High Strength Concrete (M70)

Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology
HIGH STRENGTH (M70) AND HIGH

PERFORMANCE CONCRETE
Batch
2009-2013
Final Year Project Report.
Project Team Members

Anik Yadav
09103009
Shayon Ghosh
09102072
Sanjeev Shah
09102066
Ashish Vijay
09102019
High strength (M70) and High Performance Concrete
Acknowledgement
We take immense pleasure in thanking Professor Dr S .P Singh, Head
Department of Civil Engineering NITJ who had been a source of inspiration
and for his timely guidance in the conduct of our Project. We would also like to
thank Faculty Members of Department of Civil Engineering NIT Jalandhar for
their guidance and for providing required resources to complete our Project
successfully.
We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to Non-teaching Faculty of
Department of Civil Engineering NIJ for facilitating us and helping us to
completing the project work, successfully.
Page 1
Content
Introduction
Page
3-4
Properties of High performance Concrete
4-7
Methods for achieving High Performance
7-8
High-performance Concrete Parameters.
8-9
Material Selection
9-16
Mix Proportion
16-18
Objective
18-19
Mix Design of M70
19-23
Laboratory tests
24-26
Preparation of Mix
26-31
Test Results
31-33
Graphs
33-36
Conclusion
37
Page 2
High strength (M70) and High

Performance Concrete
CONCRETE IS DEFINED AS HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE
SOLELY ON THE BASIS OF ITS COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
MEASURED AT A GIVEN AGE.
High performance concrete (HPC) for concrete mixtures possessing high workability, high
durability and high ultimate strength. Concrete, whose ingredients, proportions and
production methods are specifically chosen to meet special performance and uniformity
requirements that cannot be always achieved routinely by using only conventional materials,
like, cement, aggregates, water and chemical admixtures, and adopting normal mixing,
placing and curing practices. These performance requirements can be high strength, high
early strength, high workability, low permeability and high durability for severe service
environments, etc. or combinations thereof. Production and use of such concrete in the field
necessitates high degree of uniformity between batches and very stringent quality control.
High performance concrete (HPC) is a specialized series of concrete designed to
provide several benefits in the construction of concrete structures that cannot always be
achieved routinely using conventional ingredients, normal mixing and curing practices. In the
other words a high performance concrete is a concrete in which certain characteristics are
developed for a particular application and environment, so that it will give excellent
performance in the structure in which it will be placed, in the environment to which it will be
exposed, and with the loads to which it will be subjected during its design life. It includes
concrete that provides either substantially improved resistance to environmental influences
(durability
in
service)
or
substantially
increased
structural
capacity
while maintaining adequate durability. It may also include concrete, which significantly
reduces construction time without compromising long-term serviceability. While high strength
concrete, aims at enhancing strength and consequent advantages owing to improved
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strength, the term high-performance concrete (HPC) is used to refer to concrete of required
performance for the majority of construction applications without compromising long-term
serviceability. While high strength concrete, aims at enhancing strength and consequent
advantages owing to improved strength, the term high-performance concrete (HPC) is used
to refer to concrete of required performance for the majority of construction applications.
Properties of High performance Concrete

High modulus of elasticity
High abrasion resistance
High durability and long life in severe environments
Low permeability and diffusion
Resistance to chemical attack
High resistance to frost and deicer scaling damage
Toughness and impact resistance
Ease of placement
Chemical Attack
Carbonation
High Modulus of elasticity

The modulus of elasticity is a very important mechanical property of concrete. The higher
the value of the modulus, the stiffer the material is. Thus, comparing a high performance
concrete to a normal strength concrete, it is seen that the elastic modulus for high
performance concrete will be higher, thereby making it a stiffer type of concrete. Stiffness
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is a desirable property for concrete to have because the deflection a structure may
experience will be decreased. However, deformations, such as creep, increase in high
strength concrete
High abrasion resistance

Abrasion resistance is directly related to the strength of concrete. This makes high strength
HPC ideal for abrasive environments. The abrasion resistance of HPC incorporating silica
fume is especially high. This makes silica fume concrete particularly useful for spillways and
stilling basins, and concrete pavements or concrete pavement overlays subjected to heavy
or abrasive traffic.
High durability and long life in severe environments.

