 [
d]
1330 (2350 - d)
0.325 N/mm2
1330 (2350 - d)
1057.7 mm
Mulim
0.138 x fCK x B x d2
0.138x25x5000x1057.72
19298.03 KN- m
qu x B x [
(
0.266 x 5000x
Mu
75
]
)
Reinforcement:
Mu
3672.46x106
415
3672.46x106 =
381882.58Ast-1.2Ast2
Ast
9926.34 mm2
=
Spacing (S)
=
/
158.24 mm ~ 150 mm
] x5000
=
/
0.198
0.323 N/mm2
] x100
=
=
. ]
.
Hence it is safe.
Development length:
Ld
=
=
940.23 m.
77
In this project work dog-legged staircase has been encountered. The rise and thread
are150mm and 300mm respectively. The height of the floor is 3.0m, the width of the
staircase is 2.13 m and the length being 6.22 m. The complete design of the staircase is
presented. The staircase has 2 flights and one intermediate landing. One edge of the flight
is supported on the floor beam and the other on the intermediate landing. The thickness of
the waist slab is 250mm.
79
1.0 m
1.50 m
0.15 m
.
No. of risers
Thread (T)
0.30 m
T + 2R
0.30 + (2 * 0.15) =
20/2
10
10-1
9 * 0.30
10
Hence OK.
No. of rises in each flight
2.70 m
Keep width of landing equal to 1.2 m (for residential buildings b/w 0.8 to 1.2 m)
Hence space left for passage =
=
80
0.48,
3.44 KN-m
3.985 m ~ 4.0 m
Let the thickness of waist slab be equal to 150 mm (assumed at the rate of 40 to 50 mm
per meter span).
w1
x 1 x 1 x 25000
3750 N/mm2
3750 x
4192.63 N/m2
81
x 1 x 1 x 25000
w2
=
=
x 25000
1875 N/m
= 4192.63 + 1875
Total load
6067.63 N/m
100 N (assumed)
Live load
3000 N
----------------------------Total w
wu
9167.63 N/m
= 1.5 x 9167.63 =
Note: The w on the landing portion will be 13760 1875 = 11885 N, since weight of
steps will not come on it. However, a uniform value of w has been adopted here.
Max. Bending moment
13760 x
13760 x
27.52 10 ^ 6
=
=
2.761 1000
99.83 mm
150 - 20 - 10/2
125 mm
82
5. Computation of reinforcement:
Since actual d provided is more than that required for B.M., we have an under-reinforced
section for which
Ast
1 1
bxd
.
x1000 x 125
688.85 mm2.
Spacing of bars
Distribution reinforcement
.
.
111 mm
Ast
=
=
8.77 ~ 9 (say)
110 mm
180 mm2
.
279.25 mm
The main reinforcement should be bent to follow the bottom profile of the
stair. However, if this pattern is followed near the landing, an angle will be formed in the
bar. When the bar is stressed, it will try to throw off the concrete cover. Hence near the
landing, the bars are taken straight up and then bent in compression zone of landing. In
order to take tensile stresses in the landing portion, it is desirable to use separate set of
bars. However, since the B.M. is very much reduced near the landing, only half the
number of bars may be provided, i.e., provides 7 no. of 10 mm bars. The length of each
type of bar on either side of crossing should be at least Ld = 47 = 47 x 10 = 470 mm.
83
CHAPTER - 8
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN RESULTS
84
CHAPTER - 8
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN RESULTS
Some of the sample analysis and design results have been shown below:
B E A M N O.
M25
84 D E S I G N R E S U L T S
Fe415 (Main)
LENGTH: 3140.0 mm
Fe415 (Sec.)
2-25
1 layer(s)
2-25
1 layer(s)
2-25
2-25
1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)
B E A M N O.
M25
105 D E S I G N R E S U L T S
Fe415 (Main)
LENGTH: 4720.0 mm
Fe415 (Sec.)
3-12
1 layer(s)
4-12
1 layer(s)
3-12
2-12
1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)
88
C O L U M N N O.
M25
9 DESIGN RESULTS
Fe415 (Main)
Fe415 (Sec.)
C O L U M N N O.
M25
24 D E S I G N R E S U L T S
Fe415 (Main)
Fe415 (Sec.)
/BRACED LONG(Y)
93
94
The stress at any point of any member can be found out in this mode. The figure below
depicts a particular case.
Fig.8.14: Graph for shear force and bending moment for a beam
95
The above figure shows that the bending moment and the Shear force can be studied from
the graphs generated by STAAD.Pro. The whole structure is shown in the screen and we
may select any member and at the right side we will get the BMD and SFD for that
member. The above figure shows the diagrams for member beam 119.
Fig.8.15: Graph for shear force and bending moment for a column
96
CONCLUSION
97
CONCLUSION
1. This project is mainly concentrated with the analysis and design of multi-storied
residential building with all possible cases of the loadings using STAAD.Pro
Meeting the design challenges are described in conceptual way.
2. We may also check the deflection of various members under the given loading
combinations.
3. Further in case of rectification it is simple to change the values at the place where
error occurred and the obtained results are generated in the output.
4. Very less space is required for the storage of the data.
5. STAAD.Pro V8i an advanced software which provides us a fast, efficient, easy to use
and accurate platform for analyzing and designing structures.
98
REFERNCES
99
REFERNCES
IS: 875 (Part 1) 1987 for Dead Loads, Indian Standard Code Of Practice for
Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) For Buildings and Structures, Bureau of
Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi
110002.
IS: 875 (Part 2) 1987 for Imposed Loads, Indian Standard Code Of Practice
for Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) For Buildings and Structures, Bureau
of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi
110002.
IS: 875 (Part 3) 1987 for Wind Loads, Indian Standard Code Of Practice for
Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) For Buildings And Structures, Bureau of
Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi
110002.
IS: 875 (Part 5) 1987 for Special Loads and Combinations, Indian Standard
Code Of Practice for Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) For Buildings and
Structures, Bureau of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar
Marg, New Delhi 110002.
IS 1893 (Part 1)-2002, Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design
of Structures, (Part 1-General Provisions and Buildings), Bureau of Indian
Standards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002.
IS 456-2000, Indian standard code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete
(fourth revision), Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, July 2000.
SP: 16-1980, Design aids for reinforced concrete to IS: 456, Bureau of Indian
standards, New Delhi, 1980.
SP: 34-1987, Hand Book of Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1987.
Pilli, S.U. And Menon .D, Reinforced concrete design, Second edition, Tata
Mc Graw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2003.
Jain, A.K. Reinforced Concrete Limit State Design, Sixth edition, New
Chand & Bros, Roorkee, 2002.
100