International Journal of Network Security, Issue. 1, Vol.

1, May 2009

Attenuation model for wireless sensor network

for underground large scale tectonic event
monitoring
Pushan Kumar Dutta1, Mrinal Kanti Naskar1 and Om Prakash Mishra2,
1

Advanced Digital Embedded System Lab, Jadavpur University, Electronics and Tele- Comm. Dept., Kolkata,India.
2

Email: ascendent1@gmail.com and mrinalnaskar@yahoo.co.in

Geo-seismology Division, Geological Survey of India (CHQ),Kolkata,India
Email: opmishrasaarc2010@gmail.com

Abstract This work introduces the implementation of

sensors deployed in the underground tunnels for monitoring
soil movement for earthquake prediction. Wireless
communication through rock mass is more complicated as
there is always a significant path loss involved. Earthquake
warning is highly challenging as it will involve path
communication through multi layer of rock which will act
as an attenuating medium. This is the reason for which
earthquake early warning sensor networks suffer from
multi-path interference and shadow fading leading to failure
to locate actual position where earthquake tremors were
first detected .The proposed minimum energy relay routing
technique based on beacon nodes chain deployment is
useful for correcting any localization errors resulting
from the underground tunnel environmental interference.
Localization and power of the sensor nodes is found based
on the beacon nodes chain deployment of tunnel wireless
sensor networks and the algorithm took the distance and the
corresponding RSSI between the adjacent beacon nodes into
account to calculate the actual path loss parameter in the
tunnel. This model serves as the theoretical basis for the
deployment of wireless sensor network nodes for
monitoring of a large scale tectonic environment aiming to
achieve maximum monitoring range at minimum equipment
cost.
Index Terms soil movement, underground node position;
chain deployment; received signal strength indicator
(RSSI);path loss parameter

I. INTRODUCTION
The fundamental limitation of seismic monitoring is our
limited understanding of the radiation processes at
seismic sources and inability to recover all useful
information from waveforms. The distribution of the
physical rock properties obtained through interpretation
of the geophysical survey,localization of changing rock
analysis by analyzing continuously recorded physical
fields and wave propogation.Analysis of stress pattern
from in-situ measurements leave behind certain
recognizable spatio-temporal patterns over time which
leads to dynamic re-organization leading to an
intermediate but temporary pattern of events in a seismotectonic model. A earthquake event occurs due to sudden
inelastic deformation within a given volume of rock, i.e. a
seismic source, that radiates detectable seismic waves.
The amplitude and frequency

of seismic waves radiated from such a source depend, in

general, on the strength and state of stress of the rock, the
size of the source of seismic radiation, and on the
magnitude and the rate at which the rock is deformed
during the fracturing process. The potential energy
accumulated in the rockmass may be unloaded or it may
be released gradually or suddenly during the process of
inelastic deformation. However, the source of a seismic
event associated with a weaker geological feature or with
a softer patch in the rockmass yields more slowly under
lower stress, and radiates less seismic energy per unit of
inelastic coseismic deformation, than an equivalent
source within strong and highly stressed rock. Therefore
by comparing radiated seismic energies, or stress drops,
of seismic events with similar moments one can gain
insight into the stresses acting within the part of the
rockmass. If the location analysis of the seismic rupture is
accuratethen it can be inferred if a slow or weak rupture
starts at a certain point, the closest site(s) may record
waves radiated from that very point while others may
only record waves generated later in the rupture process
by a higher stress drop patch of the same source. The
source of strain energy involves lithostatic stress that
triggers mine tremors at places where tectonic stress may
not be predominant. The variation of source parameters
with depth in vicinity of the mines with proximity to
features like faults and dykes submerged in water are
important to the study of rock bursts. It has been found
that there is some fundamental difference between mining
induced earthquake and natural earthquakes in a moment
range varying from 1Nm to 10 Nm(Miwa et al,1999).
Based on the analysis of the rock bursts foci and seismic
energy released it is possible to delineate zones of
potential failure and areas of high and low stress in the
mining region.
Mining excavations induce elastic and then inelastic
deformation within the surrounding rockmass.
Wireless underground sensor netwoks serve as highly
robust scenarios for mission critical applications .
Wireless sensors buried in the certain depth of soil where
propagation of wireless electromagnetic wave in the soil
serves two purposes to distinguish and characterize
seismic activity as either mining related or naturally