Durability problems of ordinary concrete can be associated with the severity of the
environment and the use of inappropriate high water/binder ratios. High-performance
concrete that have a water/binder ratio between 0.30 and 0.40 are usually more durable
than ordinary concrete not only because they are less porous, but also because their
capillary and pore networks are somewhat disconnected due to the development of selfdesiccation. In high-performance concrete (HPC), the penetration of aggressive agents is
quite difficult and only superficial
Low permeability and diffusion

The durability and service life of concrete exposed to weather is related to the
permeability of the cover concrete protecting the reinforcement. HPC typically has very
low permeability to air, water, and chloride ions. Low permeability is often specified
through the use of a coulomb value, such as a maximum of 1000 coulombs. The dense
pore structure of high-performance concrete, which makes it so impermeable, gives it
characteristics that make it eminently suitable for uses where a high quality concrete would
not normally be considered
Resistance to chemical attack

Page 5
For resistance to chemical attack on most structures, HPC offers a much improved
performance. Resistance to various sulfates is achieved primarily by the use of a dense,
strong concrete of very low permeability and low water-to-cementing materials ratio;
these are all characteristics of HPC. Similarly resistance to acid from wastes is also much
improved.
High resistance to frost and deicer scaling damage

Because of its very low water-cementing materials ratio (less than 0.30), it is widely
believed that HPC should be highly resistant to both scaling and physical breakup due to
freezing and thawing. There is ample evidence that properly air-entrained high
performance concretes are highly resistant to freezing and thawing and to scaling
Toughness and impact resistance

Both normal-strength concrete and high-strength concrete are brittle, with the degree of
brittleness increasing with increasing strength. The dynamic mechanical performance of highstrength concrete (HSC) under impact or fatigue loading has received increasing attention
in recent years because of the rapid adoption of higher strength concrete in bridges,
pavements, and marine structures, and several researchers have studied the impact or
fatigue performance of concrete.
Many experimental results have indicated that the characteristics and microstructure of both
the interfacial zone and the bulk HSC are improved by incorporating silica fume. As well,
the addition of steel fibers can effectively restrain the initiation and propagation of crack
under stress, and improve the toughness.
Ease of Placement
High performance concrete can also be highly workable self-compacting concrete which is
type of HPC which can be easily placed even dense reinforcement where vibrators cant
be used.
Chemical Attack
For resistance to chemical attack on most structures, HPC offers a much improved
performance. Resistance to various sulfates is achieved primarily by the use of a dense,
Page 6
strong concrete of very low permeability and low water-to-cementing materials ratio;
these are all characteristics of HPC. Similarly resistance to acid from wastes is also much
improved
Carbonation
HPC has a very good resistance to carbonation due to its low permeability. It was
determined that after 17 years the concrete in the CN Tower in Toronto had carbonated
to an average depth of 6 mm (0.24 in.). The concrete mixture in the CN Tower had a
water-cement ratio of 0.42. For a cover to the reinforcement of 35 mm (1.4 in.), this
concrete would provide corrosion protection for 500 years. For the lower water cementing
materials ratios common to HPC, significantly longer times to corrosion would result,
assuming a crack free structure. In practical terms, uncracked HPC cover concrete is
immune to carbonation to a depth that would
Methods for achieving High Performance

In general, better durability performance has been achieved by using high-strength, low
W/c ratio concrete. Though in this approach the design is based on strength and the result
is better durability, it is desirable that the high performance, namely, the durability, is
addressed directly by optimizing critical parameters such as the practical size of the
required materials.
Two approaches to achieve durability through different techniques are as follows.
1. Reducing the capillary pore system such that no fluid movement can occur is the first
approach. This is very difficult to realize and all concrete will have some interconnected
pores.
2. Creating chemically active binding sites which prevent transport of aggressive ions such
as chlorides is the second more effective method.
Page 7
High-performance Concrete Parameters.

