Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

1) American Academy of Pediatrics. Rubella. n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2015.

This is a picture of a baby infected with rubella. It gave us a greater understand of rubellas
symptoms.
2) American Medical Association. 1913. History of Vaccines. Web. 13 Jan. 2015
This is an early depiction of inoculation among the Chinese. It helped us understand where the
origins of vaccination and inoculation came from.
3) American Medical Association Logo. N.d. American Medical Association. Web. 13 Jan.
2015
This is the logo of the American Medical Association. The American Medical Association was
firmly against the Wagner-Murray-Dingell bill. It helped us understand the AMAs powerful
position in medicine.
4) Dennis, Koo. Rubella (German Measles) - by Year, United States 1966-1993. Digital
image. MMWR Weekly. Center for Disease Control, 21 Oct. 1994. Web. 13 Jan.
2015.
This graph provides important information on how Rubella declined in the U.S. after the
implementation of the MMR vaccine.
5) Dwight D. Eisenhower: "Citation Presented to Dr. Jonas E. Salk and Accompanying
Remarks.," April 22, 1955.Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The
American Presidency Project.
President Dwight D. Eisenhower spoke highly of Jonas Salk, saying, The work of Dr. Salk is in
the highest tradition of selfless and dedicated medical research. It gave us an idea of the impact
Dr. Salk and his achievements had during his time.

6) Emery, Gene. Mumps United States 1968-2005. Digital image. Reuters.com. Thomson
Reuters, 10 Apr. 2008. Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
This digital image provides information on the decline of Mumps in the United States after the
introduction of the MMR vaccine.
7) Gillette State Hospital for Crippled Children. Digital image. State Institutions. Minnesota
Historical Society Library, 12 Jan. 2015. Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
This picture was used to illustrate the unethical treatment of children in mental asylums in the
mid-1900's. It helped me to understand the time period better and put Maurice Hilleman's
vaccine into context.
8) History of Vaccines. n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
This is a picture of a baby infected with the measles. It helped us understand the effects of the
measles.
9) Jenner, Edward. n.d. BBC. Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
These are drawings of cowpox sores on Sarah Nelmes hand and of Edward Jenners inoculatin
of James Phipps. It gave us visual context on what Edward Jenner achieved.
10) Jenner, Edward. The Three Original Publications on Vaccination Against Smallpox. Vol.
XXXVIII, Part 4. The Harvard Classics. New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 190914;
Bartleby.com, 2001.
Edward Jenners documentation of his experience in inoculating James Phipps and other
milkmaids from smallpox. It gives primary source information and context on Edward Jenners
discovery of smallpox vaccination.
11) John D. Dingell. 1954. U.S. Library of Congress. Library of Congress. Web. 13 Jan.
2015.
This is a picture of John D. Dingell, a U.S. representative from 1933-1955 and one of the
creators of the Wagner-Murray-Dingell bill. It gives context and a better representation of
Dingell.
12) Joseph Meister. 1885. The Pasteur Institute. Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
This is a picture of Joseph Meister, the boy Louis Pasteur tested his rabies vaccine on after
Meister was bitten by a dog. It gave us visual context on how Pasteur first tested the vaccine.

13) Kate, Nina. Opposing Views. 2013. Web. 13 Jan. 2015.

This is a picture of a child infected with the measles. It helped us with understand the effects it
has on the human body.
14) Measles Cases Reported in the United States, 1944-2007. Digital image. Peakoil.com.
Peakoil.com, 20 Dec. 2013. Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
This graph helped us understand the rate of decline in Measles after the introduction of the MmR
vaccination to the American public in the 1960's.
15) Measles, Mumps, Rubella Decline 1960-2000. Digital image. Vaccination Liberation
Information. Vaccination Liberation, 5 July 2013. Web.
While the other graphs showed the decline in measles, mumps, and rubella separately, this one
was important because it provided a graph that looked at all three at once over the same time
period.
16) Measles Mortality Rate. n.d. Dissolving Illusions. Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
This is a graph showing the measles mortality rate. It gave us an idea of the lasting impact of the
measles.
17) MMR Vaccination Documentary. Prod. Stephen Scott and Gary Horne. British
Broadcasting Corporation, 2002. Youtube. Youtube, 3 May 2012. Web. 13 Jan.
2015.
This documentary by the BBC provided a first hand account of the commotion caused by the
MMR Vaccine in 1998. Interviews of mothers of autistic children were utilized to better
understand the issue.
18) Murrow, Edward. Interview. See It Now. CBS Television. 12 Apr. 1955. Television.
An interview between Edward R. Murrow and Jonas Salk on the CBS show See It Now. The
source gave us the personality and motives of Dr. Salk.

