Confirming Pages

APPENDIX

PROPERTY TABLES AND

CHARTS (SI UNITS)

TABLE A1

Molar mass, gas constant, and ideal-gas specific heats of

some substances 908
TABLE A2
Boiling and freezing point properties 909
TABLE A3
Properties of solid metals 910912
TABLE A4
Properties of solid nonmetals 913
TABLE A5
Properties of building materials 914915
TABLE A6
Properties of insulating materials 916
TABLE A7
Properties of common foods 917918
TABLE A8
Properties of miscellaneous materials 919
TABLE A9
Properties of saturated water 920
TABLE A10 Properties of saturated refrigerant134a 921
TABLE A11 Properties of saturated ammonia 922
TABLE A12 Properties of saturated propane 923
TABLE A13 Properties of liquids 924
TABLE A14 Properties of liquid metals 925
TABLE A15 Properties of air at 1 atm pressure 926
TABLE A16 Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure 927928
TABLE A17 Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude 929
TABLE A18 Emissivities of surfaces 930931
TABLE A19 Solar radiative properties of materials 932
FIGURE A20 The Moody chart for friction factor for fully developed
flow in circular pipes 933

907

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908
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A1
Molar mass, gas constant, and ideal-gas specific heats of some substances
Specific Heat Data at 258C
Substance
Air
Ammonia, NH3
Argon, Ar
Bromine, Br2
Isobutane, C4H10
n-Butane, C4H10
Carbon dioxide, CO2
Carbon monoxide, CO
Chlorine, Cl2
Chlorodifluoromethane (R-22), CHCIF2
Ethane, C2H6
Ethylene, C2H4
Fluorine, F2
Helium, He
n-Heptane, C7H16
n-Hexane, C6H14
Hydrogen, H2
Krypton, Kr
Methane, CH4
Neon, Ne
Nitrogen, N2
Nitric oxide, NO
Nitrogen dioxide, NO2
Oxygen, O2
n-Pentane, C5H12
Propane, C3H8
Propylene, C3H6
Steam, H2O
Sulfur dioxide, SO2
Tetrachloromethane, CCI4
Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), C2H2F4
Trifluoroethane (R-143a), C2H3F3
Xenon, Xe

Molar Mass
M, kg/kmol
28.97
17.03
39.95
159.81
58.12
58.12
44.01
28.01
70.905
86.47
30.070
28.054
38.00
4.003
100.20
86.18
2.016
83.80
16.04
20.183
28.01
30.006
46.006
32.00
72.15
44.097
42.08
18.015
64.06
153.82
102.03
84.04
131.30

Gas Constant
R, kJ/kgK*
0.2870
0.4882
0.2081
0.05202
0.1430
0.1430
0.1889
0.2968
0.1173
0.09615
0.2765
0.2964
0.2187
2.077
0.08297
0.09647
4.124
0.09921
0.5182
0.4119
0.2968
0.2771
0.1889
0.2598
0.1152
0.1885
0.1976
0.4615
0.1298
0.05405
0.08149
0.09893
0.06332

cp, kJ/kgK

cv, kJ/kgK

1.005
2.093
0.5203
0.2253
1.663
1.694
0.8439
1.039
0.4781
0.6496
1.744
1.527
0.8237
5.193
1.649
1.654
14.30
0.2480
2.226
1.030
1.040
0.9992
0.8060
0.9180
1.664
1.669
1.531
1.865
0.6228
0.5415
0.8334
0.9291
0.1583

0.7180
1.605
0.3122
0.1732
1.520
1.551
0.6550
0.7417
0.3608
0.5535
1.468
1.231
0.6050
3.116
1.566
1.558
10.18
0.1488
1.708
0.6180
0.7429
0.7221
0.6171
0.6582
1.549
1.480
1.333
1.403
0.4930
0.4875
0.7519
0.8302
0.09499

k 5 cp /cv
1.400
1.304
1.667
1.300
1.094
1.092
1.288
1.400
1.325
1.174
1.188
1.241
1.362
1.667
1.053
1.062
1.405
1.667
1.303
1.667
1.400
1.384
1.306
1.395
1.074
1.127
1.148
1.329
1.263
1.111
1.108
1.119
1.667

*The unit kJ/kgK is equivalent to kPam3/kgK. The gas constant is calculated from R 5 RU /M, where RU 5 8.31447kJ/kmolK is the universal gas constant and M is
the molar mass.
Source: Specific heat values are obtained primarily from the property routines prepared by The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
Gaithersburg, MD.

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909
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A2
Boiling and freezing point properties
Boiling Data at l atm

Substance
Ammonia

Normal Latent Heat of

Boiling
Vaporization
Point, 8C
hfg, kJ/kg
233.3

1357

Freezing Data
Freezing
Point, 8C
277.7

322.4

Argon
Benzene
Brine (20% sodium
chloride by mass)
n-Butane
Carbon dioxide
Ethanol
Ethyl alcohol
Ethylene glycol
Glycerine
Helium
Hydrogen
Isobutane
Kerosene
Mercury
Methane

2185.9
80.2

161.6
394

2189.3
5.5

103.9
20.5
278.4*
78.2
78.6
198.1
179.9
2268.9
2252.8
211.7
204293
356.7
2161.5

385.2
230.5 (at 08C)
838.3
855
800.1
974
22.8
445.7
367.1
251
294.7
510.4

217.4
2138.5
256.6
2114.2
2156
210.8
18.9

2259.2
2160
224.9
238.9
2182.2

109
108
181.1
200.6

59.5
105.7

11.4
58.4

Methanol
Nitrogen

64.5
2195.8

1100
198.6

297.7
2210

99.2
25.3

124.8

306.3

257.5

180.7

2218.8

13.7

2187.7

80.0

Octane
Oil (light)
Oxygen
Petroleum
Propane

2183

242.1

Refrigerant-134a

226.1

Water

100

212.7
230384
427.8

216.8

2257

296.6

0.0

Liquid Properties

Latent Heat
of Fusion Temperature, Density
hif, kJ/kg
8C
r, kg/m3

28
126

80.3

333.7

Specific
Heat
cp, kJ/kgK

233.3
220
0
25
2185.6
20

682
665
639
602
1394
879

4.43
4.52
4.60
4.80
1.14
1.72

20
20.5
0
25
20
20
20
2268.9
2252.8
211.7
20
25
2161.5
2100
25
2195.8
2160
20
25
2183
20
242.1
0
50
250
226.1
0
25
0
25
50
75
100

1150
601
298
783
789
1109
1261
146.2
70.7
593.8
820
13,560
423
301
787
809
596
703
910
1141
640
581
529
449
1443
1374
1295
1207
1000
997
988
975
958

3.11
2.31
0.59
2.46
2.84
2.84
2.32
22.8
10.0
2.28
2.00
0.139
3.49
5.79
2.55
2.06
2.97
2.10
1.80
1.71
2.0
2.25
2.53
3.13
1.23
1.27
1.34
1.43
4.22
4.18
4.18
4.19
4.22

* Sublimation temperature. (At pressures below the triple-point pressure of 518kPa, carbon dioxide exists as a solid or gas. Also, the freezing-point temperature of
carbon dioxide is the triple-point temperature of 256.58C.)

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910
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A3
Properties of solid metals
Properties at Various Temperatures (K),
k(W/mK)/cp (J/kgK)

Properties at 300K

Melting
Point,
K

r
kg/m3

cp
J/kgK

k
W/mK

933

2702

903

237

97.1

Alloy 2024-T6
775
(4.5% Cu, 1.5% Mg,
0.6% Mn)
Alloy 195, Cast
(4.5% Cu)
Beryllium
1550

2770

875

177

73.0

2790
1850

883
1825

Bismuth

545

9780

122

2573

2500

1107

27.0

594

8650

231

96.8

48.4

Chromium

2118

7160

449

93.7

29.1

Cobalt

1769

8862

421

99.2

26.6

Copper:
Pure

1358

8933

385

401

117

Commercial bronze
(90% Cu, 10% Al)
Phosphor gear bronze
(89% Cu, 11% Sn)
Cartridge brass
(70% Cu, 30% Zn)
Constantan
(55% Cu, 45% Ni)
Germanium

1293

8800

420

52

14

1104

8780

355

54

17

1188

8530

380

110

1493

8920

384

23

1211

5360

322

59.9

Gold

1336

19,300

129

317

Iridium

2720

22,500

130

147

Iron:
Pure

1810

7870

447

80.2

7870

447

7854

Composition
Aluminum:
Pure

Boron
Cadmium

Armco
(99.75% pure)
Carbon steels:
Plain carbon (Mn # 1%
Si # 0.1%)
AISI 1010

168
200
7.86

a 3 106
m2/s
100

68.2
59.2
6.59
9.76

200

400

600

302
482
65

237
798
163

240
949
186

231
1033
186

473

787

925

1042

cen98187_App-A_p907-934.indd 910

1000

218
1146

174
185
990
301
161
126
106
90.8
203
1114
2191
2604
2823 3018
16.5
9.69
7.04
112
120
127
190
55.5
16.8
10.6
9.60
9.85
128
600
1463
1892
2160 2338
203
99.3
94.7
198
222
242
159
111
90.9
80.7
71.3
65.4
192
384
484
542
581
616
167
122
85.4
67.4
58.2
52.1
236
379
450
503
550
628
393
397
52
160
65

137
395

379
417
59
545
74

149
425

366
433

352
451

17
237
232
190
327
109
172
90

413
356
42
785
41

95
360
19
362
96.8
290
323
124
153
122

43.2
337
311
131
144
133

27.3
348
298
135
138
138

19.8
357
284
140
132
144

17.4
375
270
145
126
153

23.1

134
216

94.0
384

69.5
490

54.7
574

43.3
680

32.8
975

72.7

20.7

95.6
215

80.6
384

65.7
490

53.1
574

42.2
680

32.3
975

434

60.5

17.7

7832

434

63.9

18.8

7817

446

51.9

14.9

56.7
487
58.7
559
49.8
501

48.0
39.2
30.0
559
685 1169
48.8
39.2
31.3
685
1168
44.0
37.4
29.3
582
699
971

33.9
6.71
34.7
127
50.3

482
252

75

487
Carbonsilicon (Mn # 1%
0.1% , Si # 0.6%)

800

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911
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A3
Properties of solid metals (Continued)

Composition

Melting
Point,
K

Carbonmanganesesilicon
(1% , Mn , 1.65%
0.1% , Si , 0.6%)
Chromium (low) steels:
1
Cr 14 MoSi (0.18% C,
2
0.65% Cr, 0.23% Mo,
0.6% Si)
1 Cr 12 Mo
(0.16% C, 1% Cr,
0.54% Mo,
0.39% Si)
1 CrV
(0.2% C, 1.02% Cr,
0.15% V)
Stainless steels:
AISI 302

Properties at Various Temperatures (K),

k(W/mK)/cp(J/kgK)

Properties at 300K
r
kg/m3

cp
J/kgK

k
W/mK

8131

434

41.0

7822

444

7858

7836

a 3 106
m2/s
100

400

600

11.6

42.2
487

39.7
559

35.0
685

27.6
1090

37.7

10.9

38.2

36.7

33.3

26.9

442

42.3

12.2

492
42.0

575
39.1

688
34.5

969
27.4

443

48.9

14.1

492
46.8

575
42.1

688
36.3

969
28.2

492

575

688

969

8055

480

15.1

3.91

7900

477

14.9

3.95

AISI 316

8238

468

13.4

3.48

AISI 347

7978

480

14.2

3.71

35.3

AISI 304

1670

Lead

601

11,340

129

24.1

Magnesium

923

1740

1024

156

87.6

Molybdenum

2894

10,240

251

138

53.7

Nickel:
Pure

1728

8900

444

90.7

Nichrome
1672
(80% Ni, 20% Cr)
Inconel X-750
1665
(73% Ni, 15% Cr,
6.7% Fe)
Niobium
2741

