Introduction To MATLAB

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Introduction to MATLAB
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and Simulink ., D
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Presented by:
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Ravikiran B. A.
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a
Asst. Professor, Dept of ECE ir
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KSSEM
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Introduction to MATLAB and Simulink
What is
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MATLAB?
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The Language of Technical Computing
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Numerical Programming Environment

MATLAB - MATrix LABoratory
,
.
A
High-Level Interpreted Language

Uses:
Analyze Data
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Create Models and
vApplications.
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Multidisciplinary
Applications
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Develop Algorithms
K. S. School of Engineering and Management
What Can I Do with MATLAB?
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Acquire and Analyze Data from different sources

Data from Measuring and Sensing Instruments
Recorded Data (Spreadsheets, text files, images, audio files, etc)
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Analyze Data using different tools
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Develop Functions and Algorithms
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B plots, etc
Visualize Data in terms ofngraphs,
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Simulink is used to Develop
Models and Applications
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Deploy Code as a
Standalone
Applications
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Where Can I use MATLAB?

MATLAB is a Multi-discipinary Tool
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Can be used in any Numerical Computation Application
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ACurve fitting, Optimization)
Mathematics(Symbolic Math, Statistics,
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Communications & Signal Processing
(RF, LTE, DSP, Wavelets)
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n Computer Vision)
Machine Vision (Image Processing,
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Control Systems (Fuzzy
Logic, Predictive Control, Neural Networks)
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v and Distributed Computing
Parallel Computing
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Statistics and
Curve Fitting
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Computational
Finance ( Financial, Econometrics, Trading, etc)
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Instrument Control, Vehicle Networks (CAN) , Aerospace
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90+ Toolboxes in multiple fields
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Where can I use Simulink?
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Simulink is a Block Diagram Environment for Multidomain
simulation and Model-Based Design.

f
o
Build, Simulate and Analyze models using tBlocks.
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Connect to External Hardware (FPGA,
,. D DSP Processors,
Microprocessor, Microcontroller,Aetc) and run the models there
.
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directly.
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Simscape (Physical Systems Mechanical, Electrical, Hydraulic, etc)
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SimMechanics ( Robotics, Vehicle Suspensions, HIL system support)
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y (Hydraulic Components)
SimHydraulics
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SimRF
(RF Systems)
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tSimPowerSystems (Electrical Power Systems)
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SimDriveline (1-D Driveline System Simulation)
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SimElectronics (Motors, Drives, Sensors, Actuators, etc)

Why bother using them?
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perform mathematical operations very efficiently.
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High speed of computation.
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Easy to learn and write MATLAB code.
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Tons of built-in code and freely. available
User-submitted code.
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Simulink uses Block
approach with Drag-And-Drop.
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Easy to use and
implement models.
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No hasslebdeployment of same model to multiple devices
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MATLAB has optimized mathematical algorithms which
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MATLAB
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The MATLAB Screen
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Command Window
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Type commands
Current Directory
View folders and m-files
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Workspace
View program variables
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Double click on a variable
to see it in the Array Editor
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Command History
y
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View Past Commands
Save a d
whole session
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t Diary
using
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Matrices Matrices Everywhere
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MATLAB works primarily (almost exclusively) with matrices.
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MATLAB functions are optimized to handle matrix operations.
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MATLAB can handle upto 13-dimensional matrices.
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Loops can be vectorized for faster operations.
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Matrices - Arrays and Vectors
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Matrix is a one- or multi-dimensional array of elements.
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Elements can be numerical, variables or string elements.
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By default, MATLAB stores numbers as double precision.
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ALL data in MATLAB are viewed as matrices.
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Matrices can be:

Created Manually by User
Generated by MATLAB Functions
Imported from stored databases or files
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Array Declaration
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Unlike C, MATLAB is an interpreted language. So, there is no
need for Type Declaration.

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A single variable is interpreted as 1x1 matrix.
pt
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.,
>> a = 5
a=
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A
.
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Arrays are represented as a series of numbers (or characters)
k
within square brackets,
with or without a comma separating the
i
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values.
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b
d
>> b = [1 2 3 4 5]
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a
b=
% Percentage Symbol indicates Comment
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Multidimensional Arrays
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brackets, with the ; (semicolon) operator indicating
end of a
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f
row.
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>> c = [1 2 3 ; 4 5 6 ; 7 8 9 ; 10 11 12]
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A
c=
.
B
1 2 3
n
4 5 6
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i
7 8 i9k
v12
10 11
a
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c is now a 2-D
array with 4 rows and 3 columns
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b
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a
e : Variable names are case sensitive and can be upto 31 characters long, and have
Note
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2-D or Multidimensional Arrays are represented within square
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Strings
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Character strings are treated as arrays too.