International Journal of Network Security, Issue. 1, Vol. 1, May 2009

occurring,
implement a real-time event monitoring
and notification tool, and collect data for use in research
studies aimed at
quantifying impacts from natural
seismicity. Conventional wired monitoring system cannot
meet the whole underground system chains for remote
monitoring requirements. Wireless sensor networks are
usually low cost having low power consumption for
single devices with no on-site maintenance for a highly
hazardous region through low cost unmanned continuous
monitoring. Monitoring the effect and concentration of
radon is a very important phenomena in earthquake
forecasting issues. The soil properties need to be
measured in this respect to analyze earthquakes. Wireless
underground sensor networks will boost the analysis for
earthquake and earthquake induced landslide prediction
by monitoring the soil movement underground where
useful data comes chronologically from different depths
of the soil. The WSN technology is highly useful in
predicting creep rates for a fault or a glacier movement
which will be handy. The routing protocol which can
meet the requirement of underground wireless sensor
network had a decisive role on the monitoring quality and
the survival time of network. By combining the beacon
nodes chain deployment of tunnel Wireless Sensor
Networks, the Minimum Energy Relay Routing
(DMERR) algorithm which is based on dynamic path loss
parameter is implemented to save the energy of
communication by obtain the exact path loss parameter
after attenuation. Through modeling, design and test of
the WUSN node, this paper aims to study the relationship
characteristics between soil parameters information, node
depth, the signal frequency and attenuation in the process
of the transmission and get applicative conclusion. Using
wireless sensor networks for real time continuous
monitoring has been applied to remotely monitor soil
conditions(Garich,2007) and slip surface behavior
analysis(Thampi et al,1997) . The location depends also
on the numerical procedure adopted to solve the system
of nonlinear site equations. The denser the network and
the more accurate the data, the smaller is the influence of
the numerical procedure. With high quality data from at
least 5 sites of reasonable configuration, the location error
may be reduced to less than 3% of the average
hypocentral distance (AHD) of the sites used. Seismic
waveforms do not provide direct information about the
absolute stress, but mainly about the strain and stress
release at the source.
Though their work uses RSSI data to measure the actual
distances, their main emphasis was on their proposed
framework and algorithm. In [3], Tang and Fan proposed
an RSSI-based cooperative anomaly detection scheme for
wireless sensor networks. They were mainly concerned
about the importance of keeping the sensor nodes in
perfect positions. The changing of the physical placement
of the nodes can have a significant effect on the data they
collect and the adversaries can take advantage of this
fact. To detect this kind of scenario, the proposed study
used the RSSI data collected from the received packets.
Range-based schemes rely on range [5],[6] and
bearing[7] estimates to determine target or sensor node

locations, which generally requires more computations

but yield more accurate estimates. Rock bursts occur a lot
in regions subjected to moderate and high compressive
stress affecting the deformation rate of earthquakes
occurrence [BT77]. In the case of the velocity model not
being known adequately, or if velocities change
significantly with time, one can attempt to improve the
location by the arrival time difference method, also
known as master event location or relative location.
This procedure requires an accurately located master
event (e.g. blast), in the proximity of the event to be
relocated, that has reliable arrival times at sites used in
the relocation procedure. It is inherently assumed here
that the velocities of the seismic waves from the master
event to the sites and those from the target event are the
same. Normally, rocks in the Earth's crust are constantly
subjected to pressures from all sides. This is called a
confining pressure. However, the mining of coal leaves a
low pressure zone (empty space). After mining, pressures
are still being applied to the rock on all other sides,
except at the wall of the tunnel. If the rock is not strong
enough to withstand this stress, the wall of the mine
tunnel gives way. These "bursts" are well named because
there is often no warning and large rocks can be thrown
horizontally or vertically, as well as drop from the ceiling
during these events. In addition to these relatively small
rock bursts, more catastrophic "implosional" failures can
also occur on a much larger scale. Sometimes large
sections of mines can collapse. Like S-P data, resistivity
data that is collected with larger intervals of time in
between collection periods can be negatively affected by
temporal drifts measurements localization categories and
algorithm method characteristics. multi-hop, relative or
absolute location, two or three-dimensional, and
algorithm coverage. is high and clock synchronization
across different sensor nodes is extremely difficult, using
received signal strength method which is called RSSI
(Received Signal Strength Indicator) to locate target is an
appropriate choice. RSSI localization serves as a priority
to researchers for its low cost and low complexity
networks as it does not require additional hardware. In
order to achieve accurate location estimates based on
RSSI, the network path- loss model should be known.
This can be done by channel modeling prior to system
deployment, however this becomes unrealistic in
dynamic environments like earthquake monitoring
scenarios as earthquake nodes may become inactive at
underground making the entire process futile. The time
span over which such analyses are done depends on the
nature of the rockmass behavior and the scale of the
analysis. It is advisable to limit the time period over
which the strain related parameter is contoured to not
more than the
seismic relaxation time. For the stress related parameter
a shorter period is required since the cumulative strain
over a period of time is to be compared with the present
state of stress. Thus researchers have recently focused on
the estimation of the power-distance gradient or the pathloss exponent (PLE) jointly with location coordinates [79]. The joint estimation algorithms can be based on

