Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
P.E. El Salinero II
PLAN ELICO
El Plan Elico queda recogido en este documento en el que se incluyen, los siguientes
apartados:
a) Memoria Resumen.
b) Datos de potencia y energa de origen elico.
c) Aerogeneradores.
d) Seguridad en el suministro y afeccin al sistema elctrico.
e) Localizacin geogrfica.
f) Terrenos.
g) Aspectos medioambientales.
h) Aspectos socioeconmicos.
a) Memoria Resumen.
El Parque Elico El Salinero I, se ubica en terrenos disponibles por el promotor Generacin
Elica Internacional, S.L., en el municipio de San Bartolom de Tirajana en la isla de Gran
Canaria. Se adjunta un plano de ubicacin de los terrenos en el anexo a.3. La superficie total
del terreno cuyo derecho para uso elico es exclusivo del promotor, supera las 25 hectreas.
El Parque Elico Pozo Izquierdo I, se considera una de las alternativas diseadas por el
promotor para instalar en el cordal norte una instalacin elica, considerando en esta
alternativa el uso de la tecnologa de Enercon, modelo E-82 de 2.000 MW de potencia nominal
y 82 m. de rotor, conformando un parque elico de 18 MW.
Toda esta informacin y ms esta reflejada en el anexo a.2 con el modelo establecido
debidamente cumplimentado.
PLAN ELICO
P.E. El Salinero II
2. Potencia a instalar por unidad de rea de terreno ocupado. Como superficie de terreno
ocupada se considerar aquella contenida en la envolvente poligonal, constituida por los
contornos exteriores de las reas de sensibilidad elica de los aerogeneradores que
componen el parque, proyectada y medida en un plano horizontal. As mismo, como definicin
de rea de sensibilidad elica se tomar la establecida en el artculo 3 del Decreto 32/2006, de
27 de marzo. (No se incluyen a efectos de clculo de esta rea las cimentaciones,
canalizaciones, estaciones transformadoras, accesos o cualquier otro elemento afecto al
parque).
PLAN ELICO
P.E. El Salinero II
PLAN ELICO
P.E. El Salinero II
c) Aerogeneradores.
aerogeneradores.
3. Curvas de potencia de las mquinas elicas certificadas por el fabricante.
aerogeneradores.
4. Certificacin del fabricante de que todos los aerogeneradores del parque elico cumplen
con los tarados de protecciones de Nivel I mostrados en el punto 2 del articulo 11 de la Orden
de la Consejera de Industria, Comercio y Nuevas Tecnologas, de 15 de noviembre de 2006,
por la que se regulan las condiciones tcnico administrativas de las instalaciones elicas
ubicadas en Canarias.
Todos los aerogeneradores que integran el proyecto cumplen con los tarados de
PLAN ELICO
P.E. El Salinero II
1. Datos de la red elctrica de distribucin o transporte en la zona del parque elico, con
indicacin del posible punto de conexin a la red.
Se propone como conexin del parque elico la Lnea de Alta Tensin de 66 kV, que une la SE
San Agustn con la SE Barranco de Tirajana.
La conexin podr realizarse, en el caso que se cumpla con la normativa sobre capacidad
portante de la red, en cualquiera de los apoyos existentes en el parque. En caso contrario,
deber consensuarse con la empresa de transporte y con la Administracin el mejor punto de
conexin, en la subestacin transformadora ms prxima.
2. Propuestas de acciones o inversiones que mejoren la estabilidad/curva de carga del
sistema.
4. En el caso de que el modelo de aerogenerador del parque elico no consuma energa activa
ni reactiva cuando se produzca un hueco de tensin en la red prxima (en valores por debajo
del 80% de la tensin nominal de la red), documentacin justificada por el fabricante que
acredite este comportamiento.
consumir energa activa ni reactiva durante los huecos de tensin inferior al 80% del
valor de tensin nominal. La documentacin incluida en el anexo d.3 describe esta
caracterstica, conforme a la regulacin de hueco de tensin establecida por REE.
5. Asimismo, si el modelo de aerogenerador del parque elico puede aportar energa reactiva
durante las condiciones anteriores en un rango de tensin entre el 80% y 20% de la tensin
nominal de la red, se adjuntar la documentacin justificada por el fabricante que acredite este
comportamiento.
PLAN ELICO
P.E. El Salinero II
PLAN ELICO
P.E. El Salinero II
e) Localizacin geogrfica.
1. Se facilitan los siguientes planos en formato papel y digital a la escala adecuada y con la
representacin de la direccin del viento dominante, tal que permitan la localizacin del
parque elico a travs de coordenadas, indicando adems los trminos municipales
afectados:
Plano sobre hoja de cartografa indicando:
- Localizacin geogrfica y codificacin de cada aerogenerador perteneciente al parque elico,
con la representacin de la direccin del viento dominante recogida en la Cartografa del
recurso elico de Canarias.
PLAN ELICO
P.E. El Salinero II
f) Terrenos.
1. Se facilitarn los siguientes datos sobre hoja cartogrfica en planos en formato papel y
digital a la escala adecuada y con la representacin de la direccin del viento dominante,
indicando adems los trminos municipales afectados:
a) Superficie de terreno disponible por el solicitante para ejecutar el parque elico.
elico.
d) Propuesta de distribucin en planta de las instalaciones de generacin, sealando las
cimentaciones, canalizaciones, estaciones transformadoras, accesos y cualquier otro
elemento afecto al parque. Quedarn excluidas de este plano tanto la lnea de evacuacin
como el punto de conexin del parque al sistema elctrico.
PLAN ELICO
P.E. El Salinero II
Los contratos de derecho de uso de los terrenos se adjunta como anexo f.5. Se
PLAN ELICO
10
P.E. El Salinero II
g) Aspectos medioambientales.
1. Identificacin e influencia sobre parques nacionales, espacios naturales protegidos, ZEPA,
LIC y sitios arqueolgicos o de inters histrico cercanos.
El presente proyecto considera una serie de acciones para mejora del entorno
PLAN ELICO
11
P.E. El Salinero II
h) Aspectos socioeconmicos.
1. Presupuesto que recoja las inversiones a realizar.
los ingresos anuales generados por la venta de la energa producida por el parque
elico. Se incluye dicho acuerdo en el anexo h.2.
PLAN ELICO
12
P.E. El Salinero II
9353
ANEXO VII
MEMORIA RESUMEN
1.- PETICIONARIO:
NOMBRE:
DIRECCIN SOCIAL:
MUNICIPIO:
DIRECCIN
NOTIFICACIN:
MUNICIPIO:
TELFONO 1:
e-mail:
C.I.F.:
C.P.:
ISLA
C.P.:
Tudela- Navarra
948 848 848
TELFONO 2:
fasencio@eolicanavarra.es
ISLA:
FAX:
B 31750896
31.500
31.500
2.- REPRESENTACIN:
NOMBRE:
Francisco de Paula Asencio Alonso
CARGO:
Apoderado
NOMBRE:
CARGO:
NOMBRE:
CARGO:
* (Indicar si es solidaria, mancomunada, etc.)
TIPO REPRESENTACIN *
DNI.:
solidario
DNI.:
52294746 Z
TIPO REPRESENTACIN *
DNI.:
TIPO REPRESENTACIN *
MODELO
Enercon E82 2MW 98m
AEROGENERADORES
VIDA UTIL
20 aos
POTENCIA
UNITARIA (KW)
2.000
6
3.695
POTENCIA MODELO
(KW)
2.000
4.- TERRENO:
SUPERFICIE DE TERRERNO DISPONIBLE (m):
SUPERFICIE DE TERRENO AFECTADA POR EL CONJUNTO DE AEROGENERADORES (m):
SUPERFICIE DE TERRENO AFECTADA POR INSTALACIONES ELICAS COLINDANTES (m):
276.963
1.684.614
0
Montes Amuga
IDENTIFICACIN
Espacio natural
protegido, L.I.C.,
Z.E.P.A.
L.I.C.
DISTANCIA MNIMA(m):
654
892
* Se especificarn todos los Parques Naturales, espacios integrantes de la Red Canaria de Espacios Naturales Protegidos,
Z.E.P.A. (Zonas Especiales de Proteccin de Aves), L.I.C. (Lugares de Inters Comunitario) e instalaciones elicas cercanas.
PLAN ELICO
P.E. El Salinero II
IDENTIFICACIN
DEL
COORDENADAS UTM
POTENCIA
DIRECCIN
UNITARIA
VIENTO
(Kw)
DOMINANTE
451.236
3.076065
125
NNE-NE (35)
451.396
3.075.957
105
NNE-NE (35)
451.586
3.075.896
97
NNE-NE (35)
451.754
3.075.806
84
NNE-NE (35)
451.870
3.075.641
84
NNE-NE (35)
452.022
3.075.531
79
NNE-NE (35)
AEROGENERADOR
Se redacta este documento para describir las actuaciones que Generacin Elica Internacional
S.L. realizara segn el marco del presente concurso de proyectos elicos que establece La
Orden de 27 de abril de 2007 del Gobierno de Canarias.
A la hora de plantear un proyecto de esta envergadura, se deben tomar medidas
compensatorias o mejoras ambientales y/o patrimoniales para dejar la zona afectada por el
proyecto en condiciones, si no mejores, s al menos comparable a las que tena inicialmente.
Adems, y lo primero de todo, en la eleccin del emplazamiento se valora que haya facilidades
y que las afecciones sean mnimas en cuanto a:
Muy importantes son tambin, las compensaciones socioeconmicas que se consiguen para
el entorno, como por ejemplo, adems de la reforestacin de zonas afectadas,
acondicionamiento de lugares de inters de la comunidad en la zona de influencia del Parque
Elico, acuerdos con entidades locales para la divulgacin de las Energas Renovables,
empleo local y un aumento de servicios en la zona, etc.
P.E. El Salinero II
Infraestructura Electromecnica:
Aerogeneradores.
2.1. AEROGENERADORES
Se proceder al desmontaje de los aerogeneradores, en orden inverso a las operaciones
realizadas para su instalacin:
-
P.E. El Salinero II
2.2. CIMENTACIONES
Estos trabajos consisten en la demolicin por medios mecnicos de las cimentaciones
hasta una profundidad de 1 m, retirando los escombros a vertedero autorizado y
procediendo al relleno de la excavacin con terreno natural procedente de prstamos.
2.4. CABLES
Los cables integrantes de la red de media tensin que une los aerogeneradores con el
centro de seccionamiento e interconexin del parque, as como los conductores del
sistema de control, se retirarn para su tratamiento por gestor autorizado.
3. CONCLUSIN
En el presente documento se entiende haber descrito adecuadamente el Plan de
Desmantelamiento del Parque Elico El Salinero II, sin perjuicio de cualquier otra
ampliacin o aclaracin que las autoridades competentes considerasen oportuna.
P.E. El Salinero II
1. Turbinas
2. Obra civil
3. Infraestructuras
elctricas y de
comunicaciones
4. Documentacin y
proyectos
1.1. Turbinas E82 (2-MW). Torre de 80m. Incluye los centros de transfromacin interiores,
la virola de anclaje a la zapata, transporte, montaje, conexionado interno, puesta en
marcha de la instalacin y sistema de control.
TOTAL
2.530.000,00
15.180.000,00
2.1. Cimentaciones
2.2. Accesos y Caminos interiores, Viales y Plataformas, Zanjas y Sistema de drenaje.
650.000,00
550.000,00
230.000,00
1.430.000,00
TOTAL
1.298.800,00
4.1 Proyectos
4.2 Estudio Geotcnico
4.3. Diseo de cimentaciones.
4.4. Direccin facultativa
4.5. Seguridad y Salud
4.6. Control de Calidad
4.7. Documetacin
4.8. Revegetacin
PRESUPUESTO TOTAL
PRECIO/MW INSTALADO
17.908.800,00
1.492.400,00
Description
ENERCON Grid Data Acquisition
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ENERCON
Grid Data Acquisition
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Table of Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................... 3
The ENERCON Grid Data Acquisition on a wind farm.................................................... 4
How the ENERCON GDA works .................................................................................... 5
3.1. Measurement in the four-quadrant system .............................................................. 5
3.2. Instrument transformers .......................................................................................... 6
3.3. Connecting the GDA to the ENERCON SCADA SYSTEM ...................................... 6
3.4. ENERCON GDA used as part of a closed-loop control system................................ 7
3.5. Response in the event of communication faults....................................................... 8
4. Requirements................................................................................................................. 9
5. Maintenance requirements ............................................................................................. 9
6. ENERCON GDA as part of the ENERCON Partner Konzept (EPK) contract .................. 9
7. Standard scope of supply ............................................................................................... 9
8. Miscellaneous ................................................................................................................ 9
9. Technical specifications.................................................................................................10
9.1. Functional specifications ........................................................................................10
9.2. Hardware specifications .........................................................................................10
1.
2.
3.
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1. Introduction
ENERCONs Grid Data Acquisition can be used to measure the key electrical values at the
wind farms grid connection point. For display and control purposes, the values are
transmitted to ENERCON SCADA System.
The measured values can then be used to implement any limits specified by the grid operator
concerning power levels delivered or the power factor at the point of delivery.
This document is intended to provide an overview of the key functions of the ENERCON Grid
Data Acquisition1.
Abbreviation: GDA
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SCADA PC
ENERCON Data bus
Power cable
Figure 1
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ENERCON
Grid Data Acquisition
Grid
ENERCONs GDA measures the current and voltage at the point of common coupling,
i.e. generally at the substation or at the transmission substation medium voltage bus
bars. The measured data is fed into SCADA.
In combination with reference values, fixed within SCADA or set dynamically for
example through the ENERCON PDI, closed-loop control can be designed.
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ENERCON Grid Data Acquisition
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3.1.
The ENERCON GDA regards the wind farm as a generator of electrical energy (just like a
power station). The active power fed into the electrical grid is considered as a positive value.
Reactive power fed into the electrical grid (like from an overexcited synchronous generator)
is also considered as a positive value. When it comes to measuring the reactive energy,
there is a dedicated meter for each quadrant.
The ENERCON GDA uses the measured voltages and currents to calculate the following
values which it then transmits to SCADA:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Active power
Reactive power
3 line voltages
3 currents
Grid frequency
Power factor
Cumulative values
Values a) to f) are online values, which are generated by the GDA based on measurements
taken over very short periods. Generally, the measurement period is just a fraction of a
second. These values are displayed in SCADA Remote2, when an online connection is
available.
The GDA provides data records to the SCADA SYSTEM with average values collected over
a one minute period along with the respective minimum and maximum values. The SCADA
2
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SYSTEM calculates and saves the average values over 10 minute, day, week, month and
year periods, again with the respective minimum and maximum values in each case.
