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INTRODUCTION TO GIS
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What is Information?
Information is derived from the interpretation
of data, which are symbolic representation of
features..
features
The value of information depends on its
timeliness, the context in which it is applied
and cost of collection, storage, manipulation
and presentation.
presentation.
Information is a valuable asset, which can be
bought and sold for a price.
price.
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What is GIS?
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DoE (1987
1987)) - A system for capturing, storing, checking,
manipulating, analysing and displaying data which are
spatially referenced to the Earth.
Earth.
Aronoff (1989
1989)) - Any manual or computer based set of
procedures used to store and manipulate geographically
referenced data
Carter (1989)
1989) An institutional entity, reflecting an
organizational structure that integrates technology with a
database, expertise and continuing financial support over
time
Parker (1988)
1988) - An information technology which stores,
analyses, and displays both spatial and nonnon-spatial data
Dueker (1979)
1979) - A special case of information systems
where the database consists of observations on spatially
distributed features, activities, or events, which are
definable in space as points, lines, or areas.
areas. A GIS
manipulates data about these points, lines and areas to
retrieve data for adhoc queries and analyses
Smith et al
al.. (1987)
1987) - A database system in which most of the data are
spatially indexed, and upon which a set of procedures operated in
order to answer queries about spatial entities in the database.
database.
Burrough (1986
1986)) - A powerful set of tools collecting, storing,
retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the
real world
Cowen (1988
1988)) - A decision support system involving the integration
of spatially referenced data in a problemproblem-solving environment
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GI is Special
Multidimensional
Voluminous
Advantages of GIS
Reduction in data redundancy
Data integration
Maintaining data consistency
Capability of data updating
Capability of data storage and retrieval
Capability of data processing and
modeling
Automated mapping
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Geography
Cartography
CAD and computer graphics
Surveying and photogrammetry
Remote Sensing and space
technology
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Organized collection of
Hardware
Software
Software
People
Network
Data
Data
People
Network
Procedures
Procedures
Hardware
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Spatial
Census Data
Attribute data
LandCapability
Soil
Spatial
Data
Layers
Roads
VillagesBnd
Location
Landuse
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View of GIS
5. Pattern -
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APPLICATIONS
Transportations
Management
Resources Management
Landuse Planning
Agriculture
Telecommunication
Forestry
Mining
Government Agencies
Rural/Urban Planning
Defence
Environmental Management
Emergency Operations
Risk Management
Crime Management
Business /Marketing
Epidemiology
Real Estate
Archaeology
Facility Mapping
Business of GIS
GIS industry is worth over $16 billion
Software
Data
Services
Publishing
Education
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Internet
Viewer
Component
Hand-held
Desktop
Professional
Cost
Functionality
GIS Market
Type of Software System
Professional
Desktop
Hand-held
Component
Viewer
Internet
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
Users
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Summary
Understanding GIS requires consideration of
science, systems and studies
GIS provides a framework to manage the world
The real value of GIS is its problem solving
capability
The future of GIS is bright
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