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2/18/2012

INTRODUCTION TO GIS

Overview and Definition of GIS


 GIS is a new discipline generating massive
interest worldwide.
 During the last 3 decades, there has been a
very rapid rate of theoretical, technological
and organizational development in the GIS
field
 GIS is an interdisciplinary area used by
heterogeneous groups

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2/18/2012

Overview and Definition of GIS


 It brings together the ideas developed in various
fields such as Computer Science, Mathematics,
Civil Engineering, Surveying, Economics,
Agriculture and Geography to name a few.
 Focus of GIS activity centers around
Hardware and software
Information processing
Applications

What is Information?
 Information is derived from the interpretation
of data, which are symbolic representation of
features..
features
 The value of information depends on its
timeliness, the context in which it is applied
and cost of collection, storage, manipulation
and presentation.
presentation.
 Information is a valuable asset, which can be
bought and sold for a price.
price.

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2/18/2012

Information Systems are of two types


 Transaction processing systems
Emphasis on recording, updating and retrieving as per
the occurrence of operations
Operate in onon-line or batch mode and follows well
defined procedures
Example : Banking and Airline Reservation Systems

 Decision Support System


Emphasis on manipulation, analysis and
particularly modelling to support decision makers.
Used in market analysis, resources planning, defence
etc.

GIS belongs to the second type

What is GIS?

A Geographical Information System is a tool, which can accept


large volumes of spatial data derived from a variety of
sources, retrieve, manipulate, analyse and display them
according to user
user--defined specifications
specifications..

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Selected Definitions of GIS

DoE (1987
1987)) - A system for capturing, storing, checking,
manipulating, analysing and displaying data which are
spatially referenced to the Earth.
Earth.

Aronoff (1989
1989)) - Any manual or computer based set of
procedures used to store and manipulate geographically
referenced data

Carter (1989)
1989) An institutional entity, reflecting an
organizational structure that integrates technology with a
database, expertise and continuing financial support over
time

Parker (1988)
1988) - An information technology which stores,
analyses, and displays both spatial and nonnon-spatial data

Dueker (1979)
1979) - A special case of information systems
where the database consists of observations on spatially
distributed features, activities, or events, which are
definable in space as points, lines, or areas.
areas. A GIS
manipulates data about these points, lines and areas to
retrieve data for adhoc queries and analyses

Selected Definitions of GIS

Smith et al
al.. (1987)
1987) - A database system in which most of the data are
spatially indexed, and upon which a set of procedures operated in
order to answer queries about spatial entities in the database.
database.

Ozemoy, Smith and Sicherman (1981)


1981) - An automated set of
functions that provides professional with advanced capabilities for
the storage, retrieval, manipulation and display of geographically
located data

Burrough (1986
1986)) - A powerful set of tools collecting, storing,
retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the
real world

Cowen (1988
1988)) - A decision support system involving the integration
of spatially referenced data in a problemproblem-solving environment

Koshkariov, Tikunov and Trofimov (1989)


1989) - A system with advanced
geo--modeling capabilities
geo

Devine and Field (1986


1986)) - A form of MIS [Management Information
System] that allows map display of the general information

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Alternative names of GIS

Multipurpose geographical data system


Multipurpose input land use system
Computerised GIS
System for handling natural resources inventory data
Image--based information system
Image
Land resource information system
Planning information system
Resource information system
Natural resource management information system
Spatial data handling system
Spatial data management and comprehensive analysis
system
Geographically referenced information system
Spatial information system
Environmental information system
Automated GIS
Land information system
Automated mapping and facilities management
Knowledge based GIS

Why GIS Matters

Almost everything happens somewhere

Knowing where some things happen is critically important

Position of administrative boundaries


Location of infrastructure facilities
Routing vehicles
Management of natural resources
Monitoring development schemes

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GI is Special

Multidimensional

Voluminous

Requires projection to flat surface

Unique analysis methods

Analyses require data integration

Data updates are expensive and time consuming

Map displays require fast data retrieval

Advantages of GIS
 Reduction in data redundancy

 Data integration
 Maintaining data consistency
 Capability of data updating
 Capability of data storage and retrieval
 Capability of data processing and
modeling
 Automated mapping

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Where is a GIS from ?