International Journal of Network Security, Issue. 1, Vol. 1, May 2009

maximum likelihood (ML) algorithms or linear weighted

regression (WR) algorithms. The ML algorithms are
relatively high in complexity and requires an initial
estimate that has to be close enough to the actual location
[8]. The WR technique on the other hand, does not
require an initial estimate and is low in complexity. As
there is only one sensor for each sensor node in all these
method proposed before, the received SNR (signal to
noise rate) of node is low and the amount of information
communicated between nodes is large.
II.

USING WIRELESS SENSORS FOR EARTHQUAKE EARLY

WARNING:CHALLENGES AND CONSTRAINTS

The EEWS might only issue an alarm if a certain

number of stations have triggered. As earthquake early
warning sysytems have a very short response time,it is
necessary to continuously locate nodes so that
uderground embedded sensors can transmit information
to the surface station while suffering the minimum path
effects. it is useful to know the distribution of actual
recurrence times about the estimated mean. Given the
mean, the type of distribution, the standard deviation of
the observations and the time of occurrence of the last
event, either cumulative probability, i.e. the probability
that an event would already have happened, or future
conditional probability may be estimated. Failing that,
one can evaluate the best estimate of the empirical
probability PT that a given volume V will produce an
event of magnitude greater than m within a specific time
T after the preceding event of this size. Given the latest n
observed recurrence intervals , of which nT are smaller
_

t ( m) than or equal to T,
5.5.2 Weighted Centroid Algorithm for beacon node
analysis
We propose a weighted centroid localization algorithm, in
this algorithm, we use a weighting factor to reflect the
beacon nodes impact centroid position.

Where (xi, yi) to calculate the coordinates of the

unknown node, d1, d2, d3 are unknown beacon nodes and
three approximate distances between the nodes. We
calculate the approximate location of three unknown
nodes, 1 / (d1 + d2), 1 / (d2 + d3), and 1 / (d3 + d1) is the
impact factor by which the intrinsic link, it shows that we
can improve the positioning accuracy. The beacon node
sends a positioning request packet to their respective
node ID and location information to pass out. Back to the
mobile node a packet: node ID based Distance M when
the beacon node receives the positioning request of the
mobile node. Unknown node receives the signal,
recorded from the same node signal beacon average RSSI
value in the unknown node receives from several RSSI
value exceeds the threshold value when the signal beacon
nodes , the beacon nodes according to their RSSI values
are arranged in three sets in descending order. Select the
RSSI value is greater than the other nodes beacon nodes
derive the position of the unknown node. The sitedependent ground-motion prediction models are setup
and ready for use. By concentration of each triangle we
use a triangular weighted centroid algorithm, and by a
beacon node (aii, ajj, akk) to derive the coordinates of the
unknown node ki (xk1, yk1). Once the distance between the
adjacent beacon nodes are known, Resistance measuring
the signal strength between the neighbor beacon nodes,
bringing it into the radio channel. Propagation model is
obtained and the path of each beacon node in the current
context for the fading Index. Effect is obvious, signal
fading fast, and RSSI influenced by the environment,
nodes with the same distance and the same measure
different environments RSSI values can be very large
differences; interval even in the same environment. The
same distance, but different regions or in different
directions can cause different RSSI value as given in equa
5.9 and 5.10.