8400

420

12

8510

439

11.7

3.1

8570

265

53.7

23.6

23.0
232
3.4

Palladium

1827

12,020

244

71.8

24.5

Platinum:
Pure

2045

21,450

133

71.6

25.1

Alloy 60Pt40Rh
(60% Pt, 40% Rh)
Rhenium

1800

16,630

162

47

17.4

3453

21,100

136

47.9

16.7

Rhodium

2236

12,450

243

cen98187_App-A_p907-934.indd 911

150

49.6

200

9.2
272

12.6
402

39.7
118
169
649
179
141

36.7
125
159
934
143
224

164
383

107
485

17.3
512
16.6
515
15.2
504
15.8
513
34.0
132
153
1074
134
261

800

20.0
22.8
559
585
19.8
22.6
557
582
18.3
21.3
550
576
18.9
21.9
559
585
31.4
142
149
146
1170 1267
126
118
275
285

1000

25.4
606
25.4
611
24.2
602
24.7
606

112
295

8.7

10.3

80.2
592
14
480
13.5

65.6
530
16
525
17.0

67.6
562
21
545
20.5

71.8

55.2
188
76.5
168

372
52.6
249
71.6
227

473
55.2
274
73.6
251

510
58.2
283
79.7
261

546
61.3
292
86.9
271

626
64.4
301
94.2
281

77.5
100

72.6
125

58.9
97
186
147

51.0
127
154
220

71.8
136
52

46.1
139
146
253

73.2
141
59

44.2
145
136
274

75.6
146
65

44.1
151
127
293

78.7
152
69

44.6
156
121
311

24.0

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912
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A3
Properties of solid metals (Concluded)

Composition

Melting
Point,
K

Properties at Various Temperatures (K),

k(W/mK)/cp (J/kgK)

Properties at 300K
r
kg/m3

cp
J/kgK

k
W/mK

a 3 106
m2/s
100

Silicon

1685

2330

712

148

Silver

1235

10,500

235

429

Tantalum

3269

16,600

140

57.5

24.7

Thorium

2023

11,700

118

54.0

39.1

505

7310

227

66.6

40.1

Titanium

1953

4500

522

21.9

Tungsten

3660

19,300

132

Uranium

1406

19,070

116

27.6

12.5

Vanadium

2192

6100

489

30.7

10.3

693

7140

389

2125

6570

278

Tin

Zinc
Zirconium

174

116
22.7

89.2
174

9.32
68.3

41.8
12.4

884
259
444
187
59.2
110
59.8
99
85.2
188
30.5
300
208
87
21.7
94
35.8
258
117
297
33.2
205

200

400

600

800

1000

264
556
430
225
57.5
133
54.6
112
73.3
215
24.5
465
186
122
25.1
108
31.3
430
118
367
25.2
264

98.9
790
425
239
57.8
144
54.5
124
62.2
243
20.4
551
159
137
29.6
125
31.3
515
111
402
21.6
300

61.9
867
412
250
58.6
146
55.8
134

42.4
913
396
262
59.4
149
56.9
145

31.2
946
379
277
60.2
152
56.9
156

19.4
591
137
142
34.0
146
33.3
540
103
436
20.7
332

19.7
633
125
146
38.8
176
35.7
563

20.7
675
118
148
43.9
180
38.2
597

21.6
342

23.7
362

From Frank P. Incropera and David P. DeWitt, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 3rd ed., 1990. This material is used by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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913
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A4
Properties of solid nonmetals

Composition

Melting
Point,
K

Properties at Various Temperatures (K),

k (W/mK)/cp (J/kgK)

Properties at 300K
r
cp
k
a 3 106
kg/m3 J/kgK W/mK
m2/s

Aluminum oxide,
sapphire
Aluminum oxide,
polycrystalline
Beryllium oxide

2323

3970

765

46

15.1

2323

3970

765

36.0

11.9

2725

3000 1030

Boron

2573

2500 1105

Boron fiber epoxy

(30% vol.) composite
k, || to fibers
k, ' to fibers
cp
Carbon
Amorphous
Diamond,
type lla
insulator
Graphite, pyrolytic
k, || to layers
k, ' to layers
cp

590

1500

1950

3500

2273

2210

9.99

1.60

509 2300

190

52.5

400
32.4
940
26.4
940
196
1350
18.7
1490

2.10
0.37
364

2.23
0.49
757

2.28
0.60
1431

0.67

1.18

1.89

10,000
21

1950
5.70

600
18.9
1110
15.8
1110
111
1690
11.3
1880

800
13.0
1180
10.4
1180
70
1865
8.1
2135

1000
10.5
1225
7.85
1225
47
1975
6.3
2350

4970
16.8
136

709

4000
194

1540
853

3230
9.23
411

1390
4.09
992

21.9

2.37

2.53

892
667
534
2.68
2.01
1.60
1406
1650
1793

1400

11.1

2600

0.87
935
808

3160

675

0.46
3.98

490

1.89

5.7
0.68
337
5.25

8.7
1.1
642
4.78

39
20.8

0.69

16.4
9.5

1.14

230

13.0
1216
3.64
908

880

3.28
3.08
2.96
1038
1122
1197

87
1050
1135
1195

2650
10.4
6.21
2220

745
745

2173

2400

691

392

2070

708

Thorium dioxide

3573

9110

235

Titanium dioxide,
polycrystalline

2133

4157

710

cen98187_App-A_p907-934.indd 913

82

55

2080

1883

Sulfur

27.6

1122

1883

200

88.0

2.29
0.59

Graphite fiber
450
epoxy (25% vol.)
composite
k, heat flow || to fibers
k, heat flow ' to fibers
cp
Pyroceram,
1623
Corning 9606
Silicon carbide
3100
Silicon dioxide,
crystalline (quartz)
k, || to c-axis
k,' to c-axis
cp
Silicon dioxide,
polycrystalline
(fused silica)
Silicon nitride

272

100
450

133

1.38

16.0
0.206
13
8.4

0.834

578
0.141
0.165
0.185
403
606
6.1

9.65

2.8

7.6
4.70
885
1.51

5.0
4.2
3.4
3.1
1075
1250
1.75
2.17

905
13.9
778

1040
11.3
937

10.2
255
7.01
805

6.6
274
5.02
880

2.87

1105
1155
9.88
8.76
1063
1155

4.7
285
8.94
910

3.68
295
3.46
930

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914
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A5
Properties of building materials (at a mean temperature of 248C)

Material
Building Boards
Asbestoscement board
Gypsum of plaster board
Plywood (Douglas fir)

Insulated board and sheating

(regular density)
Hardboard (high density, standard
tempered)
Particle board:
Medium density
Underlayment
Wood subfloor
Building Membrane
Vapor-permeable felt
Vapor-seal (2 layers of mopped
0.73kg/m2 felt)
Flooring Materials
Carpet and fibrous pad
Carpet and rubber pad
Tile (asphalt, linoleum, vinyl)

Density, r
kg/m3

6mm
10mm
13mm

6mm
10mm
13mm
20mm
13mm
20mm

1922
800
800
545
545
545
545
545
288
288

0.12

1.00
1.09

1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.30
1.30

0.011
0.057
0.078

0.055
0.083
0.110
0.165
0.232
0.359

1010

0.14

1.34

16mm
20mm

800
640

0.14

1.30
1.21
1.38

0.144
0.166

0.011

0.021

1.42
1.38
1.26

0.367
0.217
0.009

100mm
200mm
300mm

1922
2082
2400
1920
1120

0.72
1.30
1.34
0.90
0.41
0.77
1.0
1.30

0.79

0.13
0.20
0.23

1920
1600
1280
960
0.18
1920
1280
1857

1.1
0.79
0.54
0.33

1.40
0.65
0.72

0.84
0.84

Concretes:
Lightweight aggregates, (including
expanded shale, clay, or slate;
expanded slags; cinders;
pumice; and scoria)
940
Cement/lime, mortar, and stucco
Stucco

cen98187_App-A_p907-934.indd 914

R-value
(for listed
thickness, L/k),
Km2/W

Thickness,
L mm

Masonry Materials
Masonry units:
Brick, common
Brick, face
Brick, fire clay

Concrete blocks (3 oval cores,

sand and gravel aggregate)

Specific
Heat, cp
kJ/kgK

Thermal
Conductivity, k
W/mK

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915
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A5
Properties of building materials (Concluded)
(at a mean temperature of 248C)
Specific
Heat, cp
kJ/kgK

R-value
(for listed
thickness, L/k),
Km2/W

Thickness,
L mm

Density, r
kg/m3

Thermal
Conductivity, k
W/mK

10mm
13mm

1900
1100
1100
1100

1.00
1.51
1.26
1.46
1.26

0.037
0.026
0.077
0.058
0.009

1.30

0.166

19mm

1860

0.72

0.84

0.026

13mm
13mm

720
1680
720

0.81
0.22

0.84
1.34

0.055
0.016

11mm
25mm
10mm

1900

1.17
1.30
1.21

0.037
0.12
0.139
0.111

10mm
10mm

2530

1.0

1.22
1.34
0.84

0.11
0.32
0.018

Woods
Hardwoods (maple, oak, etc.)
Softwoods (fir, pine, etc.)

721
513

0.159
0.115

1.26
1.38

Metals
Aluminum (1100)
Steel, mild
Steel, Stainless

2739
7833
7913

222
45.3
15.6

0.896
0.502
0.456

Material
Roofing
Asbestos-cement shingles
Asphalt roll roofing
Asphalt shingles
Built-in roofing
Slate
Wood shingles (plain and
plastic/film faced)
Plastering Materials
Cement plaster, sand aggregate
Gypsum plaster:
Lightweight aggregate
Sand aggregate
Perlite aggregate
Siding Material (on flat surfaces)
Asbestos-cement shingles
Hardboard siding
Wood (drop) siding
Wood (plywood) siding lapped
Aluminum or steel siding (over
sheeting):
Hollow backed
Insulating-board backed
Architectural glass

Source: Table A5 and A6 are adapted from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning
Engineers, 1993), Chap. 22, Table 4. Used with permission.

