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INTRODUCTION
Residual strength of clay is one of the most important
strength parameters in estimating slope stability of reactivated landslide (Skempton, 1964, 1985). The residual
strength, which is dened as the minimum drained shear
strength after large shear displacement, should generally
be determined by reversal direct box shear test (RDBST),
ring shear test (RST) and direct box shear test on pre-cut
specimen. The inuence of normal stress, overconsolidation ratio and shear displacement rate on the residual
strength of dierent types of soil has been examined in
detail (Kenney, 1967; La Gatta, 1970; Bishop et al., 1971;
Ramiah et al., 1970; Bucher, 1975; Lupini et al., 1981;
Lemos et al., 1985; Gibo et al., 1987; Yatabe et al., 1991;
Tika et al., 1996; Suzuki et al., 2000; Mitachi et al.,
2003). Laboratory shear tests to measure the residual
strength were usually carried out on a reconstituted specimen prepared by pre-consolidating a slurry sample above
its liquid limit at room temperature. Therefore, the soil
structure of the reconstituted specimen is thought to be
considerably dierent from that of an undisturbed specimen.
A progressive failure such as a landslide occurs in soils
such as mudstone and clay shale. Such soils are naturally
i)
ii)
1030
SUZUKI ET AL.
compared with that of a remolded or reconstituted sample. Bishop et al. (1971) and Townsend and Gilbert (1973)
showed that the residual strength of an undisturbed sample was essentially equivalent to that of a remolded sample. On the other hand, Nakamori et al. (1996) showed
that the angle of internal friction at the residual state of
an undisturbed sample was dierent from that of a
remolded sample. However, the dierence in residual
strength of both samples has not been thoroughly considered from the viewpoint of side frictional force generated from contact with the shear box peculiar to the direct
shear type test. Furthermore, the inuence of the above
factors on residual strength of the undisturbed sample
possessing cementation properties has scarcely been investigated. Therefore, it is necessary to resolve the problems associated with them, in conducting stability analysis of a landslide slope consisting of the naturally cemented clays with a high degree of accuracy.
In this study, a conventional reversal direct box shear
test apparatus was newly improved to ensure suitability
for measuring the normal stress actually applied to a
shear surface. A series of reversal direct box shear tests
was performed on reconstituted Kaolin clay and on undisturbed, remolded and reconstituted samples of three
natural clays under various test conditions. The discussion in this paper focuses on the following points based
on the test results: 1) The validity of peak and residual
strengths determined by RDBST as demonstrated
through comparison with ring shear test; 2) The inuence
of horizontal displacement amplitude on residual
strength; 3) The dierence in residual strength between
undisturbed, remolded and reconstituted samples; and 4)
The inuence of normal stress, shear displacement rate
and consolidation history of naturally and articially
cemented samples. Each undisturbed sample was properly regarded as naturally cemented clay, since it included
no pre-existing discontinuous plane and signicant cohesion term in peak shear strength. Especially, in the above
experiments, cementation simulating the same mechanical behavior as the undisturbed sample was articially
reproduced by adding a cementing agent to a slurry sample at room temperature. Finally, the inuence of preshearing as a kind of shear history on residual strength is
also mentioned.
Table 1.
1031
mobile box and squeezed soil with a high degree of accuracy. Table 1 summarizes the essential features of the
improved RDBST and RST apparatuses. The RDBST has
the main advantage for determining the residual strength
of an undisturbed specimen, since the specimen used in
the RDBST is a small disk as compared with an actual
specimen used in the RST. Additionally, the RDBST has
the following features as compared with the RST: 1) The
cross-sectional area of the specimen is always changed as
the test proceeds; 2) The increment of shear displacement
is intermittent due to reversal of shearing direction; 3)
The mechanism of this apparatus is very simple to operate; 4) The soil sample in the specimen is squeezed from
an opening between the upper and lower shear boxes; and
5) The reorientation of soil particles formed on a slip
plane is not completely formed by reversal shearing.
The RDBST apparatus used in this study was initially
developed by Nakamori and Sutoh (1988) and was recently improved by the rst author to ensure compatibility
with the ``Method for consolidated constant pressure
direct box shear test on soils (JGS T 5611997)''. Figure 2
schematically shows an overview of the apparatus (Fig.