5.9

5.
10

(5.7)

The relationship between the transmitting power of

wireless signal and the receiving power is usually
represented by the channel transmission model shown in

P (d ) P X 10 log [ d / d ]

0
0
10
0 .
equation. i
(Pass loss) model, which is the one close to the
transmitting
side
at
the
distance
r0
Average reception power as a reference, received an
average of the prediction in the distance r

(5.8)

International Journal of Network Security, Issue. 1, Vol. 1, May 2009

r (r0 )
r
( )
r (r )
r0
The received signal energy meet the lognormal random
changes.

r (r0 )
r
) dB 10 lg[ ]
r (r )
r0

In the RSSI attenuation model, signal attenuation is

related to the signal transmission distance. When the
transmission distance becomes more closer, the power
attenuation becomes faster, and vice versa.

d d 010

Ploss (H)
10

5.11
where Pi(d) represents the receiving power (dBm), P 0
represents the transmitting power when the reference
distance is d , X0 is a Gaussian random variable with
the mean of 0, d0 is the maximum node reference
transmission distance, is the path loss coefficient.
Using this model, we can predict the optimal antenna
height, increase the overall wireless network signal
transmission rate, and reduce unnecessary path loss.
Multi-path effects occur due to reflections, diffusions
or refractions. Several copies of the same signal travel
over different paths to the receiver and arrive time- and
phase-shifted. This can result in a declination of the
signal quality. For instance as same signal arrives via two
paths due to a reflection Due to lack of location
information of the nodes
establishing a reliable
communication system will be meaningless. This false
positives when using WSNs, the wireless nodes need to
interact and repetitively communicate its location with
each other. The node localization algorithms have been
proposed and put forward based on the the RSSI ranging
weighted centroid algorithm.
B. Spatial Distribution of sensors
Mining excavations induce considerable gradients in
strains and stresses and in their rates, which the rockmass
continuously reduces, mainly by inelastic deformation.
This process is strongly time dependent, e.g. the
relaxation time changes over a few orders of magnitude
within a short distance from the excavation faces. Such
strong spatial and temporal gradients are conducive to the
development of excess stresses which, if not diffused,
result in large and/or strong seismic events. The faults, as
with other geologic anomalies, make it difficult to
anticipate the structural response through numerical
modeling, or even empirical experience, because the
spatial extent
and physical characteristics of the
anomalies are generally, or even completely, unknown.
The same applies to seismic processes leading to
rockbursts where certain recognisable spatio-temporal
patterns exist only over limited time period after which a
dynamical reorganisation occurs that leads to the
appearance of a new but still temporary pattern of events.
The nature of the processes responsible for this complex
dynamics is not as yet understood and it severely limits

the predictability of rockmass response to mining by

either the numerical modelling or seismic monitoring
techniques. In addition the sparseness of seismic sites, the
use of geophones insensitive to high frequency, as
opposed to accelerometers, and the low bandwidth of the
communication network, limits the sensitivity of the
system and thus the information about the rockmass
behaviour in space and in time. Various solutions have
been proposed based on two ranging techniques: the path
loss model based on radio RSSI signal strength [3] or
acoustic signal strength [4] attenuation in relation to the
signal propagation distance. Range-free techniques are
also applied to estimation locations, such as hop count or
centroid methods [5].Pore Pressure piezometer is often
used as a critical sensor for analysis of slope movement
using strain gauges Signal conditioning is also required to
extract the signals that determine the movements from
strain gauge data. Any trigger a node broadcasts is
accepted as a trigger message containing the nodes ID,
its position and trigger time is data can be accepted if In
order to rule out false alarms the sensor nodes need to
communicate its status with each other. For this, a totally
different communications strategy for
Localization
algorithms needs to be implemented in wireless sensor
networks.When the mobile node needs to be positioned,
the strength values can be selected most
The decline of the large number of beacon nodes at the
path
to
get
these
beacon
nodes.
Ploss 10 (h, H , d ) where (h,H,d) reflects the
relationship between the antenna height h , fracture H
, and the transmission distance d changes according to
the influences of different stages of the rock burst. Due
to obstacles in a critical environment for sensor
measurement distance estimation through
variance
causes that the measured value cannot be used for the
distance determination with certainty. The RSSI strength
values matching location algorithm need to create a large
capacity
signal intensity distribution of the database, and update
since
the
maintenance
workload
is very large. The RSSI algorithm according to the node
receives
the
signal
strength
calculated
Signal propagation loss, the use of theoretical or
empirical model of the wireless signal propagation
Type transmission loss into the distance and then estimate
the
location
of
the
node,
Since most of the current node has RF launch capability,
RSSI
algorithm
Without adding any additional hardware devices, low
cost, low energy consumption.
Although RSS values are slightly decreasing with the
distance, The index, according to the propagation model
to calculate the distance to a beacon node. An alarm is
considered to be conrmed if a node knows about a
certain number of other nodes that have triggered.
Stationary underground sensors that are aware of the
location is often used as beacon nodes for location based
services.Locational information serves as navigational aid
for both static and mobile sensors which provide rescuers