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916
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A6
Properties of insulating materials
(at a mean temperature of 248C)

Material
Blanket and Batt
Mineral fiber (fibrous form
processed from rock, slag,
or glass)

Density, r
kg/m3

50 to 70mm
75 to 90mm
135 to 165mm

4.832
4.832
4.832

0.710.96
0.710.96
0.710.96

1.23
1.94
3.32

136
64144
16
24
16
72
240
120

0.055
0.036
0.040
0.023
0.052
0.032
0.042
0.039

1.0
0.96
1.2
1.6
1.26
1.68
0.71
1.80

2440
5672
70

0.0230.026
0.0380.039
0.026

1.045

190

0.046

9.632
9.632

122
122
3266
128240
3751

0.025
0.068
0.0390.045
0.065
0.0390.046

0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71

1.09
1.38

1.94
3.35
3.87
5.28

144

0.058

1.0
1.0
2.1
3.9

0.24
0.49
0.93

160

0.0017

40

0.00016

120

0.000017

Sprayed or Formed in Place

Polyurethane foam
Glass fiber
Urethane, two-part mixture (rigid foam)
Mineral wool granules with asbestos/
inorganic binders (sprayed)
~75 to 125mm
~165 to 222mm
~191 to 254mm
~185mm

Silica aerogel
Vermiculite (expanded)
Perlite, expanded
Sawdust or shavings
Cellulosic insulation (milled paper or wood pulp)
Roof Insulation
Cellular glass
Preformed, for use above deck

13mm
25mm
50mm

Reflective Insulation
Silica powder (evacuated)
Aluminum foil separating fluffy glass mats; 1012 layers
(evacuated); for cryogenic applications (150K)
Aluminum foil and glass paper laminate; 75150
layers (evacuated); for cryogenic applications (150K)

cen98187_App-A_p907-934.indd 916

R-value
(for listed
thickness, L/k),
Km2/W

Thickness,
L mm

Board and Slab

Cellular glass
Glass fiber (organic bonded)
Expanded polystyrene (molded beads)
Expanded polyurethane (R-11 expanded)
Expanded perlite (organic bonded)
Expanded rubber (rigid)
Mineral fiber with resin binder
Cork

Loose Fill
Mineral fiber (rock, slag, or glass)

Specific
Heat, cp
kJ/kgK

Thermal
Conductivity, k
W/mK

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cen98187_App-A_p907-934.indd 917

84
85
65
75
82
92
84
80
23
78
89
82
89
75
87

Fruits
Apples
Apricots
Avocados
Bananas
Blueberries
Cantaloupes
Cherries, sour
Cherries, sweet
Figs, dried
Figs, fresh
Grapefruit
Grapes
Lemons
Olives
Oranges
21.1
21.1
20.3
20.8
21.6
21.2
21.7
21.8

22.4
21.1
21.1
21.4
21.4
20.8

21.2
20.6
20.7
20.6
20.9
21.4
20.8
20.5
20.6
20.5
20.8
21.8
20.7
20.2
20.9
21.8
20.9
20.8
21.1
20.6
20.7
20.6
20.8
20.3
20.5
21.1

Freezing
Pointa
8C

3.65
3.69
3.02
3.35
3.59
3.92
3.65
3.52

3.45
3.82
3.59
3.82
3.35
3.75

3.65
3.96
3.82
3.86
3.92
3.79
3.92
3.99
3.32
4.06
3.96
3.35
3.69
4.02
3.89
3.86
3.82
3.79
3.69
3.32
3.92
3.45
3.89
3.96
3.99
3.92

Above
Freezing

1.90
1.91
1.66
1.78
1.87
2.00
1.90
1.85
1.13
1.82
1.96
1.87
1.96
1.78
1.94

1.90
2.01
1.96
1.97
2.00
1.95
2.00
2.02
1.77
2.05
2.01
1.78
1.91
2.04
1.99
1.97
1.96
1.95
1.91
1.77
2.00
1.82
1.99
2.01
2.02
2.00

Below
Freezing

281
284
217
251
274
307
281
267
77
261
297
274
297
251
291

281
311
297
301
307
294
307
314
247
321
311
251
284
317
304
301
297
294
284
247
307
261
304
311
314
307
49
70
67
56
74
65
37
56
38
64

Meats
Beef carcass
Liver
Round, beef
Sirloin, beef
Chicken
Lamb leg
Port carcass
Ham
Pork sausage
Turkey

5
16
37
39
1
74
17
63
88
6
2
3
4

78
75
79
57
64
83

Fish/Seafood
Cod, whole
Halibut, whole
Lobster
Mackerel
Salmon, whole
Shrimp

Other
Almonds
Butter
Cheese, Cheddar
Cheese, Swiss
Chocolate milk
Eggs, whole
Honey
Ice cream
Milk, whole
Peanuts
Peanuts, roasted
Pecans
Walnuts

89
83
85
86
85
18
90
87
93

Water
content,a
%(mass)

Peaches
Pears
Pineapples
Plums
Quinces
Raisins
Strawberries
Tangerines
Watermelon

Latent
Heat of
Fusion,c
kJ/kg Food

212.9
210.0

20.6

25.6
20.6

21.7
21.7

22.8

21.7

22.2
22.2
22.2
22.2
22.2
22.2

20.9
21.6
21.0
20.8
22.0

20.8
21.1
20.4

Freezing
Pointa
8C

2.08
2.15

3.32

2.95
3.79

2.48
3.18
3.08
2.72
3.32
3.02
2.08
2.72
2.11
2.98

3.45
3.35
3.49
2.75
2.98
3.62

3.82
3.62
3.69
3.72
3.69

3.86
3.75
3.96

Above
Freezing

0.89
1.04
1.31
1.33
0.85
1.77
1.05
1.63
1.95
0.92
0.87
0.87
0.88

1.46
1.72
1.68
1.55
1.77
1.66
1.31
1.55
1.32
1.65

1.82
1.78
1.84
1.56
1.65
1.89

1.96
1.89
1.91
1.92
1.91
1.07
1.97
1.94
2.01

Below
Freezing

Specific heat,b
kJ/kgK

17
53
124
130
3
247
57
210
294
20
7
10
13

164
234
224
187
247
217
124
187
127
214

261
251
264
190
214
277

297
277
284
287
284
60
301
291
311

Latent
Heat of
Fusion,c
kJ/kg

Specific heat data are based on the specific heat values of a water and ice at 08C and are determined from Siebels formulas: cp, fresh 5 3.35 3 (Water content) 1 0.84, above freezing, and cp, fro5 1.26 3 (Water content) 1 0.84, below freezing.

The latent heat of fusion is determined by multiplying the heat of fusion of water (334kJ/kg) by the water content of the food.

zen

Sources: aWater content and freezing-point data are from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, Sl version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers,
Inc., 1993), Chap. 30. Table 1. Used with permission. Freezing point is the temperature at which freezing starts for fruits and vegetables, and the average freezing temperature for other foods.

84
93
89
90
92
88
92
94
74
96
93
75
85
95
91
90
89
88
85
74
92
78
91
93
94
92

Vegetables
Artichokes
Asparagus
Beans, snap
Broccoli
Cabbage
Carrots
Cauliflower
Celery
Corn, sweet
Cucumbers
Eggplant
Horseradish
Leeks
Lettuce
Mushrooms
Okra
Onions, green
Onions, dry
Parsley
Peas, green
Peppers, sweet
Potatoes
Pumpkins
Spinach
Tomatos, rlpe
Turnips

Food

Water
content,a
%(mass)

Specific heat,b
kJ/kgK

(a) Specific heats and freezing-point properties

Properties of common foods

TAB LE A7

Confirming Pages

917
APPENDIX 1

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Confirming Pages
918
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A7
Properties of common foods (Concluded)
(b) Other properties

Food

Water
Content,
% (mass)

Fruits/Vegetables
Apple juice
Apples
Apples, dried
Apricots, dried
Bananas, fresh
Broccoli
Cherries, fresh
Figs
Grape juice
Peaches
Plums
Potatoes
Raisins

87
85
41.6
43.6
76

92
40.4
89
89

78
32

20
8
23
23
27
26
030
23
20
232
216
070
23

1000
840
856
1320
980
560
1050
1241
1000
960
610
1055
1380

0.559
0.418
0.219
0.375
0.481
0.385
0.545
0.310
0.567
0.526
0.247
0.498
0.376

0.14 3 1026
0.13 3 1026
0.096 3 1026
0.11 3 1026
0.14 3 1026

0.13 3 1026
0.096 3 1026
0.14 3 1026
0.14 3 1026

0.13 3 1026
0.11 3 1026

Meats
Beef, ground
Beef, lean
Beef fat
Beef liver
Cat food
Chicken breast
Dog food
Fish, cod
Fish, salmon
Ham
Lamb
Pork, lean
Turkey breast
Veal

67
74
0
72
39.7
75
30.6
81
67
71.8
72
72
74
75

6
3
35
35
23
0
23
3
3
20
20
4
3
20

950
1090
810

1140
1050
1240
1180

1030
1030
1030
1050
1060

0.406
0.471
0.190
0.448
0.326
0.476
0.319
0.534
0.531
0.480
0.456
0.456
0.496
0.470

0.13
0.13

0.11
0.13
0.11
0.12

0.14
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13

16
31.9
16
91
88
0
0
100
100
32.3

4
23
5
20
28
32
4
0
30
23

340
1000

910
920
1000
995
450

0.197
0.106
0.233
0.566
0.580
0.168
0.168
0.569
0.618
0.082

0.12
0.11

0.14
0.15
0.10

Other
Butter
Chocolate cake
Margarine
Milk, skimmed
Milk, whole
Olive oil
Peanut oil
Water
White cake

Temperature, T
8C

Density, r
kg/m3

Thermal
Conductivity, k
W/mK

Thermal
Diffusivity, a
m2/s

Specific
Heat, cp
kJ/kgK
3.86
3.81
2.72
2.77
3.59

3.99
2.69
3.91
3.91

3.64
2.48

3 1026
3 1026

3
3
3
3

1026
1026
1026
1026

3
3
3
3
3

1026
1026
1026
1026
1026

3 1026
3 1026

3 1026
3 1026
3 1026

3.36
3.54

3.49
2.68
3.56
2.45
3.71
3.36
3.48
3.49
3.49
3.54
3.56
2.08
2.48
2.08
3.96
3.89

4.217
4.178
2.49

Source: Data obtained primarily from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, SI version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers, Inc., 1993), Chap. 30, Tables 7 and 9. Used with permission.
Most specific heats are calculated from cp 5 1.68 1 2.51 3 (Water content), which is a good approximation in the temperature range of 3 to 328C.
Most thermal diffusivities are calculated from a 5 k/rcp. Property values given here are valid for the specific water content.

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919
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A8
Properties of miscellaneous materials
(Values are at 300K unless indicated otherwise)

Material
Asphalt
Bakelite
Brick, refractory
Chrome brick
473K
823K
1173 K
Fire clay, burnt
1600K
773K
1073K
1373K
Fire clay, burnt
1725K
773K
1073K
1373K
Fire clay brick
478K
922K
1478K
Magnesite
478K
922K
1478K
Chicken meat,
white (74.4%
water content)
198K
233K
253K
273K
293K
Clay, dry
Clay, wet
Coal, anthracite
Concrete (stone
mix)
Cork
Cotton
Fat
Glass
Window
Pyrex
Crown
Lead

Thermal
Density, r Conductivity, k
kg/m3
W/mK
2115
1300

0.062
1.4

3010

2.3
2.5
2.0

2050

1.0
1.1
1.1

Specific
Heat, cp
J/kgK
920
1465

835

960

2325

1.3
1.4
1.4

960

2645

1.0
1.5
1.8

960

3.8
2.8
1.9

1130

1550
1495
1350

1.60
1.49
1.35
0.48
0.49
0.930
1.675
0.26

1260

2300
86
80

1.4
0.048
0.06
0.17

880
2030
1300

2800
2225
2500
3400

0.7
11.4
1.05
0.85

750
835

Material
Ice
273K
253K
173K
Leather, sole
Linoleum
Mica
Paper
Plastics
Plexiglass
Teflon
300K
400K
Lexan
Nylon
Polypropylene
Polyester
PVC, vinyl
Porcelain
Rubber, natural
Rubber, vulcanized
Soft
Hard
Sand
Snow, fresh
Snow, 273K
Soil, dry
Soil, wet
Sugar
Tissue, human
Skin
Fat layer
Muscle
Vaseline
Wood, cross-grain
Balsa
Fir
Oak
White pine
Yellow pine
Wood, radial
Oak
Fir
Wool, ship

Thermal
Density, r Conductivity, k
kg/m3
W/mK

Specific
Heat, cp
J/kgK

920
922
928
998
535
1180
2900
930

1.88
2.03
3.49
0.159
0.081
0.186
0.523
0.180

2040
1945
1460

1340

1190

0.19

1465

2200

1200
1145
910
1395
1470
2300
1150

0.35
0.45
0.19
0.29
0.12
0.15
0.1
1.5
0.28

1050

1260

1925
1170
840

1100
1190
1515
100
500
1500
1900
1600

0.13
0.16
0.21.0
0.60
2.2
1.0
2.0
0.58

2010

800

1900
2200

0.37
0.2
0.41
0.17

140
415
545
435
640

0.055
0.11
0.17
0.11
0.15

2720
2385

2805

545
420
145

0.19
0.14
0.05

2385
2720

Source: Compiled from various sources.