2(a)) and details of the shear box (Fig. 2(b)). The specications of the apparatus are described by Nakamori and
Sutoh (1988). The dimensions of the disk-shaped specimen are 60 mm in diameter and 20 mm in height. The
shear box consists of metal boxes divided into two parts
with smooth inner walls. The upper shear box was rigidly
xed whereas the lower shear box was moved smoothly
through a roller bearing in parallel with the upper shear
box. A high-rigidity load cell for measuring the vertical
force was set on the side of the load-receiving plate. By
removing the inuence of side friction due to dilatancy,
the measured normal stress was considered to be a value
that actually mobilized on the shear plane. Maximum
Comparison in features of reversal direct box shear and ring shear tests
Type of test
Little
Much
Undisturbed
Remolded/Reconstituted
Intermittent
Continuous
Changed
Unchanged
Little
Much
Straight
Circumferential
Features
Shear mode
Soil sample
Quantity
Condition*
*: The condition of sample that facilitates testing. Both RDBST and RST are, however, applicable to undisturbed samples, remolded
samples and reconstituted samples.
1032
SUZUKI ET AL.
Table 2.
Soil samples
Kaolin
clay
Landslide
Clay A
Landslide
Clay B
Landslide
Clay C
rs (g/cm3)
D50 (mm)
Dmax (mm)
w L (z )
w P (z )
Ip
Fclay (z)
Fc (z)
Soil classication
2.618
0.007
0.2
62.0
40.2
21.8
35.3
98.0
MH
2.687
0.03
5.1
34.4
17.5
16.9
25.5
63.9
CL
2.677
0.018
11.0
91.3
31.4
59.9
45.5
54.2
CH
2.833
0.007
0.5
33.2
23.7
9.5
44.5
78.1
ML
Fig. 3.
1033
Photo 1. Sampling of undisturbed soil using thin wall tube at slip layer in Landslide B
Fig. 4. Correlations between tan qr, (a) clay fraction and (b) plasticity
index for various soils, respectively
1034
SUZUKI ET AL.
consolidation ratio and normal stress during shearing, respectively. Specimens of Landslide Clays A through C
were made from undisturbed, remolded and reconstituted samples by trimming. A series of tests were conducted
on Landslide Clay A using multiple specimens at varying
normal stress to compare strengths of undisturbed and
remolded samples. To investigate the inuence of the
maximum grain size on residual strength, a reversal direct
box shear test was conducted under incremental loading
on remolded samples obtained by passing the sample
through 0.425- or 0.85-mm sieves. In a series of tests on
Landslide Clay B, multiple specimens were tested at
varying normal stress to examine the dierence in
strength between undisturbed and reconstituted samples.
The inuence of the method of changing shear displacement rate was investigated using an undisturbed sample.
Tests were conducted on multiple specimens at varying
shear displacement rates, and shear displacement rate
was continuously increased in the residual state using a
single specimen. For Landslide Clay C, a series of tests
were conducted on multiple specimens under varying normal stress to examine the dierence in strength between
an undisturbed sample and a reconstituted sample that
passed a 0.425-mm sieve. To investigate the inuence of
curing time on the residual strength of cured Kaolin clay
mixed with OPC, tests were conducted using specimens
with curing time ranging from 14 to 91 days. To examine
the dierence in strength between undisturbed sample (intact sample) and remolded sample of Kaolin clay mixed
with OPC, multiple specimens with a constant curing
time of 28 days were tested under varying normal stress.
To investigate the inuence of shear displacement rate on
the Kaolin clay mixed with OPC, multiple specimens were
tested at varying shear displacement rate. The test cases,
initial conditions of the specimens and test results are listed in Tables 3 to 5. Here, the initial condition means
whether a disturbance of sample due to sampling or not,
and state parameters of specimen such as the initial void
ratio. Table 3 shows the initial conditions of a reconstituted specimen of Kaolin clay under dierent conditions of normal stress, horizontal displacement amplitude, shear displacement rate, consolidation and shear
stress histories. Table 4 shows the initial conditions of
undisturbed, remolded and reconstituted specimens prepared from Landslide Clays A to C. Table 5 shows the
initial conditions of intact and remolded specimens of
Kaolin clay mixed with OPC.