>> name = 'Ravi
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is the same as
>> name = [R a v i]
And gives the output:

name =
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Ravi
.
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Strings and Characters

are both declared within SINGLE
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quotes (b)y
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Array Indices
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Unlike in case of C, MATLAB array indices start from 1.
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>> d = [1 2 3 ; 4 5 6]
d=
1
4
2
5
3
6
.
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,
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A
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Addressing an element of the array is done by invoking the
nnumber.
elements row and column
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nd row and 3rd
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In order to fetch the
value
of
an
element
in
the
2
v
a
column, we use:
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>> e = d(2,3)
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a e=
6
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Addressing multiple elements
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commands to address multiple elements in an array.
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oelements in a row
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The : (colon) operator is used to address all
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or column.
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The : operator basically tells the
Ainterpreter to address ALL
.
B
elements.
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The : operator can also
be used to indicate a range of indices.
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Rather than addressing single elements, we can also use
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Consider the earlier example: d = [1 2 3; 4 5 6]

>> f = d(1, :)
% Address All elements of 1st Row
f=
1
>> g = d(:,2)
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% Address All elements in 2nd Column
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g=
2
5
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>> h = d(1:2,1:2) y %Address Rows from 1 to 2 and Columns from 1 to 2
b
h=
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Generating Matrices
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In some cases, we need to generate large matrices, which is difficult
to generate manually.
There are plenty of built-in commands for this purpose!
of
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>> i = 0:10
i=
0
% Generate numbers from 0 to 10 (Integers)
>> j = 0:0.2:1
j=
9 10
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A
.
B
% Generate numbers from 0 to 1, in steps of 0.2
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0 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000
a
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>> k = [1:3; 4:6;7:9] % Generate a 3x3 matrix of numbers 1 through 9
y
b
k=
1d 2 3
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t4 5 6
a
e 7 8 9
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Generating Matrices
>> l = ones(3,2)
%Generate a 3x2 matrix populated with 1s
l=
1
1
1
1
1
1
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,
.
>> m = zeros(2,4) %Generate a 2x4 matrix ofA
0s
.
m=
B
n
0 0 0 0
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0 0 0 0
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k
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a
>> n = rand(3,4) %
Generate a 3x4 matrix of random numbers (Between 0 and 1)
R
y
n=
b
0.8147
0.9134 0.2785 0.9649
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e
0.9058 0.6324 0.5469 0.1576
t
a
e 0.1270 0.0975 0.9575 0.9706
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Generating Range of Values
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, a and b
x = linspace(a,b,n)
% Generates n linearly-spaced values between
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(inclusive)
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>> x = linspace(0,1,7)
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x=
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, 0.8333 1.0000
.
0 0.1667 0.3333 0.5000 0.6667
A
.
B
n n values between 10 and 10 in logarithm
x = logspace(a,b,n)
% Generates
a
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space
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>> x = logspace(0,1,7)
y
x= b
d
1.0000 1.4678 2.1544 3.1623 4.6416 6.8129 10.0000
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Matrix Operations
Operations upon Matrices can be of two types:
Element-wise Operation
Matrix-wise Operation
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Common Arithmetic Operations:

Addition (+)
Subtraction (-)
Multiplication (*)
Division (/)
Exponentiation (^)
Matrix Inverse (inv)
Left Division (\) [A\B is equivalent to INV(A)*B]
Complex Conjugate Transpose ()
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Matrix Operations
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By default, the Operators perform Matrix-wise operations.
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dimension mismatch, specially with exponentiation,
division
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and multiplication.
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,
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In case of scalar + matrix operations,
A matrix-wise operations are
.
B
equivalent to element-wise operations.
n
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ie.
i
k
i
v = [Scalar + Matrix(i,j)]
Scalar + Matrix
a
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Scalar
y* Matrix = [Scalar * Matrix(i,j)]
b
d
A doteoperator(.)
preceding the operator indicates Element-wise
t
a
operations.
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During Matrix-wise operations, care must be taken to avoid
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Examples
a = [2 5; 8 1];
% 2 x 2 Matrix
b = [1 2 3; 4 5 6];
% 2 x 3 Matrix
t
c = [1 3; 5 2; 4 6];
% 3 x 2 Matrix
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Matrix Addition (or Subtraction): ,
.
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Let
>> y = b+c'
y=
5 8
9 12
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n
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k
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a
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y
Complement:
b
d
d=
e
t
a
A
.
B
% b and c have different dimensions.

2
6
>> d = c'
of
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C
E
% d is now a 2x3 matrix

1
3
5
2
4
6
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Multiplication
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>> x = b*c
% b(2x3) * c(3x2) = y (2x2). No dimension mismatch
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x=
t
p
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53 58
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A the corresponding
In case of element-wise multiplication,
.
B
elements get multiplied (Matrix
Dimensions must agree)
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k
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>> y = b .* d
% b(2x3)*c(2x3).
No dimension mismatch)
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y=
y
b
1 10 12
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t
12 10 36
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Matrix Multiplication (Or Division):
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Exponentiation
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Element-wise Exponentiation is NOT the same as Matrix-wide
exponentiation.
f
o
Matrix Exponentiation needs square matrixtas input.
p
>> a^2
% Matrix Exponentiation: ans = a * a

ans =
44 20
32 44
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.,
A
.
B
k
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vExponentiation: ans = a .* a
>> a.^2 % Element-wise
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ans =
y
b
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Matrix Concatenation
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Matrices can be concatenated just like elements in a matrix.
f
o
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Row-wise concatenation ( separated by space or commas)

>> f = [b d]
f=
1
4
2
5
3
6
1
3
5
2
n
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4
6
.
B
,
.
A
p
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D
Column-wise concatenation (separated by semicolon)