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920
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A9
Properties of saturated water

Temp.
T, 8C
0.01
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
374.14

Saturation
Pressure
Psat, kPa
0.6113
0.8721
1.2276
1.7051
2.339
3.169
4.246
5.628
7.384
9.593
12.35
15.76
19.94
25.03
31.19
38.58
47.39
57.83
70.14
84.55
101.33
143.27
198.53
270.1
361.3
475.8
617.8
791.7
1,002.1
1,254.4
1,553.8
2,318
3,344
4,688
6,412
8,581
11,274
14,586
18,651
22,090

Density
r, kg/m3
Liquid

Vapor

999.8
0.0048
999.9
0.0068
999.7
0.0094
999.1
0.0128
998.0
0.0173
997.0
0.0231
996.0
0.0304
994.0
0.0397
992.1
0.0512
990.1
0.0655
988.1
0.0831
985.2
0.1045
983.3
0.1304
980.4
0.1614
977.5
0.1983
974.7
0.2421
971.8
0.2935
968.1
0.3536
965.3
0.4235
961.5
0.5045
957.9
0.5978
950.6
0.8263
943.4
1.121
934.6
1.496
921.7
1.965
916.6
2.546
907.4
3.256
897.7
4.119
887.3
5.153
876.4
6.388
864.3
7.852
840.3 11.60
813.7 16.73
783.7 23.69
750.8 33.15
713.8 46.15
667.1 64.57
610.5 92.62
528.3 144.0
317.0 317.0

Enthalpy
of
Vaporization
hfg, kJ/kg
2501
2490
2478
2466
2454
2442
2431
2419
2407
2395
2383
2371
2359
2346
2334
2321
2309
2296
2283
2270
2257
2230
2203
2174
2145
2114
2083
2050
2015
1979
1941
1859
1767
1663
1544
1405
1239
1028
720
0

Specific
Heat
cp, J/kgK
Liquid

Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/mK

Vapor

Liquid

4217
1854
4205
1857
4194
1862
4185
1863
4182
1867
4180
1870
4178
1875
4178
1880
4179
1885
4180
1892
4181
1900
4183
1908
4185
1916
4187
1926
4190
1936
4193
1948
4197
1962
4201
1977
4206
1993
4212
2010
4217
2029
4229
2071
4244
2120
4263
2177
4286
2244
4311
2314
4340
2420
4370
2490
4410
2590
4460
2710
4500
2840
4610
3110
4760
3520
4970
4070
5280
4835
5750
5980
6540
7900
8240 11,870
14,690 25,800

0.561
0.571
0.580
0.589
0.598
0.607
0.615
0.623
0.631
0.637
0.644
0.649
0.654
0.659
0.663
0.667
0.670
0.673
0.675
0.677
0.679
0.682
0.683
0.684
0.683
0.682
0.680
0.677
0.673
0.669
0.663
0.650
0.632
0.609
0.581
0.548
0.509
0.469
0.427

Vapor
0.0171
0.0173
0.0176
0.0179
0.0182
0.0186
0.0189
0.0192
0.0196
0.0200
0.0204
0.0208
0.0212
0.0216
0.0221
0.0225
0.0230
0.0235
0.0240
0.0246
0.0251
0.0262
0.0275
0.0288
0.0301
0.0316
0.0331
0.0347
0.0364
0.0382
0.0401
0.0442
0.0487
0.0540
0.0605
0.0695
0.0836
0.110
0.178

Prandtl
Number
Pr

Dynamic Viscosity
m, kg/ms
Liquid
1.792
1.519
1.307
1.138
1.002
0.891
0.798
0.720
0.653
0.596
0.547
0.504
0.467
0.433
0.404
0.378
0.355
0.333
0.315
0.297
0.282
0.255
0.232
0.213
0.197
0.183
0.170
0.160
0.150
0.142
0.134
0.122
0.111
0.102
0.094
0.086
0.078
0.070
0.060
0.043

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023

Vapor
0.922
0.934
0.946
0.959
0.973
0.987
1.001
1.016
1.031
1.046
1.062
1.077
1.093
1.110
1.126
1.142
1.159
1.176
1.193
1.210
1.227
1.261
1.296
1.330
1.365
1.399
1.434
1.468
1.502
1.537
1.571
1.641
1.712
1.788
1.870
1.965
2.084
2.255
2.571
4.313

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025

Volume
Expansion
Coefficient
b, 1/K

Liquid

Vapor

13.5
11.2
9.45
8.09
7.01
6.14
5.42
4.83
4.32
3.91
3.55
3.25
2.99
2.75
2.55
2.38
2.22
2.08
1.96
1.85
1.75
1.58
1.44
1.33
1.24
1.16
1.09
1.03
0.983
0.947
0.910
0.865
0.836
0.832
0.854
0.902
1.00
1.23
2.06

1.00 20.068 3 1023

1.00 0.015 3 1023
1.00 0.733 3 1023
1.00 0.138 3 1023
1.00 0.195 3 1023
1.00 0.247 3 1023
1.00 0.294 3 1023
1.00 0.337 3 1023
1.00 0.377 3 1023
1.00 0.415 3 1023
1.00 0.451 3 1023
1.00 0.484 3 1023
1.00 0.517 3 1023
1.00 0.548 3 1023
1.00 0.578 3 1023
1.00 0.607 3 1023
1.00 0.653 3 1023
1.00 0.670 3 1023
1.00 0.702 3 1023
1.00 0.716 3 1023
1.00 0.750 3 1023
1.00 0.798 3 1023
1.00 0.858 3 1023
1.01 0.913 3 1023
1.02 0.970 3 1023
1.02 1.025 3 1023
1.05 1.145 3 1023
1.05 1.178 3 1023
1.07 1.210 3 1023
1.09 1.280 3 1023
1.11 1.350 3 1023
1.15 1.520 3 1023
1.24 1.720 3 1023
1.35 2.000 3 1023
1.49 2.380 3 1023
1.69 2.950 3 1023
1.97
2.43
3.73

Liquid

Note 1: Kinematic viscosity n and thermal diffusivity a can be calculated from their definitions, n 5 m/r and a 5 k/rcp 5 n/Pr. The temperatures 0.018C, 1008C, and
374.148C are the triple-, boiling-, and critical-point temperatures of water, respectively. The properties listed above (except the vapor density) can be used at any
pressure with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical-point value.
Note 2: The unit kJ/kg8C for specific heat is equivalent to kJ/kgK, and the unit W/m8C for thermal conductivity is equivalent to W/mK.
Source: Viscosity and thermal conductivity data are from J. V. Sengers and J. T. R. Watson, Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 15 (1986),
pp. 12911322. Other data are obtained from various sources or calculated.

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Confirming Pages
921
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A10
Properties of saturated refrigerant-134a
Specific
Enthalpy
Density
Heat
of
Saturation
r, kg/m3
Vaporization cp, J/kgK
Temp. Pressure
T, 8C
P, kPa Liquid
Vapor hfg, kJ/kg Liquid Vapor
240
235
230
225
220
215
210
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100

51.2
66.2
84.4
106.5
132.8
164.0
200.7
243.5
293.0
349.9
414.9
488.7
572.1
665.8
770.6
887.5
1017.1
1160.5
1318.6
1492.3
1682.8
1891.0
2118.2
2365.8
2635.2
2928.2
3246.9
3594.1
3975.1

1418
1403
1389
1374
1359
1343
1327
1311
1295
1278
1261
1244
1226
1207
1188
1168
1147
1125
1102
1078
1053
1026
996.2
964
928.2
887.1
837.7
772.5
651.7

2.773
3.524
4.429
5.509
6.787
8.288
10.04
12.07
14.42
17.12
20.22
23.75
27.77
32.34
37.53
43.41
50.08
57.66
66.27
76.11
87.38
100.4
115.6
133.6
155.3
182.3
217.8
269.3
376.3

225.9
222.7
219.5
216.3
213.0
209.5
206.0
202.4
198.7
194.8
190.8
186.6
182.3
177.8
173.1
168.2
163.0
157.6
151.8
145.7
139.1
132.1
124.4
115.9
106.4
95.4
82.2
64.9
33.9

1254
1264
1273
1283
1294
1306
1318
1330
1344
1358
1374
1390
1408
1427
1448
1471
1498
1529
1566
1608
1659
1722
1801
1907
2056
2287
2701
3675
7959

748.6
764.1
780.2
797.2
814.9
833.5
853.1
873.8
895.6
918.7
943.2
969.4
997.6
1028
1061
1098
1138
1184
1237
1298
1372
1462
1577
1731
1948
2281
2865
4144
8785

Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/mK
Liquid
0.1101
0.1084
0.1066
0.1047
0.1028
0.1009
0.0989
0.0968
0.0947
0.0925
0.0903
0.0880
0.0856
0.0833
0.0808
0.0783
0.0757
0.0731
0.0704
0.0676
0.0647
0.0618
0.0587
0.0555
0.0521
0.0484
0.0444
0.0396
0.0322

Vapor
0.00811
0.00862
0.00913
0.00963
0.01013
0.01063
0.01112
0.01161
0.01210
0.01259
0.01308
0.01357
0.01406
0.01456
0.01507
0.01558
0.01610
0.01664
0.01720
0.01777
0.01838
0.01902
0.01972
0.02048
0.02133
0.02233
0.02357
0.02544
0.02989

Dynamic Viscosity
m, kg/ms
Liquid
4.878
4.509
4.178
3.882
3.614
3.371
3.150
2.947
2.761
2.589
2.430
2.281
2.142
2.012
1.888
1.772
1.660
1.554
1.453
1.355
1.260
1.167
1.077
9.891
9.011
8.124
7.203
6.190
4.765

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

Vapor
24

10
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025

2.550
3.003
3.504
4.054
4.651
5.295
5.982
6.709
7.471
8.264
9.081
9.915
1.075
1.160
1.244
1.327
1.408
1.486
1.562
1.634
1.704
1.771
1.839
1.908
1.982
2.071
2.187
2.370
2.833

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

Vapor

Volume
Expansion
Coefficient Surface
Tension,
b, l/K
Liquid
N/m

0.235
0.266
0.299
0.335
0.374
0.415
0.459
0.505
0.553
0.603
0.655
0.708
0.763
0.819
0.877
0.935
0.995
1.058
1.123
1.193
1.272
1.362
1.471
1.612
1.810
2.116
2.658
3.862
8.326