For the purpose of closed loop control applications, the GDA provides data records to the
SCADA SYSTEM over periods ranging from one to several seconds. The exact sampling
rate depends on the configuration of the specific wind farm and is optimized according to
project specifics.
Values g) to l) are the cumulative values since the date of commissioning. If necessary, the
totals can be reset by ENERCON Service.
ENERCON's GDA measures all electrical values from all electrical facilities connected at the
point of common coupling.
The PLC of the ENERCON GDA is equipped with an uninterruptible power supply. This
prevents the loss of the most recently occurred measured values, even in the event of a
power failure.
3.2.
Instrument transformers
With the ENERCON GDA, the values are measured on a 4-wire, 3-phase grid. In principle,
the values can be measured on either the medium voltage or the high voltage side. The rated
voltage and maximum measuring current of instrument transformers have to be taken into
account. See Chapter 9 Technical InformationIf the neutral conductor is not available, the
voltages are measured in relation to earth.
Instrument transformers always have to be used. If the instrument transformers are also
used to measure grid values, the operator will often demand that the instrument transformers
have two cores so that two (identical) signals can be supplied independent of each other. In
this case, the instrument transformer class is agreed with the grid operator.
The appropriate instrument transformer ratio is set during commissioning of the ENERCON
GDA.
3.3.
In principle, the ENERCON GDA can be connected to the ENERCON data bus at any point.
The ENERCON data bus is a fibre optic cable.
If copper wire is used for the ENERCON data bus in an existing wind farm, a project specific
solution is agreed with ENERCON. If the GDA is being used for closed-loop control in the
wind farm, it is recommended to connect to the SCADA PC via a dedicated data bus for
optimum control dynamics.
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3.4.
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In conjunction with the SCADA System and the wind energy converters, ENERCON's GDA
can be used to establish closed-loop control. Closed-loop control is performed in relation to
the measurement point that is usually the point of common coupling.
Wind
Trarget value
PDI
SCADA
Actual values
(active power
reactive power...)
Figure 2
Principle design of a closed control loop of electrical values, at the point of common
coupling. If a dynamic change of the target values is desired, ENERCON's PDI must
be employed as well.
The controlled electrical value can in principle be active power (P), power factor (cos) or the
voltage (U). Under certain conditions combinations of the controlled electrical value are also
possible. This has to be agreed according to project specifics between the customer,
ENERCON and the grid operator. Using the ENERCON GDA it is possible to set up closedloop control within performance periods ranging from one to several seconds.
The accuracy and dynamics of closed-loop control will depend on the configuration of the
farm, the number of connected converters, the class of instrument transformer and other
factors. To ensure stable closed-loop control at the point of common coupling, close
collaboration between the customer, ENERCON and the grid operator is required. Closedloop control and its parameters are designed and adjusted by ENERCON according to
project specifics.
Voltage control
If closed-loop control is required to control voltage at the point of common coupling, it is
necessary to speed up acquiring and saving the actual values. In this case, a special version
of the ENERCON GDA which provides measured values of voltage and frequency
approximately every 400 ms to SCADA must be used. The time constant of such SCADAbased voltage control is just under one second up to several seconds, again depending on
the configuration of the wind farm.
In exceptional cases, when this time constant is still too high and faster control dynamics are
required, ENERCON VCS3 has to be used.
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3.5.
Faults involving the ENERCON GDA are recognised and communicated to the SCADA
System.
As with all ENERCON wind energy converters, the concept of main status and additional
status applies which together indicate the converters operating state. The list of possible
status messages is available from ENERCON Service upon request. SCADA is also
informed in the event of faults in the communication to the SCADA PC or within the GDA.
This information is then passed onto ENERCON Service and any other parties concerned4.
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4. Requirements
There are no specific requirements to use the ENERCON GDA in a wind farm.
When using the ENERCON GDA for closed-loop control at the point of common coupling,
close collaboration between the customer, the grid operator and ENERCON is required. The
dynamics and the other parameters of a control loop must be adapted according to project
specifics. ENERCON Data Bus should be a fibre optic cable. In the case of older wind farm
with copper wire data buses ENERCON is to be contacted.
5. Maintenance requirements
As long as the ENERCON GDA does not send any warnings to the SCADA SYSTEM, no
maintenance is required. The hardware only needs to undergo visual inspection.
The PLC contains a battery. When the battery charge reaches a critical level, the device
sends a warning message to SCADA. As a precaution, the battery should be changed every
5 years.
Specific maintenance requirements concerning the uninterruptible power supply feature
(UPS) for the ENERCON GDA are available on the UPS data sheet.
8. Miscellaneous
By the end of 2005 the ENERCON GDA was already being used on 45 wind farms.
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9. Technical specifications
9.1.
Functional specifications
9.2.
Figure 3
Hardware specifications
The ENERCON GDA is usually installed at the point of common coupling, i.e. generally
inside the substation or in the vicinity of the medium voltage busbar in the transmission
substation.
The following connections are required:
Power supply (230 V)
PE cable for lightning protection (16 mm)
Data cable for the ENERCON wind farm data bus
Voltage transformer test port
Current transformer test port
Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) used: APC Smart UPS or equivalent
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viento
[m/s]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Potencia P [kW]
1.800
1.600
0,40
1.400
1.200
0,30
1.000
800
0,20
600
400
0,10
Coeficiente de potencia cp [ - ]
2.000
200
0
0,00
0
10
15
20
25
Rev.: 1.1
Impresin: 16.07.2007
Statement of Compliance
for the Design Assessment
Registration No.:
02.11.06.22.00
ENERCON GmbH
Dreekamp 5
26605 Aurich, Germany
ENERCON E-82
Hub Height 78 m, 84 m, 98 m and 108 m
IEC WTGS-Class IIA
EN WTGS-Class IIA
NVN WTGS-Class IIA
This statement confirms the compliance of the above mentioned wind turbine with the international
standard IEC 61400-1 Wind turbine generator systems Part 1: Safety requirements 02/1999,
the european standard EN 61400-1 Wind turbine generator systems Part 1: Safety requirements (IEC 61400-1:1999, modified) 2004 and with the Dutch prestandard NVN 11400-0 Wind
turbines Part 0: Criteria for type certification Technical criteria 04/1999, regarding the design.
The wind turbine is specified in the annex on pages 3 to 6.
The statement is based on the following certification reports:
Report No.: issued
Cert. Body
649 757-1
2005-11-28
TV SD
808 446
2006-05-29
TV SD
649 757-2
2005-11-28
TV SD
717 292
2005-11-28
TV SD
649 757-3
2006-12-12
TV SD
809 390-1
2006-07-07
TV SD
854 007-1
2006-10-02
TV SD
854 007-2
2006-10-05
TV SD
page 1 / 6
Statement of Compliance
for the Design Assessment
ANNEX
2006-12-14
Design:
Nacelle
Manufacturer:
Drawing No.:
ENERCON GmbH
66.00.241-0
Rotor
Diameter:
Number of blades:
Orientation:
Rotor blade type:
Manufacturer:
Material:
82.0 m
3
upwind
E82-1
ENERCON GmbH
glass-fiber reinforced epoxy
Blade Adapter
Design:
Material:
Drawing No.:
cast
EN-GJS-400-18U-LT
66.01.280-6
Pitch System
Blade bearing:
Drawing No. / Specification:
Manufacturer / bearing type:
Pitch drive:
Ratio:
Drawing No. / Specification:
Manufacturer / Gear box type:
page 3 / 6
Statement of Compliance
for the Design Assessment
ANNEX
2006-12-14
Pitch motor:
Specification:
Manufacturer / Type:
Rotor Hub
Design:
Material:
Drawing No.:
cast
EN-GJS-400-18-LT
66.01.348-1
Rotor Bearing
Thrust Bearing:
Drawing No./ Specification:
Manufacturer / Type:
Loose Bearing:
Drawing No./ Specification:
Manufacturer / Type:
Axle Pin
Design:
Material:
Drawing No.:
cast
EN-GJS-400-18-LT
66.01.347-1
Generator
Design:
Drawing No. Generator Stator:
Drawing No. Generator Rotor:
Materials:
Main Carrier
Design:
Material:
Drawing No.:
cast
EN-GJS-400-18-LT
66.03.091-0 and 66.03.092-0
Yaw System
Yaw bearing:
Drawing No./ Specification:
Manufacturer / Type:
Yaw drive:
Number of yaw drives:
Drawing No./ Specification:
Manufacturer / Type:
page 4 / 6
Statement of Compliance
for the Design Assessment
ANNEX
2006-12-14
Yaw motor:
Specification:
Manufacturer / Type:
Parking Brake
Design:
Manufacturer / Type:
Rotor Lock
Design:
Drawing No.:
Tower
HH 78 m
Design / Type:
Tower
HH 84 m
Design / Type:
Design:
Concrete part - no. of sections:
Drawing No.:
Height of concrete sections:
Steel part - no. of sections:
Drawing No.
Length:
page 5 / 6
Statement of Compliance
for the Design Assessment
ANNEX
2006-12-14
Design:
Concrete part - no. of sections:
Drawing No.:
Height of concrete sections:
Steel part - no. of sections:
Drawing No.
Length:
Safety System
Design:
Manufacturer:
End of Annex
page 6 / 6
ENERCON
Spain
Av. Juan de la Cierva, 27 Parc
Tecnolgic - 46980 PATERNA
(Valencia), Spain
Tel.:+34 961 366 290
Fax:+34 96 136 78 75
pgina
1 de 6
Cp mx. = 0,47
AnemmetroThies
Version 1.0
Traduccin ingls-espaol de Ainhoa Robles ref. T03-022
Noviembre 2002
ENERCON
Spain
Av. Juan de la Cierva, 27 Parc
Tecnolgic - 46980 PATERNA
(Valencia), Spain
Tel.:+34 961 366 290
Fax:+34 96 136 78 75
pgina
2 de 6
Cp mx. = 0,57
Anemmetro
Vector
Al calcular la produccin de energa con cada una de las curvas de potencia resultantes
se observa una diferencia de produccin de energa de entre un 4,5% y un 9% mayor
con la curva Vector (segn la velocidad anual de viento en el emplazamiento concreto)
a pesar de tratarse del mismo aerogenerador.
Esto constata la necesidad de tener en cuenta el tipo de anemmetro usado al comparar
las curvas de potencia o al predecir rendimientos energticos por medio de medidas de
viento. Los estndares han sido modificados recientemente y ahora aceptan slo el
anemmetro Vector/Riso. Sin embargo en el mercado an se encuentran curvas de
potencia medidas con todo tipo de anemmetros (atenindose a los estndares
anteriores).
Version 1.0
Traduccin ingls-espaol de Ainhoa Robles ref. T03-022
Noviembre 2002
ENERCON
Spain
Av. Juan de la Cierva, 27 Parc
Tecnolgic - 46980 PATERNA
(Valencia), Spain
Tel.:+34 961 366 290
Fax:+34 96 136 78 75
pgina
3 de 6
2. La curva del aerogenerador est directamente relacionada con las turbulencias del
emplazamiento concreto. El grfico de la medicin llevada a cabo con el
aerogenerador ENERCON E-30 lo ilustra claramente (DEWI, 1996 certificados
originales disponibles)
Las mediciones se tomaron durante el mismo intervalo de tiempo, en la misma turbina y
con el mismo tipo de anemmetro. Los datos de la medicin se corresponden con las
dos siguientes clases de turbulencias: 10% < ti < 14% and ti > 14%.
*3)
*2)
Version 1.0
Traduccin ingls-espaol de Ainhoa Robles ref. T03-022
Noviembre 2002
ENERCON
Spain
Av. Juan de la Cierva, 27 Parc
Tecnolgic - 46980 PATERNA
(Valencia), Spain
Tel.:+34 961 366 290
Fax:+34 96 136 78 75
pgina
4 de 6
Al calcular la produccin de energa con cada una de las curvas de potencia, se observa
una diferencia en la produccin de energa de un 2% (segn la velocidad anual de viento
en el emplazamiento concreto) tratndose del mismo aerogenerador.
Lo mismo sucede con el E-66/18.70 (DEWI, 2001). Seguimos hablando del mismo
espacio de tiempo, mismo aerogenerador y mismo anemmetro para turbulencias por
encima y por debajo del 10,8% (documentos originales DEWI disponibles).
0,5
2000
1800
0,4
1600
1400
0,3 Cp
1200
0,2
1000
800
P1 (Turbulence class0,1
< 10,8%)
600
400
-0,1
200
-0,2
0
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
wind speed hub height [m/s]
Version 1.0
Traduccin ingls-espaol de Ainhoa Robles ref. T03-022
Noviembre 2002
ENERCON
Spain
Av. Juan de la Cierva, 27 Parc
Tecnolgic - 46980 PATERNA
(Valencia), Spain
Tel.:+34 961 366 290
Fax:+34 96 136 78 75
pgina
5 de 6
3. Las medidas de las curvas de potencia, suelen alcanzar mximos en torno a los
20m/s (con medias de 10 min.), ya que es casi imposible encontrar emplazamientos en
los que se superen los 25 m/s en medias de 10 min. Adems, la velocidad de viento de
corte de algunos aerogeneradores est muy por debajo de los 25 m/s y se produce una
gran histresis hasta conectar nuevamente. Sin embargo, los estndares vigentes no lo
tienen en consideracin y permiten incluir en los certificados una curva que aumenta de
forma lineal hasta los 25 m/s en los clculos de produccin de energa. Pero la realidad
es distinta. Normalmente los aerogeneradores cuentan con un procedimeitno de parada
que corta las curvas de potencia mucho antes (este aspecto se explica de forma ms
detallada en las descripciones del sistema de control ENERCON). Como resultado, los
clculos elaborados con esta curva de potencia sobreestiman la realidad. sto no
sucede con el sistema de control ENERCON.
Version 1.0
Traduccin ingls-espaol de Ainhoa Robles ref. T03-022
Noviembre 2002
ENERCON
Spain
Av. Juan de la Cierva, 27 Parc
Tecnolgic - 46980 PATERNA
(Valencia), Spain
Tel.:+34 961 366 290
Fax:+34 96 136 78 75
pgina
6 de 6
Operacin del aerogenerador por medio del sistema de control patentado por
ENERCON que permite un funcionamiento del aerogenerador sin corte por fuertes
vientos. En consecuencia, la prolongacin de la curva de potencia ENERCON a 25 m/s
est justificada, ya que sus aerogeneradores operan a plena potencia alcanzando los 25
m/s (medidas de 10 min). Vase la documentacin relacionada con el sistema de control
ENERCON.
