6.

002

CIRCUITS AND
ELECTRONICS

Incremental Analysis

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 7

Review

Nonlinear Analysis
X Analytical method
X Graphical method
Today
X Incremental analysis
Reading: Section 4.5

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 7

Method 3: Incremental Analysis

Motivation: music over a light beam
Can we pull this off?
iD

+
vD LED
light
intensity
I D iD
vI music signal

iR

vI (t ) +

vI (t )

iD (t )

light

AMP
iR I R
light intensity IR
in photoreceiver
LED: Light
Emitting
expoDweep

iR (t )

sound

nonlinear

linear
problem! will result in distortion

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 7

Problem:

The LED is nonlinear

distortion
iD

iD
vD
vD = vI

t
vD
t

iD

vD
t

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 7

Insight:

iD

small region
looks linear
(about VD , ID)

ID

VD

vD

DC offset
or DC bias

Trick:
vi (t ) +

vI
VI

iD = I D + id
+
vD LED
vD = VD + vd
VI

vi

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 7

Result
iD

id
ID

vD

VD

vd

very small

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 7

Result

vD = vI

vd

vD

VD

iD

id

iD

~linear!

ID

Demo
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 7

The incremental method:

(or small signal method)

1. Operate at some DC offset

or bias point VD, ID .
2. Superimpose small signal vd
(music) on top of VD .
3. Response id to small signal vd
is approximately linear.
Notation:

iD = I D + id

total
DC
small
variable offset superimposed
signal

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 7

What does this mean

mathematically?
Or, why is the small signal response
linear?
nonlinear
iD = f (vD )

We replaced

vD = VD + vD

large DC

vd

increment
about VD

using Taylors Expansion to expand

f(vD) near vD=VD :

iD = f (VD ) +
+

df (vD )
vD
dvD vD =VD
1 d 2 f (v D )
2! dvD 2 v

vD + "
D =VD

neglect higher order terms

because vD is small
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 7

iD f (VD ) +
constant
w.r.t. vD

d f (v D )
vD
d vD vD =VD
constant w.r.t. vD
slope at VD, ID

We can write
X : I D + iD f (VD ) +

d f (v D )
vD
d vD vD =VD

equating DC and time-varying parts,

I D = f (VD )

operating point

d f (v D )
iD =
vD
d vD vD =VD
constant w.r.t. vD
so, iD vD

By notation,
iD = id
v D = vd

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 7

In our example,

iD = a e

bv D

From X : I D + id a e bVD + a e bVD b vd

Equate DC and incremental terms,

I D = a ebVD

operating point
aka bias pt.
aka DC offset

id = a ebVD b vd
id = I D b vd
constant

small signal
behavior
linear!

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 7

Graphical interpretation
operating point

I D = a ebVD

id = I D b vd
A

slope at
VD, ID

iD
ID

id

VD

operating
point
vd
vD

we are
approximating
A with B
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 7

graphically
mathematically
now, circuit

We saw the small signal

Large signal circuit:
ID

VI

+
LED VD
-

I D = a ebVD

Small signal reponse: id = I D b vd

+ vd -

behaves like:

id

R=

small signal circuit:

1
ID b

id
vi

+
vd
-

1
I Db
Linear!

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 7