EQUIPMENTS USED IN SWITCHYARD

400 KV Switchyard has the following major equipments, (which are installed for the
transmission of power from generating station to transmission substation) which are given as
below:
Main Bus Bars:
Bus Bars generally made of conducting material like aluminium or ACSR, used
to carry the current from which a no. of circuits or connections made for transmission of
generated power. It is designed according to the sum of rated current & the maximum
current is to be handled during a small overloading etc.
The bus bars used in TATA power plant 400kV switchyard are bare Aluminium
conductor. Incoming lines from unit 1 to 5 are connected to this bus bars where as the
following out going lines deliver power to the receiving substations.

Vadavai-1

Vadavai-2

Limdi-1

Limdi-2

Jetpur-1

Jetpur-2

There are different bus-bar schemes available for switchyards. This switchyard uses one
and half breaker bus bar scheme.
Rating of bus bar
Type
Rated Current
Maximum Current Capacity
Current Capacity
Rated Voltage
Maximum Withstand Voltage

Quad MOOSE type ACSR Conductor (4 wire)

2500A
50 kA for 1 sec
125 kA
420 KV
500 KV (Peak)

17

Fig. Bus Bar

Isolators:
Isolators or Diverter switches are used to isolate the circuits when the current on
the conductor has already interrupted. Hence these isolators are used for the open or close
a circuit when there is no load current on the circuit i.e. for no-load open or close
operation. Isolators also provided with Earth switches to divert the trap voltages of the
line to ground if any, which are used to ensure the safety of working person to avoid the
shock due to any voltage trapped on line.
To prevent Mal-operation, the isolator is provided with inter locking.

Inter locking between three poles for simultaneous operation.

Inter locking with the Circuit Breaker.

Types of Isolators

Vertical break type.

Horizontal break type.

Horizontal Centre break type.

Double break type.

Vertical pantograph type.

In the 400kV switchyard we use the Horizontal centre break type isolator

18

Rating of isolator
Manufacturing Company
Year of mfg
Type
Voltage (kV) up
Bil (kV)
Switching imp. (kV) ur
Pf (kV)
STC KA/sec
WT of isolator
Motor voltage
Control voltage

Siemens limited
2009
HCB
420
1425
1050/1250
520/610
50KA/2sec
1230kg
415V
220V

Fig. Isolator

Circuit Breakers:
Circuit Breakers are used on any line or circuit to make or break the circuit for
normal on load open or close operation and also used to protect the circuit from damage
due to any fault occurrence on the circuit by opening or tripping its contacts.
As the name suggests, it breaks the circuit. Circuit Breaker are used to protect the circuit
from the faults. Classification of circuit breaker is:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Air blast CB
Air break
Vacuum circuit breaker
Oil circuit breaker
SF6 (sulphur hexafluoride) beaker

SF6 circuit breaker is used in CGPL.

19

SF6 Circuit breaker:

Sulphur hexafluoride is an inert gas having good dielectric and have extinguishing
properties. The dielectric strength is increased with pressure. In SF6 circuit breaker
sulphur hexafluoride gas is used as the arc quenching medium. The sulphur hexafluoride
is an electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons. The contacts
of breaker are opened in a high pressure flow of sulphur hexafluoride gas and an arc I
stuck between them. The conducting free electrons in the arc are rapidly captured by the
gas from relatively immobile negative ions. This loss of conducting electrons in the arc
quickly builds enough insulation strength to extinguish the arc. The SF6 circuit breakers
have been found to be very effective for high power and high voltage service.
Rating of circuit breaker
Year of manufacturing
Rated impulse voltage
Rated power frequency voltage
Frequency
Rated normal current
Rated short-circuit breaking current
Rated line charging breaking current
Rated operating sequence
Control voltage
Operating voltage
Heating Voltage
Rated voltage
Weight of SF6 filling
Weight including SF6

2009
1425kV
610kV
50Hz
3150 amps
50k amps
600 amps
0-0.3 s CO-3min-CO
220DC
240AC
240AC
420 kV
39kg
5400kg