Partiendo de esta base, se pueden garantizar al 100% las curvas de potencia y por
tanto su utilizacin en el clculo de la produccin de energa. Es decir, todo clculo
de produccin de energa realizado con dichas curvas de potencia est a su vez 100%
garantizado (siempre en relacin directa con la velocidad de viento en el
emplazamiento concreto)
Adems, el sistema de control ENERCON dar producciones extra en emplazamientos con
medias anuales de velocidad de viento muy altas, donde se alcanzan velocidades que
superan los 25 m/s:
Produccin extra en
Meida anual de viento en la porcentaje de produccin
altura de buje
anual calculada con la
curva de potencia
garantizada
8 m/s
9 m/s
10 m/s
11 m/s
Version 1.0
Traduccin ingls-espaol de Ainhoa Robles ref. T03-022
1%
1,5 %
2%
2,5 %
Noviembre 2002
ENERCON
GmbH
page
1 of 3
Los aerogeneradores ENERCON pueden operar bajo el llamado modo de control de rfagas de
viento, que permite el funcionamiento de la turbina en condiciones de mucho viento sin que tengan
lugar procedimientos de parada y arranque, que provocan normalmente una prdida considerable
de produccin energtica.
1. Funcionamiento normal
De forma esquemtica, la curva de potencia de un aerogenerador muestra la siguiente tendencia:
Potencia
Pr
Velocidad de viento
v1
v2
v4
v3
En v1, conocida como velocidad de inicio, el aerogenerador comienza a girar y genera energa
conforme a la curva de potencia normal. La forma de la curva entre v1 y v2 depende en gran medida
de la intensidad de turbulencia (consulte la descripcin de curvas de potencia facilitada en
documento correspondiente). A partir de v2 (punto todava muy vinculado a la intensidad de
turbulencia), el aerogenerador funciona con una potencia nominal.
Durante el funcionamiento normal, existe lo que se llama la velocidad de parada v3 con la que la
turbina se detendra siguiendo un proceso similar al siguiente:
-
La turbina se detiene cuando se sobrepasa una determinada velocidad media mxima del
viento. Para los aerogeneradores ENERCON con el modo de control de rfagas de viento
desactivado, sta es de 25 m/s en un promedio de 20 segundos. Su funcionamiento no se
iniciar de nuevo hasta que la velocidad media real del viento sea inferior a la de parada o
incluso ms baja que la velocidad de reactivacin" del viento v4 (histresis de altos vientos).
Cuando se producen vientos racheados, se tarda cierto tiempo hasta que la velocidad media del
viento descienda por debajo de ese nivel. Por tanto, se desperdicia una gran cantidad de
energa con la turbina parada.
La turbina tambin se detiene si la velocidad momentnea de las rfagas de viento (p. ej.
durante 3 segundos) supera un nivel mximo y no se vuelve a activar hasta que la velocidad del
viento se reduce por debajo de un valor inferior.
Con todos los tiempos de espera, inicio y parada, se pierde mucha energa. Por tanto, hay que tener
en cuenta que se produce una prdida considerable de energa en cierto nmero de casos en los
que la velocidad media del viento es alta. Este hecho no se refleja en el clculo de produccin de
energa en el que se emplea una curva de potencia ampliada de hasta 25 m/s, ya que no es
representativa del del funcionamiento normal real de la turbina.
Versin 2.0
Marzo 2003
ENERCON
GmbH
page
2 of 3
El motivo son las rfagas de viento: con una velocidad media del viento de 25 m/s durante 10 min,
suele haber muchos casos de perodos de 20 segundos con una velocidad media de 25 m/s o
tambin puede haber rfagas de viento cuya velocidad sea superior a la de parada, con lo que la
turbina se detiene bastantes veces. Esto tambin puede pasar con medias de 24, 23 e incluso de 20
m/s.
El proceso completo de detencin y arranque suele tardar varios minutos, durante los cuales no se
genera energa. El resultado puede ser una prdida del 1 % de la produccin energtica anual en un
solo da de tormenta. As es como ocurre en la prctica. Hasta ahora un aerogenerador funcionando
en condiciones ideales a potencia nominal sin parar ante una velocidad media de 25 m/s era slo
teora.
Esta prdida de produccin energtica provocada por velocidad alta de viento ha sido una de las
razones por las que ENERCON ha desarrollado y patentado lo que se conoce como el modo
operativo de control de rfagas de viento.
2. Control de rfagas de viento ENERCON
Los aerogeneradores ENERCON se rigen por una filosofa distinta cuando se registran vientos
fuertes. Las turbinas vienen provistas del llamado software de regulacin de control de rfagas
que evita las paradas en condiciones de vientos fuertes.
En vez de funcionar a partir de ciertos parmetros de parada como los mencionados anteriormente,
cuando se producen fuertes vientos, las palas giran su posicin en cierta medida para reducir la
velocidad rotativa y, por consiguiente, la salida de potencia del equipo sin que ste tenga que
detenerse por completo. Cuando amainan las rfagas, las palas vuelven a su posicin anterior y la
turbina retoma la velocidad mxima inmediatamente sin que se haya originado un proceso de
parada-arranque, con la prdida de tiempo que ello implica.
De forma esquemtica, las curvas de potencia para los aerogeneradores ENERCON, con el modo
de control de rfagas de viento activado, muestran las siguientes caractersticas:
Potencia
Pr
v1
v2
Vrfagas
v0
Velocidad
viento
A partir de una cierta velocidad media del viento (vrfagas), la produccin de energa va disminuyendo
poco a poco hasta llegar a cero (en v0) sin llegar a detenerse. La velocidad de rotacin mnima es
de unas 6 rpm. y no hay desconexin de la red. Durante las rfagas de viento, la potencia de la
Versin 2.0
Marzo 2003
ENERCON
GmbH
page
3 of 3
turbina se mueve por la curva hacia un lado y otro, sin paradas y retoma la potencia nominal en
cuanto el viento lo permite.
Con el sistema de control de rfagas de viento patentado por ENERCON, la potencia se reduce
cuando los vientos oscilan entre 28 y 34 m/s. De esta manera la turbina puede funcionar, en la
mayora de los casos, con una potencia nominal de hasta 25 m/s (para promedios de 10 minutos).
En este modo, no es necesario realizar una deduccin por histresis de vientos fuertes cuando se
calcula la produccin energtica con la curva de potencia ampliada de hasta 25 m/s.
Adems, el sistema de control de rfagas de viento ENERCON permite una produccin superior en
aquellos emplazamientos con velocidades medias anuales muy altas y cuya distribucin del viento
presente algunas horas con vientos por encima de los 25 m/s:
8 m/s
9 m/s
10 m/s
11 m/s
La evaluacin del diseo de los aerogeneradores ENERCON incluye los espectros de carga para
este modo de control de rfagas de viento. Dado que no hay procesos de parada y arranque
frecuentes, ni procesos de frenado, con condiciones de viento fuerte acompaado de picos de
carga, la carga de la turbina resulta ms moderada.
Versin 2.0
Marzo 2003
Page
1 of 1
Potencia nominal:
Curva de potencia:
2.000 kW
curva de potencia calculada (enero 2005)
Velocidad de viento
Potencia
ct
[m/s]
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
16,0
17,0
18,0
19,0
20,0
21,0
22,0
23,0
24,0
25,0
[kW]
0,0
3,0
25,0
82,0
174,0
321,0
532,0
815,0
1.180,0
1.612,0
1.890,0
2.000,0
2.050,0
2.050,0
2.050,0
2.050,0
2.050,0
2.050,0
2.050,0
2.050,0
2.050,0
2.050,0
2.050,0
2.050,0
2.050,0
[-]
0,000
0,786
0,782
0,781
0,782
0,781
0,778
0,777
0,777
0,778
0,779
0,777
0,675
0,473
0,366
0,294
0,242
0,202
0,171
0,146
0,126
0,110
0,097
0,086
0,077
(Simulacin ENERCON)
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
Document information:
Author/date:
Department:
Approved/date:
SA-001-ct_E82 Rev1.0ger-spa.doc
Page
1 of 2
A travs del sistema ENERCON SCADA se pueden realizar algunas funciones de control del
parque en general, que se indican a continuacin. Mas detalles estn en la documentacin
adjunta ENERCON SCADA System y ENERCON Grid Data Acquisition (GDA).
1 Control de potencia activa y seales de comunicacin
Si se instala el dispositivo ENERCON GDA y se conecta tanto con transformadores de tensin y corriente en el punto de referencia (habitualmente el punto de conexin del parque),
como con el sistema ENERCON SCADA, se puede implementar un circuito cerrado de control.
Esto permite regular la potencia activa que el parque inyecta a la red. Se puede limitar la
potencia a cualquier valor entre 0% y 100% de la potencia nominal del parque, sin limitacin
de plazo. El control mantiene la potencia activa (el valor promedio de cada 10 minutos) dentro de un rango de menor de +/-5% , siempre y cuando el viento no sea inferior a la velocidad que corresponde a esta potencia.
El sistema GDA dispone de un interfaz de comunicacin protocolo MODBUS, a travs del
cual se puede mandar una consigna Pmax al parque (registro 26, pagina 7). Adems el GDA
del parque ofrece una seal que potencia sera disponible como mximo (registro 17, vea
pagina 7 documento GDA)
Se ruega tener en cuenta que un control y seales intercambiados siempre tienen efecto al
parque elico entero, nunca al aerogenerador individual.
2 Control de frecuencia por medio de la potencia activa
En sistemas electricamente pequeos puede haber la necesidad de que tambin parques
elicos contribuyan a la estabilidad de frecuencia de forma tal, que disminuyan su potencia
activa inyectada en la red en caso de sobrefrecuencias, y que la aumenten en caso de subfrecuencias. Este requerimiento existe por ejemplo en Irlanda para parques elicos por encima de una cierta potencia instalada y parques de ENERCON por supuesto lo cumplen.
Esta reaccin a una desviacin de frecuencia se puede activar o desactivar.
Hay que distinguir entre situaciones de sobrefrecuencias y subfrecuencias:
a. En el caso de sobrefrecuencia el aerogenerador puede automticamente recortar su
potencia inyectada, si sea necesario incluso hasta cero. Esta posibilidad est descrito en el documento Data Sheet Grid Performance, capitulo 10.
b. En el caso de subfrecuencia el aerogenerador puede aumentar su potencia inyectada solo, si anteriormente ha recibido una seal que le limita su potencia actual a un
valor por debajo de lo que sera posible con las condiciones actuales de viento. As el
aerogenerador tendra una potencia de reserva, que el puede aportar automticamente, en el caso que la frecuencia realmente cae por debajo de un cierto limite. La
seal de limitacin de potencia tiene efecto y se transmita igual como est indicado
en el apartado anterior (Control de potencia activa y seales de comunicacin). La
reserva de potencia habr que ajustar especficamente al sistema elctrico, en todo
caso no puede superar un 10% de la potencia actual del aerogenerador.
Para ambos casos los mximos gradientes de potencia dependen del viento y deben ajustarse respecto al proyecto elico y las necesidades del sistema elctrico especifico. Como
gradientes orientativos vase por favor el Data Sheet Grid Performance, capitulo 9.
Tambin hay que tener en cuenta como un parque elico debe actuar en al caso de fallos de
comunicacin (default values).
In case of discrepancies the English version shall prevail
Document Information:
Compiled / Date / Rev.:
Department:
Checked / Date:
Page
2 of 2
Especialmente en sistemas elctricos aislados (islas) habr que analizar de forma preventiva la posible coincidencia de huecos de tensin y desviacin de frecuencia para ajustar los
parmetros de control del aerogenerador y as asegurar un comportamiento deseable para
el sistema elctrico.
Un control de potencia activa y/o una contribucin al control de frecuencia no afectan la vida
til de un aerogenerador ENERCON.
Para finalizar es importante explicar que tanto un control de potencia, como una contribucin
a la estabilidad del sistema elctrico en caso de subfrecuencias, disminuyen la energa inyectada a la red y por tanto, tienen un efecto econmico negativo para el operador del parque. Sin embargo estas caractersticas elctricas pueden ser de alta necesidad para el sistema elctrico entero, entonces tambin se puede estipular un valor econmico a ellos (ancillary system service). Esto ser un tema a acordar entre el operador del sistema y el operador del parque.
Page
1 of 2
Regarding the issue of a "certificate" for passing voltage dips it is important to know, that in
the PO12.3 it says: "Second. - To the object to
verify the performance of the requirements
specified in this procedure of operation, a system of certification will be developed in
agreement with the anticipated thing in Real
Decree 2200/1995... "
Desgraciadamente
este
"sistema
de
certificacin", que el sector elico desarroll
con apoyo de REE y otras institucines, est
pendiente de su aprobacin. El documento
"PROCEDIMIENTO DE VERIFICACION,
VALIDACION Y CERTI-FICACION DE LOS
REQUISITOS DEL PO 12.3 SOBRE LA
RESPUESTA DE LAS INSTALA-CIONES
ELICAS ANTE HUECOS DE TENSIN"
(=PVVC) est hecho hace meses, pero falta
que las instituciones responsables lo
aprueben. Antes de que este PVVC est en
vigor, es imposible para cualquiere fabricante
de
aero-generadores
(o
institucion
certificadora) de presentar un certificado, tal
como lo indica el PO12.3.
EQ-MB/3.7.2007Rev003 Translator/Date:
Sales/Technical Support Checked/Date:
X. XXX/XX.XX.XX File name:
SL_TS_Statement_certificate PO12.3_rev003_eng+spa
Page
2 of 2
EQ-MB/3.7.2007Rev003 Translator/Date:
Sales/Technical Support Checked/Date:
X. XXX/XX.XX.XX File name:
SL_TS_Statement_certificate PO12.3_rev003_eng+spa
Page 1/2
ENERCON E-82
Turbine Manufacturer:
ENERCON GmbH
Rated Power:
2000 kW
Dreekamp 9
13 m/s
D-26605 Aurich
Rotor Speed:
x: 2592260 y: 5914843
Rotor Diameter:
82 m
Hub Height:
98 m
82001
Serial Number:
26.10.2006 (17:00)
30.03.2007 (10:30)
Measurement Accuracy
Power transducer:
18.25 kW
Measurement sector of
wind direction
Calibration of anemometer:
Thies 1st Class 4.3350.10.000
0.1 m/s
97.5 m
1 C
1.225 kg/m
Ai pressure sensor:
1.5 hPa
P [kW]
0.55
P
cp
0.50
1800
0.45
1600
0.40
1400
0.35
1200
0.30
1000
0.25
800
0.20
600
0.15
400
0.10
200
0.05
cp [-]
2200
0.00
0
10
12
v_cor [m/s]
14
16
18
20
22
Measured power curve for standard air density 1.225 kg/m, only complete bins are given (for minimum three
data sets).