0.00205
0.00209
0.00215
0.00220
0.00227
0.00233
0.00241
0.00249
0.00258
0.00269
0.00280
0.00293
0.00307
0.00324
0.00342
0.00364
0.00390
0.00420
0.00455
0.00500
0.00554
0.00624
0.00716
0.00843
0.01031
0.01336
0.01911
0.03343
0.10047

Prandtl
Number
Pr
Liquid
26

10
5.558
1026 5.257
26
10
4.992
1026 4.757
1026 4.548
1026 4.363
1026 4.198
1026 4.051
1026 3.919
1026 3.802
1026 3.697
1026 3.604
1025 3.521
1025 3.448
1025 3.383
1025 3.328
1025 3.285
1025 3.253
1025 3.231
1025 3.223
1025 3.229
1025 3.255
1025 3.307
1025 3.400
1025 3.558
1025 3.837
1025 4.385
1025 5.746
1025 11.77

0.01760
0.01682
0.01604
0.01527
0.01451
0.01376
0.01302
0.01229
0.01156
0.01084
0.01014
0.00944
0.00876
0.00808
0.00742
0.00677
0.00613
0.00550
0.00489
0.00429
0.00372
0.00315
0.00261
0.00209
0.00160
0.00114
0.00071
0.00033
0.00004

Note 1: Kinematic viscosity n and thermal diffusivity a can be calculated from their definitions, n 5 m/r and a 5 k/rcp 5 n/Pr. The properties listed here (except the
vapor density) can be used at any pressures with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical-point value.
Note 2: The unit kJ/kg8C for specific heat is equivalent to kJ/kgK, and the unit W/m8C for thermal conductivity is equivalent to W/mK.
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: R. Tillner-Roth and H. D. Baehr, An International Standard
Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) for Temperatures from 170K to 455K and Pressures up to 70MPa,
J. Phys. Chem, Ref. Data, Vol. 23, No. 5, 1994; M.J. Assael, N. K. Dalaouti, A. A. Griva, and J. H. Dymond, Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Halogenated Methane
and Ethane Refrigerants, IJR, Vol. 22, pp. 525535, 1999; NIST REFPROP 6 program (M. O. McLinden, S. A. Klein, E. W. Lemmon, and A. P. Peskin, Physical and
Chemical Properties Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80303, 1995).

cen98187_App-A_p907-934.indd 921

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Confirming Pages
922
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A11
Properties of saturated ammonia
Specific
Enthalpy
Heat
of
Vaporization cp, J/kgK
Vapor hfg, kJ/kg Liquid Vapor

Density
r, kg/m3

Saturation
Temp. Pressure
T, 8C
P, kPa Liquid
240
230
225
220
215
210
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100

71.66
119.4
151.5
190.1
236.2
290.8
354.9
429.6
516
615.3
728.8
857.8
1003
1167
1351
1555
1782
2033
2310
2614
2948
3312
3709
4141
4609
5116
5665
6257

690.2
677.8
671.5
665.1
658.6
652.1
645.4
638.6
631.7
624.6
617.5
610.2
602.8
595.2
587.4
579.4
571.3
562.9
554.2
545.2
536.0
526.3
516.2
505.7
494.5
482.8
470.2
456.6

0.6435
1.037
1.296
1.603
1.966
2.391
2.886
3.458
4.116
4.870
5.729
6.705
7.809
9.055
10.46
12.03
13.8
15.78
18.00
20.48
23.26
26.39
29.90
33.87
38.36
43.48
49.35
56.15

1389
1360
1345
1329
1313
1297
1280
1262
1244
1226
1206
1186
1166
1144
1122
1099
1075
1051
1025
997.4
968.9
939.0
907.5
874.1
838.6
800.6
759.8
715.5

4414
4465
4489
4514
4538
4564
4589
4617
4645
4676
4709
4745
4784
4828
4877
4932
4993
5063
5143
5234
5340
5463
5608
5780
5988
6242
6561
6972

2242
2322
2369
2420
2476
2536
2601
2672
2749
2831
2920
3016
3120
3232
3354
3486
3631
3790
3967
4163
4384
4634
4923
5260
5659
6142
6740
7503

Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/mK
Liquid

Vapor

0.5968
0.5853
0.5737
0.5621
0.5505
0.5390
0.5274
0.5158
0.5042
0.4927
0.4811
0.4695
0.4579
0.4464
0.4348
0.4232
0.4116
0.4001
0.3885
0.3769
0.3653
0.3538
0.3422
0.3306
0.3190
0.3075

0.01792
0.01898
0.01957
0.02015
0.02075
0.02138
0.02203
0.02270
0.02341
0.02415
0.02492
0.02573
0.02658
0.02748
0.02843
0.02943
0.03049
0.03162
0.03283
0.03412
0.03550
0.03700
0.03862
0.04038
0.04232
0.04447
0.04687
0.04958

Liquid
2.926
2.630
2.492
2.361
2.236
2.117
2.003
1.896
1.794
1.697
1.606
1.519
1.438
1.361
1.288
1.219
1.155
1.094
1.037
9.846
9.347
8.879
8.440
8.030
7.646
7.284
6.946
6.628

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025

Volume
Expansion
Coefficient
b, l/K
Vapor
Liquid

Prandtl
Number
Pr

Dynamic Viscosity
m, kg/ms
Vapor
7.957
8.311
8.490
8.669
8.851
9.034
9.218
9.405
9.593
9.784
9.978
1.017
1.037
1.057
1.078
1.099
1.121
1.143
1.166
1.189
1.213
1.238
1.264
1.292
1.322
1.354
1.389
1.429

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025

Liquid

1.875
1.821
1.769
1.718
1.670
1.624
1.580
1.539
1.500
1.463
1.430
1.399
1.372
1.347
1.327
1.310
1.297
1.288
1.285
1.287
1.296
1.312
1.338
1.375
1.429
1.503

0.9955
1.017
1.028
1.041
1.056
1.072
1.089
1.107
1.126
1.147
1.169
1.193
1.218
1.244
1.272
1.303
1.335
1.371
1.409
1.452
1.499
1.551
1.612
1.683
1.768
1.871
1.999
2.163

0.00176
0.00185
0.00190
0.00194
0.00199
0.00205
0.00210
0.00216
0.00223
0.00230
0.00237
0.00245
0.00254
0.00264
0.00275
0.00287
0.00301
0.00316
0.00334
0.00354
0.00377
0.00404
0.00436
0.00474
0.00521
0.00579
0.00652
0.00749

Surface
Tension,
N/m
0.03565
0.03341
0.03229
0.03118
0.03007
0.02896
0.02786
0.02676
0.02566
0.02457
0.02348
0.02240
0.02132
0.02024
0.01917
0.01810
0.01704
0.01598
0.01493
0.01389
0.01285
0.01181
0.01079
0.00977
0.00876
0.00776
0.00677
0.00579

Note 1: Kinematic viscosity n and thermal diffusivity a can be calculated from their definitions, n 5 m/r and a 5 k/rcp 5 n/Pr. The properties listed here (except the
vapor density) can be used at any pressures with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical-point value.
Note 2: The unit kJ/kg8C for specific heat is equivalent to kJ/kgK, and the unit W/m8C for thermal conductivity is equivalent to W/mK.
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: Tillner-Roth, Harms-Watzenberg, and Baehr, Eine neue
Fundamentalgleichung fur Ammoniak, DKV-Tagungsbericht 20:167181, 1993; Liley and Desai, Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, 1993, ISBN
1-1883413-10-9.

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923
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A12
Properties of saturated propane

Density
r, kg/m3

Saturation
Temp. Pressure
T, 8C
P, kPa
Liquid
2120 0.4053
2110 1.157
2100 2.881
290
6.406
280 12.97
270 24.26
260 42.46
250 70.24
240 110.7
230 167.3
220 243.8
210 344.4
0 473.3
5 549.8
10 635.1
15 729.8
20 834.4
25 949.7
30 1076
35 1215
40 1366
45 1530
50 1708
60 2110
70 2580
80 3127
90 3769

Vapor

664.7
0.01408
654.5
0.03776
644.2
0.08872
633.8
0.1870
623.2
0.3602
612.5
0.6439
601.5
1.081
590.3
1.724
578.8
2.629
567.0
3.864
554.7
5.503
542.0
7.635
528.7 10.36
521.8 11.99
514.7 13.81
507.5 15.85
500.0 18.13
492.2 20.68
484.2 23.53
475.8 26.72
467.1 30.29
458.0 34.29
448.5 38.79
427.5 49.66
403.2 64.02
373.0 84.28
329.1 118.6

Specific
Enthalpy
Heat
of
Vaporization cp, J/kgK
hfg, kJ/kg Liquid Vapor
498.3
489.3
480.4
471.5
462.4
453.1
443.5
433.6
423.1
412.1
400.3
387.8
374.2
367.0
359.5
351.7
343.4
334.8
325.8
316.2
306.1
295.3
283.9
258.4
228.0
189.7
133.2

2003
2021
2044
2070
2100
2134
2173
2217
2258
2310
2368
2433
2507
2547
2590
2637
2688
2742
2802
2869
2943
3026
3122
3283
3595
4501
6977

1115
1148
1183
1221
1263
1308
1358
1412
1471
1535
1605
1682
1768
1814
1864
1917
1974
2036
2104
2179
2264
2361
2473
2769
3241
4173
7239

Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/mK
Liquid
0.1802
0.1738
0.1672
0.1606
0.1539
0.1472
0.1407
0.1343
0.1281
0.1221
0.1163
0.1107
0.1054
0.1028
0.1002
0.0977
0.0952
0.0928
0.0904
0.0881
0.0857
0.0834
0.0811
0.0765
0.0717
0.0663
0.0595

Vapor
0.00589
0.00645
0.00705
0.00769
0.00836
0.00908
0.00985
0.01067
0.01155
0.01250
0.01351
0.01459
0.01576
0.01637
0.01701
0.01767
0.01836
0.01908
0.01982
0.02061
0.02142
0.02228
0.02319
0.02517
0.02746
0.03029
0.03441

Liquid
6.136
5.054
4.252
3.635
3.149
2.755
2.430
2.158
1.926
1.726
1.551
1.397
1.259
1.195
1.135
1.077
1.022
9.702
9.197
8.710
8.240
7.785
7.343
6.487
5.649
4.790
3.807

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025

Vapor
4.372
4.625
4.881
5.143
5.409
5.680
5.956
6.239
6.529
6.827
7.136
7.457
7.794
7.970
8.151
8.339
8.534
8.738
8.952
9.178
9.417
9.674
9.950
1.058
1.138
1.249
1.448

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

Liquid

Volume
Expansion
Coefficient Surface
Tension,
b, l/K
Vapor
Liquid
N/m

6.820
5.878
5.195
4.686
4.297
3.994
3.755
3.563
3.395
3.266
3.158
3.069
2.996
2.964
2.935
2.909
2.886
2.866
2.850
2.837
2.828
2.824
2.826
2.784
2.834
3.251
4.465

0.827
0.822
0.819
0.817
0.817
0.818
0.821
0.825
0.831
0.839
0.848
0.860
0.875
0.883
0.893
0.905
0.918
0.933
0.950
0.971
0.995
1.025
1.061
1.164
1.343
1.722
3.047

Prandtl
Number
Pr

Dynamic Viscosity
m, kg/ms

1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025

0.00153
0.00157
0.00161
0.00166
0.00171
0.00177
0.00184
0.00192
0.00201
0.00213
0.00226
0.00242
0.00262
0.00273
0.00286
0.00301
0.00318
0.00337
0.00358
0.00384
0.00413
0.00448
0.00491
0.00609
0.00811
0.01248
0.02847

0.02630
0.02486
0.02344
0.02202
0.02062
0.01923
0.01785
0.01649
0.01515
0.01382
0.01251
0.01122
0.00996
0.00934
0.00872
0.00811
0.00751
0.00691
0.00633
0.00575
0.00518
0.00463
0.00408
0.00303
0.00204
0.00114
0.00037

Note 1: Kinematic viscosity n and thermal diffusivity a can be calculated from their definitions, n 5 m/r and a 5 k/mcp 5 n/Pr. The properties listed here (except the
vapor density) can be used at any pressures with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical-point value.
Note 2: The unit kJ/kg8C for specific heat is equivalent to kJ/kgK, and the unit W/m8C for thermal conductivity is equivalent to W/mK.
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: Reiner Tillner-Roth, Fundamental Equations of State,
Shaker, Verlag, Aachan, 1998; B. A. Younglove and J. F. Ely, Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. II Methane, Ethane, Propane, Isobutane, and Normal Butane,
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 16, No. 4, 1987; G.R. Somayajulu, A Generalized Equation for Surface Tension from the Triple-Point to the Critical-Point, International
Journal of Thermophysics, Vol. 9, No. 4, 1988.