Permeation is a major factor that causes premature deterioration of concrete structures.
The provision of high-performance concrete must center on minimizing permeation through
proportioning methods and suitable construction procedures (curing) to ensure that the
exposure conditions do not cause ingress of moisture and other agents responsible for
deterioration.
It is important to identify the dominant transport phenomenon and design the mix proportion
with the aim of reducing that transport mechanism which is dominant to a predefined
acceptable performance limit based on permeability.
9The parameter to be controlled for achieving the required performance criteria could be
any of the following.
(1) Water/ (cement + mineral admixture) ratio
(2) Strength
(3) Densification of cement paste
(4) Elimination of bleeding
(5) Homogeneity of the mix
(6) Particle size distribution
(7) Dispersion of cement in the fresh mix
(8) Stronger transition zone
(9) Low free lime content
(10) Very little free water in hardened concrete
Page 8
Material Selection
The main ingredients of HPC are almost the same as that of conventional concrete.
These are
1) Cement
2) Fine aggregate
3) Coarse aggregate
4) Water
5) Mineral admixtures (fine filler and/or pozzolanic supplementary cementation materials)
6) Chemical admixtures (plasticizers, superplastisizers, retarders, air-entraining agents)
Cement
There are two important requirements for any cement: (a) strength development with time
and (b) facilitating appropriate rheological characteristics when fresh.
1) High C3A content in cement generally leads to a rapid loss of flow in fresh concrete.
Therefore, high C3A content should be avoided in cements used for HPC.
2) The total amount of soluble sulphate present in cement is a fundamental consideration for
the suitability of cement for HPC.
3) The fineness of cement is the critical parameter. Increasing fineness increases early
strength development, but may lead to rheological deficiency.
4) The super plasticizer used in HPC should have long molecular chain in which the sulphonate
group occupies the beta position in the poly condensate of formaldehyde and melamine
sulphonate or that of naphthalene sulphonate.
Page 9
5) The compatibility of cement with retarders, if used, is an important requirement.
Coarse aggregates
The important parameters of coarse aggregate that influence the performance of concrete
are its shape, texture and the maximum size. Since the aggregate is generally stronger than
the paste, its strength is not a major factor for normal strength concrete, or for HES and VES
concretes. However, the aggregate strength becomes important in the case of high
performance concrete. Surface texture and mineralogy affect the bond between the
aggregates and the paste as well as the stress level at which micro cracking begins. The
surface texture, therefore, may also affect the modulus of elasticity, the shape of the stressstrain curve and to a lesser degree, the compressive strength of concrete. Since bond
strength increases at a slower rate than compressive strength, these effects will be more
pronounced in HES and VES concretes. Tensile strengths may be very sensitive to differences
in aggregate surface texture and surface area per unit volume.
Fine aggregate
Fine aggregates (FA) with a rounded particle shape and smooth texture have been found
to require less mixing water in concrete and for this reason are preferable in HSC. HSC
typically contain such high contents of fine cementations materials that the grading of the
FA used is relatively unimportant. However, it is sometimes helpful to increase the fineness
modulus (FM) as the lower FM of FA can give the concrete a sticky consistency (i.e. making
concrete difficult to compact) and less workable fresh concrete with a greater water
demand. Therefore, sand with a FM of about 3.0 is usually preferred for HSC (ACI 363R,
1992).
Compressive strength of coarse aggregate

To make high-strength concrete we must obviously use coarse aggregate that has a high
compressive strength to prevent rupture from occurring in the coarse aggregate. We must
therefore find coarse aggregates that come from quarries that produce rocks with
compressive strengths above 16,500 psi7 and absolutely avoid rocks that are too soft or
which present cleavage planes. So before making laboratory trial batches, we should
Page 10
determine the compressive strengths of all the coarse aggregates economically available.
Yet, as already noted, it is not necessarily the strongest coarse aggregate which will
produce the strongest concrete, since the bond of the hydrated cement to that same
aggregate must be taken into account.
Shape of coarse aggregate

Because the bond between the coarse aggregate and the hydrated cement is more of a
mechanical type at the beginning, to make high-strength concrete we ought to use a cubically
shaped crushed stone rather than a natural gravel or a crushed gravel. The type of crusher
used by the aggregate producer is important in this respect. Furthermore, the surfaces of
the coarse aggregate must be clean and free of any dust which would impair mechanical
bonding. In certain cases, washing of the aggregate may prove necessary. Careful
examination of aggregate samples from local quarries is sufficient to choose the coarse
aggregate that offers the most useful characteristics from this point of view.
Maximum size of coarse aggregate

We could show that for a given aggregate there is a relation between its maximum
diameter and the maximum compressive strength possible from concrete made with it. The
absolute maximum strength seems to be obtained with aggregates having a maximum size
of 38 or 12 inch.8 Standard coarse aggregates of Number 4 to- 38-inch 9 or Number
4-to-58-inch10 sizes are the most suitable.
Effect of Aggregate Type