Page 2/2
Wind Speed
(at hub height)
Vi
[m/s]
0.58
0.98
1.51
1.99
2.56
3.02
3.51
4.01
4.50
5.00
5.52
6.03
6.52
7.01
7.50
7.99
8.51
9.00
9.51
10.01
10.49
11.00
11.49
12.00
12.50
12.99
13.51
13.98
14.51
14.98
15.50
15.98
16.48
17.01
17.49
18.00
18.43
18.97
19.44
20.04
20.42
Effective
Power
Pi
[kW]
-1.54
-1.75
-0.44
3.31
13.46
32.23
58.00
95.66
141.58
196.97
262.15
343.96
439.40
551.30
678.91
830.54
1008.86
1184.03
1395.54
1607.02
1804.63
1982.01
2063.82
2083.30
2089.96
2093.09
2093.59
2091.68
2092.23
2090.97
2089.95
2088.23
2085.72
2083.06
2085.46
2085.60
2088.97
2088.28
2087.64
2085.77
2079.04
Measured AEP
(measured power
curve)
[m/s]
[MWh]
Number of
Category A
Category B
Combined
Data
Uncertainty
Uncertainty
Uncertainty
Ni
Si
ui
uc,i
[-]
[-]
[kW]
[kW]
[kW]
-2.46
7
0.6
10.6
10.6
-0.57
14
0.5
10.6
10.6
-0.04
18
0.2
10.6
10.6
0.13
20
1.0
10.6
10.7
0.25
35
1.2
10.8
10.9
0.36
61
1.2
11.8
11.9
0.42
42
1.7
12.8
12.9
0.46
56
3.2
15.0
15.3
0.48
102
2.1
17.6
17.8
0.49
71
3.9
20.3
20.6
0.48
68
3.9
23.6
24.0
0.48
88
4.8
29.9
30.3
0.49
119
5.0
37.4
37.8
0.49
177
4.9
45.7
46.0
0.50
250
3.7
54.1
54.2
0.50
287
4.1
66.6
66.7
0.51
383
4.0
77.8
77.9
0.50
383
4.5
83.7
83.9
0.50
432
4.7
101.5
101.7
0.50
541
4.0
106.4
106.5
0.48
509
4.0
108.7
108.7
0.46
449
3.3
96.5
96.5
0.42
346
2.0
48.9
49.0
0.37
385
1.0
17.9
17.9
0.33
273
0.8
14.3
14.4
0.30
259
0.5
13.9
13.9
0.26
240
0.5
13.8
13.8
0.24
197
0.5
13.8
13.8
0.21
182
0.4
13.8
13.8
0.19
127
0.6
13.8
13.8
0.17
122
0.6
13.8
13.8
0.16
119
0.8
13.8
13.9
0.14
110
0.9
13.9
13.9
0.13
79
2.0
13.9
14.0
0.12
81
2.3
13.9
14.1
0.11
53
4.0
13.7
14.3
0.10
37
1.7
14.2
14.3
0.10
20
1.7
13.8
13.9
0.09
3
4.8
13.8
14.6
0.08
3
1.4
13.8
13.9
0.08
4
9.3
16.1
18.6
Standard air density: 1,225 kg/m, cut-out wind speed: 25 m/s
(Extrapolation with constant effective power starting from last complete bin)
Extrapolated AEP
Uncertainty of measured power curve,
(extrapolated power
displayed as standard deviation of AEP
curve, 100 %
cp,i-value
[MWh]
[%]
[MWh]
4
1657.4
186.1
11.2
1657.4
5
3123.7
259.4
8.3
3123.7
6
4843.5
317.6
6.6
4845.1
7
6553.3
349.7
5.3
6571.7
8
8059.0
359.5
4.5
8145.8
9
9246.5
354.4
3.8
9490.5
10
10075.0
340.5
3.4
10570.5
11 *
10561.2
322.0
3.0
11374.8
*) Incomplete according to IEC 61400-12-1 (AEP-measured less than 95% of the AEP-extrapolated)
This attachment to Test Report is accountable only in conjunction with the Manufactures certificate on specific data of the
type of the installation from 21.04.2006. This data sheet does not replace the Test Report mentioned above.
Measured by:
DEWI GmbH
Ebertstrae 96
D-26382 Wilhelmshaven
Datum:
11.04.2007
________________________
____________________
(Dipl.-Phys. H. Mellinghoff)
DEWI, Head of Expert Group
(Dipl.-Ing. U. Bunse)
DEWI, Expert
Page
1 of 3
All ENERCON wind energy converters are designed and certified according to the latest
international standards. Currently the basis for design are the internationally acknowledged
IEC standards of the IEC-61400 series.
This implies several assumptions and conditions that are used to define the load cases which
the wind turbine has to survive. In the following, the main design conditions are listed. For
details it is hereby referred to the original IEC standards.
The safety system of the ENERCON wind turbines features various control sensors that
protect the turbine and its components from damage. This includes - among other things - high
and low temperatures, vibrations and oscillations, strain etc. In the case that one or more of
these sensors detect conditions outside the design limits, the main control of the turbine will
take the appropriate measures which range from small power limitations to complete stop of
the turbine.
In case it is planned to install the turbines in complex terrain (included but not limited to steep
hills, mountains, ridges, sites at more than 1000m above sea level, etc.), it is highly
recommended to consult with ENERCON at an early stage of the project in order to carry out a
detailed assessment of the site.
For sites with environmental conditions outside of the design conditions, ENERCON
cannot be held responsible for any defects, including but not limited to damages and/or
loss of energy yield.
vE = 59.5 m/s
v = 42.5 m/s
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10C to +40C
20C to +50C
relative humidity of up to
1000 W/m2
air density of
1.225 kg/m3
95%
non-polluted inland atmosphere
normal operation
operation with maximum 25% rated power
operation with maximum 5% rated power
The turbine will continue to operate with maximum 5% rated power in order to keep the
rotating components moving and the turbine at a moderate temperature level.
Given this operational characteristics, the survival temperature for a standard E-82 is 40C.
According to the GL standard a cold climate site which will call for special requirements for the
wind turbines is defined as follows:
Minimum temperatures of below -20C have been observed during long term measurements
(preferably ten years or more) on an average of more than nine days a year. The nine-day
criteria is fulfilled, if the temperature at the site remains below -20C for one hour or more on
the respective days.
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For sites with lower extreme temperatures, different materials will have to be used for various
turbine components including but not limited to lubrication and steel material.
Icing on the blades:
The IEC standard requires that symmetrical icing (i.e. the same amount on each blade) has to
be taken into account, but does not say how. Therefore ENERCON is calculating the ice loads
as described in the GL standard:
The ice accumulates on the leading edge of the blades. There is zero ice at the blade root, the
ice thickness increases linearly up to a value of at the middle of the blade and then remains
constant up to the blade tip.
Unsymmetrical icing (different ice mass on the three blades) does not have to be taken into
account, because the ENERCON turbines have a sensor for imbalance that will prevent the
turbine from operation with unsymmetrical ice (imbalance of the rotor).
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ENERCON
SCADA SYSTEM
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Table of contents
1.
2.
Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 3
SCADA SYSTEM function within a wind farm ...................................................................... 4
2.1. Schematic structure of an ENERCON SCADA SYSTEM .............................................. 4
2.2. Abstract representation of the ENERCON SCADA SYSTEM........................................ 5
3. How the SCADA system works............................................................................................ 7
3.1. Data acquisition ............................................................................................................ 7
3.2. Messages & communication ......................................................................................... 8
3.2.1. Status data ............................................................................................................ 8
3.2.2. Measured values ................................................................................................... 8
3.2.3. Wind farm data bus ............................................................................................... 8
3.2.4. How the SCADA SYSTEM communicates with the wind turbines .......................... 9
3.2.5. How the SCADA SYSTEM communicates with ENERCON Service .....................10
3.2.6. SCADA SYSTEM response in the event of communication breakdowns ..............11
3.2.7. SCADA REMOTE.................................................................................................11
3.3. Open-loop and closed-loop control with SCADA..........................................................13
3.3.1. Open-loop control systems: ..................................................................................14
3.3.1.1.
Setpoint open-loop control.............................................................................14
3.3.1.2.
Table-based control.......................................................................................14
3.3.1.3.
Control values via interfaces..........................................................................14
3.3.2. Closed-loop control systems:................................................................................15
3.3.3. Active power management ...................................................................................17
3.3.3.1.
Active power control ......................................................................................17
3.3.3.2.
Power gradient regulation..............................................................................18
3.3.4. Voltage-reactive power management ...................................................................19
3.3.4.1.
Power factor control.......................................................................................19
3.3.4.2.
SCADA Voltage Control System (VCS) .........................................................20
3.3.4.3.
Apparent power regulation (optimizing active power).....................................22
4. Requirements .....................................................................................................................23
5. Maintenance requirements .................................................................................................23
6. ENERCON SCADA SYSTEM in the ENERCON PARTNER KONZEPT (EPK)...................23
7. Standard scope of supply ...................................................................................................23
8. Miscellaneous.....................................................................................................................23
9. Technical specifications ......................................................................................................24
9.1. Functional specifications..............................................................................................24
9.2. Hardware specifications...............................................................................................24
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1. Introduction
The ENERCON SCADA1 SYSTEM is used for data acquisition, remote monitoring, open-loop
and closed-loop control for both individual wind turbines and wind farms. It enables the customer
and ENERCON Service to monitor the operating state and to analyse saved operating data.
Furthermore, authorised users may use it to modify the operating parameters of the wind
turbines and the connection to the grid. Depending on the application concerned, the ENERCON
SCADA SYSTEM also provides additional options to enable closed-loop control based on
setpoints (e.g. power factor at the point of common coupling).
The SCADA SYSTEM developed by ENERCON was launched in 1998 and is now used in
conjunction with more than 8000 wind turbines worldwide.
This document is intended to provide an overview of the key functions of the ENERCON SCADA
SYSTEM.
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Substation
GDA
SCADA PC
Wind farm
Telecommunications network
Externals
ENERCON
SERVICE
Figure 1
Home PC
Remote PC
Symbols:
Optical fibre cables or 4-strand data cables
Modem
Telephone network
Weather station
Telephone connection
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2.2.
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The ENERCON SCADA SYSTEM provides a framework for achieving open/closed-loop control
and communication within the wind farm. Depending on application requirements, several further
options can provide special functions especially for data acquisition or closed-loop control of the
wind farm. The following abstract representation shows the interaction between the system as a
whole and its individual components:
Figure 2
PDI
GDA
SCU
VCS
METEO
SCADA PC:
The SCADA PC on the wind farm assumes the internal open or closed-loop
control functions, data storage and communication with the outside world.
Only the ENERCON SCADA software runs on this PC.
SCADA REMOTE: A program for remote monitoring and display of operating data with
database support (SCADA DATABASE). If access authorisation is granted,
operation intervention is also possible and operating parameters can be
modified.
PDI:
Process Data Interface; a system used to exchange online wind farm values
with external communication points, some of which are setpoint settings
from grid operators to the wind farm and exporting operating data.
GDA:
SCU:
Substation Control Unit, a system used for the acquisition of current states
within the substation of a wind farm and for remote switching operation in it.
VCS:
Voltage Control System, for dynamic voltage control at the point of common
coupling. The reactive power range available from the farms wind turbines
is used for this purpose.
METEO:
A system for the acquisition of weather data (wind speed, wind direction,
etc.) using a meteorological mast.
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Each of the components presented is documented. Constant reference will be made to these
throughout this text.
When speaking of the ENERCON SCADA SYSTEM this means all SCADA components
installed according to project specifics and their interaction. Standard equipment for an
ENERCON wind farm usually only includes the SCADA PC with operating system and the
ENERCON SCADA software package, as well as the licence for the ENERCON SCADA Remote
software package.
The ENERCON SCADA software on the SCADA PC in the wind farm covers numerous wind
farm functions including:
Requesting status data2 from all connected installations (wind turbines, weather
measurement equipment, grid data acquisition, etc.)
Storing operating data
Wind farm communication with external communication points (owner, grid operator,
ENERCON, etc.)
Open-loop / closed loop control of the wind farms electrical output values (if applicable)
Obstruction light control on wind farm (if applicable)
Special control for all or a group of wind turbines on the farm (e.g. Start or Stop depending
on the time, wind conditions or temperatures, status data, other installations, if required)
Many of the functions described hereafter are in fact features of the ENERCON SCADA
software.
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Data acquisition
A mass of data is recorded by the wind turbines sensors, which is then forwarded to the
turbines central controls. The turbines system control processes this for internal control
purposes and provides the SCADA SYSTEM with data.
A distinction is made between:
Operating data
Voltage and current transformers, temperature sensors, pulsers, vibration sensors, and angle
encoders are some of the sensor types used to gather the measured values. For each phase,
current and voltage is measured at the inverters' low voltage terminals. If required the power can
be measured using calibrated counters in the turbines control system.
Status data indicates all turbine operating states. This information is made up of a main status
and substatus or main warning and sub-warning (see Chapter 9.2). In the case of operating
states, that require an ENERCON Service intervention, the system converts the states to
appropriate messages which are then automatically transmitted to ENERCON.
In the following text the abovementioned status and warning messages will be referred to as
"status data".
Status data is updated up to four times per second. The SCADA PC on the wind farm and
ENERCON SCADA Remote both show the latest (current) status. In addition, SCADA Remote
indicates past status messages in chronological order together with the exact time at which they
occurred.
All other operating data is generated by the wind turbines control system as one-minute average
values and relayed to the SCADA PC. Furthermore, minimum and maximum speeds, power and
wind speed values occurring per minute are also sent to the SCADA PC.
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3.2.
See separate documentation: ENERCON METEO SYSTEM or Substation Control Unit SCU
See separate documentation: SCADA PC
SUBJECT TO TECHNICAL CHANGE
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cables. In such a case of long distances the use of optical fibres requires a switch to single
mode, i.e. special optical fibre cables must be used along with the respective signal converters.
The copper cables must be 4-strand, shielded (telephone) cables. For redundancy and to create
several physical buses, at least 10-pair wiring should be used. Furthermore, in the case of a
copper data bus, surge protectors must be used at various interfaces to protect turbine control,
the SCADA PC, etc.
ENERCON recommends the use of optical fibre cables. This applies, in particular, if closed-loop
controls (see 3.3) are to be used and the number of turbines connected is greater than 10.
The farms internal bus system will also be referred to below as the ENERCON data bus.
3.2.4. How the SCADA SYSTEM communicates with the wind turbines
The SCADA SYSTEM carries out cyclic queries concerning the wind turbines operating and
status data. The SCADA PC (master) requests this data from the individual turbine controls
(slave) via the ENERCON data bus.
A data packet containing the values obtained over a one minute period is transmitted for each
installation. The SCADA PC creates and records the average values over 10-minute, day, week,
month and year periods, again with the respective minimum and maximum values in each case.
