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any hydrolysis
Organic Nitrogen
(proteins; urea)
Nitrification
Ammonia Nitrogen
O2
Nitrate (NO-2)
Nitrate (NO-3)
Organic Carbon
Denitrification
Assimilation
O2
Organic Nitrogen
(net growth)
O2
Facultative bacteria
Carbon
storage
Energy
y
rg
ne PHB
PHB
Short-chain
fatty acids
on
Carb
ge
stora
P
CO2 + H2O
Fermentation Products
Cell wall
Soluble COD
Substrate
AEROBIC
Removal mechanisms for excess biological phosphorus (COD = chemical oxygen demand, PHB = poly--hydroxybutyrate).
15
50
40
10
30
Soluble BOD
20
5
Ortho Phosphorus
1
0
5
Anaerobic
First Anoxic
10
ADP + PO4
10
energy
ATP
15
Aerobic
0
20
Second Reaeration
Anoxic
Typical profile of soluble phosphorus concentrations in a biological nutrient removal process (ATP = adenosine
triphosphate, ADP = adenosine diphosphate).
Aerobic
CONCENTRATION
Anaerobic
Or
tho
ph
Sol
os
ph
oru
ubl
eB
OD
TIME
Fate of soluble BOD and phosphorus in nutrient removal reactor.
Figure by MIT OCW.
Adapted from: G. Tchobanoglous, F. L. Burton, and H. D. Stensel. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment
and Reuse. 4th ed. Metcalf & Eddy Inc., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2003, p. 626.
AVAILABILITY
Chemical
Alum
Formula
Molecular
Weight
Al2(SO4)3.18H2O#
666.5
Al2(SO4)3.14H2O#
Aluminum Chloride
AlCl3
Calcium Hydroxide
(lime)
Ca(OH)2
Ferric Chloride
Equivalent
Weight
594.4
Ferric Sulfate
Fe2(SO4)3
Ferrous Sulfate
(copperas)
Sodium Aluminate
Percent
Liquid
8.5 (Al2O3)
Lump
17 (Al2O3)
Liquid
8.5 (Al2O3)
Lump
17 (Al2O3)
133.3
44
Liquid
56.1 as CaO
40
Lump
162.2
FeCl3
114
Form
91
63-73 as CaO
Powder
85-99
Slurry
15-20
Liquid
20 (Fe)
Lump
20 (Fe)
400
51.5
Granular
18.5 (Fe)
FeSO4.7H2O
278.1
139
Granular
20 (Fe)
Na2Al2O4
163.9
100
Flake
46 (Al2O3)
% COD Removal
80
60
40
20
40
60
80
100
% Removal
50
BOD % Removal
40
COD % Removal
30
20
10
0
20
40
30
40
50
60
Primary
Clarifier
Grit
chamber
Anionic
Polyme
r
High dose
Fe/Al
Optional
Mixer
Primary
Clarifier
Grit
chamber
Possibly
Anionic
Polymer
Primary
Clarifier
Grit
chamber
Fe/Al
Mixer
Primary
Clarifier
AST
Aeration
Secondary
Clarifier
Grit
chamber
Carbon
source
Fe/Al
Mixer
Primary
Clarifier
AST
Aeration
Denitrification
Grit
chamber
Secondary
Clarifier
0
Ferric Chloride Addition
100
80
60
40
20
0
Ferric Chloride Plus Polymer Addition
100
80
60
40
20
0
50
100
Overflow Rate
150 cu m/sq.m/d