Gregory of Nazianzus

For his father, see Gregory of Nazianzus the Elder.

developed a close friendship with his fellow student Basil

of Caesarea and also made the acquaintance of Flavius
Claudius Julianus, who would later become the emperor
known as Julian the Apostate.[5]:19,25 In Athens, Gregory studied under the famous rhetoricians Himerius and
Proaeresius.[6] Upon nishing his education, he taught
rhetoric in Athens for a short time.

Gregory of Nazianzus (Greek: Grgorios ho Nazianznos; c. 329[1] 25

January 390[1][2] ), also known as Gregory the Theologian or Gregory Nazianzen, was a 4th-century
Archbishop of Constantinople. He is a Saint in many
Christian Churches.
He is widely considered the
most accomplished rhetorical stylist of the patristic
age.[3]:xxi As a classically trained orator and philosopher
he infused Hellenism into the early church, establishing the paradigm of Byzantine theologians and church
ocials.[3]:xxiv

1.2 Priesthood
In 361 Gregory returned to Nazianzus and was ordained
a presbyter by his father, who wanted him to assist with
caring for local Christians.[3]:99102 The younger Gregory, who had been considering a monastic existence, resented his fathers decision to force him to choose between priestly services and a solitary existence, calling
it an act of tyranny.[5]:32[7] Leaving home after a few
days, he met his friend Basil at Annesoi, where the two
lived as ascetics.[3]:102 However, Basil urged him to return
home to assist his father, which he did for the next year.
Arriving at Nazianzus, Gregory found the local Christian
community split by theological dierences and his father
accused of heresy by local monks.[3]:107 Gregory helped
to heal the division through a combination of personal
diplomacy and oratory.

Gregory made a signicant impact on the shape of

Trinitarian theology among both Greek- and Latinspeaking theologians, and he is remembered as the
Trinitarian Theologian. Much of his theological work
continues to inuence modern theologians, especially in
regard to the relationship among the three Persons of
the Trinity. Along with the brothers Basil the Great and
Gregory of Nyssa, he is known as one of the Cappadocian
Fathers.

Gregory is a saint in both Eastern and Western Christianity. In the Roman Catholic Church he is numbered
among the Doctors of the Church; in Eastern Orthodoxy
and the Eastern Catholic Churches he is revered as one By this time Emperor Julian had publicly declared him[3]:115
In response to the
of the Three Holy Hierarchs, along with Basil the Great self in opposition to Christianity.
emperors rejection of the Christian faith, Gregory comand John Chrysostom.
posed his Invectives Against Julian between 362 and 363.
Invectives asserts that Christianity will overcome imperfect rulers such as Julian through love and patience. This
1 Biography
process as described by Gregory is the public manifestation of the process of deication (theosis), which leads to
a spiritual elevation and mystical union with God.[3]:121
1.1 Early life and education
Julian resolved, in late 362, to vigorously prosecute Gre[4]
Gregory was born of Greek parentage in the family gory and his other Christian critics; however, the emperor
the following year during a campaign against the
estate of Karbala outside the village of Arianzus, near perished [3]:1256
Persians.
With the death of the emperor, Gregory
[5]:18
Nazianzus, in southwest Cappadocia.
His parents,
and
the
Eastern
churches
were no longer under the threat
Gregory and Nonna, were wealthy land-owners. In AD
of
persecution,
as
the
new
emperor Jovian was an avowed
325 Nonna converted her husband (an Hypsistarian) to
Christian
and
supporter
of
the church.[3]:130
Christianity; he was subsequently ordained as bishop of
Nazianzus in 328 or 329.[3]:vii The young Gregory and
his brother, Caesarius, rst studied at home with their
uncle Amphylokhios. Gregory went on to study advanced rhetoric and philosophy in Nazianzus, Caesarea,
Alexandria and Athens. On the way to Athens his ship
encountered a violent storm, and the terried Gregory
prayed to Christ that if He would deliver him, he would
dedicate his life to His service.[3]:28 While at Athens, he