19) The Vaccine Makers project. Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccine Licensed. Online
Video. History of Vaccines. The College of Physicians of Philadelphia, 31 July,
2014 Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
This primary source is a video of an interview with Maurice Hilleman in which he discusses the
benefits of vaccines, especially surrounding his vaccine. The video is significant because it helps
provide an important view into Hillemans personal beliefs of vaccines and explains part of why
he strived to create so many vaccines during his youth.
20) Academy of Achievement. n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
This is a picture of Jonas Salk and his research team at the Virus Research Laboratory of the
University of Pittsburgh. It provides context on Dr. Salks work on the polio vaccine at the time.
21) Centers for Disease Control. n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2015
These are the graphs for the mumps and rubella. They gave us a sense of the effect of measles
and its rate of occurrence before and after the vaccines for them were developed.
22) Hays, Silas. Walter Reed Army Medical Center, D.C. (left background) Walter Reed
Army Institute of Research; (centered background) Armed Forced Institute of
Pathology; (foreground) Walter Reed Army Hospital. Photograph. U.S. Army
Medical Department: Office of Medical History. U.S. Army Medical Department,
18 May 2009. Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
This is a photograph of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center that was recorded in 1958 by the
U.S. Surgeon General in his annual report. It is a primary source that is valuable because it show
the workplace in which Maurice Hilleman spent much of his time working and where he
developed many of his vaccines.
23) New Squibb Medical Research Institute. Photograph. Bristol-Myers Squibb. BristolMyers Squibb Company, March 2014.Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
This primary source is a photograph of the Squibb Medical Center in 1938 when Hilleman was
attending. It is important because it provides a look at the place where Hilleman worked and
where his career in vaccinology began.

24) Polson, Steven. Robert F. Wagner. 2004. U.S. Senate Art & History. U.S. Senate. 2004.
Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
This is a U.S. Senate portrait of Robert F. Wagner, a U.S. Senator from 1927-1949. It gave us a
better representation of Wagner.
25) Reid F. Murray. 1940. Wisconsin Blue Book. Web. 13 Jan. 2015
This is a picture of Reid F. Murray, a U.S. representative from 19391952 and one of the creators
of the Wagner-Murray Dingell bill. It gave us a better representation of Murray.
26) Robert Weibel injects Maurice Hilleman with an experimental hepatitis B vaccine made
from human blood, circa late 1970s. Photograph. History of Vaccines. The
College of Physicians of Philadelphia, 31 July, 2014. Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
This primary source is a picture of Robert Weibel administering a hepatitis B vaccine to Maurice
Hilleman. It is a significant source because it provides one of the few pictures in which Hilleman
can be seen associating with Robert Weibel; therefore, providing a visible connection between
the two men.
27) Sabin Sunday. Digital image. Gettyimages.com. Cincinnati Museum Center, n.d. Web. 13
Jan. 2015.
This primary source image gave us insight into the vaccination process and campaighns of the
mid 20th century following the polio and measles outbreaks in the U.S.
28) Sunland Mental Hospital. Digital image. Weird NJ. Weird NJ Inc., n.d. Web. 13 Jan.
2015.The Medical News 68 (1896): 731. Web. 13 Jan. 2015
This image of the Sunland Mental Hospital in Orlando, Florida illustrated the effects of unclean
and unethical living for children in mental hospitals at the time.
29) "The Wagner-Murray-Dingell Bill." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical
Association 128.6 (1945): 461. Web. 13 Jan. 2015
The Wagner-Murray-Dingell bill was one of many efforts for a national health care reform.
When some people feared that it would bring about socialism, Robert F. Wagner, one of the
creators of the bill, claimed that it would not. This correspondence helped to determine what
Wagners vision for the bill was.

30) Tompkins, Vincent. A teacher supervises her class of young children with special needs
in Letchworth Village, New York. Digital image. Enotes.com. Gale Cengage, n.d.
Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
This image provided an inside look into the lives of children in schools for the mentally retarded.
31) Tots at the Washington Asylum for Foundlings. Digital image. Shorpy.com. Shorty
Historic Picture Archive, n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
This digital image was a perfect example of the misconduct at a children's orphange that
contributed to why Hilleman and other scientists chose to test their vaccines at hospitals.
32) UC - Clermont College Biology. n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
This is a picture of Edward Jenner vaccinating a baby with the lymph from a dairymaid infected
with cowpox. It helped to show us Edward Jenners early process of vaccination.
33) Vaccine Information. n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
This is a picture of a child infected with the mumps. It helped us visualize the swelling of the
salivary glands.
34) Wakefield, Andrew. "RETRACTED: Ileal-lymphoid-nodular Hyperplasia, Non-specific
Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children." The
Lancet 351.9103 (1998): 637-41. The Lancet. Elsevier Limited, 28 Feb. 1998.
Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
This journal by Andrew Wakefield illustrated his claims and findings that MMR caused Autism.
The claims in this primary source journal ignited political campaigns against the vaccine and
parents refusing to vaccinate their children.
35) "Wellcome Trust and Merck launch joint venture to develop affordable vaccines for lowincome countries." Photograph. Welcome Trust. Merck, 17 Sept. 2009. Web. 13
Jan. 2015.
This photograph is a picture released by the media company that Merck had a deal with. It is an
important primary source because it provides a unique picture of Maurice Hilleman posing for
the camera.