The intrinsic strength of coarse aggregate is not an important factor if water-cement ratio
falls within the range of 0.50 to 0.70, primarily due to the fact that the cement-aggregate
bond or the hydrated cement paste fails long before aggregates do.It is, however, not true
for very high strength concretes with very low water-cement ratio of 0.20 to 0.30. For such
concretes, aggregates can assume the weaker-link role and fail in the form of trans
granular fractures on the failure surface. However, the aggregate minerals must be strong,
unaltered, and fine grained in order to be suitable for very high strength concrete. Intraand inter-granular fissures partially decomposed coarse-grained minerals, and the
presence of cleavages and lamination planes tend to weaken the aggregate, and
therefore the ultimate strength of the concrete.
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The compressive strength and elastic modulus of concrete are significantly influenced by the
mineralogical characteristics of the aggregates. Crushed aggregates from fine-grained
debris and limestone give the best results. Concretes made from smooth river gravel and
from crushed granite containing inclusions of a soft mineral are relatively weaker in strength.
There exists a good correlation between the compressive strength of coarse aggregate and
its soundness expressed in terms of weight loss. There exists a close correlation between the
mean compressive strengths of the aggregate and the compressive strength of the concrete,
ranging from 35 to 75 MPa, at both 7 days and 28 days of age.
Effect of Aggregate Size
The use of larger maximum nominal size of aggregate affects the strength in several ways.
First, since larger aggregates have less specific surface area and the aggregate-paste
bond strength is less, the compressive strength of concrete is reduced. Secondly, for a given
volume of concrete, using larger aggregate results in a smaller volume of paste thereby
providing more restraint to volume changes of the paste. This may induce additional stresses
in the paste, resulting in micro cracks prior to application of load, which may be a critical
factor in very high strength (VHS) concretes. Therefore, it is the general consensus that smaller
size aggregate should be used to produce high performance concrete.
It is generally suggested that 10 to 12 mm is the appropriate maximum size of aggregates
for making high strength concrete. However, adequate performance and economy can also
be achieved with 20 to 25 mm maximum size graded aggregates by proper proportioning
with a mid-range or high-range water reducer, high volume blended cements, and coarse
ground Portland cement. Change in emphasis from water-cementations material ratio versus
strength relation to water-content versus durability relation will provide the incentive for
much closer control of aggregate grading than in the current practices. A substantial
reduction in water requirement can be achieved by using a well-graded aggregate.
Page 12
Mineral admixtures
Mineral admixtures form an essential part of the high-performance concrete mix. These are
used for various purposes, depending upon their properties. More than the chemical
composition, mineralogical and granulometric characteristics determine the influence of
mineral admixture's role in enhancing properties of concrete. The fly ash (FA), the ground
granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and the silica fume (SF) has been used widely as
supplementary cementations materials in high performance concrete. These mineral
admixtures, typically fly ash and silica fume (also called condensed silica or micro silica),
reduce the permeability of concrete to carbon dioxide (CO2) and chloride-ion penetration
without much change in the total porosity.
These pozzolanas react with OPC in two ways-by altering hydration process through alkali
activated reaction kinetics of a pozzolanas called pozzolanic reaction and by micro filler
effect. In pozzolanic reaction the pozzolanas react with calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, (free
lime) liberated during hydration of cement, which comprises up to 25 per cent of the
hydration product, and the water to fill voids with more calcium-silicate-hydrate (nonevaporable water) that binds the aggregate particles together.
The pozzolanas may also react with other alkalis such as sodium and potassium hydroxides
present in the cement paste. These reactions reduce permeability, decrease the amounts of
otherwise harmful free lime and other alkalis in the paste, decrease free water content, thus
increase the strength and improve the durability.
Fly ash used as a partial replacement for cement in concrete, provides very good
performance. Concrete is durable with continued increase in compressive strength beyond
28 days. There is little evidence of carbonation, it has low to average permeability and
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good resistance to chloride-ion penetration. Chloride-ion penetration rating of high volume