1035
Test cases, initial conditions and test results of reconstituted Kaolin clay
Initial
Initial water Initial wet Initial degree
density
of saturation void ratio
content
w 0 (z )
rt0 (g/cm3)
Sr0 (z)
e0
sC
(kPa)
sN
(kPa)
OCR
d_
Dd
tp
tr
(t/sN)p
(t/sN)r
(sC/sN) (mm/min) (mm)
(kPa)
(kPa)
KRC1-1
KRC1-2
KRC1-3
KRC1-4
KRC1-5
59.9
66.5
59.1
56.7
51.0
1.618
1.613
1.588
1.601
1.661
97.3
100.0
95.3
95.1
96.7
1.650
1.768
1.624
1.562
1.380
49
98
196
294
392
49
98
196
294
392
1
1
1
1
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
7
7
7
7
7
0.648
0.658
0.648
0.551
0.508
37.7
64.5
118.2
158.4
201.5
0.436
0.250
0.271
0.271
0.254
21.4
24.5
53.2
79.7
99.7
KRC2-1
KRC2-2
65.9
66.5
1.586
1.613
97.9
100.0
1.804
1.768
98
98
98
98
1
1
0.1
0.1
3
7
0.670
0.658
68.5
64.5
0.286
0.250
28.0
24.5
KRC3-1
KRC3-2
KRC3-3
KRC3-4
KRC3-5
KRC3-6
KRC3-7
KRC3-8
KRC3-9
KRC3-10
64.2
62.0
66.5
62.5
62.5
64.2
63.0
59.1
63.6
63.7
1.595
1.619
1.613
1.619
1.613
1.583
1.590
1.588
1.621
1.606
97.8
98.8
100.0
99.1
98.5
96.6
96.6
95.3
99.9
98.6
1.760
1.683
1.768
1.691
1.700
1.781
1.748
1.624
1.706
1.733
98
98
98
98
98
196
196
196
196
196
98
98
98
98
98
196
196
196
196
196
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.02
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.02
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.5
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
0.549
0.639
0.658
0.566
0.548
0.423
0.486
0.648
0.424
0.469
55.3
63.8
64.5
62.5
58.1
85.1
98.7
118.2
86.8
94.8
0.232
0.263
0.250
0.295
0.357
0.241
0.216
0.271
0.299
0.280
22.7
25.8
24.5
28.9
35.0
47.3
42.4
53.2
58.6
55.0
KRC4-1
KRC4-2
KRC4-3
KRC4-4
KRC4-5
KRC4-6
KRC4-7
KRC4-8
KRC4-9
KRC4-10
66.5
62.5
63.6
63.9
62.2
63.2
62.5
62.9
63.9
62.9
1.613
1.536
1.519
1.536
1.622
1.618
1.616
1.601
1.589
1.611
100.0
92.5
91.5
93.3
99.2
99.5
98.8
97.6
97.1
98.6
1.768
1.769
1.820
1.794
1.682
1.704
1.695
1.728
1.766
1.711
98
196
392
784
784
784
784
784
784
784
98
98
98
98
784
392
196
784
392
196
1
2
4
8
1
2
4
1
2
4
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
0.658
0.841
0.888
1.189
0.408
0.472
0.556
0.378
0.486
0.587
64.5
70.0
75.2
97.8
325.0
191.8
120.0
302.5
198.6
124.4
0.250
0.320
0.298
0.352
0.224
0.242
0.194
0.204
0.244
0.236
24.5
31.4
29.2
34.5
175.5
94.9
38.0
159.8
95.7
46.2
KRC5-1
66.5
1.613
100.0
1.768
98
0.658
64.5
0.250
24.5
61.0
1.599
96.3
1.699
0.1
0.491
99.4
0.253
24.7
KRC5-3
64.2
1.584
96.7
1.780
0.1
0.416
164.9
0.216
21.2
KRC5-4
63.1
1.591
96.7
1.749
1
1
1
2
1
4
1
8
0.1
KRC5-2
98
98
196
98
392
98
784
98
0.1
0.383
307.3
0.305
29.8
RKRC1-1
RKRC1-2
RKRC1-3
RKRC1-4
RKRC1-5
65.9
65.9
66.3
59.2
56.3
1.568
1.583
1.556
1.620
1.620
97.4
99.0
96.5
98.6
96.6
1.770
1.743
1.799
1.572
1.525
49
98
147
196
294
49
98
147
196
294
1
1
1
1
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.659
0.526
0.513
0.529
0.466
29.8
49.6
76.8
97.8
133.1
0.305
0.170
0.178
0.183
0.188
14.9
16.7
26.2
35.8
55.2
RKRC2-1
RKRC2-2
RKRC2-3
RKRC2-4
RKRC2-5
59.0
59.2
59.9
59.4
60.1
1.631
1.620
1.625
1.618
1.624
99.5
98.6
99.5
98.5
99.5
1.554
1.572
1.575
1.580
1.580
196
196
196
196
196
196
196
196
196
196
1
1
1
1
1
0.02
0.1
0.2
1.0
2.0
0.534
0.529
0.525
0.493
0.461
98.5
97.8
100.2
99.0
87.8
0.172
0.183
0.205
0.220
0.217
33.6
35.8
40.2
43.0
42.5
98
98
98
SUZUKI ET AL.
