PROBLEM 3.

COMMENT: As the pressure increases, the difference in specific volume between saturated
vapor and saturated liquid decreases. At the critical pressure, the two states
coincide and the difference is zero.

PROBLEM 3.37

PROBLEM 3.55

PROBLEM 3.63

PROBLEM 3.85

PROBLEM 3.98
Five kg of butane (C4H10) in a piston-cylinder assembly undergo a process from p1 = 5 MPa, T1 =
500 K to p2 = 3 MPa during which the relationship between pressure and specific volume is pv =
constant. Determine the work, in kJ.
KNOWN: Five kg of C4H10 undergo a process for which pv = constant in a piston-cylinder
assembly between two states.
FIND: Determine the work.
SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

Butane
(C4H10)
m = 5 kg

p1 = 5 MPa = 50 bar
T1 = 500 K

p1 = 3 MPa = 30 bar

pv = constant

ENGINEERING MODEL: 1. The Butane is a closed system. 2. The process is polytropic with
pv = constant. 3. Volume change is the only work mode.
ANALYSIS: The work is given by W = m

. With pv = constant = p1v1

= (p1v1) m ln

W=m

(*)

To evaluate W requires v1 and v2. The compressibility chart can be used to obtain v1: From
Table A-1; pc = 38 bar, Tc = 425 K, M = 58.12 kg/kmol.
pR1 = p1/pc = (50)/(38) = 1.32

Fig. A-2: Z1 0.67

TR1 = T/Tc = (500)/(425) = 1.18

Accordingly, with v1 = Z1 (RT1/p1), we get
v1 = (0.67)

= 0.0096 m3/kg

Now, with pv = constant,

= [(5 MPa)(0.0096 m3)]/(3 MPa) = 0.016 m3
Now, inserting values into (*), we get

PROBLEM 3.98 (CONTINUED) PAGE 2

W = (5 MPa)(0.0096 m3/kg)(5 kg) ln [(0.016)/(0.0096)]
= 122.6 kJ (out)
Alternative Evaluation of
pR1 = p1/pc = (50)/(38) = 1.32
Fig. A-2:

0.6

TR1 = T/Tc = (500)/(425) = 1.18

v1 =

= (0.6)

= 0.0096 m3/g

PROBLEM 3.105

PROBLEM 1.333
Two kg of nitrogen (N2) gas are contained in a closed, rigid tank surrounded by a 10-kg water
bath, as shown in Fig. P1.133. Data for the initial states of the nitrogen and water are shown on
the figure. The entire unit is well-insulated, and the nitrogen and water interact until thermal
equilibrium is achieved. The measured final temperature is 34.1oC. The water can be modeled
as an incompressible substance, with c = 4.179 kJ/kgK, and the nitrogen is an ideal gas with
constant cv. From the measured data, determine the average value of the specific heat cv, in
kJ/kgK.
KNOWN: A tank of nitrogen gas is surrounded by a well-insulated water bath. The gas and
water are initially at different temperatures and they interact until equilibrium is achieved.
FIND: Determine the average values of the specific heat cv for the nitrogen.
SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:
ENGINEERING MODEL: (1) As
shown on the accompanying sketch, the
Nitrogen
o
= 50 C closed system consists of the nitrogen
tank and the water bath. (2) W = 0 and
Q = 0. (3) Kinetic and potential energy
Water
effects can be neglected. (4) The water
T1, w = 20oC
is an incompressible substance with cw =
4.179 kJ/kgK. (5) The nitrogen is
modeled as an ideal gas with constant cv.

Nitrogen
10 kg
water bath
2 kg
ANALYSIS: Reducing the energy balance
KE + PE + Uw +

=QW

Uw +

=0

The final equilibrium temperature is T2. With Uw = mwcw (T2 T1,w) and
mw(T2 T1,w) +

cv(T2 -

)=0

Solving for cv
cv =

= 0.741 kJ/kgK

cv(T2 -

PROBLEM 3.135

PROBLEM 3.142

PROBLEM 3.142 (CONTINUED)