>> g = [b ; d]
g=
a
R
y1 2
b
d
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k
i
v
4
1
3
5
5
2
3
6
4
6
25
Other useful basic functions
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>> randn(n)
% Generates a (n x n) Normally Distributed RandomE
Matrix
C
>> eye(n)
% Generates a (n x n) Identity Matrix
E
f along Row, Column
>> magic(n)
% Generates a (n x n) Magic Matrix (SameoSum
t
and Diagonal)
p
eprimary diagonal of Matrix A
>> diag(A)
% Extracts the elements along the
D
, diagonal matrix, with A, B, C, .. As
.
>> blockdiag(A,B,C,..)
% Generates a block
A
.
diagonal elements.
B
>> length(x)
% Calculates length
of a vector x
n
a
r
>> [m,n] = size(x) % Gives thei[Rows,Columns]
size of vector x
k
i x towards negative infinity (Floor)
>> floor (x)
% Round
v
a
R
>> ceil (x)
% Round x towards positive infinity (Ceiling)
y
>> clc
% Clears Command Window
b
d
>> clear
% Clears the Workspace Variables
e
t
aclose
>>
% Close Figure Windows
e
r
C >>a = []
%Generates an Empty Matrix
26
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Common Statistics Functions

Function
Description
f
o
t
Max(x)
Return largest element in a vector (each column)
Min(x)
Return smallest element in a vector (each column)
Mean(x)
Std(x)
,
.
A
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Returns mean value of elements in vector (each column)
.
B
Returns standard deviation of elements in vector (each column)
n
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i
Sum(x)
Returns sum of
all
values in vector (each column)
k
i
v of elements in vector (each column)
Prod(x)
Returnsa
product
R
Sort(x)
Sorts
y values in vector in ascending order
b
Corr(x) d Returns Pair-wise correlation coefficient
e
t
a
Plots histogram of vector x
eHist(x)
Median(x)
Returns median of elements in vector (each column)
Cr
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VISUALIZATIONSoAND
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GRAPHICS ., De
A
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Graphs, plots and Histograms
B
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MATLAB Graphics
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MATLAB provides a wide variety of graphics to visualize data.
f
o
t
Graphics have Interactive tools to manipulate and extract
information from them.

p
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Graphs can be saved, printed and downloaded
in different image
,. D
formats for use elsewhere.
A
.
MATLAB is capable of: n B
a
r
i
ik
2-D plots (Line, bar, area, Pie, histogram, stem, scatter plots, etc)
v
a
R
3-D plots (Contour, surf, mesh, etc)
y
b
Polar plots (Polar and Compass plots)
d
e
t plots (Feather and Compass plots)
Vector
a
e
Image Processing (Histogram, Image display,etc)
Cr
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2-D plots
plot(xdata_1, ydata_1, LineSpec_1,..,
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xdata_n,ydata_n,LineSpec_n);
f
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xdata Independent variable
p
e
ydata Dependent Variable(s)
D
,
.
A Symbol, color, line style,
LineSpec Line attributes (Marker
.
B
etc)
n
a
r
i
ik
v
a
R
Care must be taken to ensure that xdata and ydata have the same
dimensions
y(no. of columns).
b
d
If ydata
has multiple rows, each rows data will be overlaid on
e
t
agraph.
the
e
r
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The Figure Window
S
K
,
f
o
t
Edit Plot
Zoom
In/Out
n
a
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Pan
Control
.
B
,
.
A
p
e
D
k
i
v
a
R
y
b
d
Rotate
E
C
E
Insert
Legend
Insert
Colorbar
e
t
Data
a
e
CrCursor
31
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2-D plot Example

x = 0:0.1:2*pi;
y = sin(x);
z = cos(x);
figure(1);
plot(x, y, 'r--', x, z, 'b-o');
title('Sin(x) vs Cos(x)');
legend('Sin(x)','Cos(x)');
xlabel('Independent Variable (x)');
ylabel('Dependent Variables (y,z)');
n
a
ir
A
.
B
S
K
% Independent Variable : x,
E
% Dependent Variable
1:y
C
E 2:z
% Dependent Variable
f
o No. 1.
% Create Figure
t
% Plot
ypand z wrt x
e
,. %DApply Title to Plot
% Include Legend
% Label X-Axis
% Label Y-Axis
k
i
v
Note: In plot, LineaAttributes
are enclosed in single quotes.
R
r and
b
here specify Line Colors (red and blue
y
b
respectively)
d
e
t -- and -o here indicate the Line Style (Dashed, and

a
e
Dashed with circles respectively)
r
C
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2-D Plot Example
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33
Title of the Plot
M
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K
,
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C
E
This command adds the string contents to the Title.
f
o
t
p
>>title(['Hello. The value of \pi = ',num2str(3.14159),' e
approximately']);
,. D
A
.
B
n first converted to string (num2str)
Numerical content has rtoabe
i
k
and then appended as
i a string.
v
a strings, we use the comma operator, and
In order to append
R
y within square brackets (remember, MATLAB sees
enclose them
b
d
everything
as vectors!)
e
t
a
Backslash
Operator (\) is used to include special characters (Eg.
e
r
C \alpha, \beta, etc.)
Syntax: title(String to be displayed);
34
Axes Labels and Legend
M
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,
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C
Egraph/line.
to add legends, each corresponding to a separate
f
o
legend(label_1, label_2, , label_n);
t
p
e
xlabel is used to label the X-axis, and ylabel is used to label the YD
,
.
axis.
A
.
B
LATEX conventions can be used
here as well.
n
a
\ for special characters,
^ for superscript and _ for subscript,
r
i
k
i
etc.
v
a
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y
b
d
e
t
a
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C
In case of multiple graphs in the same window, we use legend
35
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Logarithmic Scales
S
K
,
Plot command plots values in linear scale.
f
o
t
E
C
E
In case we need to plot values in logarithmic scale we use:

semilogx(x,y) Where only X-axis is in logarithmic scale
p
e
D
semilogy(x,y) Where only Y-axis is in logarithmic scale
.
B
,
.
A
loglog(x,y) Where both X and Y axes are in logarithmic scale
n
a
ir
k
i
v
a
R
y
b
d
e
t
a
e
r
C
36
Multiple Plots in the same graph
M
E
S
S
K
,
E
C
E one graph
use the hold on command to tell MATLAB tofhold
while we plot the other ones on top of it. t o
p
e
>> a = 1:10;
D
,
.
>> b = 1:0.5:10;
% Two different independent
variables in one graph
A
.
>> x = a.^1.5;
B
n
>> y = 10*sin(b);
a
r
i
>> plot(a,x,'r-*');
k
i
v % Hold the graph
>> hold on;
a
>> plot(b,y,'c-o'); R
y
b
>> hold off;
% Once all graphs are plotted, stop adding more graphs
d
e
>> legend('x
% (^ - superscript , _ - subscript)
t = a^1^.^5','y = 10 sin(b)');
a
e
r
C
In case multiple plots need to be added to the same graph, we
37
M
E
S
Multiple plots (using HOLD)

f
o
t
n
a
ir
.
B
,
.
A
S
K
,
E
C
E
p
e
D
k
i
v
a
R
y
b
d
e
t
a
e
r
C
38
Multiple plots in the same window
M
E
S
S
K
,
E
C
E
In case we need to use multiple plots in the same figure
window, we use the subplot function.

f
o
t
Syntax: subplot(m, n, index);
p
e
Where : m = No. of rows of plots to,be
in the window
D
.
A to be in the window
n = No. of columns of .plots
B
index = The indexnof the plot to be shown
a
r
i
ik
v
a
Example: To display
a value as the 5th plot in a 2x3 alignment of
R
y
plots, we write:
b
d
>> subplot(2,3,5);
e
at y, r);
>> e
plot(x,
Cr
39
M
E
S
Problem
Given:
T = 0:1e-5:2e-3
% Time base
Fc = 1e4; fm = 2e3
% Signal Frequencies
Vm = 3V; Vc =5V
% Signal Voltages
Wm = 2 fm; Wc = 2 fc
% Angular Frequencies
f
o
t
n
a
ir
.
B
,
.
A
S
K
,
E
C
E
p
e
D
Plot the following signals:

Modulating Signal : vm = Vm sin wmt
Carrier Signal : vc = Vc sin wct
k
i
v
a
R
y
b
d
Plot the AM Wave:

vAM = (Vc+Vm sinwmt)sin wct
e
t
a
e
r
C
40
M
E
S
3-D Plots
S
K
,
MATLAB also supports 3-D plots (x,y,z).

mesh Draw mesh plot (wireframe)
surf Draw shaded mesh plots
.
B
contour Draw contour plots

plot3 3-D Line plot
n
a
ir
,
.
A
f
o
t
E
C
E
p
e
D
k
i
v
a
R
y
plot3 is used whenever Z needs to be plotted as a function of X
and Y. This
is a line plot in 3-dimensions
b
d mesh offer surface plots.
e
Surftand
a
e
rContour plots provide projection in 2-D space.
41
M
E
S
3-D plots : plot3
S
K
,
Example:
f
o
t
x = 0 : pi/50 : 10*pi;
y = sin(x);
z = cos(x);
plot3(x,y,z)
grid on;
n
a
ir
.
B
,
.
A
E
C
E
p
e
D
k
i
v
a
R
y
b
d
e
t
a
e
r
C
42
M
E
S
3-D plots : mesh & surf
S
K
,
E
C
E
mesh is used to plot a wireframe plot of a variable z, which is a
function of two variables x and y. [z = f (x,y)] f

t o of x and y.
Surf is used to plot a surface map of z as p
a function
e
General syntax : surf(X, Y, Z)
D
,
.
mesh(X, Y, Z) . A
B
If x is a (1 x m) sized vector,
and y is a (1 x n) sized vector, the
n
a
r
i
z vector has to be of ksize (m x n).
i
v
a z has to have a corresponding value.
For every (x,y) pair,
R
y
b
d
e
t
a
meshgrid function can be used to create a 2-D or 3-D grid with
e given reference vector values.

