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Dr Edi Munawar
Dr.
Chemical Engineering Department
Syiah Kuala University
Contact: edi.munawar@che.unsyiah.ac.id
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Sensors
A sensor is a device that detects events or changes in
quantities and pprovides a corresponding
q
p
g output,
p ,
generally as an electrical or optical signal; for
example, a thermocouple converts temperature to an
output voltage.
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Transmitters
A transmitter usually converts the sensor output to a
signal
g level appropriate
pp p
for input
p to a controller,, such
as 4 to 20 mA.
Transmitters are generally designed to be direct
acting.
In addition, most commercial transmitters have an
djus b e input
pu range
ge (o
(or sp
span).
).
adjustable
For example, a temperature transmitter might be
adjusted so that the input range of a platinum
resistance element (the sensor) is 50 to 150 C
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Transmitters
In this case, the following correspondence is
obtained
Input
50 C
150 C
Output
4 mA
20 mA
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Transmitters
For the temperature transmitter discussed above, the
relation between transducer output
p and input
p is:
20 4mA
o
Tm (mA)
T 50 C 4mA
o
150 50 C
mA T C 4mA
0.16
C
o
Km
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(9.1)
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Control Valves
There are many different ways to manipulate the
flows of material and energy
gy into and out of a
process; for example, the speed of a pump drive,
screw conveyer, or blower can be adjusted.
However, a simple and widely used method of
accomplishing this result with fluids is to use a
control valve
valve, also called an automatic control valve.
valve
The control valve components include the valve
body, trim, seat, and actuator.
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q Cv f l
Pv
gs
(9.2)
where:
q : flow rate (gal/min)
Cv : proportionality factor that depends predominantly
on valve size or capacity (unit less).
f l : flow characteristic (unit less).
P : pressure drop across the valve (psig)
gs : specific gravity of the fluid
This relation is valid for nonflashing fluids.
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Phe q
30 200
(9.3)
2
q
PS Phe 30
(9.4)
200
2) Because the pump head is constant at 40 psi, the
pressure drop available for the valve is:
2
q
(9.5)
Pv 40 Phe 40 30
200
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Cv
200
126.5
0.5 10
((9.6))
q
Cv Pv
(9.7)
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Next Lecture
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