20

Fig. Circuit Breaker

Instrument Transformers:
The Instrument Transformers which are Current Transformers & Potential
Transformers (CT & PT) are used to measure the current & voltage of the circuit up to
metering range and the same also used for the protection of the circuit by measuring the
fault values of current & voltage to initiate the relay to act the protection.
Current transformer
A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of electric currents. Current
transformer is an instrument transformer. When current in a circuit is too high to directly
apply to measuring instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced current
accurately proportional to the current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected
to measuring and recording instruments. A current transformer also isolates the measuring
instruments from what may be very high voltage in the monitored circuit. Current
transformers are commonly used in metering and protective relays in the electrical power
industry.
It has two winding primary and secondary. The alternating current flowing in the
primary produces a magnetic field in the core, which then induces a current in the
secondary winding circuit.
The most common design of CT consists of a length of wire wrapped many times
around a silicon steel ring passed over the circuit being measured. The CT's primary
circuit therefore consists of a single 'turn' of conductor, with a secondary of many tens or
hundreds of turns. The primary winding may be a permanent part of the current
transformer, with a heavy copper bar to carry current through the magnetic core.
Shapes and sizes can vary depending on the end user or switchgear manufacturer.
High-voltage current transformers are mounted on porcelain bushings to insulate them
from ground. Some CT configurations slip around the bushing of a high-voltage
transformer or circuit breaker, which automatically centers the conductor inside the CT
window.
21

The primary circuit is largely unaffected by the insertion of the CT. The rated
secondary current is commonly standardized at 1 or 5 amperes. For example, a 4000:5
CT would provide an output current of 5 amperes when the primary was passing 4000
amperes. The secondary winding can be single ratio or multi ratio, with five taps being
common for multi ratio CTs. The load, or burden, of the CT should be of low resistance.
If the voltage time integral area is higher than the core's design rating, the core goes into
saturation towards the end of each cycle, distorting the waveform and affecting accuracy.
Rating of Current Transformer
Manufacturing company
Type
I (din)
Insulation level
Rating
Rated cost. Current
SF6 weight

Siemens
SAS
125KAP
1050kV/1425kVp
2500-1250/1amps
3000 A
36 kg

Fig. Current Transformer

CVT (Capacitive voltage transformer)

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT), or capacitance coupled voltage
transformer (CCVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step down extra high
voltage signals and provide a low voltage signal, for measurement or to operate a
protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors
22

across which the transmission line signal is split, an inductive element to tune the device
to the line frequency, and a transformer to isolate and further step down the voltage for
the instrumentation or protective relay. The tuning of the divider to the line frequency
makes the overall division ratio less sensitive to changes in the burden of the connected
metering or protection devices.

[1]

The device has at least four terminals: a terminal for

connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal, and two secondary terminals
which connect to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase
devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the use of
wound primary voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice, capacitor C 1 is
often constructed as a stack of smaller capacitors connected in series. This provides a
large voltage drop across C1 and a relatively small voltage drop across C2.
The CVT is also useful in communication systems. CVTs in combination with wave traps
are used for filtering high frequency communication signals from power frequency.

[2]

This forms a carrier communication network throughout the transmission network. Single
Phase & single Column type, suitable for running in Hot & Humid areas.

Fig. Internal structure of CVT

Rating of CVT
Rated Voltage

400/

Maximum Withstand Voltage

495 KV (Peak)

Transformation Ratio

[400/

Accuracy Level

0.2/0.5

23

KV

]/ [0.11/

]/ [0.11/

]/ [0.11/

Fig. CVT

Protective Relays:
Protective Relays used to initiate the fault condition & fast action of protection to
avoid the damage to equipment during faulty condition in circuit either external like
lightning or internal like unbalancing/short circuits etc.

Fig. Relays Junction

Lightning Arrestors:
Lightning Arrestors are used to protect the circuit, line or equipment from overvoltages which are generally occurs by the external or internal surges i.e. occurs due to
switching operations or lightning strokes.
Rating of lightning arrester
Rated Operating Voltage

200 KV/ Phase

24

Rated Frequency

50Hz

Rated discharge Current (Peak)

10 KA

Switching Impulse Current (Peak)

0.3 KA

Lighting Impulse Withstand

950 KV

Fig. Lightning Arrester

Carrier Current System:

This system is used in the switchyard or substations for the communication,
relaying, supervisory control or telemetering purpose. This system is connected to the
High Voltage power circuit for the above said purpose.
For example Wave trap is used for this purpose.
Wave trap:
Wave trap is trapping the high frequency communication signals sent on the line
from the remote substation and diverting them to the telecom/teleprotection panel in the
substation control room (through coupling capacitor and LMU).
This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for
communication among various substations without dependence on the telecom company
network. The signals are primarily teleportation signals and in addition, voice and data
communication signals. Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping
the high frequency communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation
and diverting them to the telecom/teleportation panel in the substation control room
(through coupling capacitor and LMU). This is relevant in Power Line Carrier
25

Communication (PLCC) systems for communication among various substations without

dependence on the telecom company network. The signals are primarily teleportation
signals and in addition, voice and data communication signals.
The Line trap offers high impedance to the high frequency communication signals thus
obstructs the flow of these signals in to the substation bus bars. If there were not to be
there, then signal loss is more and communication will be ineffective/probably
impossible.

Fig. Wave trap

Earth switch:
The earth switches are connected to equipments and networks for the purpose to
ground them. Since the transmission line of around 400kV is near to the equipments,
voltage (about 30kV) is induced in equipment. This is very high voltage so it must be
ground whenever there is any maintenance. Earth switch is shown in the figure of isolator
(rode tilted at some angle). And when the equipments are washing by de mineralized
water
( thats conductivity is less) earth switch is used.

26

Fig. Earth switch

Insulator:
Insulators are used in electrical equipment to support and separate electrical conductors
without allowing current through themselves. An insulating material used in bulk to wrap
electrical cables or other equipment is called insulation. The term insulator is also used more
specifically to refer to insulating supports used to attach electric power distribution or
transmission lines to utility poles and transmission towers.

Fig. Insulator

EMVT (Electromagnetic Voltage Transformer):

EMVT is same as the PT both are the use for the voltage measuring but
accuracy of the EMVT is high. Means its used for metering of supply.

27

Fig. EMVT

Line/Bus Reactor:
Line Reactor is used to control the Line voltage i.e. it reduces the line voltage in
case it is going to a high value by drawing a high reactive current/ power from circuit to
which it is connected and the bus reactor is used to control the voltage and current of bus
bar. Generally two types of reactors used: Series Reactor & Shunt Reactor.
In general, Reactor is referred as inductor. It used to connect in parallel with the
transmission line to reduce the effect of capacitance of transmission line (ferranti effect).
Due the capacitance of the transmission line, at the receiver ends voltage is higher than
the voltage of sending end. To reduce the capacitance, an inductor (reactor) is connected.
Main difference between transformer and reactor is: reactor has only single winding
(primary) and secondary is grounded, but in transformer there are two windings (primary
and secondary).

(Box represents the coil)

28

Fig. a. bus reactor

fig. b. line reactor

The secondary of line reactor is not grounded directly. Since the current in line is
much higher, for controlling the current, the inductor coil is also connected in series
with the neutral point. But the bus reactor can be grounded directly.
Rating of reactor
Manufacturing company
Type
Rated MVAR
Rated voltage
Rated current
Line insulation kVp
Neutral insulation kVp
Switching imp. Voltage
P. F. level
Connection
Frequency
Cooling

Cropton Greaves
Gapped core
63
420kV
63 amps
1300
550
1050 kVp
230kV
Star
50Hz
ONAN

Jumping of wire:
When the wire is tapped from any point is called jumping of wire.

29

Fig. Jumping of wire

Ground wire:
The wire that is used for protection by lightning effect is called ground wire. It is
placed in the top of the light tower and running parallel to the conductor.
Generator:
The electric generator is designed in order to convert movement (mechanical
energy) into electricity (electrical energy) by the electromagnetic induction. The
phenomenon of induction can be summarized as follows: an electric charge experiences
force in the direction perpendicular to both the direction of relative motion and of the
magnetic field lines when the charge has relative motion to the magnetic field either by
displacement or changing the intensity. Acting on the many charges contained in a
conducting materialusually, electrons in a wirethis force becomes an electromotive
force ( EMF) that produces a voltage or potential drop along the wire and thus causes an
electric current (the induced current) to flow. A generator is designed to obtain an
induced current in a as a result of mechanical movement, which is utilized to continually
change a magnetic field near the conductor. The generator thus achieves a conversion of
energy of motion into electrical energy mediated by the magnetic field that exerts
forces on the electric charges.
Generator is the opposite of electric motor which converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy likewise mediated by the magnetic field. As far as the physical
30