In doing so, reference is always made to the 1-minute mean value.
The data transmission rate within the wind farm will be between 2,400 and 28,800 bauds,
depending on the number of wind turbines connected and their configuration.
Subsequently the SCADA PC is the wind farm's central data node. All communication from the
wind farm with external points is transmitted via this node. A communication avoiding the
SCADA PC is not permitted, amongst other reasons for wind turbine security.
A permanent connection between the SCADA SYSTEM and the outside world is desirable, but is
not a requirement for secure operation. All the wind turbines continue to operate even if there is
a breakdown in communication within the wind farm itself or with external communication points.
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Wind farm
FAULT
Externals
?!?
ENERCON
SERVICE CENTER
SCADA PC
Fax
Telecommunications network
Figure 3
ENERCON SERVICE
@
SMS
If requested, the customer can be informed of any fault messages by the ENERCON Service
Center. Generally, this information can be provided via text message (SMS), fax or e-mail.
ENERCON recommends text messages as the best method of forwarding the information to the
customer, as it is a faster and more reliable means of communication than fax or e-mail.
Fault messages are automatically generated and immediately sent to customers without
involving ENERCON Service personnel. The time between receipt of the message by the
Service Center and transmission to the customer depends on the total number of incoming
messages being processed by the Service Center. This could take a maximum of 15 minutes in
a worst case scenario, but in practice it is usually considerably less than this.
ENERCON Service must be provided with the names and contact details of the designated
message recipients.
At night, ENERCON transfers data from all of its wind turbines around the world to the Control
Center, where it is saved (telephone access required). A status message update for the past 24
hours is requested along with the operating data for the past day and month. If more than 24
hours lie between the last successful communications, the length of the periods scanned are
adapted accordingly.
At any rate, if 24 hours have passed since the last communication with the ENERCON Service
Center, a test message is sent out by the SCADA SYSTEM. This ensures that a protracted
communication fault with the externals does not go unnoticed.
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With a closed-loop control based on a setpoint for the point of common coupling, the wind
turbines' response in the event of a communication fault must be defined beforehand on a
project-by-project basis. While communication is down the solution could be:
the last current setpoint can be used as the default value or
a fixed value can be used as the default value.
These details should be agreed by the grid operator, the customer and ENERCON as early as
possible. It is mandatory that ENERCON Service be informed of the parameters.
3.2.7. SCADA REMOTE
ENERCON SCADA REMOTE is a software used for online monitoring, evaluation, and saving
turbine and operating data from a location outside the wind farm. The aforementioned operating
data and status messages are displayed to the customer.
Online data
The customer has the possibility of observing existing installations online. For this purpose, an
online connection must be established between the customers remote PC and the SCADA PC
(as in Figure 3)6. The display on the remote PC is updated at the same speed as the transfer
rate between the SCADA SYSTEM and the remote PC.
For the technical specifications (analogue, GSM modem, TCP/IP, etc.) see SCADA PC documentation
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Data analysis
SCADA REMOTE and the integrated SCADA DATABASE software package can also be used to
transmit the data accumulated on the SCADA PC for selected periods to the (e.g. customers)
remote PC. As a result, an exact copy of the operating data is reproduced on the remote PC,
enabling evaluation to be performed irrespective of a further online connection.
The prompted data is then stored on the Remote PC in dBASE IV format. These are then
available for any type of evaluation in e.g. dBASE, calculation table programs or other software
applications.
With the appropriate additional software ENERCON SCADA Automatic Data Request 7, data
prompts from the wind farm can be automated. Time and amount of the automatic data prompts
can be user-defined.
Effect on wind farm
If respective access permission has been granted, SCADA REMOTE can be used to take
appropriate action on operation controls, as well as to modify operating parameters. This may be
as simple as starting or stopping the wind turbine or be as complex as modifying each individual
parameter for turbine control and switching operations in the transmission substation. To ensure
that wind turbine operation remains secure, customers have only very limited access.
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The SCADA SYSTEM is a complex tool for implementing various open-loop or closed-loop
control functions of the wind farm. Generally, control of electrical parameters is related to the
point of common coupling. However, it may also just be a simple time dependent electrical
setpoint or even manual settings.
Wind
Setpoints
Figure 4
SCADA
Wind turbine
Actual values
(e.g. active power,
power factor...)
Structure of electrical values open-loop control with SCADA Open-loop control does not
have a feedback loop for actual values.
ENERCON's PDI can, for example, be used as an interface to SCADA to transmit
external setpoints
With the ENERCON's GDA system, the SCADA SYSTEM and the wind turbines a closed-loop
control can be established. Closed-loop control is performed in relation to the measurement
point which is usually the point of common coupling.
Wind
Setpoints
SCADA
Wind turbine
Actual values
(e.g. active power,
power factor...)
GDA
Figure 5
Structure of closed-loop control with typical output signal feedback. Should closed-loop
control be desired, it is always necessary to use ENERCON Grid Data Acquisition.
Again, ENERCON's PDI can, for example, be used as an interface to SCADA to transmit
external setpoints.
The control variable can, in principle, be active power (P), power factor (cos) or voltage (U).
Under certain conditions, combinations of the control variables are also possible. This is agreed
according to project specifics between the customer, ENERCON and the grid operator. The
accuracy and dynamics of closed-loop control will depend on the configuration of the farm, the
number of wind turbines connected, the class of instrument transformer and other factors.
Closed-loop control and its parameters are designed and set by ENERCON according to project
specifics. To ensure stable closed-loop control at the point of common coupling, close
collaboration between the customer, ENERCON and the grid operator is essential.
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It is the project developer's responsibility to check the requirements at the point of common
coupling with the grid operator in due time so that the appropriate time and costs can be taken
into consideration. Due to extensive experience with thousands of projects worldwide,
ENERCON can provide expert advice concerning this process.
3.3.1. Open-loop control systems:
3.3.1.1.
The simplest way to influence a wind farm's operation is by open-loop control of the operating
parameters. Open-loop control (in contrast to closed-loop control) means that there is no
feedback of the setpoints effect. In other words, the actual value attained is not monitored and
cannot be automatically taken into account for the following control operation.
Setpoints for the maximum active power (as a percentage of rated power) and the phase angle
can be set as control parameters via the SCADA PC or SCADA REMOTE. These values apply
until new setpoints are specified.
3.3.1.2.
Table-based control
Table-based control can be used to set the maximum power of the farm and the phase angle for
anywhere up to 40 periods per week. The wind farms (open or closed-loop) control system
refers to these time-related setpoints.
The table values are only entered once via SCADA REMOTE or directly onto the SCADA PC.
Parameter modification is password-protected.
3.3.1.3.
ENERCON provides interfaces which can also be used to transmit just straight control signals
e.g. from the grid operator to the wind farm's SCADA System. ENERCONs PDI 8 is the most
commonly used interface option for ENERCON SCADA. Other interfaces are available on
request. In the following, all interface options will be referred to as ENERCON PDI.
PDI is used to allow quick and easy setpoint changes to be carried out. Online" setpoint settings
are transmitted via ENERCONs PDI to the wind farm. In order to do so, a permanent data link
must be available (e.g. grid operator control and communication system or similar). In contrast,
setpoint settings using fixed parameter settings in SCADA as described above, and table-based
control do not provide short-term flexibility. Furthermore, compared to ENERCON SCADA
REMOTE, data exchange via PDI in particular offers the possibility to specify new setpoints
without time delays. New setpoints can be specified not more than every 5 seconds via the PDI,
however in practice these intervals are usually longer (15 minutes, hours or longer)9.
Depending on the type of PDI, online signals concerning the wind farms operating status are
also available. This can be used for electrical grid operation purposes as well as for other
possible external data processing systems. Further on, this time-flexible transfer of setpoint and
actual value data with PDI will be referred to as dynamic data transfer.
The functions and types of PDI, as well as the related technical interfaces and signals available
are described in the ENERCON PDI document.
8
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ENERCON medium voltage acquisition - is used, which provides only voltage values, but with a
rate of approximately every 400 ms. The time constant of such SCADA-based voltage control
ranges from just under one second up to several seconds, depending on the configuration of the
wind farm. (See 3.3.4.2)
To ensure that the voltage-reactive power controls described here have the desired effect at the
point of common coupling, they are deliberately implemented within the SCADA SYSTEM as a
relatively slow type of control. This prevents the regulator on a tap-changing transformer and the
wind farms closed-loop control from working against each other or at excessive rates.
In exceptional cases, when this SCADA voltage control time constant is still too high and faster
control dynamics are required, ENERCON VCS 11 has to be used.
Closed-loop control accuracy using SCADA
Control accuracy depends essentially on the class of instrument transformer used together with
ENERCON GDA, as well as the project-specific maximum regulator speed limit.
11
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ENERCON wind turbines are designed to gain the highest possible output from the wind and to
feed it into the grid. However for grid operation reasons, wind turbines or wind farms may have
to limit their (active) power output for a certain period of time. Although this type of operation
reduces yield, affecting the projects economics, in some cases it actually allows wind farms to
be connected to the grid at all.
Every ENERCON wind turbine can limit its power output to any percentage value ranging from
zero to rated power. Initially, this operating mode is not time-limited. Coordination between pitch
control, generator and converters ensure that the maximum required power output is not
exceeded.
Power
Prated
Time
Figure 6
The wind farm's maximum power output can, for example, be limited when the grid
operator specifies a percentage value of the rated power.
Within the wind farm all cables and transformers between each wind turbines terminal and the
point of common coupling are, amongst other things, active power consumers. Losses from
these elements are not constant, but depend on power transmission, temperature and other
factors.
In order to make the best use of the maximum power infeed permitted at the point of common
coupling, actual active power feed is measured by the ENERCON GDA and transmitted to
SCADA: thus regulated.
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3.3.3.2.
Page
18 of 25
In order to ensure a stable system operation it may be necessary, that a wind farm does not
increase its active power output directly as wind speed is increasing, but rather that the increase
in active power output is subject to a limitation.
The parameters for this type of limitation can be set at the terminals of each individual turbine12.
For grid operator requirements generally only the overall wind farm power gradient at the point of
common coupling is important.
If the grid operators limit value is to be met only by setting power gradients at the WEC
terminals, one must always assume a worst case" scenario, i.e. each turbine is assigned a low
max. power gradient. Since the turbines are spaced out on the farm, gusts, for example, do not
occur everywhere at the same time which means that a narrow maximum gradient setting for the
turbine would impair best use of the wind conditions.
A wind farm power gradient control for the point of common coupling is available on request.
ENERCON GDA is then installed at the point of common coupling to collect actual values.
Depending on specific project requirements ENERCON installs further hard- and software.
As for all closed-loop controls, the parameters must be agreed in close collaboration between
the customer, grid operator and ENERCON according to project specifics. It would be advisable,
for instance, to limit the 1- or 10-minute mean value of the positive active power gradient at the
point of common coupling.
The setpoint (active power gradient at the point of common coupling) can be set dynamically via
e.g. ENERCON PDI.
At any rate, with a limited power gradient the wind farm does not make the best use of the wind
conditions, as opposed to operation without any power gradient limitation or control.
12
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Generally, grid operators define the phase angle at the point of common coupling to comply with.
ENERCON GDA is used to collect an accurate actual phase angle at this point. The setpoint is
transmitted to SCADA, which in turn sends signals to each wind turbine on the farm so that the
actual value at the point of delivery matches the setpoint as closely as possible. This allows ideal
compensation for unavoidable phase angle displacement by active and reactive power
consumption between the wind turbines' terminals and the point of common coupling.
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3.3.4.2.
Page
20 of 25
With SCADA VCS the phase angle of all the wind turbines is controlled according to a fixed
characteristic dependent on actual voltage at the point of common coupling and adapted to the
specific grid requirements. Depending on the characteristic, the voltage at the point of delivery is
thus increased or reduced.
cos()
cos() = f(U)
Reactive
power import
from the grid
cos() = constant
1,0
U<Urated
Reactive
power export
to grid
Figure 7
1,0
U>Urated
U/Urated
Example of a constant power factor (blue) compared with SCADA Voltage Control (red).
Concerning the latter, reactive power affecting voltage is neither delivered nor consumed
within a certain deadband (cos=1). Beyond this deadband the phase angle follows a predefined path depending on the grid voltage.
Actual voltage acquisition is carried out as described above with ENERCONs GDA special
version: the ENERCON medium voltage acquisition. The measured voltage values are
transmitted to the SCADA SYSTEM as control feedback.
The setpoints can be set in the SCADA SYSTEM using the abovementioned fixed values or
parameterized. The characteristic must be carefully planned for each individual connection point.
For the response time of a voltage control please see chapter 3.3.2.
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with activated
control
Page
21 of 25
with activated
control
with
deactivated
control
Figure 8
Example of a wind farm with 6 MW rated power. Indicated are: medium voltage at the
point of common coupling, active power and reactive power with activated and
deactivated SCADA Voltage Control System. One can clearly see voltage and active
power dependent reactive power supply.
desired
voltage range
Figure 9
Example of a wind farm with 6 MW rated power. Indicated are: medium voltage at the
point of common coupling, active power and reactive power with activated and
deactivated SCADA Voltage Control System. This extract from Figure 8 illustrates the
SCADA controls efficiency in the range of seconds.
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Apparent power regulation is a combination of power factor regulation and a reduction of active
power infeed. The exact determination of apparent power regulation and its parameter settings
depends on project specifics and must be agreed with ENERCON.
Example: According to agreements met with the grid operator, the wind farm is normally run at a
certain phase angle setpoint> 0. At the same time, the apparent power at the point of common
coupling is limited to Smax. The phase angle may be reduced to =0, if the maximum apparent
power limitation Smax is reached and an increase in active power is possible due to good wind
conditions.
Realisation with apparent power regulation:
In the partial load range, the wind farm runs at the setpoint phase angle. As the wind speed
increases so does the apparent power output Sactual. As the actual apparent power Sactual
approaches the maximum apparent power limit Smax, the controls reduce the phase angle setpoint
so that the apparent power does not exceed the limit Smax during further active power increase.
Actual value acquisition is carried out via ENERCON Grid Data Acquisition. Setpoint settings
(apparent power at the point of common coupling) in the SCADA SYSTEM can be carried out as
follows:
A one-time fixed value parameter setting in SCADA or
be subject to a weekly table
A wind farm with apparent power regulation, does not make the best use of the wind conditions,
when compared to operation without any apparent power regulation (less yield).
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4. Requirements
The SCADA SYSTEM is based in its main functions on the program ENERCON SCADA,
running on the SCADA PC13. This SCADA PC and the software are prerequisites for SCADA
SYSTEM operation on the wind farm.