fly ash (HVFA) concrete is less than 2000 coulombs, which indicate a very low permeability
concrete.
It continues to improve because many fly ash particles react very slowly, pushing the coulomb
value lower and lower. Silica fume not only provides an extremely rapid pozzolanic reaction,
but its very fine size also provides a beneficial contribution to concrete. Silica fume tends to
improve both mechanical properties and durability. Silica fume concretes continue to gain
strength under a variety of curing conditions, including unfavorable ones. Thus the concretes
with silica fume appear to be more robust to early drying than similar concretes that do not
contain silica fume. Silica fume is normally used in combination with high-range water
reducers and increase achievable strength levels dramatically.
Since no interaction between silica fume, ground granulated blast-furnace slag and fly ash
occurs, and each component manifests its own cementations properties as hydration
proceeds, higher strength and better flow ability can be achieved by adding a
combination of SF, FA and GGBFS to OPC which provides, a system with wider particlesize distribution. HVFA concrete incorporating SF exceeds performance of concrete with
only FA. The key to developing OPC-FA-SF and OPC-GBSF-SF concretes without reduction
in strength is to incorporate within the mixture adequate amounts of OPC and water. Using
both silica fume and fly ash, the strength at 12 hours has been found to improve suddenly
over similar mixes with silica fume alone. This phenomenon has been attributed to the
liberation of soluble alkalis from the surface of the fly ash.
Admixtures
High Range Water Reducing Admixtures (HRWA) :These are the second generation
admixture and also called as Super plasticizers. These are synthetic chemical products
Page 14
made from organic sulphonate of type RSO3, where R is complex organic group of higher
molecular weight produced under carefully controlled condition:
The commonly used super plasticizer are as follows:
i) Sulphonate melamine formaldehyde condensate (S M F C)
ii) Sulphonated napthalene formaldehyde condensate (S N F C)
iii) Modified ligno-sulphonates and other sulphonic esters, acids etc.
iv) Polycarboxylate Ether Polymer (PCE)
Reduction in W/c Ratio is as follows against the different water reducers admixtures:
1. Water Reducer Admixture: 5-12% Reduction of water.
2. Melamine/Naphthalene based admixtures: It reduces water 16-25 %.
3. Polycarboxylate ether polymer based admixture: It reduces water 20 to 35%.
The main objectives for using super plasticizers are the following.
(i) To produce highly dense concrete to ensure very low permeability with adequate
resistance to freezing-hawing.
(ii) To minimize the effect of heat of hydration by lowering the cement content.
(iii) To produce concrete with low air content and high workability to ensure high bond
strength.
(iv) To lower the water-cement ratio in order to keep the effect of creep and shrinkage to
a minimum.
(v) To produce concrete of lowest possible porosity to protect it against external attacks.
(vi) To keep alkali content low enough for protection against alkali-aggregate reaction
and to keep sulphate and chloride contents as low as possible for prevention of
reinforcement corrosion.
(vii) To produce pump able yet non-segregating type concrete.
Page 15
(viii) To overcome the problems of reduced workability in fiber reinforce concrete and
shotcrete.
(ix) To provide high degree of workability to the concretes having mineral additives with
very low water-cementations material ratios.
(x) To produce highly ductile and acid resistant polymer (acrylic latex) concrete with
adequate workability and strength.
The following types of superplastisizers are used.

Naphthalene-based
Melamine-based
Ligno-sulphonates-based
Polycarboxylate-based
Combinations of above
Mix Proportion
The main difference between mix designs of HPC and CC is the emphasis laid on
performance aspect also (in fresh as well as hardened stages of concrete) besides
strength, in case of HPC, whereas in design of CC mixes, strength of concrete is an
important criterion. By imposing the limitations on maximum watercement ratio, minimum
cement content, workability (slum, flow table, compaction factor, and Vee-Bee consistency),
etc., it is sought to assure performance of CC; rarely any specific tests are conducted to
measure the durability aspects of CC, during the mix design. In HPC, however, besides
strength, durability considerations are given utmost importance. To achieve high durability
of HPC, the mix design of HPC should be based on the following considerations:
i) The water-binder (w/b) ratio should be as less as possible, preferably 0.3 and below.
Page 16
ii) The workability of concrete mix should be enough to obtain good compaction (use
suitable chemical admixtures such as super plasticizer (SP)).
iii) The transition zone between aggregate and cement paste should be strengthened
(add fine fillers such as silica fume (SF)).
iv) The microstructure of cement concrete should be made dense and impermeable (add
pozzolanic materials such as fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag powder
(GGBFSP), SF, etc.)
v) Proper curing regime of concrete should be established (this is to overcome the
problems associated with usual adoption of very low water content and high cement
content in HPC mixes.
TYPICAL HPC MIX DESIGN METHODS
The properties of HPCs not only depend upon the w/b ratio but also vary considerably
with the richness of mix and the type and strengths of concrete of aggregates.
Workability of HPCs depends upon the type of cement and its compatibility with chemical
admixtures, shape of aggregate, method of mixing of ingredients of HPCs, etc. Thus, the
properties of materials and mix preparation techniques have very high influence on the
HPC mixes, suitable mix proportions cannot be suggested for HPCs. Therefore, any mix
design procedure of HPCs can strictly be only a guideline and a separate development of
HPC mix in the laboratory for the various ingredients, type of structure and concreting
conditions etc., is very much essential. Hence, the HPC mix design can be only applicationspecific.
It should be noted that the strength increase as the w/c is reduced (provided the
compatibility of concrete is maintained), and that for a given w/c, the strength is
decreased as a mix is made richer (by adding more cement) beyond a limit. Therefore, the
advantage of increase in strength due to lowering of the w/c, which also reduces
consequently the workability. Hence, the HPCs require approaches other than the increase
of cement content in order to achieve the high strength.
Page 17
Though the strengths are not always true indicators of durability, the high strength
associated with the HPCs generally tend to impart also high durability to them, due to
reduced w/b and use of pozzolanic admixtures.
OBJECTIVE
To achieve high strength concrete (M70) without compromising the workability of concrete.
Normally when we try to achieve very high strength the mix becomes very stiff and it cant
be pumped on the site .Thus our main aim was to achieve the desired strength with desired
workability and other properties like low permeability ,high durability etc.
CRITICAL STUDY OF THE FOLLOWING
Variation in compressive strength with respect to water cement ratio and varying
proportions of cementation materials.
MATERIAL USED
Cement(OPC Cement 43 grade)
Fly Ash
Micro Silica
Coarse Aggregates(20mm & 10mm)
Fine Aggregates
Water
Admixture (Glenium 51)
Mix Design Detail of M-70