International Journal of Network Security, Issue. 1, Vol. 1, May 2009

general aid in determining underground location beacons

and soil conditions for underground sensors. Devices
deployed at a shallow depth will be able to make use of
ground air ground path for the channel providing lower
path loss. Extreme path loss multi-path fading and
reduced propogation velocity due to noise..Lower
frequencies propogate underground over a distance with
and soil condition with less attenuation than higher
frequencies. In the radio signal propagation time TOSP
(Time of Signal Propagation for path tunnel uses
underground location algorithm . Propagation of radio
waves in wireless channel. The average signal strength
level at the receiver gets decreased, along the distance
from the transmitter to the receiver. RSSI algorithm
according to the node receives the signal strength
calculated. Signal propagation loss involves the use of
theoretical or empirical model of the wireless signal
propagation. Type transmission loss into the distance and
then estimate the location of the node, Since most of the
current node has RF launch capability, RSSI algorithm
Without adding any additional hardware devices, low
cost, low energy consumption, and RSSI positioning and
within in the downhole 50 m range is valid, so the use of
The RSSI algorithm underground personnel positioning is
feasible [8].

Maximum signal strength of the beacon signal strength, is

done by selecting communication section for finding
Point
for
distance
estimation,
(1) When the mobile node needs to determine their own
position,
to
the
surrounding
The beacon node sends a positioning request packet.
(2) When the beacon node receives the positioning
request
of
the
mobile
node,
Back to the mobile node a packet: node ID based
Distance
M.
(3) When the mobile node receives a packet beacon
nodes,
record
The
same
beacon
RSSI
average
of.
(4) When the mobile node receives the N exceeds the
signal
strength
threshold
The beacon node information, in accordance with the
RSSI
values
in
descending
order.
(5) select one of the maximum signal of the K (K Yi 3, K
<N)
RSSI
The target node, the use of path attenuation model, into
the formula (2) estimates that the mobile
Node
to
its
distance.
(6) When the mobile node to obtain with K beacon node
distance
After using maximum likelihood estimation method to
estimate the coordinates of the mobile node
(X ^, y ^).

Once the distance between the adjacent beacon nodes

are known, Resistance measuring the signal strength
between the neighbor beacon nodes, bringing it into the
radio channel. Propagation model is obtained and the
path of each beacon node in the current context
for the fading Index. Effect is obvious, signal fading fast,
and RSSI influenced by the environment,
Nodes with the same distance and the same measure
differentenvironments RSSI values can be very large
differences; interval even in the same environment
The same distance, but different regions or in different
directions can cause different RSSI value [3]
; The underground tunnel air flow, temperature changes,
By personnel and locomotives, a point will cause changes
in
the
signal
strength
, Thereby resulting RSSI algorithm is not very
satisfactory
positioning
accuracy,
he traditional RSSI ranging algorithm fading index
through Often used in a fixed empirical value does not
reflect on the different areas of underground nonLine signal the degree of influence, resulting ranging
errors..
In
wireless
propagation
mode
Type of environmental impact of the wireless signal
attenuation decline mainly reflected in the path
Off the index, the traditional RSSI ranging algorithm
fading
index
through
Often used in a fixed empirical value does not reflect on
the different areas of underground nonLine signal the degree of influence, resulting ranging
errors.
When the mobile node needs to be positioned, the
strength
values
can
be
selected
most
The decline of the large number of beacon nodes, the path
to
get
these
beacon
nodes.
The index is calculated according to the propagation
model to calculate the distance to a beacon node. As RSSI
positioning to obtain algorithm and improved dynamic
path
fading
index.