Gregory spent the next few years combating Arianism,

which threatened to divide the region of Cappadocia.
In this tense environment, Gregory interceded on behalf of his friend Basil with Bishop Eusebius of Caesarea (Mazaca).[3]:13842 The two friends then entered a
period of close fraternal cooperation as they participated
in a great rhetorical contest of the Caesarean church precipitated by the arrival of accomplished Arian theolo1

1 BIOGRAPHY

gians and rhetors.[3]:143 In the subsequent public debates,

presided over by agents of the Emperor Valens, Gregory
and Basil emerged triumphant. This success conrmed
for both Gregory and Basil that their futures lay in administration of the Church.[3]:143 Basil, who had long displayed inclinations to the episcopacy, was elected bishop
of the see of Caesarea in Cappadocia in 370.

trinitarian cause in Constantinople.[3]:2356[10]

By late 372 Gregory returned to Nazianzus to assist his

dying father with the administration of his diocese.[3]:199
This strained his relationship with Basil, who insisted that
Gregory resume his post at Sasima. Gregory retorted that
he had no intention to continue to play the role of pawn to
advance Basils interests.[9] He instead focused his attention on his new duties as co-adjutor of Nazianzus. It was
here that Gregory preached the rst of his great episcopal
orations.

Gregorys homilies were well received and attracted evergrowing crowds to Anastasia. Fearing his popularity, his
opponents decided to strike. On the vigil of Easter in 379,
an Arian mob burst into his church during worship services, wounding Gregory and killing another bishop. Escaping the mob, Gregory next found himself betrayed by
his erstwhile friend, the philosopher Maximus the Cynic.
Maximus, who was in secret alliance with Peter, bishop
of Alexandria, attempted to seize Gregorys position
and have himself ordained bishop of Constantinople.[5]:43
Shocked, Gregory decided to resign his oce, but the
faction faithful to him induced him to stay and ejected
Maximus. However, the episode left him embarrassed
and exposed him to criticism as a provincial simpleton
unable to cope with intrigues of the imperial city.[5]:43

In 379, the Antioch synod and its archbishop, Meletios, asked Gregory to go to Constantinople to lead a
theological campaign to win over that city to Nicene
orthodoxy.[5]:42 After much hesitation, Gregory agreed.
His cousin Theodosia oered him a villa for his residence; Gregory immediately transformed much of it into
a church, naming it Anastasia, a scene for the resurrec[3]:241[11]
From this little chapel he de1.3 Episcopate in Sasima and Nazianzus tion of the faith.
livered ve powerful discourses on Nicene doctrine, explaining the nature of the Trinity and the unity of the
Gregory was ordained Bishop of Sasima in 372 by
Godhead.[6] Refuting the Eunomion denial of the Holy
Basil.[3]:1905 Basil created this see in order to strengthen
Spirits divinity, Gregory oered this argument:
his position in his dispute with Anthimus, bishop of
[6]
Tyana. The ambitions of Gregorys father to have his
Look at these facts: Christ is born, the Holy
son rise in the Church hierarchy and the insistence of his
Spirit is His Forerunner. Christ is baptized, the
friend Basil convinced Gregory to accept this position deSpirit bears witness to this ... Christ works mirspite his reservations. Gregory would later refer to his
acles, the Spirit accompanies them. Christ asepiscopal ordination as forced upon him by his strongcends, the Spirit takes His place. What great
[3]:18792
willed father and Basil.
Describing his new bishthings are there in the idea of God which are
opric, Gregory lamented how it was nothing more than an
not in His power? What titles appertaining
utterly dreadful, pokey little hole; a paltry horse-stop on
to God do not apply also to Him, except for
the main road ... devoid of water, vegetation, or the comUnbegotten and Begotten? I tremble when I
[8]
pany of gentlemen ... this was my Church of Sasima!"
think of such an abundance of titles, and how
He made little eort to administer his new diocese, commany Names they blaspheme, those who revolt
plaining to Basil that he preferred instead to pursue a conagainst the Spirit![12]
[5]:389
templative life.