principles are concerned, electric generators and motors are very similar devices; in fact,
an actual generator can be operated as a motor and vice versa.
Rating of generator:
Manufacturing company
Phase
Type
Excitation voltage
Max. ambient air temperature
Inlet coolant temperature
Stator insulation class
Rotor insulation class
Stator winding cooling
Rotor winding cooling
Stator connection
Direction of rotor
Speed
Output capacity
Armature current
Field current
Armature voltage
Made in Japan

Toshiba
3
TAKS
570kV
50 degree C
64 degree C
F
F
Water
Hydrogen
Star
Counter clockwise
3000RPM
930 MVA/ 830MW
21318 amps
5250 amps
26000V
Year-2009

Fig. Generator

Transformer
Transformer is an equipment to step up or step down the voltage without affecting the
power transfer. In the switch yard, there are some transformers used in switch yard:
1. Generator transformer
2. Station transformer
31

 Generator transformer:
(Power) is just after the generator. This transformer step up the voltage to reduced the
power losses. In CGPL, there are 3 transformers (single phase) are used for supply from
generator. There are some reasons to used three transformers:
a. size of a single power transformer is very huge compare to 3 single phase
transformer,
b. The overall cost is much less,
c. The maintenance is less,
d. In India, transformer for 830MW power is not available.

Fig. connection (delta to Y) of three single phase transformer

Fig. Generator transformer

Rating of Generator transformer

Manufacturing company
Type of cooling
Phase
Power rating
No load voltage

BHEL
OFAF
1
310MVA
At LV side
At HV side
At LV side
At HV side
50 hz

Line current
Frequency
32

26kV
420/3kV
11923 amps
1278

CONNECTION
Insulation

Ynd1
At LV side
At HV side

LI/AC, 170/30
SI/LI/AC, 1050/1300/630

Station transformer:
Station transformers are installed to supply the power needed at power plant itself.
In CGPL, Station transformer has one primary winding and two secondary winding Yphases. The ratings of transformers are 26kV/11kV and 26kV/6.6kV. The connection of
instruments and equipment are decided according to the need of instrument and
equipment. There are three transformers are connected to one unit so that the supply to
equipments will not interrupt.
Rating of station transformer
Manufacturing company
Types of cooling
No load voltage
At HV side
At LV side
Line current
At HV side
At LV side
Phase
Connection

BHEL
ONAF

OFAF

ONAN

26kV
11.5kV
1398amps 1119 amps
1581 amps 1265 amps
3
Dyn11yn11

891 amps
948 amps

Unit Transformer:
Unit transformer is directly coupled to the unit itself so when that unit is in running
condition it supplies power to which are coupled to auxiliaries directly or through unit
auxiliary transformer depending upon load. Unit auxiliaries are those which are directly
associated with the generating unit such as ID and FD fans, Boiler feed pumps, coal
mills, fans, circulating water pumps etc.

33

Fig. Unit Transformer

Rating of unit transformer:

Manufacturing company
Rating of transformer
Types of cooling
High voltage
Low voltage
Line current
At HV side
At LV side
Phase
Connection

BHEL
310 MVA
ONAN
11kV
6.3kV
524.86amps
836.74 amps
3
Ynd1

Outgoing Lines:
Outgoing Lines are generally made of conductors same as of Bus Bar conductors
& these are used to transmit the generated power to substation or load centre from
generating station.

CONTROLLING OF SWITCHYARD
The Controlling of switchyard equipments done by SCADA (Supervisory Control
and Data Acquisition) system which is given as below:
To Charge an outgoing line from Generator by using Bus Bars (Refer attached SLD):

First of all charge Main Bus-1 & Main Bus-2 by closing Bus Sectionalizer-1 & 2 i.e.
circuit breaker- GS001 & GS002 respectively with respective Isolators. It is noted before
34

closing of Isolators the Earth switch of Bus Bars & Sectionalizer Isolators side must be
opened.