the
r
C
43
M
E
S
3-D plot : mesh & surf
S
K
,
Example:
f
o
t
[X,Y] = meshgrid(-8:.5:8);
R = sqrt(X.^2 + Y.^2);
Z = sin(R)./R;
%Sinc function
%Mesh Plot
subplot(2,1,1);
mesh(X,Y,Z);
% Surface Plot
subplot(2,1,2);
surf(X,Y,Z);
n
a
ir
.
B
,
.
A
E
C
E
p
e
D
k
i
v
a
R
y
b
d
e
t
a
e
r
C
44
M
E
S
Contour plots
S
K
,
E
C
E
contour function generates a 2-D contour map, from 3-D space.
f
o
t
Contours are color-mapped projection of 3-D surfaces onto 2-D
space.
Example:
[X,Y,Z] = peaks(25);
figure(1);
subplot(2,1,1);
surf(X,Y,Z);
subplot(2,1,2);
contour(X,Y,Z);
n
a
ir
.
B
,
.
A
p
e
D
k
i
v
a
R
y
b
d
e
t
a
e
r
C
45
M
E
S
Surface + Contour Plots
S
K
,
In some cases, we need to
visualize data both as

surface/mesh plots, as well as
contour maps.
.
B
meshc and surfc provide Mesh
n
a
and Surface plots respectively,
r
i
k
i
with the corresponding
contour
v
a
plots shown below.
R
y
b
d
e
t
a
e
r
C
f
o
t
,
.
A
E
C
E
p
e
D
46
M
E
S
S
K
,
f
o
t
E
C
E
p
e
Operators and Control
,. D
A
.
B
n
a
r
i
k
i
v
a
R
y
b
d
e
t
a
e
r
C
Flow
M
E
S
Operators
S
K
,
E
C
E
MATLAB allows the use of relational and logical operators
such as:
f
o
t
== Equal To
~= Not Equal To
<
Smaller Than
>
Greater Than
<= Lesser Than or Equal To
>= Greater Than or Equal To
& Logical AND
|
Logical OR
n
a
ir
.
B
,
.
A
p
e
D
k
i
v
a
R
y
b
d
e
t
a
e
r
C
These Operators can be used for control and decision making.

48
M
E
S
Flow Control
S
K
,
E
C
E
Just like in C-language, MATLAB allows for some flow control
statements like:
f
o
t
If-else
For
While
Break
n
a
ir
.
B
,
.
A
p
e
D
k
i
v
a
R
end of the control
statement loop.
y
b
end replaces
the curly brackets used in C/C++
d
e
t
a
re
Whenever control statements are used, end keyword is used to indicate
49
M
E
S
Control Structure : if-else

Syntax:
Example:
if(condition_1)
Commands_1
elseif(condition_2)
Commands_2
elseif(condition_3)
Commands_3
else
Commands_n
end
y
b
d
S
K
,
E
C
E
f
o
If((a>3)t&(b<5))
p
e
x = [1 0];
D
.,
.A
v
a
R
a
r
i
ik
B
n
elseif(((b==5))
x = [1 1];
else
x = [0 1];
end
e
t
a
e
r
C
50
M
E
S
Control Structure: for

Syntax:
Examples:
for i = index_array
Matlab Commands;
end
i
v
a
R
y
b
d
e
t
a
E
C
E
f
o
for i = -1 : t0.01 : 1
p
e
x = i^2+sin(i);
D
,
.
end
.A
B
n
a
r
i
k
S
K
,
or
for k = [0.2 0.4 0.1 0.8 1.3]
y = sin(k);
end
e
r
C
51
M
E
S
Control Structure : while
S
K
,
E
C
E
MATLAB supports the while statement, but not the do-while
statement.
f
o
t
p
e
D
,. Example:
Syntax:
while(condition)
MATLAB Commands;
end
n
a
ir
k
i
v
A
.
B
while((a>4) | (b==5))
z = x + 1;
end
a
R
y
The break statement

is used whenever we need to terminate the
b
d
execution
e
t of a for or while loop.
a
e
r
52
The find function
M
E
S
S
K
,
The find function in MATLAB is very useful for extracting
E
C
index data from matrices, when used with relational
operators.
E
f
o
Example:
t
p
>> x = rand(1,10); % Generates 1x10 matrix of random
values
e
>> y = x > 0.6
% Finds which of the values in, xD
are greater than 0.6
.
y=
A
.
0 0 1 0 0 B
0 1 0 0 0
nof values in x, which are greater than 0.6
>> y = find(x > 0.6) % Returns indices
a
r
i
y=
k
i
3 a7v
R
In order to extract
the values greater than 0.6, we can use:
y
b
>>y = x((x>0.6))
or
y = x(find(x>0.6))
d
e
t y=
a
e
0.7507 0.6101
r
C
53
M
E
S
S
K
,
f
o
t
p
e
Scripts and Functions
,. D
A
.
B
n
a
r
i
k
i
v
a
R
y
b
d
e
t
a
e
r
C
E
C
E
M
E
S
MATLAB Scripts
S
K
,
E
C
E
Scripts are programs written for interpreters (as opposed to
compilers)
f
o
t
Scripts automate execution of tasks for a p
particular
application.
e syntax
MATLAB scripts are based on C-language
D
,
.
% symbol is used for single line. A
comments.
B
MATLAB does not support
multiline
commenting.
n
a
r
i
MATLAB scripts can
be divided into independently-executable
k
i
v%% symbol (Section Breaks). This is very
sections using the
a
R
useful forblarger
y programs with multiple sections.
d
Scripts
e
t are stored with a .m file extension.
a
e
r
55
M
E
S
A Simple Script
S
K
,
f
o
t
n
a
ir
.
B
,
.
A
E
C
E
p
e
D
k
i
v
a
R
y
b
d
e
t
a
e
r
C
56
M
E
S
S
K
,
E
C
E
window (default in earlier versions of MATLAB).
f
o are shown in
t
When the script is running, the variable attributes
p
e
the Workspace window.
,. D
Whitespaces are very useful for easy
A reading of code.
.
B
The initial comments serve
as
a quick reference with the help
n
a
r
command.
i
k
i
v
a
R
y
b
d
e
t
a
e
r
C
Script Editor window can be undocked from the command
57
M
E
S
MATLAB Functions
S
K
,
E
C
E
Whenever we have huge programs, with repeated operations, it
is preferable to use functions.