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924
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A13
Properties of liquids

Temp.
T, 8C

Density
r, kg/m3

Specific
Heat
cp, J/kgK

Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/mK

Thermal
Diffusivity
a, m2/s

Dynamic
Viscosity
m, kg/ms

2160
2150
2140
2130
2120
2110
2100
290

420.2
405.0
388.8
371.1
351.4
328.8
301.0
261.7

3492
3580
3700
3875
4146
4611
5578
8902

0.1863
0.1703
0.1550
0.1402
0.1258
0.1115
0.0967
0.0797

1.270
1.174
1.077
9.749
8.634
7.356
5.761
3.423

20
30
40
50
60
70

788.4
779.1
769.6
760.1
750.4
740.4

2515
2577
2644
2718
2798
2885

0.1987
0.1980
0.1972
0.1965
0.1957
0.1950

1.002
9.862
9.690
9.509
9.320
9.128

3
3
3
3
3
3

2100
275
250
225
0
25
50
75
100

683.8
659.3
634.3
608.2
580.6
550.7
517.3
478.5
429.6

1881
1970
2069
2180
2306
2455
2640
2896
3361

0.1383
0.1357
0.1283
0.1181
0.1068
0.0956
0.0851
0.0757
0.0669

1.075
1.044
9.773
8.906
7.974
7.069
6.233
5.460
4.634

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1027
1027
1028
1028
1028
1028
1028
1028
1028

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

28

Kinematic
Viscosity
n, m2/s

Prandtl
Number
Pr

Volume
Expansion
Coeff.
b, 1/K

Methane [CH4]
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1027
1027
1027
1028
1028
1028
1028
1028

1.133
9.169
7.551
6.288
5.257
4.377
3.577
2.761

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1024
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025

2.699
2.264
1.942
1.694
1.496
1.331
1.188
1.055

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1027
1027
1027
1027
1027
1027
1027
1027

2.126
1.927
1.803
1.738
1.732
1.810
2.063
3.082

0.00352
0.00391
0.00444
0.00520
0.00637
0.00841
0.01282
0.02922

3
3
3
3
3
3

1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024

7.429
6.531
5.795
5.185
4.677
4.250

3
3
3
3
3
3

1027
1027
1027
1027
1027
1027

7.414
6.622
5.980
5.453
5.018
4.655

0.00118
0.00120
0.00123
0.00127
0.00132
0.00137

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1025
1025

1.360
8.531
5.942
4.420
3.432
2.743
2.233
1.836
1.509

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1026
1027
1027
1027
1027
1027
1027
1027
1027

12.65
8.167
6.079
4.963
4.304
3.880
3.582
3.363
3.256

0.00142
0.00150
0.00161
0.00177
0.00199
0.00232
0.00286
0.00385
0.00628

8.219
5.287
3.339
1.970
1.201
7.878
5.232
3.464
2.455

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1024
1024
1024
1024

84,101
54,327
34,561
20,570
12,671
8,392
5,631
3,767
2,697

4.242
9.429
2.485
8.565
3.794
2.046
1.241
8.029
6.595

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1023
1024
1024
1025
1025
1025
1025
1026
1026

46,636
10,863
2,962
1,080
499.3
279.1
176.3
118.1
98.31

Methanol [CH3(OH)]
1027
1028
1028
1028
1028
1028

5.857
5.088
4.460
3.942
3.510
3.146

Isobutane (R600a)
9.305
5.624
3.769
2.688
1.993
1.510
1.155
8.785
6.483

Glycerin
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40

1276
1273
1270
1267
1264
1261
1258
1255
1252

2262
2288
2320
2354
2386
2416
2447
2478
2513

0.2820
0.2835
0.2846
0.2856
0.2860
0.2860
0.2860
0.2860
0.2863

9.773
9.732
9.662
9.576
9.484
9.388
9.291
9.195
9.101

10
1028
1028
1028
1028
1028
1028
1028
1028

10.49
6.730
4.241
2.496
1.519
0.9934
0.6582
0.4347
0.3073

Engine Oil (unused)

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
150

899.0
888.1
876.0
863.9
852.0
840.0
828.9
816.8
810.3

1797
1881
1964
2048
2132
2220
2308
2395
2441

0.1469
0.1450
0.1444
0.1404
0.1380
0.1367
0.1347
0.1330
0.1327

9.097
8.680
8.391
7.934
7.599
7.330
7.042
6.798
6.708

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1028
1028
1028
1028
1028
1028
1028
1028
1028

3.814
0.8374
0.2177
0.07399
0.03232
0.01718
0.01029
0.006558
0.005344

0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070

Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Originally based on various sources.

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925
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A14
Properties of liquid metals

Temp.
T, 8C

Density
r, kg/m3

Specific
Heat
cp, J/kgK

Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/mK

140.4
139.4
138.6
137.8
137.1
136.1
135.5
135.3
135.3

8.18200
8.51533
8.83632
9.15632
9.46706
10.07780
10.65465
11.18150
11.68150

Thermal
Diffusivity
a, m2/s

Dynamic
Viscosity
m, kg/ms

Kinematic
Viscosity
n, m2/s

Prandtl
Number
Pr

Volume
Expansion
Coeff.
b, 1/K

Mercury (Hg) Melting Point: 239 8C

0
25
50
75
100
150
200
250
300

13595
13534
13473
13412
13351
13231
13112
12993
12873

4.287
4.514
4.734
4.956
5.170
5.595
5.996
6.363
6.705

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026

1.687
1.534
1.423
1.316
1.245
1.126
1.043
9.820
9.336

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1024
1024

1.241
1.133
1.056
9.819
9.326
8.514
7.959
7.558
7.252

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1027
1027
1027
1028
1028
1028
1028
1028
1028

0.0289
0.0251
0.0223
0.0198
0.0180
0.0152
0.0133
0.0119
0.0108

1023
1023
1023
1023
1024

1.545
1.436
1.215
1.048
9.157

3
3
3
3
3

1027
1027
1027
1027
1028

0.01381
0.01310
0.01154
0.01022
0.00906

1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023
1023

2.167
1.976
1.814
1.702
1.589
1.475
1.360

3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1027
1027
1027
1027
1027
1027
1027

0.02252
0.02048
0.01879
0.01771
0.01661
0.01549
0.01434

1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024

7.432
5.967
4.418
3.188
2.909
2.614

3
3
3
3
3
3

1027
1027
1027
1027
1027
1027

0.01106
0.008987
0.006751
0.004953
0.004593
0.004202

4.213
3.456
2.652
2.304
2.126

3
3
3
3
3

1027
1027
1027
1027
1027

0.006023
0.004906
0.00374
0.003309
0.003143

3
3
3
3
3
3

1027
1027
1027
1027
1027
1027

0.02102
0.01611
0.01161
0.00753
0.00665
0.00579

1.810
1.810
1.810
1.810
1.810
1.810
1.815
1.829
1.854

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024

Bismuth (Bi) Melting Point: 2718C

350
400
500
600
700

9969
9908
9785
9663
9540

146.0
148.2
152.8
157.3
161.8

16.28
16.10
15.74
15.60
15.60

400
450
500
550
600
650
700

10506
10449
10390
10329
10267
10206
10145

158
156
155
155
155
155
155

15.97
15.74
15.54
15.39
15.23
15.07
14.91

1.118
1.096
1.052
1.026
1.010

3
3
3
3
3

1025
1025
1025
1025
1025

1.540
1.422
1.188
1.013
8.736

3
3
3
3
3

Lead (Pb) Melting Point: 3278C

9.623
9.649
9.651
9.610
9.568
9.526
9.483

3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026
1026

2.277
2.065
1.884
1.758
1.632
1.505
1.379

3
3
3
3
3
3
3

Sodium (Na) Melting Point: 988C

100
200
300
400
500
600

927.3
902.5
877.8
853.0
828.5
804.0

1378
1349
1320
1296
1284
1272

85.84
80.84
75.84
71.20
67.41
63.63

200
300
400
500
600

795.2
771.6
748.0
723.9
699.6

790.8
772.8
754.8
750.0
750.0

43.99
42.01
40.03
37.81
35.50

6.718
6.639
6.544
6.437
6.335
6.220

3
3
3
3
3
3

1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025

6.892
5.385
3.878
2.720
2.411
2.101

3
3
3
3
3
3

Potassium (K) Melting Point: 648C

6.995
7.045
7.090
6.964
6.765

3
3
3
3
3

1025
1025
1025
1025
1025

3.350
2.667
1.984
1.668
1.487

3
3
3
3
3

1024
1024
1024
1024
1024

Sodium-Potassium (%22Na-%78K) Melting Point: 2118C

100
200
300
400
500
600

847.3
823.2
799.1
775.0
751.5
728.0

944.4
922.5
900.6
879.0
880.1
881.2

25.64
26.27
26.89
27.50
27.89
28.28

3.205
3.459
3.736
4.037
4.217
4.408

3
3
3
3
3
3

1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025

5.707
4.587
3.467
2.357
2.108
1.859

3
3
3
3
3
3

1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024

6.736
5.572
4.339
3.041
2.805
2.553

Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Originally based on various sources.