1036
Table 4.
Test No.
AU6-1
AU6-2
AU6-3
Test cases, initial conditions and test results of undisturbed, remolded and reconstituted specimens of Landslide Clays A to C
Initial
condition
Undisturbed
ARM6-4
ARM6-5
ARM6-6
ARM6-7
Remolded
ARM6-8
BU7-1
BU7-2
BU7-3
Initial
Maximum Initial water Initial wet Initial degree
sN
content
density
of saturation void ratio
grain size
(kPa)
3
Dmax (mm)
w0 ( z )
rt0 (g/cm )
Sr0 (z)
e0
d_
(mm/min)
(t / sN )p
tp
(kPa)
(t/sN)r
tr
(kPa)
5.1
18.4
19.1
19.1
1.951
1.975
1.944
78.4
82.7
79.4
0.630
0.621
0.646
98
196
294
0.02
0.02
0.02
1.172
1.003
0.994
109.5
171.8
256.3
1.081
0.811
0.775
106.0
159.1
227.8
5.1
19.2
19.1
17.5
1.964
1.975
1.918
81.8
82.7
72.7
0.630
0.621
0.646
98
196
294
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.803
0.808
0.835
66.0
148.9
228.4
0.951
0.802
0.805
93.2
157.2
236.8
0.850
2.0
1.679
8.5
0.632
196
147
98
1.0
0.719
134.3
0.877
0.869
1.001
171.9
127.7
98.1
0.425
8.6
1.788
36.5
0.632
196
147
98
1.0
0.602
115.6
0.582
0.587
0.620
114.0
86.3
60.8
Undisturbed
11.0
28.8
29.5
29.8
1.773
1.879
1.819
81.5
93.5
87.6
0.945
0.845
0.909
98
196
294
0.05
0.05
0.05
1.009
0.665
0.424
98.3
123.0
128.0
0.397
0.290
0.283
38.9
56.8
83.2
BRC7-4
BRC7-5 Reconstituted
BRC7-6
11.0
30.6
30.6
30.6
1.814
1.851
1.860
88.4
92.1
93.1
0.927
0.889
0.880
98
196
294
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.716
0.333
0.274
69.2
66.2
82.1
0.310
0.258
0.205
30.4
50.6
60.3
1.851
1.879
2.086
1.825
89.0
93.5
100.0
84.9
0.859
0.845
0.592
0.873
196
196
196
196
0.02
0.05
0.5
1
0.351
0.665
0.565
0.294
71.2
123.0
128.1
58.7
0.210
0.290
0.384
0.248
41.2
56.8
75.4
48.7
BU7-7
BU7-8
BU7-9
BU7-10
Undisturbed
11.0
28.5
29.5
24.0
27.7
CU8-1
CU8-2
CU8-3
Undisturbed
0.5
13.5
13.8
12.6
2.187
2.149
2.252
81.4
78.1
85.9
0.471
0.500
0.417
98
196
294
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.832
0.699
0.638
89.1
156.8
212.9
0.746
0.652
0.545
73.1
127.8
160.2
0.425
27.5
23.9
23.9
2.129
2.027
2.119
100.0
92.5
100.0
0.697
0.731
0.656
98
196
294
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.727
0.534
0.518
71.7
111.5
164.3
0.574
0.409
0.410
56.3
80.1
120.4
CRC8-4
CRC8-5 Reconstituted
CRC8-6
Sd, under dierent amplitudes of horizontal displacement, Dd (3 mm and 7 mm), are shown in Fig. 7.