When Main Bus- 1 & 2 got charged check the Bus PT ( Potential Transformer) must
show both Bus voltages as it is most necessary requirement of bus voltage at the time of
synchronization of generator from bus bars & then from Grid.

Now all the earth switches of all the required isolators must be opened. Now close all the
isolators of GT-5 bay & Bus Coupler bay on no-load condition i.e. generator on no-load
or not synchronized.

Now close the circuit breaker of Bus Coupler bay & Main Bus-2 Side i.e. GS003
respectively & circuit breaker of Main Bus-1 & Tie Breaker must be open to avoid back
charging of generator from Main Bus-1 or 2 i.e. GS002 open respectively.

As synchronizing parameters matched i.e. Line Voltage, Phase Angle & Frequency close
the Tie circuit breaker- GS002 & check the Active & Reactive Power flow on line, as
power is start to export i.e. it start to give LDC or grid close the circuit breaker of Main
Bus-1 side to maintain the generated power flow through both buses.
To Discharge an outgoing line from Generator by using Bus Bars (Refer attached SLD):

In case unit or Generator (GT) is to be taken under shut down first of all circuit breakers
of Tie Breaker &

Main Bus-1 side simultaneously opened i.e. GS003 & GS002

respectively to avoid back charging of generator.

Now Open the Circuit Breaker i.e. GS001 of Main Bus-2 Side opened to discharge GT-5
bay.

Now open all the isolators of GT-5 bay on no load condition i.e. after opening of all
circuit breakers of the respective bay & close the earth switches to remove/ ground the
trapped voltages on the circuit.

As Reactor is in charged condition from Main Bus-1 so it is not needed to give shut down
the Buses, these may keep in charged condition otherwise Reactor will be tripped.

PROTECTION OF SWITCHYARD

35

All switchyard equipments are provided with adequate protections for their safety from
various fault causing conditions, to avoid the damage.For protection here 1 & 1/2 (one and half)
breaker scheme is used, the two sides breakers GS001and GS003 are used for bus bar and the
middle tie breaker GS002 is used for both. Various protections for installed equipments are
discussed as follows:
Bus Bars Protection:
Majority of the faults occurs on bus bars are single phase in nature. The clearing of bus fault
requires the opening of all the circuits branching from the faulty bus or bus section. Commonly
used bus protection given as below:
1. Back Up Protection: In principle it is the simplest of all to protect the buses with the aid of
backup protections of the connected supplying elements which should respond to any fault
appearing on the buses. When no separate bus protection is provided but distance is provided
for the feeders connected to the bus. Bus backup protection may also mean that in case the
breaker fails to operate for a fault on the outgoing feeder, then it regarded as bus fault. It
opens all the breakers on that bus. Backup protection with appropriate time delay through a
timer of 3 sec is used.
2. Differential Over Current Protection: This protection is based on simple circulating
current principle that under normal operating conditions or under external fault conditions the
sum of currents entering into bus bar will be equal to the sum of currents leaving the bus bar.
In case the sum of these currents is not zero, it must be due to short-circuit either a ground
fault or phase to phase fault. This protection scheme is used for both types of faults i.e. phase
to phase faults & ground faults. The setting of differential relay for differential protection is
given 1.2 times of rated current.
It is based on the fact that any fault within electrical equipment would cause the current
entering it to be different from the current leaving it.
By comparing the two currents either in magnitude or in phase or in both, fault can be
determined. It is an attractive option if both the ends of the apparatus are located near each
other.

36

3. Breaker Failure: This scheme protects the bus bars, by isolating the bus bars from faults
generated in the any other bay of switchyard, by which fault may damage other healthy
equipments which are connected from these bus bars.