International Journal of Network Security, Issue. 1, Vol. 1, May 2009

. measure the distance between nodes and

Angle information, mainly through the inter-node
connectivity and multi-hop routing information
Exchange methods such as the estimates of distance, and
ultimately
the
position
of
the
node
Estimates, the centroid algorithm DV HOP algorithm,
node
density
of
the
network
layout
Degree requirements are more stringent, beacon nodes
should be evenly deployed outside of the network,
Node density greater impact on the positioning accuracy;
TOSP,
AOA,
RSSI
are
Based on ranging algorithm, primarily by the distance
between
the
measurement
node,
or
The angle of arrival of the signal, can be obtained after
calculation
of
the
position
of
the
node,
TOSP, AOA algorithm given satisfactory performance
can be obtained. Shielding model has two parts: Part 1 is
the
path
loss
(pass loss) model, which the transmitting side to a close
at
a
distance
r0
Average received power as a reference, to predict the
average
distance
r
in
connection
Received power, the formula is
The initial path transmission loss is less in case of
DRSSI method compared to RSSI in normal
conditions.as shown from equa 1.

r (r0 )
r
10 lg[ ] .
r (r )
r0

Hence the spatial distance over which the localization

can be done is more efficient compared to other methods.
Bit precision, but it will be some restrictions on cost and
power consumption. The RSSI strength values match the
positioning algorithms need to build a large-capacity
Signal strength distribution database, and timely updates,
for maintenance and large workload . The RSSI algorithm
according to the node receives the signal strength,
calculated the propagation loss of the signal. For future
work, the iterative algorithm such as the ML method will
be tested for improved accuracy. The initial estimate for
ML based on weighted regression approach is presented
in the paper.

C. Node positioning based on beacon-based positioning

algorithm and non-beacon nodes auxillary
According to the positioning process whether or not to
use the beacon node positioning algorithm is divided into
beacon node positioning algorithm-based and non-beacon
node assisted localization algorithm. Beacon nodes
involves the positioning of the reference point, after
positioning of the various nodes of the absolute
coordinate system as it is only necessary to know the
relative position between the nodes.In case of the
positioning process without involvement auxiliary beacon
nodes, each node acts as a reference point first, and then
the neighbor node is included in its own coordinate
system as the coordinate system of the adjacent
conversion sequentially merge to finally generate the
relative coordinates of the entire system completing the
positioning tasks. With the deepening of the research of
wireless sensor network applications and positioning
technology, the new positioning technologies and
methods have emerged based on the relative positioning
of the deployment location method using geographic
information positioning method as well as the positioning
method based on the UWB ultra wideband technology
and so on. The stiffer the system the higher the b-value.
This observation does not contradict reports on
decreasing b-value with increasing stress, since there is a
general loss of stiffness with increasing stress during a
strain hardening regime. In the absence of a significant
tectonic stress, intermediate and large seismic events
usually occur after considerable mining has taken place in
the area, degrading the stiffness of the system.The rock
mass heterogeneity is defined by the spatial distribution
of sizes and distances between strong and/or stressed and
weak and/or destressed patches of rock where seismic
sources may nucleate and be stopped. In general, for the
same stiffness,an increase in rock heterogeneity results in
a higher b-value, since it is more likely that an initiated
rupture be stopped by a soft or hard patch before growing
into a larger event. The main objective of spatial analysis
of seismicity is to delineate the areas/volumes of concern
from a stability point of view. Frequently larger seismic
events occur or are initiated at "spots" of significant
spatial stress and/or strain related gradients.

International Journal of Network Security, Issue. 1, Vol. 1, May 2009

The RSSI location algorithm position error

And horizontal error results than larger dynamic path
algorithm. Bit RSSI algorithm is more accurate than able
to meet the underground personnel positioning
Requirements
D. Error Analysis
Consequently the models of rockmass behaviour close
to excavations should allow for the influence of such
fluctuations. It is therefore important to develop
methodologies, technologies and logistics for continuous,
in addition to intermittent, monitoring of seismic
rockmass response close to the excavation faces, where
sensors are positioned in the near-field at the centre of
the volume of interest where the action is, as opposed
to being outside in the far field. A length of
1 km long, narrow strip along the bottom side of the area
20
m
intervals
deployment
A beacon node, the node's communication radius of 50
m,
the
width
of
the
roadway
The accuracy of the localization is determined by location
error in the nal position estimates. The accuracy
requirement is also dependent on the kind of application.
For applications where higher accuracy is not required, a
low complexity location estimator with limited accuracy
may be sufcient The position error is usually given in
terms of root mean square error (RMSE). The nal
position
estimates
obtained
are
RMSE=
n