A permanent connection between the SCADA SYSTEM and the outside world is desirable, but is
not a requirement for secure operation. All the wind turbines continue to operate, even if there is
a breakdown in communication within the wind farm itself or with external points of
communication.
When it comes to the desired performance of the wind farms open-loop/closed-loop control
system in case of faults in the communication, the individual closed-loop (or open-loop) control
default values must be considered separately (see also 3.2.6).
5. Maintenance requirements
Maintenance measures required for the various hardware and software components of the
SCADA SYSTEM are stipulated in the respective components documentation.
8. Miscellaneous
Shutdown or curtailed operation of individual wind turbines, e.g. due to project-specific
stipulations regarding noise emissions or shadow casting, are not executed via the SCADA
SYSTEM, but are directly programmed in the turbines control system. The advantage of this is
compliance with emission limits even in the event of communication faults within the SCADA
SYSTEM.
13
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Page
24 of 25
9. Technical specifications
9.1.
Functional specifications
See the following page for a list of ENERCON primary status messages.
9.2.
Hardware specifications
No hardware information is provided here in connection with the SCADA SYSTEM. Please
see the documentation relating to individual components, as listed in chapter 2.2.
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Turbine in operation
Turbine stopped
Lack of wind
Storm
Shadow shutdown
Blade defroster
Unauthorized access
Maintenance
Generator heating
EMERGENCY STOP actuated
Rotor brake activated manual
Rotor lock
Formation of ice
Turbine moist
Overspeed switch test
Test safety system
Wind measurement fault
Cable twisted
Yaw control fault
Faulty yaw inverter
Anemometer interface
Vibration sensor
Tower oscillation
Rotor overspeed
Rotor overspeed switch
Pitch control error
Main security circuit fault
Fault emergency stop capacitor
Capacitor charging error
Fault capacitor test
Fault security system
Speed sensor error
Fault blade load control
Blade heating faulty
Mains failure
Example
61
62
64
65
66
67
69
70
72
73
76
80
90
91
95
96
112
122
150
152
153
155
158
202
204
206
207
220
221
222
223
228
229
240
300
Mains breakdown
Feeding fault
Overcurrent inverter
Overcurrent inverter
Fault rectifier
Overtemperature
Acoustic sensor
Generator overtemperature
Air gap monitoring
Torque monitoring
Bearing temperature
Excitation error
Protective circuit breaker tripped
Semiconductor fuse blown
Error temperature measurement
Error temperature measurement inverter
Smoke detector
Fault transformer
Initialize EEPROM!!
Program incompatible!!
No turbine ID
Wrong bootblock address
Serial number
Inverter bus error
Inverter bus error all inverters
No data from power control
Fault inverter control
Processor reset
Watchdog reset
Turbine reset
Software Update
Time out warn message
Too many warnings
Remote control PC
Turbine control bus error (Bus-Off)
302
303
304
305
306
307
310
315
318
319
320
402
403
404
405
411
412
413
414
415
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
432
433
434
435
438
441
Some sub-states indicate the header "W". These are warning messages which do not
necessarily lead to turbine shutdown. Depending on the type of warning message this may
remain for a certain number of days. If Service does not intervene, the turbine would then shut
down.
The main status messages of other ENERCON wind turbines are similar to those described
above. However ENERCON wind turbines differ from each other for example by the number of
inverters used and thus by the number of main status messages as well.
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ENERCON
E-82
Configuration:
FT/FTQ
Available as of
01/07/07
Page
1 of 24
Configuration: FT
(Configuration FT with Q+ -Option)
For explanations of the used terms and abbreviations please refer to chapter 13 Glossary.
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ENERCON 2007
ENERCON
E-82
Configuration:
FT/FTQ
Available as of
01/07/07
Page
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Content
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 3
RATED DATA................................................................................................................. 3
REACTIVE POWER CAPABILITY.................................................................................. 3
POWER VOLTAGE DIAGRAM....................................................................................... 4
VOLTAGE PROTECTION .............................................................................................. 5
5.1
Over-voltage protection (for each phase) ............................................................... 5
5.2
Under-voltage protection........................................................................................ 7
6. POWER FREQUENCY DIAGRAM ................................................................................. 9
7. FREQUENCY PROTECTION........................................................................................10
7.1
Frequency protection for 50 Hz grid ......................................................................10
7.2
Frequency protection for 60 Hz grid ......................................................................11
8. FAULT RIDE THROUGH PERFORMANCE ..................................................................12
8.1
General Performance............................................................................................12
8.2
Zero Power Mode .................................................................................................14
9. POWER RAMPS ...........................................................................................................17
9.1
Active Power Ramp-up .........................................................................................17
9.2
Active Power Ramp-down.....................................................................................17
9.3
Reactive Power Ramp ..........................................................................................17
10. POWER-FREQUENCY CONTROL ...............................................................................18
10.1 Static Power-frequency control ...........................................................................19
10.2 Dynamic Power-frequency control ......................................................................20
11. Consumption of auxiliary supply ....................................................................................21
12. REFERENCE POINT ....................................................................................................22
13. Glossary ........................................................................................................................23
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
For explanations of the used terms and abbreviations please refer to chapter 13 Glossary.
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Page
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1. INTRODUCTION
All data refer to the reference point shown in chapter 11.
The performance is only possible with the control system CS 82 with FACTS power cabinets.
The WT can either be equipped with 7 power cabinets (configuration FT, indice FT), or 8 power
cabinets (indice FTQ). The standard configuration is equipped with 7 power cabinets (configuration
FT).
2. RATED DATA
Nominal Frequency:
fn =
50 / 60 Hz
Nominal Voltage:
Un =
400 V
Sn =
2000 kVA
In =
2887 A
Pn =
2000 kW
2150 kVA
ImaxFT =
3500 A
2200 kVA
ImaxFTQ =
4000 A
0 kVAr
Q=
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
export of reactive
power
import of reactive
power
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
The given values are valid for the continuous voltage range (refer to next chapter).
For explanations of the used terms and abbreviations please refer to chapter 13 Glossary.
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Page
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Umax,temp =
120% = 480 V
Umax =
110% = 440 V
Nominal Value:
Un =
100% = 400 V
Umin =
90% = 360 V
Umin,temp =
80% = 320 V
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
Temporary operation limits: In the hatched areas only a temporary operation is possible for
up to 60 seconds.
The green hatched area is not possible with the configuration FT. This area is only possible
with the configuration FTQ.
If the voltage is continuously underneath the minimum value or above the maximum value,
see also chapter 8.
For explanations of the used terms and abbreviations please refer to chapter 13 Glossary.
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Page
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5. VOLTAGE PROTECTION
Over-voltage condition at the reference point may lead to operation in Fault Ride Through
mode, as described in chapter 8.
5.1
Over-voltage protection 1:
(fix value)
Tdovp1 = 0.050 s
(fix value)
This protection leads to tripping of the WT. This is a protection of the WT.
Over-voltage protection 2:
(fix value)
Tdovp2 = 1 s
(fix value)
This protection leads to tripping of the WT. This is a protection of the WT.
Over-voltage protection 3:
(fix value)
0.500 s tdFRT 5 s
(adjustable)
Step width:
0.010 s
Default value:
tdFRT = 5 s
This protection leads to tripping of the WT. This is a protection of the WT and for the grid.
Step width:
1V
Default value:
0.050 s tdovp4 60 s
Step width:
0.010 s
Default value:
tdovp4 = 0.050 s
(adjustable)
(adjustable)
This protection leads to tripping of the WT. This is a protection for the grid.
For explanations of the used terms and abbreviations please refer to chapter 13 Glossary.
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Page
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2.00
1.95
1.90
fixed protection
values
1.85
1.80
1.75
1.70
1.65
1.60
1.55
1.50
physical
voltage limit
of the WT
1.45
1.40
1.35
1.30
1.25
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.001
tdFRT = 0.5005 s
tdovp4= 0.05060 s
0.010
0.100
1.000
10.000
100.000
time [s]
Shown is the delay time of the protection. The effective time for disconnection/tripping is
longer, due to the switch-off time for the power contactors.
Switch-off time for power contactors:
Tpc 0.040 s
(fix value)
For explanations of the used terms and abbreviations please refer to chapter 13 Glossary.
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Page
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Under-voltage protection
5.2.1
Under-voltage condition at the reference point may lead to operation in Fault Ride Through
mode, as described in chapter 8.
Under-voltage protection setting data:
0.010 s
Default value:
tdFRT = 5 s
(fix value)
(adjustable)
If under-voltage condition prevails longer than tdFRT under-voltage protection operates to trip
the wind turbine.
U/Un
1.10
1.1
hatched area: max. range of setting tdFRT
1.00
1.0
0.90
0.9
0.8
0.80
fixed protection
values
0.7
0.70
0.60
0.6
0.50
0.5
0.40
0.4
0.30
0.3
0.2
0.20
0.10
0.1
0.00
0.0
0.100
1.000
10.000
100.000
time [s]
Shown is the delay time of the protection. The effective time for tripping is longer, due to the
switch-off time for the power contactors.
Switch-off time for power contactors:
Tpc 0.040 s
(fix value)
For explanations of the used terms and abbreviations please refer to chapter 13 Glossary.
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Available as of
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Page
8 of 24
Under-voltage condition at the reference point may lead to operation in Fault Ride Through
mode, as described in chapter 8.
Under-voltage protection setting data:
0.010 s
Default value:
tdFRT = 5 s
(fix value)
(adjustable)
If under-voltage condition prevails longer than tdFRT under-voltage protection operates to trip
the wind turbine.
U/Un
1.10
1.1
hatched area: max. range of setting tdFRT
1.00
1.0
0.90
0.9
0.8
0.80
fixed protection
values
0.7
0.70
0.60
0.6
0.50
0.5
0.40
0.4
0.30
0.3
0.2
0.20
0.10
0.1
0.00
0.0
0.100
1.000
10.000
100.000
time [s]
Shown is the delay time of the protection. The effective time for tripping is longer, due to the
switch-off time for the power contactors.
Switch-off time for power contactors:
Tpc 0.040 s
(fix value)
For explanations of the used terms and abbreviations please refer to chapter 13 Glossary.
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Available as of
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6.
Page
9 of 24
Grid with 60 Hz
Maximum Frequency:
fmax =
57 Hz
fmax =
67 Hz
Nominal Frequency:
fn =
50 Hz
fn =
60 Hz
Minimum Frequency:
fmin =
43 Hz
fmin =
53 Hz
Smax
fmin
fn
fmax
f [Hz]
Regarding frequency changes the ENERCON E-82 is designed for uninterrupted operation
for frequency gradients up to 4 Hz/s.
For explanations of the used terms and abbreviations please refer to chapter 13 Glossary.
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E-82
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Available as of
01/07/07
Page
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7. FREQUENCY PROTECTION
7.1
50 Hz fof 57 Hz
43 Hz fuf 50 Hz
0.070 s tdof 2 s
0.070 s tduf 2 s
(adjustable)
0.1 Hz
52 Hz
(adjustable)
0.1 Hz
47 Hz
(adjustable)
0.010 s
0.070 s
(adjustable)
0.010 s
0.070 s
65
fixed protection
values
tdof
60
frequency [Hz]
55
fof
50
fuf
45
tduf
40
35
0.010
0.100
1.000
10.000
time [s]
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Page
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60 Hz fof 67 Hz
53 Hz fuf 60 Hz
(adjustable)
0.1 Hz
62 Hz
(adjustable)
0.1 Hz
57 Hz
(adjustable)
0.010 s
0.110 s
(adjustable)
0.010 s
0.110 s
75
fixed protection
values
tdof
70
frequency [Hz]
65
fof
60
fuf
55
tduf
50
45
0.010
0.100
1.000
10.000
time [s]
Shown is the delay time of the protection. The effective time for tripping is longer, due to the
switch-off time for the power contactors.
Switch-off time for power contactors:
Tripping time over-frequency protection:
Tripping time under-frequency protection:
Tpc 0.040 s
(fix value)
For explanations of the used terms and abbreviations please refer to chapter 13 Glossary.
Document:
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Reference
:
WRD-E-04_DSGP_E-82_07-04-12-82-2082-FT-FTQ_7_8LS_rev2.73_eng-eng.doc
ENERCON 2007
ENERCON
E-82
Configuration:
FT/FTQ
Available as of
01/07/07
Page
12 of 24
General Performance
0.500 s tdFRT 5 s
Step width:
0.010 s
Default value:
tdFRT = 5 s
u
Umax,temp
Umax
Un
Umin
Umin,temp
Example:
uuzpm
0
0
Fault occurrance
tdFRT
tdFRT+ 60s
The WT stays connected, if the voltage at the WT terminals during and after the fault remains
within the continuous red lines.
Outside of the areas marked with red lines the WT is disconnected. The blue area is not
possible with the configuration FT. If grid studies show that the grid voltage at the PCC
recovers after a grid fault only above 80% Un, ENERCON recommends to equip the WT with
configuration FTQ to avoid WT tripping.
The limit tdFRT is an adjustable parameter with the setting range as given in chapter 5
VOLTAGE PROTECTION, where also detailed protection settings are given.
If the WT output power is less than 2.5% Pn the WT switches off.
For explanations of the used terms and abbreviations please refer to chapter 13 Glossary.
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:
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ENERCON 2007
ENERCON
E-82
Configuration:
FT/FTQ
Available as of
01/07/07
Page
13 of 24
The maximum number of grid events with ENERCON fault ride through is depending on the
temperature of the chopper resistor. The chopper resistor is temperature-controlled. The
rated energy to be dissipated by the chopper resistor is 20 MJ/h for the configuration FT and
22.5 MJ/h for the configuration FTQ.
In the hatched areas the WT feeds in no current (after 0.040 s for under-voltage, after
0.050 s for over-voltage), but stays in operation (Zero Power Mode, refer to chapter 8.2).
Short circuits in grids sensitive to stability can lead to stability loss. This may cause
ENERCON WTs to switch off. If the grid is sensitive to stability, ENERCON recommends
performing a stability analysis in the process of wind farm planning. The results of the
analysis may lead to other settings of the Zero Power Mode.
The characteristics of the voltage at the PCC especially during the fault might be very
different from those at the terminals of the individual WT. The voltage at the PCC has to be
monitored by a wind farm protection relay. However, the settings of the voltage protection of
the WT and the settings of the wind farm protection relay must be co-ordinated.
Maximum Short Circuit Current in all three phases for the configuration FT (even in
cases with unsymmetrical faults), not valid for the Zero Power Mode:
1. Ik,maxFT :
2. IP maxFT :
3. Ib,maxFT :
4. Ik,maxFT :
3500 A
4950 A
3500 A
3500 A
Maximum Short Circuit Current in all three phases for the configuration FTQ (even in
cases with unsymmetrical faults), not valid for the Zero Power Mode:
5. Ik,maxFTQ :
6. IP maxFTQ :
7. Ib,maxFTQ :
8. Ik,maxFTQ :
4000 A
5657 A
4000 A
4000 A
For further details and explanations concerning the short circuit currents please see the
document Steady State Short Circuit Calculations (available on request).