Following the deaths of his mother and father in 374, Gregory continued to administer the Diocese of Nazianzus
but refused to be named bishop. Donating most of his
inheritance to the needy, he lived an austere existence.[6]
At the end of 375 he withdrew to a monastery at Seleukia,
living there for three years. Near the end of this period
his friend Basil died. Although Gregorys health did not
permit him to attend the funeral, he wrote a heartfelt letter of condolence to Basils brother, Gregory of Nyssa
and composed twelve memorial poems dedicated to the
memory of his departed friend.

1.4

Gregory at Constantinople

Emperor Valens died in 378.

The accession of
Theodosius I, a steadfast supporter of Nicene orthodoxy,
was good news to those who wished to purge Constantinople of Arian and Apollinarian domination.[3]:235 The exiled Nicene party gradually returned to the city. From
his deathbed, Basil reminded them of Gregorys capabilities and likely recommended his friend to champion the

Aairs in Constantinople remained confused as Gregorys position was still unocial and Arian priests occupied many important churches. The arrival of the emperor Theodosius in 380 settled matters in Gregorys favor. The emperor, determined to eliminate Arianism,
expelled Bishop Demophilus. Gregory was subsequently
enthroned as bishop of Constantinople at the Basilica of
the Apostles, replacing Demophilus.[5]:45

1.5 Second Ecumenical Council and retirement to Arianzum

Theodosius wanted to further unify the entire empire behind the orthodox position and decided to convene a church council to resolve matters of faith and

3
began composing De Vita Sua, his autobiographical
poem.[5]:50 By the end of 383 he found his health too feeble to cope with episcopal duties. Gregory established
Eulalius as bishop of Nazianzus and then withdrew into
the solitude of Arianzum. After enjoying six peaceful
years in retirement at his family estate, he died on January 25 in 390.
Throughout his life Gregory faced stark choices. Should
he pursue studies as a rhetor or philosopher? Would a
monastic life be more appropriate than public ministry?
Was it better to blaze his own path or follow the course
mapped for him by his father and Basil? Gregorys writings illuminate the conicts which both tormented and
motivated him. Biographers suggest that it was this dialectic which dened him, forged his character and inspired his search for meaning and truth.[5]:54

A Byzantine-style icon depicting the Three Holy Hierarchs: (left

to right:) Basil the Great, John Chrysostom and Gregory the Theologian.

discipline.[5]:45 Gregory was of similar mind in wishing

to unify Christianity. In the spring of 381 they convened
the Second Ecumenical Council in Constantinople, which
was attended by 150 Eastern bishops. After the death
of the presiding bishop, Meletius of Antioch, Gregory
was selected to lead the Council. Hoping to reconcile
the West with the East, he oered to recognize Paulinus
as Patriarch of Antioch. The Egyptian and Macedonian
bishops who had supported Maximuss ordination arrived
late for the Council. Once there, they refused to recognise
Gregorys position as head of the church of Constantinople, arguing that his transfer from the See of Sasima was
canonically illegitimate.[3]:3589
Gregory was physically exhausted and worried that
he was losing the condence of the bishops and the
emperor.[3]:359 Rather than press his case and risk further
division, he decided to resign his oce: Let me be as
the Prophet Jonah! I was responsible for the storm, but I
would sacrice myself for the salvation of the ship. Seize
me and throw me ... I was not happy when I ascended the
throne, and gladly would I descend it.[13] He shocked the
Council with his surprise resignation and then delivered
a dramatic speech to Theodosius asking to be released
from his oces. The emperor, moved by his words, applauded, commended his labor and granted his resignation. The Council asked him to appear once more for
a farewell ritual and celebratory orations. Gregory used
this occasion to deliver a nal address (Or. 42) and then
departed.[3]:361
Returning to his homeland of Cappadocia, Gregory once
again resumed his position as bishop of Nazianzus. He
spent the next year combating the local Apollinarian
heretics and struggling with periodic illness. He also