Line Protection: Line Protection is used to protect the transmission lines from internal or
external faults. Some of important line protections given as below:
1. Distance Protection: Distance protection is the name given to the protection, whose action
depends upon the distance of the feeding point to the fault. The time of operation of this
protection is a function of the ratio of voltage & current i.e. impedance. This impedance
between the relay & the fault depends up on the electrical distance between them. It is a nonunit type protection; the protection zone is not exact. It is the high speed protection & is
simply to apply & can be employed as primary as well as back-up protection to protect a line
from any external fault.
2. Over-current & Earth Fault Protection: Generally a set of two or three over-current relays
employed for protection against phase to phase faults & a separate over-current relay for
single line to ground faults. Separate Earth fault relays are generally preferred because they
can be adjusted to provide faster & more sensitive protection for single line to ground faults
than that can be provided by the phase relays. Setting for Over-current protection is given 1.8
times of full load current of the line.
3. Overvoltage Protection: Overvoltage protection of the line is given to protect the line &
related equipments like CT, PTs from saturation & short circuiting between two phases due to
high corona which depends on line voltage. Setting for Overvoltage protection is given 110%
of rated line voltage with a delay of 3 second at first stage & instantaneous tripping of line
112% of rated line voltage.
Circuit Breaker Protection: Circuit Breaker is very important & costly device, which protects
the equipment from damage, which mostly presents as severe faults. Some circuit breaker
protections are listed as below:
1. Loss of SF6 gas or cooling media: This protection is used to avoid the damage due to arc
production b/w making or breaking contacts from overheating due to loss of cooling media.
37

2. Pole Discrepancy: This Protection is used to protect the separate phase contacts of circuit
breaker during making or breaking operation, generally not closing of one or more contacts
properly, which may further cause damage to system due to unbalanced circuit loading.
3. SF6 Pressure low: This protection trips the breaker if SF6 gas pressure reduces below 0.5
MPa, as at low pressure gas may not have sufficient cooling properties as contacts may
damage.
4. Anti Pumping: This protection protects the breaker & its contacts from instant closing of
breaker after a trip by a number of fast commands issued by DCS or operating personal.

Reactor Protection: Reactor is itself an important & costly device in a protection system & its
protections are listed as below:
1. Overload Protection: An overload relay of setting 1.5 times of rated load is provided to

protect reactor from overloading in cases like more reactive power supply to system.
2. Overvoltage Protection: This Protection is used to protect the reactor core from saturation

due to high voltage by isolating the reactor if bus voltage going 112% of rated bus bar
voltage.
3. Buchholz Protection: This protection protects the reactor from severe faults like winding

short circuits & core faults etc. This is gas based protection, which generally evolves during a
fault.
4. Oil & Winding Temperature Protection: This protection is provided to protect the reactor

core & windings from overheating as winding & oil temperature increases due to any
external fault or atmospheric condition, which may cause a severe damage to core &
windings.
5. Pressure Relief Protection: It is the only mechanical protection provided to reactor to avoid

the damage to core, windings & tank from excessive gas pressures during a fault, by
removing excess pressure to atmosphere & also connected to trip circuit to isolate the reactor.

38

CONCLUSION
Summer training helped me to realize the importance of each and every subject. I realized
that even thought practical knowledge is very necessary; one cannot do without the theory part
which forms the base. I came to know that no matter in which department you are, you need to
knowledge of each and every field & everything should me in balanced manner. This has led me
to give importance to everything in life as everything has its own importance.
This power plant is Indias first Ultra Mega Power Project, based on super critical
technology, Here Indias biggest oil handling plant, coal handling plant, power generation unit,
cooling water arrangement is available.
This training enables me to supplement my study with a practical bias has vital
orientation with industry.
For an electrical engineering student the working at the power plant is must. It was my
pleasure that I got chance to be trained at the Thermal Power Station.
From the Study of Control & Protection of Switchyard we can conclude the following:

All Bus Voltages and Loading is kept within specified limits by varying the Active &
Reactive Power at Sending End.

In Case of Faults, Relays detects & senses the same & initiates the fast action for the
isolation of equipments to protect them from a severe damage.

All the equipments installed have their own protection schemes which coordinate with
other system also for an effective & reliable operation of switchyard.

I get introduced to whole generation process of electrical power.

I got knowledge of the whole equipment used for the protection system.
I introduced the switchyard and their protection.
I understand about the latest technologies used for the controlling.
I also introduced the latest equipments in the power plant.

39

REFERENCE
Tata Power
http://tatapower.com/aboutus/coastal-gujarat-power-ltd.aspx

L&T Power
http://www.larsentoubro.com/lntcorporate/common/ui_templates/HtmlContainer.aspx?
res=P_PWR_DSCT

Books
Energy Talk
Anjani Shakti

40