(
j 1

SN (WRavg )

SN ) 2

n
Where j = 1, ..., n is the number of iterations for a
certain number of equations.The mean and standard
deviations for dynamic
Positioning error in the lateral error is the main source of
position error by
RSSI ranging error caused [13]
With wireless signal roadway width decreases
Refraction, diffraction, increases apparent multipath,
signal attenuation serious because
While the error increases; longitudinal errors are mainly
related with the roadway width, because
With the roadway width decreases to reduce the error.

CONCLUSIONS
Complex environment of earthquake tunnel for
wireless signal suffers through multipath effects.
Obviously, the traditional RSSI localization algorithm
error
is
large,
a
Kinds of roadway beacon nodes chain deployment
beacon node. Data collected with this network is being
used to (i) identify and characterize dynamic failure
mechanisms of potentially hazardous rock mass failures,
(ii) assess the usefulness of seismic monitoring as an
indicator of mine design performance, and (iii) determine
empirical relations between levels of ground shaking,
seismic event magnitude, and
distance to the
seismicsources.The distance and the signal intensity
value for the path loss in the current environment means
Calculation method compared with the RSSI algorithm
the dynamic RSSI algorithm positioning shows that
Average error and standard deviation were reduced by
33% and 28%,dynamic algorithm outperforms RSSI
algorithm,greatly improving the positioning accuracy.
The fundamental limitation of seismic monitoring is our
limited understanding of the
radiation processes at seismic sources and inability to
recover all useful information
from waveforms. The same applies to seismic
processes leading to rockbursts where
certain recognisable spatio-temporal patterns exist only
over limited time period after
which a dynamical reorganisation occurs that leads to
the appearance of a new but still
temporary pattern of events. The nature of the
processes responsible for this complex
dynamics is not as yet understood and it severely limits
the predictability of rockmass
response to mining by either the numerical modelling
or seismic monitoring
techniques. In addition the sparseness of seismic sites,
the use of geophones
insensitive to high frequency, as opposed to
accelerometers, and the low bandwidth of
the communication network, limits the sensitivity of
the system and thus the
information about the rockmass behaviour in space and
in time. To detect spatio-temporal changes in seismic
parameters, e.g. an

International Journal of Network Security, Issue. 1, Vol. 1, May 2009

increase in the number of intermediate and larger size

events and in their time
of day distribution, an increase in seismic diffusion, a
degree of acceleration in
seismic deformation and/or a decrease in seismically
inferred stress - and
relate these changes to the stability of deformation
within the volume of
interest. This would facilitate and guide control
measures, e.g. managed
workers exposure to seismicity at different times of
day, a temporary
slowdown or suspension and then resumption of
mining in a given area and/or
the timing and desirable location of preconditioning
and triggering blasts. The location of a seismic event is
assumed to be a point within the seismic source that
triggered the set of seismic sites used to locate it. The
interpretation of location, if
accurate, depends on the nature of the rupture process
at the source - if a slow or weak
rupture starts at a certain point, the closest site(s) may
record waves radiated from that
very point while others may only record waves
generated later in the rupture process
by a higher stress drop patch of the same source. One
needs to be specific in
determining the arrival times if the location of rupture
initiation is sought, otherwise
the location will be a statistical average of different
parts of the same source.
A reasonably accurate location is important for the
following reasons:
to indicate the location of potential rockbursts;
all subsequent seismological processing, e.g. seismic
source parameter and
attenuation or velocity inversion, depends on location;

all subsequent interpretation of individual events

depends on location, e.g.
events far from active mining, close to a shaft or, in
general, in places not
predicted by numerical modelling, may raise concern;
all subsequent interpretation of seismicity, e.g.
clustering and specifically
localization around planes, migration, spatio-temporal
gradients of seismic
parameters and other patterns are judged by their
location and timing.
Location error depends on the accuracy of the data.

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