Target Mean Strength
Page 18
Fck =fck+1.65 s
=70+1.65*5
= 78.25 MPa
Where,
fck target average compressive strength 28 days.
fck- Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days
S is taken 5 for M30 or above as per IS 10262
Design for 1m3 batch.
From Table-2 IS 10262
Maximum water content for 20 mm aggregate 186 kg for (slump 25mm to 50mm)
Estimation of Water Content for 75mm SLUMP.
=186+ (15/100)*186
=186+27.9
=213.9 kg/m3
From trials it was found that admixture (super plasticizer) Glenium SKY 51 reduced water
content by 30%.
Hence arrived water content
=213.9*0.7
=149.73 kg/m3
*Note: modification in water content has been done in accordance with the standard lab
result various trial mixtures for required slump/flow requirement and strength, which are
not specified in IS codes.
Calculation of Cementations Material
From trial an error water cement ratio was found 0.26
Cementations Content:
149.73/0.26
Page 19
= 576 kg/m3
Content of OPC
-0.77*576
=434 Kg/m3
Content of Fly Ash :
-0.17*576
=98 kg/m3
Micro Silica
0.06*576
=35 kg/m3
Volume of Coarse Aggregates and Fine Aggregates

Volume of 20mm aggregates
= 0.23
Volume of 10mm aggregates
= 0.35
Volume of Fine Aggregates
= 1-(0.23+0.35) =0.42
Mix Calculation
Mix calculation per unit volume of Concrete as follows:
Volume of Concrete
1m3
Volume of Cement
(Mass of Cement /Specific gravity)*(1/1000)

= (434/3.14)*(1/1000)
=0.138 m3
Volume of Fly Ash
(Mass of Fly Ash/Specific gravity)*(1/1000)

= (98/1.93)*(1/1000)
=0.050 m3
Volume of Micro silica
( Mass of Micro silica/ specific Gravity)*(1/1000)

= (35/2.2)*(1/1000)
= 0.0159 m3
Page 20
Volume of Water
= (Mass of Water/Specific Gravity of Water)*(1/1000)

= (149.73/1)*(1/1000)
=0.149 m3
Volume of Admixture
Admixtures)*(1/1000)
= (Mass of Glenium sky 777/Specific Gravity of

= (7.02/1.1)*(1/1000)
= 0.00638 m3
Volume of All in one Aggregates
: (1-(0.138+0.050+0.0159+0.150))
=0.6471m3
Mass of Course Aggregates 20 mm:

=0.6471*volume of 20mm aggregates*Specific
gravity*1000
=0.6471*0.23*2.60*1000
=386 kg/m3
Mass of Coarse aggregates 10 mm:
= 0.6471*volume of 10mm aggregates *specific
gravity*1000
=0.6471*0.35*2.59*1000
=586 kg/m3
Mass of fine aggregates:
= 0.6471 *volume of fine aggregates* specific
gravity*1000
=0.6471*0.42*2.55*1000
=693 kg/m3
Obtain Mix Proportion for Trial Mix

