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Silong, Rafaelle
Espiritu, Walter Aljhon
Tumimbang, Glenn Vincent
I. Abstract
In pharmacology, a drug is a substance that is used in treatment, prevention or diagnosis of
diseases, or enhances physical or mental well-being. Some drugs are used to alter normal human body
functioning, such as in central nervous system. Also this drugs may be used for their perceived
psychological effects, which, when used in habituation, may cause addiction. In this experiment, the
psychoactive drug that is contained in most beverages is explored, that is caffeine.
II. Keywords: liquid-liquid extraction, Soxhlet extractor, coffee, caffeine, alkaloids, partition coefficient
III. Introduction
Caffeine according to News Medical is a
bitter, white-crystalline xanthine alkaloid. It is a
psychoactive drug and considered as a central
nervous system stimulant, it can ward of
drowsiness and restore alertness for a certain
amount of time. Although caffeine is widely
consumed an overdose of this drug can lead to
headaches, tremors, depressing moods, anxiety,
irritability even insomnia. This drug is usually
found in tea, soft-drinks and especially coffee.
Once you brew coffee, caffeine is
dissolved in the water along with its impurities,
the tannins. These tannins give the coffee its
dark color and bitter taste. Since the experiment
focuses on extracting caffeine the impurities
should be removed. In order to do this we make
use of different extraction methods like liquidliquid extraction, acid-base extraction and solidliquid extraction.
IV. Methodology
Using a commercial product, 20g of
finely powdered coffee was obtained and
wrapped in a filter paper placed in the Soxhlet
extractor. Ethanol was placed in a flask at the
bottom-most part of the extractor, and boiling
chips were added. Due to the absence of a
Solid-liquid extraction
Also known as leaching, solid-liquid extraction
involves the use of liquid solvent to remove
solute particles from a solid
Acid-base extraction
Acid-base extraction is a type of liquid-liquid
extraction which involves the acidic or basic
properties of compounds. The methodology lies
on the assumption that organic compounds are
soluble in organic solvents but not in aqueous
ones. However, if the compound is protonated or
deprotonated, it will be rendered ionic, and thus
will be dissolved in aqueous solvents.
Why is it necessary to remove the stopper from a
separatory funnel when the liquid is being
drained from it through the stopcock?
It is necessary to remove the stopper from a
separatory funnel when the liquid is being
drained so that the pressure in the funnel will not
build up on the liquid (which causes the draining
liquid to bubble up that disturbs the stability of
the separated liquids inside the funnel). It is also
done to allow the air to push down the liquid
during draining. Failure to remove the stopper will
create a partial vacuum inside, which prevents
the flow of the liquid.
What is the purpose of adding magnesium oxide
in the extraction of caffeine?
Magnesium oxide acts as an adsorbent to the
caffeine. It is also oxidized to magnesium
hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) upon addition of water the
hydroxide. Adding this to coffee makes the
solution basic, converting caffeine to a form of
weak polarity. The base also reacts with the
acidic tannins, forming salts which can be
removed before extraction.
Phenol + NaHCO3
Na phenoxide + H2CO3
Determine the Keq for this reaction.
=
[ ][23 ]
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Silong, Rafaelle