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Confirming Pages
926
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A15
Properties of air at 1 atm pressure
Temp.
T, 8C

Density
r, kg/m3

2150
2100
250
240
230
220
210
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1500
2000

2.866
2.038
1.582
1.514
1.451
1.394
1.341
1.292
1.269
1.246
1.225
1.204
1.184
1.164
1.145
1.127
1.109
1.092
1.059
1.028
0.9994
0.9718
0.9458
0.8977
0.8542
0.8148
0.7788
0.7459
0.6746
0.6158
0.5664
0.5243
0.4880
0.4565
0.4042
0.3627
0.3289
0.3008
0.2772
0.1990
0.1553

Specific
Heat
cp, J/kgK
983
966
999
1002
1004
1005
1006
1006
1006
1006
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1008
1008
1009
1011
1013
1016
1019
1023
1033
1044
1056
1069
1081
1093
1115
1135
1153
1169
1184
1234
1264

Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/mK
0.01171
0.01582
0.01979
0.02057
0.02134
0.02211
0.02288
0.02364
0.02401
0.02439
0.02476
0.02514
0.02551
0.02588
0.02625
0.02662
0.02699
0.02735
0.02808
0.02881
0.02953
0.03024
0.03095
0.03235
0.03374
0.03511
0.03646
0.03779
0.04104
0.04418
0.04721
0.05015
0.05298
0.05572
0.06093
0.06581
0.07037
0.07465
0.07868
0.09599
0.11113

Thermal
Diffusivity
a, m2/s
4.158
8.036
1.252
1.356
1.465
1.578
1.696
1.818
1.880
1.944
2.009
2.074
2.141
2.208
2.277
2.346
2.416
2.487
2.632
2.780
2.931
3.086
3.243
3.565
3.898
4.241
4.593
4.954
5.890
6.871
7.892
8.951
1.004
1.117
1.352
1.598
1.855
2.122
2.398
3.908
5.664

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1026
1026
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024

Dynamic
Viscosity
m, kg/ms
8.636
1.189
1.474
1.527
1.579
1.630
1.680
1.729
1.754
1.778
1.802
1.825
1.849
1.872
1.895
1.918
1.941
1.963
2.008
2.052
2.096
2.139
2.181
2.264
2.345
2.420
2.504
2.577
2.760
2.934
3.101
3.261
3.415
3.563
3.846
4.111
4.362
4.600
4.826
5.817
6.630

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1026
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025

Kinematic
Viscosity
n, m2/s
3.013
5.837
9.319
1.008
1.087
1.169
1.252
1.338
1.382
1.426
1.470
1.516
1.562
1.608
1.655
1.702
1.750
1.798
1.896
1.995
2.097
2.201
2.306
2.522
2.745
2.975
3.212
3.455
4.091
4.765
5.475
6.219
6.997
7.806
9.515
1.133
1.326
1.529
1.741
2.922
4.270

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1026
1026
1026
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024

Prandtl
Number
Pr
0.7246
0.7263
0.7440
0.7436
0.7425
0.7408
0.7387
0.7362
0.7350
0.7336
0.7323
0.7309
0.7296
0.7282
0.7268
0.7255
0.7241
0.7228
0.7202
0.7177
0.7154
0.7132
0.7111
0.7073
0.7041
0.7014
0.6992
0.6974
0.6946
0.6935
0.6937
0.6948
0.6965
0.6986
0.7037
0.7092
0.7149
0.7206
0.7260
0.7478
0.7539

Note: For ideal gases, the properties cp, k, m, and Pr are independent of pressure. The properties r, n, and a at a pressure P (in atm) other than 1 atm are determined
by multiplying the values of r at the given temperature by P and by dividing n and a by P.
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: Keenan, Chao, Keyes, Gas Tables, Wiley, 1984; and
Thermophysical Properties of Matter. Vol. 3: Thermal Conductivity, Y. S. Touloukian, P. E. Liley, S. C. Saxena, Vol. 11: Viscosity, Y. S. Touloukian, S. C. Saxena, and
P. Hestermans, IFI/Plenun, NY, 1970, ISBN 0-306067020-8.

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Confirming Pages
927
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A16
Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure
Temp.
T, 8C

Density
r, kg/m3

Specific
Heat
cp, J/kgK

Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/mK

Thermal
Diffusivity
a, m2/s

Dynamic
Viscosity
m, kg/ms

Kinematic
Viscosity
n, m2/s

Prandtl
Number
Pr

Carbon Dioxide, CO2

250
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000

2.4035
1.9635
1.6597
1.4373
1.2675
1.1336
0.9358
0.7968
0.6937
0.4213
0.3025
0.2359

746
811
866.6
914.8
957.4
995.2
1060
1112
1156
1292
1356
1387

0.01051
0.01456
0.01858
0.02257
0.02652
0.03044
0.03814
0.04565
0.05293
0.08491
0.10688
0.11522

5.860
9.141
1.291
1.716
2.186
2.698
3.847
5.151
6.600
1.560
2.606
3.521

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1026
1026
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1024
1024
1024

1.129
1.375
1.612
1.841
2.063
2.276
2.682
3.061
3.416
4.898
6.106
7.322

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025

4.699
7.003
9.714
1.281
1.627
2.008
2.866
3.842
4.924
1.162
2.019
3.103

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1026
1026
1026
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1024
1024
1024

0.8019
0.7661
0.7520
0.7464
0.7445
0.7442
0.7450
0.7458
0.7460
0.7455
0.7745
0.8815

1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1024
1024
1024
1024

1.378
1.629
1.863
2.080
2.283
2.472
2.812
3.111
3.379
4.557
6.321
9.826

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025

9.012
1.303
1.764
2.274
2.830
3.426
4.722
6.136
7.653
1.700
3.284
6.543

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1026
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1024
1024
1024

0.7840
0.7499
0.7328
0.7239
0.7191
0.7164
0.7134
0.7111
0.7087
0.7080
0.7733
0.9302

1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1024
1024
1024
1024

8.564
1.028
1.191
1.345
1.491
1.630
1.886
2.119
2.334
3.281
4.434
6.360

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1026
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025

9.774
1.436
1.969
2.567
3.227
3.944
5.529
7.297
9.228
2.136
4.022
7.395

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1026
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1024
1024
1024

0.8116
0.7494
0.7282
0.7247
0.7284
0.7344
0.7450
0.7501
0.7502
0.7331
0.7936
1.0386

1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024

7.293
8.391
9.427
1.041
1.136
1.228

3
3
3
3
3
3

1026
1026
1026
1025
1025
1025

6.624
9.329
1.240
1.582
1.957
2.365

3
3
3
3
3
3

1025
1025
1024
1024
1024
1024

0.6562
0.7071
0.7191
0.7196
0.7174
0.7155

Carbon Monoxide, CO
250
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000

1.5297
1.2497
1.0563
0.9148
0.8067
0.7214
0.5956
0.5071
0.4415
0.2681
0.1925
0.1502

1081
1048
1039
1041
1049
1060
1085
1111
1135
1226
1279
1309

0.01901
0.02278
0.02641
0.02992
0.03330
0.03656
0.04277
0.04860
0.05412
0.07894
0.10458
0.13833

1.149
1.739
2.407
3.142
3.936
4.782
6.619
8.628
1.079
2.401
4.246
7.034

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

Methane, CH4
250
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000

0.8761
0.7158
0.6050
0.5240
0.4620
0.4132
0.3411
0.2904
0.2529
0.1536
0.1103
0.0860

2243
2217
2302
2443
2611
2791
3158
3510
3836
5042
5701
6001

0.02367
0.03042
0.03766
0.04534
0.05344
0.06194
0.07996
0.09918
0.11933
0.22562
0.31857
0.36750

1.204
1.917
2.704
3.543
4.431
5.370
7.422
9.727
1.230
2.914
5.068
7.120

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

Hydrogen, H2
250
0
50
100
150
200

cen98187_App-A_p907-934.indd 927

0.11010
0.08995
0.07603
0.06584
0.05806
0.05193

12635
13920
14349
14473
14492
14482

0.1404
0.1652
0.1881
0.2095
0.2296
0.2486

1.009
1.319
1.724
2.199
2.729
3.306

3
3
3
3
3
3

1/30/14 4:51 PM

Confirming Pages
928
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A16
Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure (Concluded)
Temp.
T, 8C

Density
r, kg/m3

300
400
500
1000
1500
2000

0.04287
0.03650
0.03178
0.01930
0.01386
0.01081

Specific
Heat
cp, J/kgK
14481
14540
14653
15577
16553
17400

Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/mK
0.2843
0.3180
0.3509
0.5206
0.6581
0.5480

Thermal
Diffusivity
a, m2/s
4.580
5.992
7.535
1.732
2.869
2.914

3
3
3
3
3
3

Dynamic
Viscosity
m, kg/ms

Kinematic
Viscosity
n, m2/s

Prandtl
Number
Pr

1024
1024
1024
1023
1023
1023

1.403
1.570
1.730
2.455
3.099
3.690

3
3
3
3
3
3

1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025

3.274
4.302
5.443
1.272
2.237
3.414

3
3
3
3
3
3

1024
1024
1024
1023
1023
1023

0.7149
0.7179
0.7224
0.7345
0.7795
1.1717

1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1024
1024
1024
1024

1.390
1.640
1.874
2.094
2.300
2.494
2.849
3.166
3.451
4.594
5.562
6.426

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025

9.091
1.312
1.774
2.289
2.851
3.457
4.783
6.242
7.816
1.713
2.889
4.278

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1026
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1024
1024
1024

0.6655
0.7121
0.7114
0.7056
0.7025
0.7025
0.7078
0.7153
0.7215
0.7022
0.5969
0.4483

1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1024
1024
1024
1024

1.616
1.916
2.194
2.451
2.694
2.923
3.350
3.744
4.114
5.732
7.133
8.417

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025

9.246
1.342
1.818
2.346
2.923
3.546
4.923
6.463
8.156
1.871
3.243
4.907

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1026
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1024
1024
1024

0.7694
0.7198
0.7053
0.7019
0.7019
0.7025
0.7030
0.7023
0.7010
0.6986
0.6985
0.6873

7.187
8.956
1.078
1.265
1.456
1.650
2.045
2.446
2.847
4.762
6.411
7.808

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1026
1026
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025

7.305
1.114
1.587
2.150
2.806
3.556
5.340
7.498
1.002
2.761
5.177
8.084

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1026
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1024
1024
1024
1024

1.0047
1.0033
0.9944
0.9830
0.9712
0.9599
0.9401
0.9240
0.9108
0.8639
0.8233
0.7833

Nitrogen, N2
250
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000

1.5299
1.2498
1.0564
0.9149
0.8068
0.7215
0.5956
0.5072
0.4416
0.2681
0.1925
0.1502

957.3
1035
1042
1041
1043
1050
1070
1095
1120
1213
1266
1297

0.02001
0.02384
0.02746
0.03090
0.03416
0.03727
0.04309
0.04848
0.05358
0.07938
0.11793
0.18590

1.366
1.843
2.494
3.244
4.058
4.921
6.758
8.727
1.083
2.440
4.839
9.543

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

Oxygen, O2
250
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000

1.7475
1.4277
1.2068
1.0451
0.9216
0.8242
0.6804
0.5793
0.5044
0.3063
0.2199
0.1716

984.4
928.7
921.7
931.8
947.6
964.7
997.1
1025
1048
1121
1165
1201

0.02067
0.02472
0.02867
0.03254
0.03637
0.04014
0.04751
0.05463
0.06148
0.09198
0.11901
0.14705

1.201
1.865
2.577
3.342
4.164
5.048
7.003
9.204
1.163
2.678
4.643
7.139

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

Water Vapor, H2O

250
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000

0.9839
0.8038
0.6794
0.5884
0.5189
0.4640
0.3831
0.3262
0.2840
0.1725
0.1238
0.0966

1892
1874
1874
1887
1908
1935
1997
2066
2137
2471
2736
2928

0.01353
0.01673
0.02032
0.02429
0.02861
0.03326
0.04345
0.05467
0.06677
0.13623
0.21301
0.29183

7.271
1.110
1.596
2.187
2.890
3.705
5.680
8.114
1.100
3.196
6.288
1.032

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1026
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1024
1024
1024
1023

Note: For ideal gases, the properties cp, k, m, and Pr are independent of pressure. The properties r, n, and a at a pressure P (in atm) other than 1 atm are determined
by multiplying the values of P at the given temperature by r and by dividing n and a by P.
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Originally based on various sources.

