ELEMEN MESIN

(RI.1232)

LECTURE IV & V

Sambungan
Sambungan Las
Analisa dan Perhitungan
Applikasi
Dosen:
Fahmi Mubarok, ST., MSc.
Metallurgy Laboratory
Mechanical Engineering
ITS- Surabaya
2008

http://www.its.ac.id/personal/material.php?id=fahmi

Fahmi Mubarok
Elemen Pengikat (Fasteners, Connectors, Joints): Introduksi

Fasteners
Permanent

Detachable

Rivets

Bolts

Weldments

Cotter Pins

Metal Stitching

Keys
Snap Rings

Sambungan permanen: sambungan yang rusak bila dilepas.

Sambungan detachable : sambungan yang dapat digunakan atau dilepas sewaktu-waktu tanpa merusak sambungan itu sendiri.
Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

IV 2

Sambungan Las: Apliklasi

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

Fahmi Mubarok

IV 3

Welding

Fahmi Mubarok

What is welding?
Welding is a fusion process, in which metal parts are heated to the melting point and fused
together, usually with a filler of the same material melted along with the parent material.

Temperature
control is the
most
important
parameter
associated
with
obtaining a
good weld.

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

IV 4

Welding

Fahmi Mubarok

Advantages

Basic Weld Design Objectives

Welding is a very efficient

way of joining metals
Welding is labour intensive
In a welded structure subject to
fluctuating loads, the strength
of the welds determine the
strength of the structure
It is important to select the
right weld type for the right
job

Will perform its intended function

Will have the desired reliability &
safety
Is capable of being constructed
fabricated
inspected
transported
assembled
Has minimum cost

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

IV 5

Modern Welding Processes

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

Fahmi Mubarok

IV 6

Arc Welding

Fahmi Mubarok

Electric current flowing through a

high resistance air gap generates an
intense arc with temperatures ranging
from 6,000 to 10,000 oF.

Arc welding is the

most common
method used with
structural steel
welding.
Arc Welding Instructions for the Beginner, Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation, Fig. 9&13
Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

IV 7

Metode Pengelasan: Arc Welding

Fahmi Mubarok

Shielded Metal-Arc-Welding Process

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

IV 8

Metode Pengelasan: Arc Welding

Fahmi Mubarok

Submerged Arc-Welding Process

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

IV 9

Metode Pengelasan: Arc Welding

Fahmi Mubarok

Flux-Cored Arc-Welding Process

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

IV 10

Metode Pengelasan: Arc Welding

Fahmi Mubarok

Plasma-Arc-Welding Processes

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

IV 11

MIG or GMAW

Fahmi Mubarok

Argon and CO2 are common inert gases used in the MIG process. A
mixture of 75% Argon and 25% CO2 (C-25) is also very common.
Continuously fed filler wire makes MIG welding suited to high volume,
machine assisted industrial welding applications.
Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

IV 12

TIG or GTAW

Fahmi Mubarok

The shielding gas in the TIG process is Helium. This gives rise to the
term heli-arc welding.
The TIG process is considered the most precise, most controllable, and
cleanest method of welding.
The TIG process can be used to make welds of great strength and quality in
thin, light, and dissimilar materials.
Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

IV 13

Sambungan Las: Metode Pengelasan

Fahmi Mubarok

Electrogas-Welding
Proces

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

IV 14

Sambungan Las: Metode Pengelasan

Fahmi Mubarok

Electroslag-Welding
Process

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

IV 15

Soldering and Brazing

Soldering and
brazing are common
methods of joining
two metals.
Soldering and
brazing are not
welding processes because they do not
melt the parent material.
In soldering and brazing, the parent
metal is heated and the the filler metal is
melted into the joint where it cools.
Lead based filler metals are used in
soldering and brass based filler metals
are used in brazing.

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

Fahmi Mubarok

In brazing, the filler material (silver,

brass, bronze) has a melting point
above 425 C; and,
In soldering, the filler material (lead,
tin) has a melting point well below
425 C.
Capillary forces for the wetting and
flow of the liquid metal into the gaps.
Proper fluxes for lowering surface
tension, remove oxides, and prevent
oxidation.

IV 16

Filler Metals

Fahmi Mubarok

Filler metal rods and wires are designated

by a system established by the American
Welding Society (AWS).

The static strength of a good weld is

often higher than the base material.
Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

IV 17

Identifikasi Elektrode Pengelasan

Fahmi Mubarok

Identifikasi tatanama elektrode telah dilakukan oleh AWS (American Welding

Sosiety), misalnya:

1/8" E6011
dimana

1/8"
= diameter elektrode (variasinya antara 1/16" sd 5/16".
E = simbol standar untuk elektrode.
60 = kekuatan tarik (tensile strength) , 60.000 psi = 60 ksi.
1 = posisi elektrode.
EXX1X: semua posisi
EXX2X: posisi flat dan horisontal
EXX3X: posisi flat
1 = tipe pelapisan eletrode dan arus dalam pengelasan.
EXX10: DC+ (DC reverse or DCRP) electrode positive.
EXX11: AC or DC- (DC straight or DCSP) electrode negative.
EXX12: AC or DC+
EXX13: AC, DC- or DC+

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

IV 18

Residual Stresses

Fahmi Mubarok

The uneven heating and cooling in welding operations gives

rise to significant residual stresses in the vicinity of the
weld.
The residual stresses may distort the part.
The residual stresses and discontinuities in a weld have a
significant influence on the fatigue life of a part.
The fatigue life of a weld is often less than the base
material.
Residual stresses are influenced by the % carbon found in
the material being joined.
Residual stresses may be removed by annealing.
Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

IV 19

AWS

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

Fahmi Mubarok

IV 20

AWS (contd)

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

Fahmi Mubarok

IV 21

Typical Welding Symbol

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

Fahmi Mubarok

IV 22

Typical Welding Symbol (contd)

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

Fahmi Mubarok

IV 23

Sambungan Las: Model Sambungan

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

Fahmi Mubarok

IV 24

Klasifikasi Mode Pembebanan

Fahmi Mubarok

Welding
Symmetrically
Loaded
In Tension

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

In Shear

Eccentrically
Loaded
On Plane

Out of Plane

IV 25

Butt Welds

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

Fahmi Mubarok

IV 26

Welds Loaded in Shear

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

Fahmi Mubarok

IV 27

Welds Loaded in Shear (contd)

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

Fahmi Mubarok

IV 28

Example

Fahmi Mubarok

The figure shows a horizontal steel bar, 3/8 in thick, loaded in tension and
welded to a vertical support. Find the load F that will cause a shear stress
in the welds of 20 kpsi.

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

IV 29

Answer
Diketahui:
= 20 kpsi
tbar= 3/8
hlasan=5/16
Llasan = 2

Fahmi Mubarok

F
=
A

A = 0.7071.h.L
20.000 psi =

F
0.7071x 5 " x(2 x 2" )
16

F = 20.000 lb

in

x0.884in 2

F = 22.6 kip

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

IV 30

ELEMEN MESIN
(RI.1232)

LECTURE VI

Sambungan
-Sambuangan Baut dan Mur
-Sambungan Pen
- Sambungan Pasak
Dosen:
Fahmi Mubarok, ST., MSc.
Metallurgy Laboratory
Mechanical Engineering
ITS- Surabaya
2008

Selamat Idul Fitri!