 Geography
 Cartography
 CAD and computer graphics
 Surveying and photogrammetry
 Remote Sensing and space
technology

Key components are


 Hardware
High end workstations to desktop systems
 Software
Geo processing engine of GIS
Major Functions collect, store, manage,
query, analyse and present
 GIS data base (spatial and related data)
 Live ware
People responsible for designing, implementation
and using GIS

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Geographic Information System

Organized collection of

Hardware
Software

Software
People

Network
Data

Data
People

Network

Procedures
Procedures
Hardware

GIS Data Base


 GIS gets subdivided based on the application it
is being used
 The technology and methods remain the same
among the application systems
 In GIS, reality is represented as a series of
geographical features defined according to two
data elements
 The geographical (spatial) data element is
used to provide a reference for the attribute
(nonspatial) data element

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GIS Data Base cont


Example :
Administrative boundaries -

Spatial

Census Data

Attribute data

 In GIS, spatial data is the key feature which differentiates


it from other information systems
 Geographical data are expensive to collect, store and
manipulate
 Large volumes of data are needed for a good study
 Data collection cost higher than cost of hardware and
software
 National and Global digital databases are getting
developed

LandCapability

Soil

Spatial
Data
Layers

Roads

VillagesBnd

Location

Landuse

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GIS and Other Information Systems


Computer Aided Design (CAD) systems
Help to design and draft new objects
Graphic based and use symbols to represent features
Rudimentary Links to Data Bases
Use simple topological relationships
Handle small quantities of data
Do not have analytical capabilities to carry out user defined
criteria analysis
Computer Cartography Systems
Use simple data structures and no topology
Emphasize display rather than retrieval
Can be linked to data bases and simple retrievals are
supported
Good facilities for map output and generation of high
quality product
Data Base Management Systems
Well developed for storage and retrieval of attribute data
Supports limited graphical display
Carries out simple analytical functions
Do not support spatial analytical operations

GIS and Other Information Systems(Contd..)


Remote Sensing Systems

Designed to store, manipulate and display raster data


collected by multispectral scanners on space platforms
Cannot support operations like network analysis and
cannot produce high quality plot from coordinate geometry
Poor links to DBMS
Good facilities for enhancing and classifying remotely
sensed images
Geographic Information Systems
Evolved from the above systems and have many features
common with them
Special features of GIS is its capability to analyze spatial data
along with attribute data
Conventional Statistical analysis systems support the
analysis of attribute data and do not have capabilities for
spatial analysis and modeling
Spatial searching and overlay are unique operations carried
out in GIS

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View of GIS

GIS has widespread applicability and heterogeneity in user


community

Map View Focuses on cartographic aspects. GIS is seen as map


processing or display systems
Data Base View Emphasizes the importance of a well designed and
implemented database
Supported by GIS community with Computer Science
background
Analysis can be carried out on tabular database
Operations on spatial data with attribute data carried out by
complex procedures
Spatial Analysis View Emphasizes the importance of spatial analysis. Focuses on
analysis and modeling in GIS as a Spatial Information
Science

What Does A GIS Do?


GIS can answer the following questions:

1. Location - What is at a given location?


2. Condition - Where does it occur?
3. Routing
4. Trend

- What is the best way?


-

What has changed?

5. Pattern -

What is the pattern?

6. Modeling - What happens if ?

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Reasons for Success of GIS


 Great proliferation of information about cultural and natural
environment
 Remote Sensing satellites, market surveys, topographic
surveys etc.
etc. produce large quantities of digital data.
data.
 Many of these data have some type of explicit or implicit
geographical reference
 This geographical reference has helped in linking data sets
together and this principle is one of the reasons for the
success of GIS

 Have great commercial applications


 They address significant global, national, local, social
and scientific problems
 Rapid reduction in the cost of computer hardware and
software

Development of GIS Applications


 In the initial phase, the main activity was assembling,
organizing and understanding an inventory of features
like forest resources maps, soil types, utility networks
etc.
In this phase, the systems were primarily used for
data queries such as locations and condition
questions
 The second phase got evolved for covering complex
analytical operations
They require data spread across several layers and
use of statistical and spatial analytical techniques.
Applications such as determining the suitability of
land for locating a retail store or monitoring changes
in a region
 The third and most developed phase is the evolution of
GIS as a decision support system.
Special emphasis is on spatial, analytical and
modeling activities

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APPLICATIONS
 Transportations
Management

Resources Management

Landuse Planning

Agriculture

 Telecommunication

Forestry

 Mining

Water Resources Management

 Government Agencies

Rural/Urban Planning

 Defence

Environmental Management

 Emergency Operations

Risk Management

 Crime Management

Business /Marketing

 Epidemiology

Real Estate

 Archaeology

Facility Mapping

Business of GIS
GIS industry is worth over $16 billion
Software
Data
Services
Publishing
Education

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2/18/2012

GIS Software Classification


Number of
Users

Internet
Viewer
Component
Hand-held
Desktop
Professional

Cost

Functionality

GIS Market
Type of Software System
Professional
Desktop
Hand-held
Component
Viewer
Internet
0

1000000

2000000

3000000

Users

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2/18/2012

The Management of GIS


GIS projects just like others projects, need
Clear objectives
Project orientation
Focused timescales
Risk management
Effective communication

Summary
Understanding GIS requires consideration of
science, systems and studies
GIS provides a framework to manage the world
The real value of GIS is its problem solving
capability
The future of GIS is bright

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