Cement
434 kg/m3
Fly Ash
98 kg/m3
Micro Silica
35 kg/m3
Water
149 kg/m3
Page 21
Coarse aggregates 20 mm
356 kg/m3
586 kg/m3
Fine aggregates
693 kg/m3
Water Cement Ratio
0.26
Trial Mix Batch Of 0.03

Cement
13.02 kg
Fly Ash
2.94 kg
Micro Silica
1.05 kg
Water
4.47 kg
10.95 kg
17.58 kg
Fine aggregates
20.76 kg
Water Cement Ratio
0.26
Two other trial mixes were as follows
Page 22
BATCH A
Cement
13.60 kg
Fly Ash
1.7 kg
Micro Silica
1.7 kg
Water
4.47 kg
10.95 kg
17.58 kg
Fine aggregates
20.76 kg
Water Cement Ratio
0.26
BATCH B
Cement
11.90 kg
Fly Ash
3.40 kg
Micro Silica
1.70 kg
Water
4.47 kg
10.95 kg
17.58 kg
Fine aggregates
20.76 kg
Water Cement Ratio
0.26
Laboratory Tests
Page 23
Various laboratory tests were performed during our training period has be listed below
with their obtained values and permissible limit.
1. Determination of Specific Gravity by Pycnometer Method.
Permissible Limit-
2.4 to 2.9
Obtained Values
Coarse Aggregate
2.6
Fine Aggregate
2.59
2. Determination of Moisture Content Of Aggregates

Permissible Limit: Less than 2% for coarse aggregate and less than 2.3% for fine
aggregates.
Obtained Value
Coarse aggregate:
0.5%
Fine aggregate :
1.5%
3. Determination of Impact Value of Coarse aggregate

Permissible Limit :
30%
Obtained Value :
18.76%
3. Crushing Test
Permissible Limit :
30%
Obtained Value :
17.67%
3. Determination of Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement

Page 24
Permissible Limit:
Initial Setting Time: As per IS Code it should not be less than 30 minutes for general
purpose.
Final Setting Time: As per IS Code it should Not be more than 10 Hours.
Obtained Value
Initial Setting Time: 48 minutes
Final Setting Time: 6 hours 47 minutes.
Determination of Sieve Analysis of Aggregates
Sieve Analysis
Fine Aggregates
Sieve Size (mm)
10
4.75
2.36
1.18
600 micro
300 micron
150 micron
Pan
Weight Percentage Cumulative

0
0
0
172
9.11
9.11
160
8.48
17.59
323
17.11
34.70
243
12.11
46.81
752
39.85
86.66
196
10.38
97.04
41
2.17
99.21
%
passed
Permissible Limit
Remark
100
100 Passed
90.89
90 to 100
82.41
75 to 100
65.3
55 to 100
53.19
35 to59
13.34
8 to 30
2.96
0 to 10
0.79
0
Page 25
Sieve Analysis
20 mm Aggregates
Sieve Size (mm)
Weight
25
0
20 1858.995
10 1456.308
4.75 51.7335
PAN
11.5595
%
Percentage Cumulative passed
Permissible Limit
Remark
0
0
100
100 Passed
9.81
9.81
90.19
85 to 100
84.85
94.66
5.34
0 to 20
4.73
99.39
0.61
0 to 5
0.61
100
0
0
Sieve Analysis
10 mm Aggregates
Sieve Size (mm)
Weight
25
0
20 1858.995
10 1588.958
4.75 104.7935
PAN
15.3495
Percentage Cumulative
0
0
9.81
9.81
83.85
93.66
5.53
99.19
0.81
100
Preparation of trial mix.
Page 26
%
passed
Permissible Limit
Remark
100
100 Passed
90.19
85 to 100
6.34
0 to 20
0.81
0 to 5
0
0
Page 27
Page 28
Snaps of Compressive Strength Test
Page 29
Page 30
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Page 31
Test Results
Page 32
Graphical Representation of Data