Secondary Sources
1) "A Brief History: Universal Health Care Efforts in the US." Physicians for a National
Health Program, n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2015.
There have been efforts to establish a national health care system in the U.S. One of these was
the Wagner-Murray-Dingell bill in the mid-1900s, which never passed despite attempts for 14
years. The bill and other efforts to reform health care helped by giving context on what was
occurring during Hillemans time.
2) Deer, Brian. "Andrew Wakefield and MMR: The Investigation." Briandeer.com. Brian
Deer, 2004. Web. 14 Jan. 2015.
Brian Deer's extensive investigation into the MMR fraud case of Andrew Wakefield is detailed in
great magnitude. There are hundreds of primary source photos and newspaper articles that were
published at the time of the crisis. These helped us understand what people were thinking when
this research was published.
3) "Diseases and Vaccines." History of Vaccines. The College of Physicians of Philadelphia,
n.d. Web. 24 Dec. 2014.
The timeline gives information from the first attempts at inoculation to the development of
vaccines today. It helped us visualize and give context on the timespan of vaccines and
inoculation in order to give weight to Dr. Hillemans achievements.
4) Does the MMR Jab Cause Autism? BBC Online. BBC, 17 Sept. 2014. Web. 13 Jan.
2015.
This image is a secondary source providing an image of the improved MMR-Vaccine II, the
successor of Hillemans MMR vaccine. It is an important image because it provides a presentday example of Hillemans work and an example of the bottle in which the MMR vaccine is
distributed in.
5) Hoffman, Beatrix. Health Care Reform and Social Movements in the United
States. American Journal of Public Health 93.1 (2003): 7585. Print.
Efforts to establish a national health care system was responded with great animosity,
specifically from the American Medical Association. The AMA spent over $1 million in antireform advertising when the Wagner-Murray-Dingell bill was proposed. Learning about efforts
for national health care and its opponents helped to give context on the situation when Hilleman
was in his prime.

6) IDATA. Vaccines. Ethiopian Opinion. n.p., 20 May 2014. Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
This secondary source is an image syringes and vaccine bottles. It significance is in showcasing
how far vaccinations have developed since Hillemans time.

7) Joseph Stokes, Jr., M.D. Photograph. U.S. Army Medical Department: Office of
Medical History. U.S. Army Medical Department, 18 May 2009.Web. 13 Jan.
2015.
This secondary source is an image from the U.S. Armys Department of Medical History of
Joseph Stokes. Its significance lies in that it is a useful portrait to illustrate Joseph Stokes.
8) "Louis Pasteur." History of Vaccines. The College of Physicians of Philadelphia, n.d.
Web. 24 Dec. 2014.
Louis Pasteur was to first to weaken viruses to produce vaccines. In 1885, he created the rabies
vaccine and test it on nine-year-old Joseph Meister. It helped us obtain more information on one
of the important vaccinologists in the history of vaccines.
9) Merck Research Laboratories. Logo. Pharmacy Continuing Education. n.p., 11 July
2014. Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
This secondary source is the current logo for Merck Research Laboratories, the company in
which Hilleman worked. It provides a connection between the past and the present, providing us
with a chance to see and observe the company where Hilleman developed many vaccines.
10) Offit, Paul A., and Louis M. Bell. Vaccines: What You Should Know. Hoboken, NJ:
John Wiley, 2003. Print.
Paul A. Offit and Lous M. Bell gave a brief history on the past of measles, mumps, and rubella. It
included quotes and information from people who experienced or discovered some of the
diseases. It gave us information and context on the diseases that Dr. Hilleman developed
vaccines for.
11) Offit, Paul A. Vaccinated: One Man's Quest to Defeat the World's Deadliest Diseases.
Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian, 2007. Print.

Paul Offit describes Maurice Hilleman's history, life, and legacy. This book is a secondary source
that explores the research and experience of Hilleman and the development of his vaccines. The
book helped me learn more about Hilleman's personal history and provided us the majority of the
primary sources photos of Hilleman and his work.

12) "Poliomyelitis (infantile Paralysis, Polio)." New York Department of Health. N.p., n.d.
Web. 25 Dec. 2014.
This is a secondary source whose significance is in describing the effects of polio, escpecially on
infants. It only goes to show the importance that vaccinations have on modern day life.
13) Research Communications. Humans vaccines project global. The Childrens Hospital
of Philadelphia Research Institute. n.p., 6 Jun. 2013.Web. 13 Jan. 2015.
This secondary source is an image whose significance is in its symbolic value, displaying the
world-wide effect that vaccinations have had and their significance.