Impairment

IAS (International Accounting Standard) 36 Impairment of Asset as issued at 1

January 2012. The term impairment is usually associated with a long-lived asset that
has a market which has decreased significantly. For example, a meat packing plant
may have recently spent large amounts for capital expenditures and then
experienced a dramatic drop in the plants value due to business and community
conditions.
If the undiscounted future cash flows from the asset (including the sale amount) are
less than the assets carrying amount, an impairment loss must be reported
If the impairment loss must be reported, the amount of the impairment loss is
measured by subtracting the assets fair value from its carrying value.
The credit crisis starting in late 2008 has affected many financial and nonfinancial
institutions. As a result of the global slump, many companies are considering writeoffs of some of their long-lived assets. These write-offs are referred to as
impairments.
Various events and changes in circumstances might lead to an impairment.
Examples are:

A significant decrease in the fair value of an asset

A significant change in the extent or manner in which an asset is used.
A significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate that
affects the value of an asset.
A accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally
expected to acquire or construct an asset.
A projection or forecast that demonstrates continuing losses associated with
an asset

These events or changes in circumstances indicate that the company may not be
able to recover the carrying amount of the asset. In that case, recoverability test is
used to determine whether an impairment has occurred.
IAS 36 Impairment of Assets (the standard) sets out the requirements to account for
and report impairment of most-financial assets. IAS 36 specifies when an entity
needs to perform an impairment test, how to perform it, the recognition of any
impairment losses and the related disclosures. Having said that, the application of
IAS 36 is wide and its requirement may be open to interpretation.
The recent economic uncertainty has thrown a spotlight on impairment. As such,
many entities have decided to reassess their impairment testing processes, models
and assumptions.
Impairment principle and key requirements
IAS 36 deals with impairment testing for all tangible and intangible assets, except
for assets that are covered by other IFRS.

IAS 36 requires that assets can be carried at no more than their recoverable
amount. To meet this objective, the standard requires entities to test all assets that
are within its scope for potential impairment when indicators of impairment exist or,
at least, annually for goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives.
Diagram 1 illustrates the process for measuring and recognizing impairment loss
under IAS 36. Some of the components in the diagram are discussed in more detail
in the sections below.
Key requirements of IAS 36 illustrated in diagram 1
The entity assesses, at each reporting date, whether there is any indication that an
asset may be impaired
If there is an indication that an asset may be impaired, the recoverable
amount of the asset(or, if appropriate, the cash generating unit (CGU)) is
determined
The recoverable amount of goodwill, intangible assets with an indefinite
useful life and intangible assets that are not available for use on the reporting
date, is required to be measured at least on an annual basis, irrespective of
whether any impairment indicators exist.
The asset or CGU is impaired of its carrying amount exceeds its recoverable
amount.
The recoverable amount is defined as the higher of the fair value less costs
to sell and the value in use
Any impairment loss is recognized as an expense in profit or loss for assets
carried at cost. If the affected asset is a revalued asset, as permitted by IAS
16 Property, Plant and Equipment (IAS 16) and IAS 38 Intangible Assets (IAS
38), any impairment loss is recorded first against previously recognized
revaluation gains in other comprehensive income in respect of that asset.
Extensive disclosure is required for the impairment test and any impairment
loss recognized.
An impairment loss recognized in prior periods for an asset other than
goodwill is required to be reversed if there has been a change in the
estimates used to determine the assets recoverable amount.

Indicators of Impairment
The standard requires an entity to assess, at each reporting date, whether there are
any indicators that assets may be impaired. An entity is required to consider
information from both external sources (such as market interest rates, significant
adverse changes in the technological, market, economic, or legal environment in
which the entity operates, market capitalization being lower than net assets) and
internal sources (such as internal restructurings, evidence of obsolescence or
physical damage to the asset). Not with standing whether indicators exist,
recoverability of goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives or those
not yet in use are required to be tested at least annually.

Recoverable amount
The recoverable amount of an asset is greater of its fair value less costs to
sell and its value in use. To measure impairment, the assets carrying
amount is compared with its recoverable amount.