2 Legacy
2.1 Theological and other works
Gregorys most signicant theological contributions
arose from his defense of the doctrine of the Trinity. He
is especially noted for his contributions to the eld of
pneumatologythat is, theology concerning the nature
of the Holy Spirit.[14] In this regard, Gregory is the rst
to use the idea of procession to describe the relationship
between the Spirit and the Godhead: The Holy Spirit
is truly Spirit, coming forth from the Father indeed but
not after the manner of the Son, for it is not by generation but by procession, since I must coin a word for the
sake of clearness.[15] Although Gregory does not fully
develop the concept, the idea of procession would shape
most later thought about the Holy Spirit.[16]
He emphasized that Jesus did not cease to be God when
he became a man, nor did he lose any of his divine attributes when he took on human nature. Furthermore,
Gregory asserted that Christ was fully human, including
a full human soul. He also proclaimed the eternality of
the Holy Spirit, saying that the Holy Spirits actions were
somewhat hidden in the Old Testament but much clearer
since the ascension of Jesus into Heaven and the descent
of the Holy Spirit at the feast of Pentecost.
In contrast to the Neo-Arian belief that the Son is
anomoios, or unlike the Father, and with the SemiArian assertion that the Son is homoiousios, or like the
Father, Gregory and his fellow Cappadocians maintained
the Nicaean doctrine of homoousia, or consubstantiality
of the Son with the Father.[17]:9,10 The Cappadocian Fathers asserted that Gods nature is unknowable to man;
helped to develop the framework of hypostases, or three
persons united in a single Godhead; illustrated how Jesus
is the eikon of the Father; and explained the concept of
theosis, the belief that all Christians can be assimilated
with God in imitation of the incarnate Son as the divine

LEGACY

Some of Gregorys theological writings suggest that, like

his friend Gregory of Nyssa, he may have supported some
form of the doctrine of apocatastasis, the belief that God
will bring all of creation into harmony with the Kingdom of Heaven.[18] This led some late-nineteenth century
Christian universalists, notably J. W. Hanson and Philip
Scha, to describe Gregorys theology as universalist.[19]
This view of Gregory is also held by some modern theologians, such as John Sachs who said that Gregory
had leanings toward apocatastasis, but in a cautious,
undogmatic way.[20] However, it is not clear or universally accepted that Gregory held to the doctrine of
apocatastasis.[21]
Apart from the several theological discourses, Gregory
was also one of the most important early Christian men
of letters, a very accomplished orator, perhaps one of the
greatest of his time,[17]:21 and also a very prolic poet,
writing several poems with theological and moral matter
and some with biographical content, about himself and
about his friends (one short poem, Eis ta Emmetra, actually lays down some rules for the composition of poetry).

2.2 Inuence
Gregorys great nephew Nichobulos served as his literary executor, preserving and editing many of his writings.
A cousin, Eulalios, published several of Gregorys more
noteworthy works in 391.[3]:xi By 400, Runius began
translating his orations into Latin. As Gregorys works
circulated throughout the empire they inuenced theological thought. His orations were cited as authoritative by
the First Council of Ephesus in 431. By 451 he was designated Theologus, or Theologian by the Council of Chalcedon[3]:xi a title held by no others save John the Apostle[6] and Symeon the New Theologian (9491022 AD).
He is widely quoted by Eastern Orthodox theologians
and highly regarded as a defender of the Christian faith.
His contributions to Trinitarian theology are also inuential and often cited in the Western churches.[22] Paul
Tillich credits Gregory of Nazianzus for having created
the denitive formulae for the doctrine of the trinity.[23]
Additionally, the Liturgy of St Gregory the Theologian in
use by the Coptic Church is named after him.[24]

2.3 Relics

Andrei Rublev, Gregory the Theologian (1408), Dormition

Cathedral, Vladimir.

model.[17]:10

Following his death, Saint Gregory was buried at

Nazianzus. His relics were transferred to Constantinople
in 950, into the Church of the Holy Apostles. Part of
the relics were taken from Constantinople by Crusaders
during the Fourth Crusade, in 1204, and ended up in
Rome. On November 27, 2004, those relics, along with
those of John Chrysostom, were returned to Istanbul
(Constantinople) by Pope John Paul II, with the Vatican
retaining a small portion of both. The relics are now en-