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Confirming Pages
929
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A17
Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude
Altitude,
z, m

Temperature,
T , 8C

Pressure,
P, kPa

Gravity
g, m/s2

Speed of
Sound,
c, m/s

Density,
r, kg/m3

0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
3600
3800
4000
4200
4400
4600
4800
5000
5200
5400
5600
5800
6000
6200
6400
6600
6800
7000
8000
9000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000

15.00
13.70
12.40
11.10
9.80
8.50
7.20
5.90
4.60
3.30
2.00
0.70
20.59
21.89
23.19
24.49
25.79
27.09
28.39
29.69
210.98
212.3
213.6
214.9
216.2
217.5
218.8
220.1
221.4
222.7
224.0
225.3
226.6
227.9
229.2
230.5
236.9
243.4
249.9
256.5
256.5
256.5
256.5

101.33
98.95
96.61
94.32
92.08
89.88
87.72
85.60
83.53
81.49
79.50
77.55
75.63
73.76
71.92
70.12
68.36
66.63
64.94
63.28
61.66
60.07
58.52
57.00
55.51
54.05
52.62
51.23
49.86
48.52
47.22
45.94
44.69
43.47
42.27
41.11
35.65
30.80
26.50
19.40
14.17
10.53
7.57

9.807
9.806
9.805
9.805
9.804
9.804
9.803
9.802
9.802
9.801
9.800
9.800
9.799
9.799
9.798
9.797
9.797
9.796
9.796
9.795
9.794
9.794
9.793
9.793
9.792
9.791
9.791
9.790
9.789
9.785
9.788
9.788
9.787
9.786
9.785
9.785
9.782
9.779
9.776
9.770
9.764
9.758
9.751

340.3
339.5
338.8
338.0
337.2
336.4
335.7
334.9
334.1
333.3
332.5
331.7
331.0
330.2
329.4
328.6
327.8
327.0
326.2
325.4
324.6
323.8
323.0
322.2
321.4
320.5
319.7
318.9
318.1
317.3
316.5
315.6
314.8
314.0
313.1
312.3
308.1
303.8
299.5
295.1
295.1
295.1
295.1

1.225
1.202
1.179
1.156
1.134
1.112
1.090
1.069
1.048
1.027
1.007
0.987
0.967
0.947
0.928
0.909
0.891
0.872
0.854
0.837
0.819
0.802
0.785
0.769
0.752
0.736
0.721
0.705
0.690
0.675
0.660
0.646
0.631
0.617
0.604
0.590
0.526
0.467
0.414
0.312
0.228
0.166
0.122

Viscosity
m, kg/ms
1.789
1.783
1.777
1.771
1.764
1.758
1.752
1.745
1.739
1.732
1.726
1.720
1.713
1.707
1.700
1.694
1.687
1.681
1.674
1.668
1.661
1.655
1.648
1.642
1.635
1.628
1.622
1.615
1.608
1.602
1.595
1.588
1.582
1.575
1.568
1.561
1.527
1.493
1.458
1.422
1.422
1.422
1.422

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025
1025

Thermal
Conductivity,
k, W/mK
0.0253
0.0252
0.0252
0.0251
0.0250
0.0249
0.0248
0.0247
0.0245
0.0244
0.0243
0.0242
0.0241
0.0240
0.0239
0.0238
0.0237
0.0236
0.0235
0.0234
0.0233
0.0232
0.0231
0.0230
0.0229
0.0228
0.0227
0.0226
0.0224
0.0223
0.0222
0.0221
0.0220
0.0219
0.0218
0.0217
0.0212
0.0206
0.0201
0.0195
0.0195
0.0195
0.0195

Source: U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Based on year-round mean conditions at 458 latitude and varies with the
time of the year and the weather patterns. The conditions at sea level (z 5 0) are taken to be P 5 101.325kPa, T 5 158C, r 5 1.2250kg/m3, g 5 9.80665m2/s.

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930
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A18
Emissivities of surfaces
(a) Metals
Material
Aluminum
Polished
Commercial sheet
Heavily oxidized
Anodized
Bismuth, bright
Brass
Highly polished
Polished
Dull plate
Oxidized
Chromium, polished
Copper
Highly polished
Polished
Commercial sheet
Oxidized
Black oxidized
Gold
Highly polished
Bright foil
Iron
Highly polished
Case iron
Wrought iron
Rusted
Oxidized
Lead
Polished
Unoxidized, rough
Oxidized

cen98187_App-A_p907-934.indd 930

Temperature,
K

Emissivity,
e

300900
400
400800
300
350

0.040.06
0.09
0.200.33
0.8
0.34

500650
350
300600
450800
3001400

0.030.04
0.09
0.22
0.6
0.080.40

300
300500
300
6001000
300

0.02
0.040.05
0.15
0.50.8
0.78

3001000
300

0.030.06
0.07

300500
300
300500
300
500900

0.050.07
0.44
0.28
0.61
0.640.78

300500
300
300

0.060.08
0.43
0.63

Material
Magnesium, polished
Mercury
Molybdenum
Polished
Oxidized
Nickel
Polished
Oxidized
Platinum, polished
Silver, polished
Stainless steel
Polished
Lightly oxidized
Highly oxidized
Steel
Polished sheet
Commercial sheet
Heavily oxidized
Tin, polished
Tungsten
Polished
Filament
Zinc
Polished
Oxidized

Temperature,
K

Emissivity,
e

300500
300400

0.070.13
0.090.12

3002000
600800

0.050.21
0.800.82

5001200
4501000
5001500
3001000

0.070.17
0.370.57
0.060.18
0.020.07

3001000
6001000
6001000

0.170.30
0.300.40
0.700.80

300500
5001200
300
300

0.080.14
0.200.32
0.81
0.05

3002500
3500

0.030.29
0.39

300800
300

0.020.05
0.25

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APPENDIX 1

TABLE A18
Emissivities of surfaces (Concluded)
(b) Nonmetals

Material
Alumina
Aluminum oxide
Asbestos
Asphalt pavement
Brick
Common
Fireclay
Carbon filament
Cloth
Concrete
Glass
Window
Pyrex
Pyroceram
Ice
Magnesium oxide
Masonry
Paints
Aluminum
Black, lacquer, shiny
Oils, all colors
Red primer
White acrylic
White enamel

cen98187_App-A_p907-934.indd 931

Temperature,
K

Emissivity,
e

8001400
6001500
300
300

0.650.45
0.690.41
0.96
0.850.93

300
1200
2000
300
300

0.930.96
0.75
0.53
0.750.90
0.880.94

300
3001200
3001500
273
400800
300

0.900.95
0.820.62
0.850.57
0.950.99
0.690.55
0.80

300
300
300
300
300
300

0.400.50
0.88
0.920.96
0.93
0.90
0.90

Material
Paper, white
Plaster, white
Porcelain, glazed
Quartz, rough, fused
Rubber
Hard
Soft
Sand
Silicon carbide
Skin, human
Snow
Soil, earth
Soot
Teflon
Water, deep
Wood
Beech
Oak

Temperature,
K

Emissivity,
e

300
300
300
300

0.90
0.93
0.92
0.93

300
300
300
6001500
300
273
300
300500
300500
273373

0.93
0.86
0.90
0.870.85
0.95
0.800.90
0.930.96
0.95
0.850.92
0.950.96

300
300

0.94
0.90

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APPENDIX 1

TABLE A19
Solar radiative properties of materials
Description/composition
Aluminum
Polished
Anodized
Quartz-overcoated
Foil
Brick, red (Purdue)
Concrete
Galvanized sheet metal
Clean, new
Oxidized, weathered
Glass, 3.2-mm thickness
Float or tempered
Low iron oxide type
Marble, slightly off-white (nonreflective)
Metal, plated
Black sulfide
Black cobalt oxide
Black nickel oxide
Black chrome
Mylar, 0.13-mm thickness
Paints
Black (Parsons)
White, acrylic
White, zinc oxide
Paper, white
Plexiglas, 3.2-mm thickness
Porcelain tiles, white (reflective glazed surface)
Roofing tiles, bright red
Dry surface
Wet surface
Sand, dry
Off-white
Dull red
Snow
Fine particles, fresh
Ice granules
Steel
Mirror-finish
Heavily rusted
Stone (light pink)
Tedlar, 0.10-mm thickness
Teflon, 0.13-mm thickness
Wood

Solar
Absorptivity, as

Emissivity, e,
at 300K

Ratio,
as /e

0.09
0.14
0.11
0.15
0.63
0.60

0.03
0.84
0.37
0.05
0.93
0.88

3.0
0.17
0.30
3.0
0.68
0.68

0.65
0.80

0.13
0.28

5.0
2.9

Solar
Transmissivity, ts

0.79
0.88
0.40

0.88

0.92
0.93
0.92
0.87

0.10
0.30
0.08
0.09

0.45
9.2
3.1
11
9.7
0.87

0.98
0.26
0.16
0.27

0.98
0.90
0.93
0.83

1.0
0.29
0.17
0.32

0.26

0.85

0.30

0.65
0.88

0.85
0.91

0.76
0.96

0.52
0.73

0.82
0.86

0.63
0.82

0.13
0.33

0.82
0.89

0.16
0.37

0.41
0.89
0.65

0.05
0.92
0.87

8.2
0.96
0.74

0.90

0.92
0.92
0.59

0.90

0.66

Source: V. C. Sharma and A. Sharma, Solar Properties of Some Building Elements, Energy 14 (1989), pp. 805810, and other sources.

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0.1

cen98187_App-A_p907-934.indd 933

Darcy friction factor, f

4 5 6

8 104

2(104) 3 4 5 6

0
0.99
0.5
0.01
0.0015
0.26
0.15
0.046
0.002
0.045

mm

Roughness,

2(105) 3 4 5 6
Reynolds number, Re

8 105

Smooth pipes
/D = 0

2(106) 3 4 5 6

/D = 0.000001
8 106

Fully rough turbulent flow ( f levels off)

8 107

2(107) 3 4 5 6

/D = 0.000005

0.00001
8 108

0.00005

0.0001

0.0002

0.0004

0.001
0.0008
0.0006

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.01
0.008

0.015

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

Relative roughness, e/D

2
L rV
The Moody chart for the friction factor for fully developed flow in circular pipes for use in the head loss relation DPL5 f
. Friction factors in the turbulent
D 2
e/D
2.51
1
flow are evaluated from the Colebrook equation
522log10 a
b.
1
3.7
"f
Re "f

2(103) 3

0
0.0030.03
0.0016
0.000033
0.000005
0.00085
0.0005
0.00015
0.000007
0.00015

Glass, plastic
Concrete
Wood stave
Rubber, smoothed
Copper or brass tubing
Cast iron
Galvanized iron
Wrought iron
Stainless steel
Commercial steel

103

ft

Material

FIGURE A20

0.008

0.009

Transitional Turbulent
flow
flow

4/Re

0.01

f=6

0.015

0.02

i
ow,
nar fl

0.025

0.03

Laminar
flow

Lam

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

Confirming Pages

933
APPENDIX 1

1/30/14 4:51 PM

Confirming Pages

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