f
o
t
Functions make code more readable and compact.
p
e the code.
Functions speed up processing, and,simplify
D
.
Aby a keyword function, and
MATLAB functions are indicated
.
B
can handle multiple variables.
n
a
ir of three types:
MATLAB Functionskare
i
v
Inline Functions a
R
Anonymous
Functions
y
b
Standalone
Functions
d
e
t
ea
Cr
58
M
E
S
Inline Functions
S
K
,
E
C
E
Inline Functions accept (usually numerical) input and return
output.
f
o
t workspace.
Function evaluation takes place in the current
p
e
Keyword used : inline
D
,
.
A I need to evaluate Cosine
Example : Consider a function .where
B
Law: =
+ n
a
r
i
>> cval = inline('sqrt(a^2+b^2-2*a*b*cos(theta))');
k
i
v
>> d = cval(2, 3, pi/6)
a
d=
R
y 1.6148
b
d
e
Invoke
t function cval anywhere within the program.
a
e functions utilize MATLABs symbolic math capability.
r
Inline
C
59
Anonymous Functions
M
E
S
S
K
,
E
C
E data type
program file, but is associated with a variable whose
f
o
is function_handle.
t
p
e
Can contain only a single executable D
statement.
,
.
Faster than inline functions.
A
.
B
Example : Evaluate Cosine
Law
(as earlier)
n
a
r
i
k
i
>> cval = @(a,b,theta)
v sqrt(a^2+b^2-2*a*b*cos(theta));
a
R
>> d = cval(2,3,pi/6)
y
b
d=
d
e
t
1.6148
a
e
Cr
An anonymous function is a function that is not stored in a
60
M
E
S
Function Files
S
K
,
E
C
E
Commands executed in a separate workspace which is created
whenever the function is called.

f
o
t as the function,
Function files are saved with the same name
p
e
with a .m extension.
D
,
.
During function calls, input and A
output arguments have to be
.
B
specified.
n
a
r
The first (command) line
of a Function M-file MUST be a
i
k
i line specifying input and ouput variables.
function declaration
v
a
R
Make sure that
no undefined variable occurs as input to these
y
b
commands!
d
e
t
a
e
r
C
61
M
E
S
Function File Example
S
K
,
File name : quadroots.m
f
o
t
E
C
E
function [root1,root2] = quadroots(a,b,c)

%quadroots calculates the roots of the quadratic equation given by:
% f(x) = ax^2+bx+c
% Given the coefficients a,b,c as input.
root1 = (-b+sqrt(b.^2-4.*a.*c))/(2.*a);
root2 = (-b-sqrt(b.^2-4.*a.*c))/(2.*a);
end
n
a
ir
.
B
,
.
A
p
e
D
k
i
v
Calling the function quadroots
a
R
>> [r1,r2] = quadroots(3,4,2)
r1 =by
d
-0.6667 + 0.4714i
e
t r2 =
a
e
-0.6667 - 0.4714i
Cr
62
M
E
S
Problem
1.
S
K
,
Create a function that generates the factorial of a given

E
C
number.
fE
o
t
p
e
D
.,
n
a
ir
A
.
B
k
i
v
a
R
y
b
d
e
t
a
e
r
C
63
M
E
S
Importing and
Data
n
a
ir
k
i
v
a
R
y
b
d
e
r
C
e
t
a
.
B
E
C
Exporting
E
f
o
t
p
e
,. D
A
S
K
,
M
E
S
Import and Export of Data
S
K
,
E
C
E
MATLAB variables and data can be imported from and
exported to a variety of formats including:

MATLAB formatted data (.mat)
Text (csv, txt, delimited data)
Spreadsheets (xls, xlsx, xlsm, ods)
.
B
Extensible Markup Language (xml)
n
a
ir
,
.
A
f
o
t
p
e
D
Scientific Data (cdf, fits, hdf, h5, nc)
k
i
v
Image (bmp, jpg, png,tiff,gif, pbm, pcf, ico, etc)
a
R
Video (avi,y
mpg, wmv, asf, mp4, mov, etc)
b
d
e
t
a
re
Audio (au, snd, flac, ogg, wav, m4a, mp4, mp3, etc)
65
Import/Export
M
E
S
S
K
,
E
C
E data.
MATLAB commands can be used to import or fexport
o
t
Data import/export can be done in two ways:
p
e
Commands in Command Line
D
,
.
Right Click and Import/Export fromA
Workspace/Command
Window
.
B
n
a
While importing or exporting
data from scripts, we generally
r
i
ik
use the MATLABvcommands.
a
R
Right Click actions are used whenever we are importing data
y
b
from ordexporting data to files, while working in the Command
e
t
window.
a
e
Cr
Depending on the type of files containing the data, different
66
M
E
S
Text Files
csvread
csvwrite
dlmread
S
K
,
Read comma-separated value file