The recoverable amount is determined for individual assets. However, if an

asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those
from other assets, the recoverable amount is determined for the CGU to
which the asset belongs. A CGU is the smallest identifiable group of assets
that generate cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows
from other assets or group of assets.
- Value in use
Value in use (VIU) is the present value of the future cash flows expected to
be derived from an asset or a CGU. A VIU calculation includes:
Cash flow projections:

An estimate of the future cash flows that the entity expects

to derive from the asset
Expectation about possible variations in the amount or timing
of those future cash flows.
Discount rate
The time value of money that is a pre-tax discount rate that
reflects current market assessments of the time value of
money and risks specific to the asset for which the future
cash flow estimates have not been adjusted
The price for bearing the uncertainty inherent in the asset
which can be reflected in either the cash flow estimate or the
discount rate.
Other factors, such as illiquidity, that market participants
would reflect in pricing the future cash flows the entity
expects to derive from the asset.
When measuring VIU, the entitys cash flow projections:
Must be based on reasonable and supportable assumptions that
represent managements best estimate of the set of economic
conditions that will exist over the remaining useful life of the asset.
Must be based the most recent financial budgets/forecasts
approved by management without including cash inflows or
outflows from future restructurings to which the entity is not yet
committed.

Should exclude borrowing costs, income tax receipts or payments

and capital expenditure that improve or enhance the assets
performance.
Should include overheads that are directly attributed or can be
allocated on a reasonable and consistent basis and the amount of
transaction costs if disposal is expected at the end of the assets
useful life.
For periods beyond the periods covered by the most recent
budgets/forecasts should be based on extrapolations using a steady
or declining growth rate unless an increasing rate can be justified.
Fair value less costs to sell
Fair value less costs to sell (FVLCS) is the amount obtainable from the sale
of the asset in an arms length transaction between knowledge and willing
parties, less the costs of disposal.
IAS 36 establishes a hierarchy for determining an assets FVLCS as
follows:
The best evidence of the assets FVLCS is a price in a binding sale
agreement in an arms length transaction, adjusted for incremental
costs that would be directly attribute to the disposal of the asset.
If there is no binding sale agreement, but the asset is traded in an
active market, FLVCS is the assets market price less the costs of
disposal.
If there is no binding sale agreement or active market for the asset,
FLVCS is based on the best information available to reflect the
amount that the entity could obtain at the end of the reporting
period from the disposal of the asset in an arms length transaction
after deducting the costs of disposal.
If the market price is not available, FLVCS can be determined using a
discounted cash flow (DCF) approach. The following valuation principles
will apply when determining FLVCS:
The calculation of FLVCS should reflect all future events that would
affect the expected cash flows for a typical market participant that
holds the asset.
Fair value should reflect information that is available without under
cost or effort about the markets assessment of the future cash
flows.
Market-based assumptions should be based on current market data,
unless reliable evidence indicates current experience will not
continue.
If there is contrary data indicating that market participants would
not use the same assumptions as the entity, the entity should
adjust its assumptions to incorporate the market information.
FLVCS also includes the amount of transaction costs that would be
incurred at the reporting date in disposing of the asset.

Risk and uncertainty

Both FVLCS and VIU should reflect risk and uncertainty to the extent that
these would be reflected in the price of an arms length transaction. Risk
may be reflected by adjusting either the cash flows or the discount rate,
but not both.
Determining an appropriate discount rate that reflects current market
assessments and the appropriate risks (the risks not already reflected in
the cash flows) will often be difficult and will require consideration and
input from financial management, line management and, perhaps
valuation professionals.

Input from these parties will also be required to formulate assumptions

regarding growth rates used to project cash flows until the end of the
assets useful life, which will also require significant judgment to
formulate.
Cash generating units
If its not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual
asset, the entity should determine the recoverable amount of the CGU to
which the asset belongs. It is not possible to estimate the recoverable
amount of the individual asset if:
The assets VIU cannot be estimated to be close to its FVLCS
The asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely
independent of those from other assets.

Measuring Impairments
Identifying an asset that may be impaired
An entity shall assess at the end of each reporting period whether there is any
indication that an asset may be impaired. If any such indication exists, the entity
shall estimate the recoverable amount of the asset. Irrespective of whether there is
any indication of impairment, an entity shall also:
a. Test an intangible asset with an indefinite useful life or an intangible asset not
yet available for use for impairment annually by comparing its carrying
amount with its recoverable amount. This impairment test may be performed
at any time during an annual period, provided it is performed at the same
time every year. Different intangible assets may be tested for impairment at
different times. However, if such an intangible asset was initially recognized
during the current annual period, that intangible asset shall be tested for
impairment before the end of the current annual period.
b. Test goodwill acquired in a business combination for impairment annually in
accordance.
If there is any indication that an asset may be impaired, recoverable amount shall
be estimated for the individual asset. If it is not possible to estimate the recoverable