5
shrined in the Patriarchal Cathedral of St. George in the
Fanar.[25]

2.4

Death

[2] Saint Gregory the Theologian saint.gr

[3] McGuckin, John (2001) Saint Gregory of Nazianzus: An
Intellectual Biography, Crestwood, NY.
[4] Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries, Editors of
the American Heritage Dictionaries (2005). The Riverside Dictionary of Biography. Houghton Miin Harcourt.
p. 336. ISBN 9780618493371. Gregory of Nazianzus
or Nazianzen, St c. 330-c. 389 AD Greek prelate and
theologian- Born of Greek parents in Cappadocia, he was
educated in Caesarea, Alexandria and Athens.

During the six years of life which remained to him after

his nal retirement to his birthplace, Gregory composed
the greater part of the copious poetical works which has
passed down from generation. These include a valuable
autobiographical poem of nearly 2000 lines; about a hundred other shorter poems relating to his past career; and a [5] Ruether, Rosemary Radford (1969), Gregory of
large number of epitaphs, epigrams, and epistles to wellNazianzus: Rhetor and Philosopher, Oxford University
known people during that era. The poems that he wrote
Press
that dealt with his personal aairs refer to the continuous illness and severe suerings (physical and spiritual) [6] Hunter-Blair, DO (1910), Gregory of Nazianzus, The
Catholic Encyclopedia, Robert Appleton
which assailed him during his last years. In the tiny plot
of ground at Arianzus, all that remained to him of his [7] Migne, J.P. (ed), Patrologiae Graecae (PG), (185766),
rich inheritance was by a fountain near which there was a
37.1053, Carm. de vita sua, l.345
shady walk. At this point, Gregory retired spend his days
[8] Gregory, as quoted in PG 37.105960, De Vita Sua, vv.
as a hermit. It was at this point he decided to write the43946.
ological discourses and poetry of both a religious and an
autobiographical nature.[26] He would sometimes receive [9] Gallay, P. (1964), Grgoire de Nazianze (in French), Paris,
p. 61; quoting from Ep. 48, PG 37.97.
occasional visits from intimate friends, as well as sometimes from strangers who were attracted to his retreat by
[10] Orat. 43.2, PG 36.497.
his large reputation for sanctity and learning. He passed
away on January 25, 390 AD, although the exact date of [11] 2 Kings 4:8 and Orat. 26.17, PG 35.1249.
his death is unknown.[27]
[12] Gregory of Nazianzus, Or, The Orthodox Church of
America, p. 31:29, retrieved May 2, 2007

Feast day

[13] PG, 37.11579, Carm. de vita sua, ll 182855.

[14] Michael O'Carroll, Gregory of Nazianzus in Trinitas

(Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, 1987).

Most Western churches celebrate Gregorys feast day on
January 2.[28] The Eastern Orthodox Church and the
[15] Gregory of Nazianzus, Five Theological Orations, oration
Eastern Catholic Churches celebrate two feast days in
ve. This fth oration deals entirely with the Holy Spirit.
Gregorys honor. January 25 is his primary feast; January 30, known as the feast of the Three Great Hierar- [16] HEW Turner and Francis Young, Procession(s)" in The
Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology, ed. A.
chs, commemorates him along with John Chrysostom and
Richardson & J. Bowden (Philadelphia: Westminster
Basil of Caesarea.[29][30] The Episcopal Church now rePress, 1983). Through Augustine, the idea would demembers this Gregory on May 9, a week after the feast
velop in the West into double-procession, resulting in the
[31]
of his mentor St. Athanasius.,
and the Evangelical
Filioque clause and the split between Eastern and Western
Lutheran Church in America commemorates Gregory of
Christianity.
Nazianzus together with his friends St. Basil the Great
and St. Gregory of Nyssa on June 14.
[17] Brtnes (2006), Missing or empty |title= (help).