E
C
Write comma-separated value filef E
o
t
Read ASCII-delimited file of
p numeric data into
matrix
,. D
A
dlmwrite
Write matrix to ASCII-delimited
file
.
B
textscan
Read formatted
data from text file or string
n
a
r
i
readtable
Createik
table from file
v
a
writetable Write
table to file
R
type
by Display contents of file
d
e
at
e
r
C
67
Text Import (.txt)
M
E
S
S
K
,
Consider a text file Delhitemp.txt, containing daily average

E
C
temperature data for 20 years (Month-Day-Year-Temp
f E format)
o
t
>> cd('C:\Users\Ravi\Desktop\matlab workshop files\Dataset files');
pdirectory
e
>> fname = 'Delhitemp.txt'; % Name of file in current
D
>> fileID = fopen(fname,'r'); % Open file, (r)ead
,. only
A int, int, int, float
>> fileSpecs = '%d%d%d%f'; %Data format
.
>> C = textscan(fileID,filespecs,'HeaderLines',1);
%Scan text and extract data
B
n
a
r
We See that C is now k
a istructure
with 4 fields:
i
v
C=
a
R
[7125x1 int32] [7125x1 int32] [7125x1 int32] [7125x1 double]
y
b
Now, I can
assign the values to individual fields :
d
e
t
>>TempVals
= C{4} % { } accesses MATLAB cell elements
a
e TempVals is a 7125x1 matrix of floating point values.
r
Now,
C
68
M
E
S
S
K
,
E
C
E
Lets try plotting the temperature variation for the past 20 years!
>>plot(TempVals);
title(['Temperature Variations from ',num2str(C{3}(1,:)), ' to ', num2str(C{3}(end,:))]);
xlabel('Days');
ylabel('Temperature (F)');
f
o
t
Note: C{3}(1,:) accesses the

n
a
first row and all columns r(to
i
k
extract the complete string)
i
v
a 3 (Year)
of Cell Cs fieldRno.
y
Similarly, C{3}(end,:),
b
extractsdthe last year value
e
t
in the
a same field.
.
B
,
.
A
p
e
D
e
r
C
69
M
E
S
Extracting Data
S
K
,
E
C
E
Now, lets try plotting the daily temperatures only for July 2013.
f
o
t
We need to isolate the data pertaining to July in column 1 and
2013 in column 3.
>> Indices = find(C{1}== 7 & C{3}==2013);
>> Plot(C{2}(Indices,:),C{4}(Indices,:));
n
a
ir
.
B
,
.
A
p
e
D
C{2}(Indices,:) grabs the X-axis data

(Days) for the selected range
C{4}(Indices,:) grabs the Y-axis data
(Temperature) for the corresponding
days.
The two lines can be written as:
>> plot(C{2}(find(C{1}== 7 &
C{3}==2013),:),C{4}(find(C{1}== 7 &
C{3}==2013),:)) ;
k
i
v
a
R
y
b
d
e
t
a
e
r
C
70
M
E
S
.csv files
S
K
,
E
C
E
Most databases store data in CSV format (Comma Separated
Value), where the comma is the delimiter.

f
o
t CSV data easy.
MATLABs csvread function makes importing
p
ecol);
Syntax: X = csvread(filename.csv, row,
D
,
.
A and column number from
Here, Row and Col indicate the. row
B
which scanning has to commence.
(zero based)
n
a
r
i
In case the CSV fileskhave headers, titles, explanations, etc, we
i
v
can skip those lines
from the files and point the (Row, Col)
a
R
values to the
cell
where the data begins.
y
b
Onceethe
import is done, X becomes a matrix of values where
d
tis stored.
a
data
e
Cr
71
M
E
S
Example
S
K
,
E
C
E
Let us try and extract some BSE data from 1990 to 2014.
Data is in the file bsedata.csv
f
o
Data is in the format: Year Open High t Low Close
p
e
Since the Row 1 is just headers, we will
skip that and load the
D
rest into a variable MarketData. A.,
>> MarketData = csvread('bsedata.csv',1,0);.
B
nin MarketData. Now we can assign
Now, all the data is stored
a
r
i
them to the respective
columns.
k
i
v
YearData = MarketData(:,1);
a
R
OpeningData = MarketData(:,2);
y
HighData =b
MarketData(:,3);
d
LowData
= MarketData(:,4);
e
t
a
ClosingData
= MarketData(:,5);
e
Cr
72
M
E
S
Play around with the data
S
K
,
Now, lets see the market trends..
f
o
t
E
C
E
plot(YearData,OpeningData,'r',YearData,HighData,'m',YearData,LowData,'b',YearData,
ClosingData,'c','LineWidth',2);
Alternatively, since all

columns are of the same size,B.
n
with the same independent
a
r
i
k
variable in column 1,
we can
i
v
write:
Ra
,
.
A
p
e
D
y
b
plot(YearData,
MarketData(:,2:end),
d
e
LineWidth',2);
t
a
e
Cr
73
M
E
S
Writing to csv files
S
K
,
E
C
E
MATLAB variables can be exported into csv format for use
with other applications too.