amount of the individual asset, an entity shall determine the recoverable amount of
the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs (the assets cash generating
unit)
A cash-generating unit is the smallest identifiable group of assets that generate
cash inflows, that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or
group of assets.
Impaired asset
Definition of impaired asset
A companys asset that is worth less on the market than the value listed in the
companys balance sheet. This will result in a write-down of that same asset
account to the stated market price.
Accounts that are likely to be written down are the companys goodwill, accounts
receivable and long-term assets.
In the sum of all estimated future cash flows is less than the carrying value of the
asset, then the asset would be considered impaired and would have to be written
down to its fair value. Once an asset is written down, it may only be written back up
under very few circumstances.
Firms carrying goodwill on their books are required to make tests of impairment
annually. Any impairments found will then be expensed on the companys income
statement.
Impairment charge is the new term for writing off worthless goodwill. These
charges started making headlines in 2002 as companies adopted new accounting
rules and disclosed huge goodwill write-offs (for example, AOL -$$54 billion, SBC $1.8 billion, and McDonalds -$99 million). While impairment charges have since
then gone relatively unnoticed, they will get more attention as the weak economy
and faltering stock market force more goodwill charge-offs and increase concerns
about corporate balance sheets.
Measuring recoverable amount
The recoverable amount of an asset or a cash-generating unit is the higher of its fair
value less costs of disposal and its value in use.
It is not always necessary to determine both an assets fair value less cost of
disposal and its value in use. If either of these amounts exceeds the assets carrying
amount, the asset is not impaired and it is not necessary to estimate the other
amount.
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a
liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement
date. Costs of disposal are incremental costs directly attributable to the disposal of
an asset or cash-generating unit, excluding finance costs and income tax expense.

Value in use is the present value of the future cash flows expected to be derived
from an asset or cash-generating unit.
The following elements shall be reflected in the calculation of an assets value in
use:
-

An estimate of the future cash flows the entity expects to derive from the
asset
Expectations about possible variations in the amount or timing of those
future cash flows
The time value of money, represented by the current market risk-free rate
of interest
The price for bearing the uncertainty inherent in the asset
Other factors, such as illiquidity, that market participants would reflect in
pricing the future cash flows the entity to derive from the asset.

Estimate of future cash flows shall include:

a. Projections of cash inflows from the continuing use of the asset
b. Projections of cash outflows that are necessarily incurred to generate the
cash inflows from continuing use of the asset (including cash outflows to
prepare the asset for use) and can be directly attributed, or allocated on a
reasonable and consistent basis, to the asset,
c. Net cash flows, if any, to be received (or paid) for the disposal of the asset at
the end of its useful life
Future cash flows shall be estimated for the asset in its current condition. Estimate
of future cash flows shall not include estimated future cash inflows or outflows that
are expected to arise from:
a. A future restructuring to which an entity is not yet committed, or
b. Improving or enhancing the assets performance
Estimates of future cash flows shall not include:
a. Cash inflows or outflows from financing activities, or
b. Income tax receipts or payment
Recognizing and measuring an impairment loss.
If, and only if, the recoverable amount of an asset is less than its carrying amount,
the carrying amount of the asset shall be reduced to its recoverable amount. That
reduction is an impairment loss.
An impairment loss shall be recognized immediately in profit or loss, unless the
asset is carried at revalued amount in accordance with another standard (for
example, in accordance with the revaluation model in IAS 16 Property, Plant, and
Equipment). Any impairment loss of a revalued asset shall be treated as a
revaluation decrease in accordance with other standard.
An impairment loss shall be recognized for a cash-generating unit (the smallest
group of cash-generating units to which goodwill or a corporate asset has been

allocated) if, and only if, the recoverable amount of the unit (group of units) is less
than the carrying amount of the assets of the unit (group of units) in the following
order:
- First, to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the cashgenerating unit and,
- Then, to the other assets of the unit pro rata on the basis of the carrying
amount of each asset in the unit.
However, an entity shall not reduce the carrying amount of an asset below the
highest of:
- Its fair value less costs to sell (if determinable)
- Its value in use (if determinable)
- Zero
The amount of the impairment loss that would otherwise have been allocated to the
asset shall be allocated pro rata to the other assets of the unit.

Goodwill
For the purpose of impairment testing, goodwill acquired in a business combination
shall, from the acquisition date, be allocated to each of the acquirers cashgenerating units, or groups of cash-generating units, that is expected to benefit
from the synergies of the combination, irrespective of whether other assets or
liabilities of the acquire are assigned to those units or groups of units.
The annual impairment test for a cash-generating unit to which goodwill has been
allocated may be performed at any time during an annual period, provided the test
is performed at the same time every year. Different cash-generating units may be
tested for impairment at different times. However, if some or all the goodwill
allocated to a cash-generating unit was acquired in a business combination during
the current annual period, that unit shall be tested for impairment before the end of
the current annual period.