As can be seen in this gure, the stress ratio and accumulated shear displacement curve in the case of Dd3
mm is slightly higher than that in the case of Dd7
mm. The stress ratio at the residual state, (t/sN)r, is determined by the hyperbolic approximation method. As a
result, (t/sN)r in the case of Dd3 mm and 7 mm is
0.286 and 0.250, respectively. The dierence in (t/sN)r is
equivalent to about 2 degrees in qr. Thus the stress ratio
at the residual state seems to be dependent of the horizontal displacement amplitude.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Test cases, initial conditions and test results of intact and remolded specimens of Kaolin clay mixed with OPC
Initial
condition
KI9-1
KI9-2
KI9-3
KI9-4
KI9-5
KI9-6
Intact
KI9-7
KI9-8
KI9-9
KI9-10
KRM9-11
KRM9-12
KRM9-13
1037
Remolded
Initial water
content
w0 (z)
Initial wet
density
rt0 (g/cm3)
Initial degree
of saturation
Sr0 (z)
Initial
void ratio
e0
Curing
time
tc (days)
sN
(kPa)
d_
(mm/min)
(t / sN )p
tp
(kPa)
(t/sN)r
tr
(kPa)
72.5
66.3
64.6
68.1
1.522
1.580
1.557
1.523
95.3
97.6
94.4
93.1
2.039
1.823
1.834
1.959
14
28
56
91
98
98
98
98
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.330
1.727
1.744
1.968
141.2
182.9
212.9
215.9
0.412
0.381
0.352
0.345
40.4
37.4
34.5
33.8
68.6
68.4
1.542
1.544
95.2
95.3
1.931
1.924
28
28
196
294
0.1
0.1
0.983
0.856
207.7
259.7
0.354
0.316
69.5
92.8
68.6
67.7
72.1
69.7
1.552
1.572
1.569
1.554
96.1
97.6
99.6
96.9
1.913
1.859
1.941
1.926
28
28
28
28
196
196
196
196
0.02
0.05
0.2
0.5
0.898
1.365
0.942
0.900
182.7
264.3
193.7
185.9
0.263
0.316
0.378
0.314
51.5
61.9
74.0
61.6
69.0
69.5
65.7
1.557
1.574
1.542
96.8
98.8
93.6
1.910
1.886
1.880
28
28
28
98
196
294
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.886
0.775
0.618
105.0
167.1
188.4
0.374
0.326
0.298
36.7
63.9
87.7
KI: Reversal direct box shear test on intact cement treated Kaolin clay
KRM: Reversal direct box shear test on remolded cement treated Kaolin clay
OPC : ordinary Portland cement
Dd7 mm
tr,(t/sN)r: Residual strength and stress ratio at residual determined by hyperbolic curve approximation
1038
SUZUKI ET AL.
1039
Fig. 10. Relationship between residual strength and normal stress for
natural clays, respectively (Test No.AU61AU63, ARM64
ARM66, BU71BU73, BRC74BRC76, CU81CU83
and CRC84CRC86)
1040
SUZUKI ET AL.