f
o
t
This is achieved using the csvwrite function:
p
e
Syntax : csvwrite(filename, Variable,DRow, Col)
,
.
A
Example : If I want to write just
the Opening and Closing
.
B
values from my data set, to
a
csv file named
n
BSEOpenClose.csv: ira
k
i
>> csvwrite('BSEopenclose.csv',[YearData
OpeningData ClosingData],1,0);
v
a
R
y
b
The file BSEopenclose.csv is written into the current directory,
d
e
tcontains the year, Closing Data and Opening Data, with
and
a
e being written starting from 2nd row.
r
data
C
74
M
E
S
.xls and .xlsx files
S
K
,
E
C
E
In case data is stored in Excel Spreadsheets, MATLAB can
extract data from that too.

f
o
t extract data from
xlsread is used to read Excel Spreadsheets and
p
e
it.
D
,
.
xlsread can extract data from all A
pages or from a specified set of
.
B
pages.
n
a
xlswrite can be used toirwrite MATLAB workspace variables
k
i
and data into Excel
av Spreadsheets.
R
y
b
d
e
t
a
e
r
C
75
M
E
S
Importing Excel data

E
C
E
Syntax : num = xlsread(filename,sheet,xlRange);
f
o
t
Filename String enclosed in quotes

Sheet Worksheet number
,
.
A
S
K
,
p
e
D
xlRange Range of cell values to be imported
n
a
ir
.
B
Example : tempData = xlsread('IndMinTemp.xls', 'A3:F114');
k
i
v
This reads all values in the spreadsheet from Page 1 (as not
a cells A3 through F114.

specified), andRfrom
y
b
d
e
t
a
e
r
C
76
M
E
S
Exporting to Excel
E
C
E
Syntax : Status = xlswrite(filename,A,sheet,xlRange)
f
o
t
S
K
,
Filename Name of the Excel File to be created.
p
e
D
A Matrix/Vector to be stored in the Spreadsheet
,
.
A
Sheet Sheet Number in the workbook
.
B
xlRange Range of cells in which data is to be stored.
n
a
ir
Status 1 if successful, 0 in case of failure.
k
i
v
a
R
y
Example: To save a variable Num in an excel sheet named
numericalvalue.xlsx:
b
e
r
C
d
e
at
Status = xlswrite(numericalvalue.xlsx, Num)
77
M
E
S
Problem
S
K
,
E
C
E
Get the spreadsheet file : Monthly_And_Annual_Rainfall.xls
f
o
t
Extract data into the workspace.
p
e
D
Plot the annual rainfall values for any 5 cities from 1951 to
2012, clearly indicating the cities. ,

.
A
Plot the seasonal rainfall for the
same 5 cities for the year 1980
.
B
in another graph.
n
a
r
i
ik
y
b
d
v
a
R
e
t
a
e
r
C
78
Acknowledgment
M
E
S
S
K
,
E
C
EMathWorks,
are all trademarks or registered trademarks of The
f
o
Inc.
t
p
e
,. D
A
.
B
n
a
r
i
k
i
v
a
R
y
b
d
e
t
a
e
r
C
MathWorks, MATLAB, Simulink and the Mathworks Logo
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Introduction To MATLAB

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Introduction to MATLAB and Simulink

The Language of Technical Computing

Numerical Programming Environment

High-Level Interpreted Language

K. S. School of Engineering and Management

Introduction to MATLAB and Simulink

What Can I Do with MATLAB?

Acquire and Analyze Data from different sources

Analyze Data using different tools

Introduction to MATLAB and Simulink

Where Can I use MATLAB?

Can be used in any Numerical Computation Application

90+ Toolboxes in multiple fields

K. S. School of Engineering and Management

Introduction to MATLAB and Simulink

Where can I use Simulink?

Simulink is a Block Diagram Environment for Multidomain

simulation and Model-Based Design.

Simscape (Physical Systems Mechanical, Electrical, Hydraulic, etc)

SimMechanics ( Robotics, Vehicle Suspensions, HIL system support)

SimDriveline (1-D Driveline System Simulation)

SimElectronics (Motors, Drives, Sensors, Actuators, etc)

Introduction to MATLAB and Simulink

Why bother using them?

K. S. School of Engineering and Management

Introduction to MATLAB and Simulink

The MATLAB Screen

Double click on a variable

to see it in the Array Editor

K. S. School of Engineering and Management

Introduction to MATLAB and Simulink

Matrices Matrices Everywhere

MATLAB works primarily (almost exclusively) with matrices.

MATLAB functions are optimized to handle matrix operations.

MATLAB can handle upto 13-dimensional matrices.

Loops can be vectorized for faster operations.

K. S. School of Engineering and Management

Introduction to MATLAB and Simulink

Matrices - Arrays and Vectors

Matrix is a one- or multi-dimensional array of elements.

Elements can be numerical, variables or string elements.

By default, MATLAB stores numbers as double precision.

ALL data in MATLAB are viewed as matrices.

Matrices can be:

K. S. School of Engineering and Management

Introduction to MATLAB and Simulink

Unlike C, MATLAB is an interpreted language. So, there is no

need for Type Declaration.

Arrays are represented as a series of numbers (or characters)

% Percentage Symbol indicates Comment

K. S. School of Engineering and Management

Introduction to MATLAB and Simulink

K. S. School of Engineering and Management

Introduction to MATLAB and Simulink

Character strings are treated as arrays too.

And gives the output:

Strings and Characters

K. S. School of Engineering and Management

Introduction to MATLAB and Simulink

Unlike in case of C, MATLAB array indices start from 1.

Addressing an element of the array is done by invoking the

Introduction to MATLAB and Simulink