For explanations of the used terms and abbreviations please refer to chapter 13 Glossary.
Document:
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Reference
:
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ENERCON 2007
ENERCON
E-82
Configuration:
FT/FTQ
Available as of
01/07/07
Page
14 of 24
In the Zero Power Mode (ZPM) the WT feeds in no current, but stays galvanic connected to
the grid. There is also a possibility to open the power contactors.
If the voltage returns within tdFRT between Umin,temp and Umax,temp the WT resynchronises and
ramps in maximum possible power within 1 s.
8.2.1 Over-voltage Zero Power Mode
If over-voltage conditions prevail longer than the chosen over-voltage protection and Fault
Ride Through settings (tdFRT) beneath the zero power mode limits the WT trips.
If the voltage rises above Uozpm1 or Uozpm2 but underneath over-voltage protection the WT
feeds in no current, but stays in operation (Zero Power Mode).
Over-voltage zero power mode limit 1:
(fix value)
Tdozpm1 0.005 s
(fix value)
(fix value)
(fix value)
(50 Hz : 0.050 s)
(60 Hz : 0.042 s)
0.500 s tdFRT 5 s
Step width:
0.010 s
Default value:
tdFRT = 5 s
U/Un
(adjustable)
2.00
1.95
1.90
1.85
fixed protection
values
1.80
1.75
1.70
1.65
1.60
1.55
1.50
1.45
physical
voltage limit
of the WT
1.40
1.35
1.30
1.25
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.001
0.010
t dFRT= 0.5005 s
0.100
1.000
10.000
100.000
time [s]
For explanations of the used terms and abbreviations please refer to chapter 13 Glossary.
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ENERCON 2007
ENERCON
E-82
Configuration:
FT/FTQ
Available as of
01/07/07
Page
15 of 24
If under-voltage conditions prevail longer than the chosen Fault Ride Through settings (tdFRT)
beneath the Zero Power Mode limits the WT trips.
If the voltage decreases under uuzpm at the reference point the WT detects this within 0.040 s
and feeds in no current, but stays in operation (Zero Power Mode).
Default value:
Tduzpm = 0.040 s
(adjustable)
1V
(fix value)
U/Un
1.1
hatched area: max. range of setting uuzpm
1.0
0.9
0.8
fixed protection
values
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
3
u uzpm = 0 90 %Un/
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.010
0.100
1.000
10.000
100.000
time [s]
For explanations of the used terms and abbreviations please refer to chapter 13 Glossary.
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ENERCON 2007
ENERCON
E-82
Configuration:
FT/FTQ
Available as of
01/07/07
16 of 24
Step width:
1V
Default value:
Tduzpm = 0.040 s
Page
(adjustable)
(fix value)
U/Un
1.1
hatched area: max. range of setting uuzpm
1.0
0.9
0.8
fixed protection
values
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
3
u uzpm = 0 80 %Un/
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.010
0.100
1.000
10.000
100.000
time [s]
For explanations of the used terms and abbreviations please refer to chapter 13 Glossary.
Document:
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:
WRD-E-04_DSGP_E-82_07-04-12-82-2082-FT-FTQ_7_8LS_rev2.73_eng-eng.doc
ENERCON 2007
ENERCON
E-82
Configuration:
FT/FTQ
Available as of
01/07/07
Page
17 of 24
9. POWER RAMPS
9.1
dP/dt start,max =
dP/dt start,min =
dP/dt start =
9.2
dP/dt oper,max =
dP/dt oper,min =
dP/dt oper =
kW/s
kW/s
kW/s
=
=
=
540
9
120
%/min
%/min
%/min
40
3
40
kW/s
kW/s
kW/s
=
=
=
120
9
120
%/min
%/min
%/min
400
5
120
kW/s
kW/s
kW/s
=
=
=
1200
15
360
%/min
%/min
%/min
9.3
180
3
40
Maximum phase angle gradient value during normal operation from maximum export to
maximum import/ maximum import to maximum export: T = 0.300 s
For explanations of the used terms and abbreviations please refer to chapter 13 Glossary.
Document:
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:
WRD-E-04_DSGP_E-82_07-04-12-82-2082-FT-FTQ_7_8LS_rev2.73_eng-eng.doc
ENERCON 2007
ENERCON
E-82
Configuration:
FT/FTQ
Available as of
01/07/07
10.
Page
18 of 24
POWER-FREQUENCY CONTROL
In over-frequency grid situations the active power output can be reduced by using the
implemented power-down ramp. It can be chosen between a static or a dynamic reduction
of the active power due to over-frequency.
Moreover the ramping down can be related to the actual active power. This leads to an
immediate ramping down when the frequency limit is exceeded. Alternatively the ramping
down can be related to the rated active power, which may lead to a delayed ramping down,
in case the actual active power is below the rated active power.
For explanations of the used terms and abbreviations please refer to chapter 13 Glossary.
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:
WRD-E-04_DSGP_E-82_07-04-12-82-2082-FT-FTQ_7_8LS_rev2.73_eng-eng.doc
ENERCON 2007
ENERCON
E-82
Configuration:
FT/FTQ
Available as of
01/07/07
Page
19 of 24
Pactual or
1.25
Pn
PRamp down 11
PRamp down0.752
0.5
PRamp down0.253
0
0
Setting
Pactual =
fn5
flimit2
15
10
flimit1
20
25
flimit3
frequency
Default
value
Description
Minimum
setting value
Maximum
setting value
50.5 Hz /
60.5 Hz
50.0 Hz /
60.0 Hz
54.8 Hz /
64.8 Hz (must
be 0.1 Hz lower
than flimit2)
50%
5%
100%
51.0 Hz /
61.0 Hz
50.1 Hz /
60.1 Hz
(must be 0.1 Hz
higher than flimit)
54.9 Hz /
64.9 Hz
(must be 0.1 Hz
lower than flimit3)
0%
95 %
(100 % - setting
ramp down 2)
Pn =
f limit =
Pactual
5%
51.5 Hz /
61.5 Hz
50.2 Hz /
60.2 Hz
(must be 0.1 Hz
higher than flimit2)
55.0 Hz /
65.0 Hz
For explanations of the used terms and abbreviations please refer to chapter 13 Glossary.
Document:
Author/date:
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:
WRD-E-04_DSGP_E-82_07-04-12-82-2082-FT-FTQ_7_8LS_rev2.73_eng-eng.doc
ENERCON 2007
ENERCON
E-82
Configuration:
FT/FTQ
Available as of
01/07/07
Page
20 of 24
The active power is ramped down over the time, once a frequency limit has been exceeded.
The frequency limit value can be set within the range from 50.0 Hz f limit 54.9 Hz (or in
60 Hz systems from 60.0 Hz f limit 64.9 Hz).
In case the frequency rises again above the frequency limit, the active power is ramped up
again, with the same gradient as previously ramped down (sufficient wind speed assumed)
Active Power
Pactual or
1.25
Pn
Dynamic Power
PRamp down 1
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
0
Setting
Pactual =
10
flimit
Description
Default value
Pactual
15
20
time/s
25
Minimum
setting value
Maximum
setting value
Pn =
f limit =
50.5 Hz /
60.5 Hz
50.0 Hz /
60.0 Hz
54.9 Hz /
64.9 Hz
Ramp
down =
5 %/s
5 %/s
25 %/s
For explanations of the used terms and abbreviations please refer to chapter 13 Glossary.
Document:
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:
WRD-E-04_DSGP_E-82_07-04-12-82-2082-FT-FTQ_7_8LS_rev2.73_eng-eng.doc
ENERCON 2007
ENERCON
E-82
Configuration:
FT/FTQ
Available as of
01/07/07
Page
21 of 24
Active Power:
Reactive Power:
For explanations of the used terms and abbreviations please refer to chapter 13 Glossary.
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ENERCON 2007
ENERCON
E-82
Configuration:
FT/FTQ
Available as of
01/07/07
Page
22 of 24
wiring symbol
designation
synchronous generator
GS
nacelle
3
WT Configuration
excitation controller
rectifier
tower
tower cable
chopper 1-7/8
tower
basement
Project Configuration
reference
point
reference point
inside or
outdoor at
tower
basement
transformer
disconnecting switch
For explanations of the used terms and abbreviations please refer to chapter 13 Glossary.
Document:
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WRD-E-04_DSGP_E-82_07-04-12-82-2082-FT-FTQ_7_8LS_rev2.73_eng-eng.doc
ENERCON 2007
ENERCON
E-82
Configuration:
FT/FTQ
Available as of
01/07/07
Page
23 of 24
13. GLOSSARY
Export of reactive power
fn
See chapter 8
Maximum Apparent
Power (Smax)
PCC
Apparent power related to the maximum active and reactive power (compare
reactive power capabilities).
According to Standard IEC 61400-21, 3.10 this is: Point of a power supply
network, electrically nearest to a particular load, at which other loads are, or
may be, connected.
Rated Active Power
(Pn)
According to IEC 61400-21, 3.14 this is: Maximum continuous electric output
power which a turbine is designed to achieve under normal operating
conditions.
According to IEC 61400-21 this is: Apparent power from the wind turbine
while operating at rated power and nominal voltage and frequency
2
2
(Sr=(Pn +Qn )). Annotation ENERCON: In this data sheet Sn is related to
reactive power of 0.
Rated current
(In)
SG
Synchronous generator
Switch-off time
The switch-off time is the time the power contactor needs to open or close the
contact.
Temporary operation
The operation at over- or under-voltage situations may cause high stress for
the inverters. Due to internal WT protection of the devices the operation at
over- or under-voltage condition is time limited.
Tripping
When the WT trips the WT opens the power contactors and the WT doesnt
stay in operation. The infeed of the current is zero.
For explanations of the used terms and abbreviations please refer to chapter 13 Glossary.
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ENERCON 2007
ENERCON
E-82
Configuration:
FT/FTQ
Available as of
01/07/07
See chapter 5
Umax,temp Umin,temp
Page
24 of 24
WT
Wind Turbine:
According to IEC 61400-21, 3.21 this is: A system which converts kinetic wind
energy into electric energy.
WT terminals
According to IEC 61400-21, 3.22 this is: A point being a part of the WT and
identified by the WT supplier at which the WT may be connected to the power
system. Annotation ENERCON: This point is related to the reference
In the Zero Power Mode the WT blocks the IGBTs, but stays in operation.
Current infeed to the grid is then zero. If the voltage returns within tdFRT
between Umin,temp and Umax,temp the WT resynchronises and ramps in
maximum possible power within 1 s.
For explanations of the used terms and abbreviations please refer to chapter 13 Glossary.
Document:
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ENERCON 2007
Technical Description
ENERCON E-82
page
1 of 19
Descripcin Tcnica
E-82
Document information:
Author/date:
Department:
Checked/date:
Revision:
S. Anlas / 21.10.05
Translator/date:
VI
Revisor/date:
M.Kuhlmann / 27.04.07
Reference:
4/110.07.07
A.Robles/12.01.06, F.Petrucci
VI-Technical Description E-82-Rev004ger-spa
Technical Description
ENERCON E-82
page
2 of 19
ndice
1
El diseo ENERCON........................................................................................................ 4
1.2
Rotor ................................................................................................................................ 6
1.3
Generador ........................................................................................................................ 6
1.4
1.5
1.6
Sistema de seguridad...................................................................................................... 9
1.7
2.2
2.3
2.4
Funcionamiento en vaco...............................................................................................13
2.5
2.6
2.7
Temporal.........................................................................................................................16
2.8
Ficha Tcnica..............................................................................................................18
Document information:
Author/date:
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Revision:
S. Anlas / 21.10.05
Translator/date:
VI
Revisor/date:
M.Kuhlmann / 27.04.07
Reference:
4/110.07.07
A.Robles/12.01.06, F.Petrucci
VI-Technical Description E-82-Rev004ger-spa
Technical Description
ENERCON E-82
page
3 of 19
BREVE DESCRIPCIN
El E-82 es un aerogenerador con rotor de tres palas, sistema activo de control de
ngulo de paso y funcionamiento del generador a velocidad variable, con una
potencia nominal de 2000 kW. Con un dimetro del rotor de 82 m, as como una
altura de torre entre 78 108 m m, saca provecho de las condiciones
predominantes de viento en el emplazamiento en concreto, para maximizar la
produccin de energa elctrica.
Ilustracin 1: E-82
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Revisor/date:
M.Kuhlmann / 27.04.07
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4/110.07.07
A.Robles/12.01.06, F.Petrucci
VI-Technical Description E-82-Rev004ger-spa
Technical Description
ENERCON E-82
page
4 of 19
1.1
El diseo ENERCON
Los aerogeneradores ENERCON se caracterizan, entre otras, por las siguientes
prestaciones:
La pieza giratoria del generador en anilla ENERCON y el rotor del E-82 forman una
sola unidad. Dicha unidad se embrida al buje de modo que ambas giren a la misma
velocidad moderada. Al prescindir de multiplicadora, as como otras piezas de
rotacin a altas velocidades, se reducen considerablemente las prdidas de energa
entre el rotor y el generador, as como las emisiones de ruido, el consumo de aceite
para engranajes y el desgaste mecnico.
La energa producida por el generador E-82 se vierte a la red de distribucin del
proveedor (compaa elctrica) a travs del sistema de conexin a red de
ENERCON. El sistema de conexin a red de ENERCON, compuesto por una
unidad conversora rectificador/inversor, garantiza el suministro de electricidad de
alta calidad a la red de distribucin de la compaa elctrica.
Este concepto permite gracias al convertidor que el rotor del E-82 funcione a
velocidad variable. Cuando las velocidades del viento son ms bajas, el rotor gira
lentamente, mientras que cuando las velocidades del viento son altas, gira
rpidamente. De este modo, el viento mueve las palas del rotor de un modo ptimo.
Adems, la velocidad variable reduce las sobrecargas derivadas de las rfagas.
Cada una de las tres palas del rotor estn equipadas con un sistema elctrico de
ajuste de la pala (sistema de control del ngulo de paso o Pitch system). El sistema
de control del ngulo de paso (Pitch system) delimita la velocidad del rotor y la
energa que se toma del viento. Este sistema permite ajustar con precisin la
potencia del E-82 a la potencia nominal en un breve margen de tiempo. Al ajustar
las palas del rotor a la posicin de bandera, el rotor se detiene sin que el sistema de
transmisin se vea sobrecargado por la aplicacin de un freno mecnico.