Page 33
28 days Strength Vs W/C Ratio

70
Compressive Strength (MPa)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
W/C ratio
Page 34
0.3
0.31
0.32
0.33
Variation of 7 day strength

with change in w/c ratio
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32
w/c w/c w/c w/c w/c w/c
(0.26) (0.27) (0.28) (0.29) (0.30) (0.32)
C:FA:MS
(78:17:5)
C:FA:MS
(70:20:10)
C:FA:MS
(80:10:10)
Page 35

with change in w/c ratio
80
60
40
20
0
w/c w/c w/c w/c w/c w/c
(0.26) (0.27) (0.28) (0.29) (0.30) (0.32)
Page 36
C:FA:MS
(78:17:5)
C:FA:MS
(70:20:10)
C:FA:MS
(80:10:10)
Variation of 7 day strength at

a particular w/c ratio with
46
varying
proportions
of
44
C:FA:MS
(78:17:5)
C:FA:MS
(70:20:10)
C:FA:MS
(80:10:10)
42
40
38
36
34
32
W/c (0.28)
W/c (0.27)
Page 37

at a particular w/c ratio with
varying proportions of
cementation materials
80
60
40
20
0
w/c
(0.28)
Page 38
w/c
(0.27)
C:FA:MS
(78:17:5)
C:FA:MS
(70:20:10)
C:FA:MS
(80:10:10)
Conclusion
Our target was to achieve M 70 grade concrete but we could reach up to a
compressive strength of 71.21MPa.
But due poor workmanship and professional inexperience we were not able to
achieve desired compressive strength, however we were able to achieve
compressive Strength of 71.21 MPa which was quite closer to our results. Added to
that we carried outs trial mixes at various water cement ratios(0.32-0.26) which
helped us in understanding the behavior of concreter at lower water cement ratio
which was displayed in graphs in previous slides.
We also understood there are various uncertainties associated with the concrete mix
design and even smaller or minor things could be crucial and may affect the
behavior of concrete.
References
Page 39
High Strength Concrete Journals

IS Code: 10262
Ultra High Performance Concretes. Association Francaise de Genie Civil, 2002.
Concrete canvas
Page 40

High Strength Concrete (M70)

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Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology

HIGH STRENGTH (M70) AND HIGH

Final Year Project Report.

Project Team Members

High strength (M70) and High Performance Concrete

High strength (M70) and High Performance Concrete

Properties of High performance Concrete

Methods for achieving High Performance

High-performance Concrete Parameters.

Mix Design of M70

High strength (M70) and High Performance Concrete

High strength (M70) and High

High strength (M70) and High Performance Concrete

Properties of High performance Concrete

High Modulus of elasticity

High strength (M70) and High Performance Concrete

High abrasion resistance

High durability and long life in severe environments.

Low permeability and diffusion

Resistance to chemical attack

High strength (M70) and High Performance Concrete

High resistance to frost and deicer scaling damage

Toughness and impact resistance

High strength (M70) and High Performance Concrete

Methods for achieving High Performance

High strength (M70) and High Performance Concrete

High-performance Concrete Parameters.

High strength (M70) and High Performance Concrete

High strength (M70) and High Performance Concrete

5) The compatibility of cement with retarders, if used, is an important requirement.

Compressive strength of coarse aggregate

High strength (M70) and High Performance Concrete

Shape of coarse aggregate

Maximum size of coarse aggregate

Effect of Aggregate Type

High strength (M70) and High Performance Concrete

Effect of Aggregate Size

High strength (M70) and High Performance Concrete

High strength (M70) and High Performance Concrete

good resistance to chloride-ion penetration. Chloride-ion penetration rating of high volume

High strength (M70) and High Performance Concrete

High strength (M70) and High Performance Concrete

The following types of superplastisizers are used.

High strength (M70) and High Performance Concrete

High strength (M70) and High Performance Concrete

Mix Design Detail of M-70

High strength (M70) and High Performance Concrete

High strength (M70) and High Performance Concrete

Content of Fly Ash :

Volume of Coarse Aggregates and Fine Aggregates

Volume of 10mm aggregates

Volume of Fine Aggregates

(Mass of Cement /Specific gravity)*(1/1000)

Volume of Fly Ash

(Mass of Fly Ash/Specific gravity)*(1/1000)

Volume of Micro silica

( Mass of Micro silica/ specific Gravity)*(1/1000)

High strength (M70) and High Performance Concrete

= (Mass of Water/Specific Gravity of Water)*(1/1000)

= (Mass of Glenium sky 777/Specific Gravity of

Volume of All in one Aggregates

Mass of Course Aggregates 20 mm:

Obtain Mix Proportion for Trial Mix