Fig. 13. Peak and residual strength lines of Kaolin clay mixed with
OPC (Test No.KI92, KI95 and KI96)
Fig. 12. Relationship between stress ratio at residual state and initial
void ratio of natural clays (Test No.AU61AU63, ARM64
ARM66, BU71BU73 and BRC74BRC76)
multiple stages, because the residual strength of the specimen which had been previously sheared under high pressure became a lower value than that of the specimen
which had been sheared under low pressure ever since the
start owing to dierence in reorientation of clay particles
(Yagi et al., 1995). For remolded samples, the value of qr
trends toward a decrease with decreasing the Dmax. It must
be emphasized that the angle of internal friction at the
residual state may be underestimated by adjusting the
grading of the soil sample before testing. As shown in
Fig. 12, ((t-c)/sN)r is plotted against the initial void ratio,
e0, before consolidation for these samples. The value of cr
used in this gure is shown in Fig. 10. Although part of
the data is scattered in this gure, the stress ratio at the
residual state of each sample is almost independent of the
initial void ratio. For Landslide Clays A and B, stress ratio in the residual state varied among undisturbed or
remolded sample and reconstituted sample. e0 varied in
the similar range for undisturbed and remolded samples
probably because of the state of the sample.
Fig. 15. Relationship between residual strength and normal stress for
intact and remolded Kaolin clay mixed with OPC, respectively
(Test No.KRC11KRC15, KI92, KI95, KI96 and KRM9
11KRM913)
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level.
Finally, the inuence of shear history represented by
pre-shearing on the residual strength is discussed. The
landslide moved intermittently along an existing slip surface. The landslide clay could be repeatedly subjected to
consolidation and shear after a large deformation. The
RDBST was performed on the reconstituted Kaolin clay
in order to simulate such a phenomenon. As illustrated in
Fig. 18, a specimen was consolidated and sheared under
normal stress in the rst stage, sN, 1st98794 kPa, until
the accumulated shear displacement attained 28 mm (1
cycle). Subsequently, the pre-sheared specimen was consolidated and sheared again under normal stress in the
second stage, sN, 2nd98 kPa. The test cases are shown in
Table 3. Figure 18 also shows the relationships between
the peak and residual stress ratios in the second stage,
(t/sN, 2nd)p and (t/sN, 2nd)r, and the stress ratio at nished
pre-shearing in the rst stage, (t/sN, 1st)fin. It is seen from
this gure that (t/sN, 2nd)r, that is, the residual stress ratio
during reshearing is almost constant, irrespective of preshearing. This result is consistent with the recovery characteristic of residual strength due to reconsolidation before reshearing (Gibo et al., 2002). Accordingly, the
residual strength is independent of any stress history in
the consolidation and shear processes.
CONCLUSIONS
A series of reversal direct box shear tests was carried
out on undisturbed, remolded and reconstituted samples
prepared from four kinds of natural and industrial clays.
This paper mainly describes the inuence of the normal
stress, the shearing speed and the stress history in consolidation and shear processes on the residual strength for
soils having natural and articial cementation. The
following conclusions were derived from the results and
the discussion.
(1) Inuence of horizontal displacement amplitude on
the residual strength was recognized in the reversal
direct box shear tests.
(2) For remolded sample, the angle of internal friction
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
at the residual state trends toward decreasing slightly with a decrease in the maximum grain size.
The stress ratio at the residual state of undisturbed
sample is independent of the initial void ratio.
The stress ratio at the residual state of cement-treated clay is independent of the increase in consolidation yield stress.
For cement-treated clay, the residual strength
parameter of intact sample is almost equivalent to
that of remolded sample.
For not only reconstituted clay but also undisturbed
and cement-treated clays, the stress ratio at the
residual state increases linearly with an increase in
shear displacement rate on a log scale, irrespective
of the magnitude of normal stress. These results
were obtained by conducting the tests using several
specimens under dierent shear displacement rates.
This tendency observed using the reversal direct
shear box test is almost the same as that using the
ring shear test, but it is aected by the procedure for
changing the shear displacement rate.
The stress ratio at the residual state of undisturbed
and cement-treated clays is independent of the overconsolidation ratio as a function of the consolidation yield stress. This relation is not inuenced by
unloading and reloading along the swelling line for
reconstituted clay.
The stress ratio at the residual state is not inuenced
by pre-shearing for reconstituted clay. As mentioned above, the residual strength is independent of
any stress history in the consolidation and shear
processes.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The reversal direct box shear test apparatus could be
utilized with the permission of Fukken Co. Ltd. The
authors are grateful to Dr. Katsumi Nakamori, Mr.
Yoshiji Sutoh and Dr. Naozo Fukuda for provision of
undisturbed samples and to Mr. Kazuya Kitamura for his
experimental assistance.
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