Document information:
Author/date:
Department:
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Revision:
S. Anlas / 21.10.05
Translator/date:
VI
Revisor/date:
M.Kuhlmann / 27.04.07
Reference:
4/110.07.07
A.Robles/12.01.06, F.Petrucci
VI-Technical Description E-82-Rev004ger-spa
Technical Description
ENERCON E-82
Soporte principal
Buje
Motores de orientacin
Pala
page
5 of 19
Generador en anilla
Adaptador de la pala
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M.Kuhlmann / 27.04.07
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A.Robles/12.01.06, F.Petrucci
VI-Technical Description E-82-Rev004ger-spa
Technical Description
ENERCON E-82
1.2
page
6 of 19
Rotor
Las palas del rotor, fabricadas en fibra de vidrio reforzada (GRP) y resina epoxi,
determinan en gran medida el rendimiento del aerogenerador as como su emisin
de ruidos. Por ello, la forma y el perfil de las palas del E-82 se han desarrollado de
acuerdo con los siguientes criterios:
Como rasgo caracterstico hay que destacar que el perfil de las palas se fusiona
con la gndola. De este modo, se evitan las prdidas de flujo de aire tpicas de las
palas convencionales. Todo ello en combinacin con el diseo aerodinmico de la
gndola garantiza un aprovechamiento del viento altamente optimizado.
El diseo de las palas del E-82 se ha adaptado al sistema de ngulo de paso y
velocidad variables. Su nuevo perfil minimiza los efectos de las turbulencias y la
suciedad en el borde de ataque. Las palas estn protegidas frente a influencias
medioambientales mediante un recubrimiento externo. El material utilizado, a base
de poliuretano, es duro y muy resistente a la abrasin, a las influencias qumicas y a
la radiacin solar.
Las tres palas del rotor se ajustan mediante sistemas de control del ngulo de paso
independientes (Pitch system) controlados por microprocesadores. El ngulo de
paso es reajustado mediante mediciones llevadas a cabo con regularidad y las tres
palas del rotor son sincronizadas entre s. Esto significa que el ngulo de paso se
puede ajustar en el acto con toda precisin en funcin de las condiciones del viento
predominante.
1.3
Generador
El generador en anilla del E-82 es accionado directamente por el rotor (o palas de
rotor). El generador multipolo de ENERCON se basa en el principio de una mquina
sncrona.
En comparacin con otros aerogeneradores y gracias a la baja velocidad de
rotacin y a la gran seccin transversal del generador, los niveles de temperatura
se mantienen bajos durante el funcionamiento y slo estn sujetos a variaciones
menores. La escasa fluctuacin de las temperaturas durante el funcionamiento y,
en comparacin, los pocos cambios de carga disminuyen considerablemente los
esfuerzos mecnicos y, en consecuencia, el envejecimiento del material del
generador y su aislamiento. La velocidad variable as como el acoplamiento a la red
por medio del inversor reducen de forma clara los picos del par mecnico.
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page
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ENERCON E-82
1.4
7 of 19
Generador
sncrono
~
~
~
Rectificador
Circuito intermedio
corrinete contnua
Filtro
Transformador
Inversor
~
~
~
Interruptor
=
=
~
~
~
=
Velocidad variable
Sistema de
control
Frecuencia de red
constante
Control de
excitacin
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ENERCON E-82
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ENERCON E-82
1.5
page
9 of 19
1.6
Sistema de seguridad
El sistema de seguridad garantiza un funcionamiento seguro del aerogenerador de
acuerdo con lo estipulado por las normativas internacionales y por los institutos de
ensayo independientes.
1.6.1
El sistema de frenado
Los aerogeneradores ENERCON frenan durante el funcionamiento de manera
totalmente aerodinmica orientando las palas del rotor en posicin de bandera.
Para ello sirven los tres accionamientos de control de ngulo de paso (motores de
pitch) autnomos. Los accionamientos se utilizan para girar las palas del rotor hasta
dicha posicin en tan slo unos segundos. La velocidad de rotacin del
aerogenerador se reduce sin que el sistema de transmisin reciba ninguna
sobrecarga adicional. As pues, para reducir la velocidad de rotacin del rotor a un
nivel seguro, bastara con poner en posicin de bandera tan slo una de las tres
palas del rotor.
Incluso cuando el aerogenerador se encuentre en modo de desconexin, el rotor no
estar bloqueado sino que podr girar libremente a una velocidad muy baja. El rotor
y el accionamiento quedan prcticamente libres de cargas. Por otro lado, los
cojinetes sufriran menos ante velocidades bajas que aquellos con rotores
bloqueados.
El rotor slo se bloquea de forma fija cuando deben realizarse tareas de
mantenimiento o cuando se acciona el botn de parada de emergencia
(EMERGENCY-STOP). En este caso, se utiliza un freno de disco adicional que no
se activa hasta que el rotor haya quedado parcialmente frenado mediante el
sistema de control del ngulo de paso. Como ltimo recurso de seguridad contamos
con el bloqueo del rotor manual para fines de mantenimiento.
En casos de emergencia (por ejemplo, si falla la red de distribucin de la empresa
de suministro), cada pala del rotor se lleva de forma segura a la posicin de
bandera. Esta operacin se realiza mediante su propia unidad de ajuste del ngulo
de paso de emergencia, que funciona a base de acumuladores de energa. La
disponibilidad de los acumuladores queda garantizada gracias a la carga
automtica de bateras. La activacin de emergencia de los sistemas del ngulo de
paso se realiza de forma sincronizada mediante una conexin electromecnica.
Con la alimentacin elctrica paralela de emergencia (red o acumuladores),
combinado con los tres sistemas autnomos de control de ngulo de paso,
ofrecemos un concepto de seguridad que cumple con creces los requisitos de los
dos sistemas de frenado independientes ("fail safe").
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ENERCON E-82
1.6.2
page
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1.6.3
El sistema de sensores
Un exhaustivo sistema de vigilancia garantiza la seguridad del aerogenerador.
Todas las funciones relacionadas con la seguridad (como puede ser la velocidad
del rotor, las temperaturas, cargas y oscilaciones) se vigilan electrnicamente, as
como mediante la incorporacin de sensores mecnicos. Si uno de estos sensores
registra una perturbacin grave, el aerogenerador se desconectar inmediatamente.
1.7
Sistema de control
El sistema de control del E-82 se basa en un sistema de microprocesador
desarrollado por ENERCON que utiliza sensores para comprobar el estado de
todos los componentes del aerogenerador y otros datos, como son la direccin y la
velocidad del viento, para consecuentemente adaptar el modo de funcionamiento
del E-82.
El proceso automtico de arranque se activa si se alcanza una velocidad del viento
suficiente para el funcionamiento del aerogenerador durante tres minutos
consecutivos. Si se alcanza el lmite inferior del rango de velocidades de
funcionamiento (es decir, la velocidad de arranque), comienza el suministro de
energa a la red de distribucin. Debido a la conexin a red mediante el circuito de
corriente continua y el convertidor, no se producen picos de corriente durante el
arranque.
La velocidad del rotor, la potencia volcada a la red y el ngulo de paso de las palas
se adaptan continuamente a las condiciones cambiantes del viento. La potencia
elctrica se regula mediante la excitacin del generador. Cuando se alcanza o
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ENERCON E-82
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SISTEMA DE CONTROL
2.1
2.2
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ENERCON E-82
2.3
page
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Funcionamiento normal
Una vez finalizado el proceso de puesta en marcha del E-82, el aerogenerador
pasar al modo de funcionamiento normal. Mientras el aerogenerador est en
funcionamiento, se determinan de forma continua las condiciones del viento, se
optimiza la velocidad del rotor, la potencia y la excitacin del generador, se adapta
la posicin de la gndola respecto a la direccin del viento y se recogen los estados
de todos y cada uno de los sensores. Ante altas temperaturas externas y al mismo
rato fuertes vientos se activar el ventilador.
2.3.1
2.3.2
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Detener
Funcionamiento
normal
Fallo
p.ej.
Parada rpida
Parada emergencia
Bloqueo rotor
Freno rotor
p.ej
.
Vibraciones
Prdida de red
Velocidad excesiva
Fallo ngulo paso
error
Cambiar control de
ngulo de paso a
alimentacin de
emergencia
Giro rpido
de la pala
a posicin
posposicin
de bandera
p.ej.
Eliminacin carga
shedding
Fallo bus datos
datos
p.ej.
Generador hueco aire
Exceso temperatura
del cojinete
Fallo del condesador
acumulador
p.ej.
Oscilacin del torre
Exceso temperatura
del generador
Exceso temperatura
del convertidor
Fallo de red
p.ej.
Parada por
sombras
Turbina
parada manual
p.ej.
Tormenta
Falta de
viento
Cambiar control de
ngulo de paso a
alimentacin de
emergencia
Giro rpido
de la pala
a posicin
de bandera
Giro rpido
de la pala
a posicin
de bandera
Giro rpido
de la pala
a posicin
de bandera
Giro de la
pala a 60
(en vaco)
Giro de las
palas a
posicin
de bandera
Giro de la
pala a 60
(en vaco)
Aplicacin del
freno mecnico
del rotor
Parada automtica
Durante el modo de funcionamiento automtico los aerogeneradores de ENERCON
slo pueden detenerse de forma aerodinmica ajustando adecuadamente el ngulo
de paso de las palas. Mediante el ajuste de las palas del rotor, se minimizan las
fuerzas de impulso aerodinmico y se frena el rotor. Los accionamientos del
sistema de control del ngulo de paso son capaces de girar las palas hasta la
posicin de bandera en tan slo unos segundos.
Por otro lado, el aerogenerador tambin se detiene automticamente cuando se
producen averas o incidencias concretas en el funcionamiento, as como cuando
las condiciones del viento lo exigen. Algunas averas activan una parada rpida
mediante el sistema de control del ngulo de paso (Pitch system) haciendo uso de
los acumuladores para el suministro de energa en caso de emergencia. Otras
averas provocan una parada normal del aerogenerador.
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ENERCON E-82
page
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En funcin del tipo de avera de que se trate, puede que sea posible volver a
arrancar el aerogenerador automticamente. En todo caso ante una parada
automtica los inversores se aislan galvnicamente de la red.
2.5.2
Parada manual
El E-82 puede detenerse a travs del interruptor de arranque y parada (start / stop)
del armario de control. Cuando esto ocurre, el sistema de control coloca las palas
en posicin de bandera y el aerogenerador baja de velocidad hasta que se para. El
freno mecnico no se acciona en este caso y el mecanismo de orientacin de la
gndola sigue en marcha, por lo que el E-82 puede colocarse de modo ptimo a
favor del viento.
2.5.3
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2.7 Temporal
Cuando las velocidades del viento son superiores a 31 m/s, el aerogenerador no
abandona el modo de parada o el modo de funcionamiento en vaco. Asimismo, si
la velocidad media supera los 31 m/s o se alcanza un valor mximo de 34 m/s, el E82 dejar de operar en el modo de funcionamiento a potencia regulada. El
aerogenerador tambin dejar de operar en modo de funcionamiento normal en
cuanto se supere el mximo ngulo de paso de la pala permitido, por lo que, incluso
si el anemmetro estuviera congelado, esto no representara ningn riesgo. En
cualquier caso, el aerogenerador conmuta a funcionamiento en vaco.
Los componentes del E-82, como son las palas del rotor, la gndola, la torre o la
cimentacin, estn diseados para resistir altas velocidades de viento.
El aerogenerador arranca automticamente si la velocidad del viento se encuentra
por debajo de la velocidad de corte (31 m/s) durante 10 minutos.
Gracias al sistema de control de rfagas, el aerogenerador no se desconecta de
golpe al superar los 28m/s sino que se reduce la potencia mediante un ajuste
gradual del ngulo de las palas. Slo si se rondan los 34 m/s se reducir a cero la
potencia. Este mtodo estratgico mejora el comportamiento elctrico de la red y
aumenta consecuentemente la produccin.
Gndola girada
ms de 3 vueltas
izda.
Gndola girada
2-3 vueltas
izda.
Divergencia entre
orientacin gndola
y direccin del viento
mayor que cierto
ngulo mnimo
Poco viento
(v < 3,5 m/s)
Orientacin
dcha.
Aerogenerador
desconectado
Estatus 22:1
Divergencia entre
orientacin gndola
y direccin del viento
mayor que cierto
ngulo mnimo
Orientacin
izda.
Desenrollado
de cables
dcha.
Gndola girada
2-3 vueltas
dcha.
Gndola girada
ms de 3 vueltas
dcha.
Poco viento
(v < 3,5 m/s)
Desenrollado
de cables
izda.
Aerogenerador
desconectado
Estatus 22:2
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ENERCON E-82
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FICHA TCNICA
Tipo de aerogenerador:
ENERCON E-82
Potencia nominal:
2000 kW
82 m
Altura de buje:
Concepto de aerogenerador:
Sentido de rotacin:
Nmero de palas:
rea barrida:
5 281m
Velocidad de rotacin:
Velocidad de punta:
25 - 80 m/s
Rgido
Cojinetes principales:
Generador:
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ENERCON E-82
19 of 19
Convertidor ENERCON
Sistema de frenado:
Control de orientacin:
Velocidad de corte:
ENERCON SCADA
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PLAN ELICO
P.E. El Salinero II
a) Memoria Resumen.
El Parque Elico El Salinero II, se ubica en terrenos disponibles por el promotor Generacin
Elica Internacional, S.L., en el municipio de San Bartolom de Tirajana en la isla de Gran
Canaria. Se adjunta un plano de ubicacin de los terrenos en el anexo a.3. La superficie total
del terreno cuyo derecho para uso elico es exclusivo del promotor, supera las 25 hectreas.
El Parque Elico Salinero II, se considera una de las alternativas diseadas por el promotor
para instalar en el cordal norte una instalacin elica, considerando en esta alternativa el uso
de la tecnologa de Enercon, modelo E-82 de 2.000 MW de potencia nominal y 82 m. de rotor,
conformando un parque elico de 12 MW.
Toda esta informacin y ms esta reflejada en el anexo a.2 con el modelo establecido
debidamente cumplimentado.
PLAN ELICO
P.E. El Salinero I
e) Localizacin geogrfica.
1. Se facilitan los siguientes planos en formato papel y digital a la escala adecuada y con la
representacin de la direccin del viento dominante, tal que permitan la localizacin del parque
elico a travs de coordenadas, indicando adems los trminos municipales afectados:
Plano sobre hoja de cartografa indicando:
- Localizacin geogrfica y codificacin de cada aerogenerador perteneciente al parque elico,
con la representacin de la direccin del viento dominante recogida en la Cartografa del
recurso elico de Canarias.
PLAN ELICO
P.E. El Salinero II