See also
Saint Basil
List of Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople
Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople

Notes

[1] Liturgy of the Hours Volume I, Proper of Saints, January

2.

[18] "Apocatastasis". New Scha-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. I.

[19] Hanson, JW Universalism: The Prevailing Doctrine Of
The Christian Church During Its First Five Hundred Years.
Chapter XV: Gregory Nazianzen. Boston and Chicago
Universalist Publishing House, 1899.
[20] Sachs, John R. Apocatastasis in Patristic Theology.
Theological Studies. 54 (December 1993), p. 632.
[21] David L. Balas, Apokatastasis in The Encyclopedia of
Early Christianity, second edition, ed. Everett Ferguson
(New York: Garland Publishing, 1997), details Gregory
of Nyssa's adherence to the doctrine, while making no
mention of Nazianzan.

7 FURTHER READING

[22] See how the 1992 edition of the Catechism of the Catholic
Church cites a variety of Gregorys orations
[23] Tillich, Paul. A History of Christian Thought (Simon and
Schuster, 1968), p. 76.
[24] Chaillot, Christine (2006), The Ancient Oriental
Churches, in Wainwright, Georey, The Oxford history
of Christian worship, Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, p. 139, ISBN 978-0-19-513886-3
[25] Fisher, Ian (November 28, 2004), Pope returns remains
of 2 Orthodox patriarchs, San Diego Union-Tribune, retrieved 2012-10-24
[26] http://saints.sqpn.com/saint-gregory-of-nazianzen/
[27] http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07010b.htm
[28] The Houghton Miin Dictionary of Biography (2003),
Houghton Miin, 2003, p. 643, ISBN 9780618252107,
retrieved 18 October 2012

7 Further reading
Michael Azkoul, St. Gregory the Theologian: Poetry and Faith, Patristic and Byzantine Review 14.1
3 (1995): 5968.
Brian Daley, ed., Gregory Nazianzen. Early Church
Fathers. London: Routledge, an imprint of Taylor
& Francis Books, 2005. ISBN 0-415-12181-7, pp.
192.
K. Demoen, Biblical vs. Non-Biblical Vocabulary in Gregorius Nazianzenus; a Quantitative Approach, Informatique 2 (198889): 24353.
J. Egan, Gregory of Nazianzus and the Logos Doctrine, J. Plevnic, ed., Word and Spirit: Essays in
Honor of David Michael Stanley. Willowdale, ON:
1975. pp. 281322.

[29] St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople. OCA Online Feast Days. Orthodox Church
in America. Retrieved 2009-09-26.

Anna-Stina Ellverson, The Dual Nature of Man: A

Study in the Theological Anthropology of Gregory
of Nazianzus. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 1981.
ISBN 91-554-1206-8. {Amazon.com}

[30] Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil

the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom. OCA Online Feast Days. Orthodox Church in
America. Retrieved 2009-09-26.

Gerald Fitzpatrick, St Gregory Nazianzen: Education for Salvation, Patristic and Byzantine Review
10.12 (1991): 4755.

[31] http://prayer.forwardmovement.org/the_calendar.php?
k=3

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the Canon of St Gregory Nazianzen, Tyndale Bulletin 49.1 (1998): 1557.
Steven Peter Tsichlis, The Nature of Theology in
the Theological Orations of St. Gregory Nazianzus,
Diakonia 16.3 (1981): 23846.

8 External links
Links to English translations of works from Gr.
of Nazianzus, website documentacatholicaomnia
(Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes). (English)
Louvain-la-Neuve University hosts an important
website NAZIANZOS devoted to the study of Gregory Nazianzenes works in Greek and other ancient
languages.
Greek texts with commentaries: Arthur James Mason, The ve theological orations of Gregory of
Nazianzus, Cambridge, 1899
Unabridged audiobook at LibriVox

9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1

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Gregory of Nazianzus Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory%20of%20Nazianzus?oldid=651106707 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Danny, Chris_mahan, Ktsquare, Panairjdde, Leandrod, Michael Hardy, Llywrch, Irmgard, Csernica, JASpencer, DonPaolo, Dogface,
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