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When the driver applies force on the brake pedal the magnitude is
sensed by the pressure transducer which in turn sends the actuating
signals to microprocessor. This intelligent device sends pulsating D.C.
current from the capacitor to the power pack. The power pack develops
sufficient torque to decelerate or stop the vehicle as per the driver's
requirement. The torque produced is directly proportional to the force
applied on the brake pedal, as the intensity of the actuating signal from
the pressure transducer is directly proportional to the pulsating D.C.
current supplied to the power pack.
Another important aspect of this braking system is that the power
pack also acts as a generator, which results in additional power
generation. We have also incorporated artificial intelligence. Logic gates
for backup-circuit for safety and shift current for shifting the power pack
from generating mode to braking mode and vice-versa to generator
power.
CONTENTS
1.
INTRODUCTION
2.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
3.
CONSTRUCTION
4.
WORKING
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
ADVANTAGES
10.
DISADVANTAGES
11.
APPLICATIONS
12.
CONCLUSION
13.
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
Many of the ordinary brakes, which are being used now days, stop
the vehicle by means of mechanical blocking. This causes skidding and
wear and tear of the vehicle. And if the speed of the vehicle is very high,
the brake cannot provide that much high braking force and it will cause
problems. These drawbacks of ordinary brakes can be overcome by a
simple and effective mechanism of braking system The magnetic
braking system. It is an abrasion-free method for braking of vehicles
including trains. It makes use of the opposing tendency of eddy current.
Magnetic
brake
works
according
to
Faradays
law
of
Stator
2.
Rotor
Rotor:It is a rotating disc, which is fitted on the line of crankshaft with small
air gap to stator. When disc rotates a flux change occur in the section of
the disc passing the
The two units have common ring member, poles cores on which
winding are provided being fixed to ring number. If a malleable casting
is employed, then the pole core could be cast integrally with the right.
After fitting the windings on the cores, poles shoes are fitted to provide
pole faces of appropriate shape and area. The rotor disc should be
provided with properly designed fins for faster heat removal.
The
magnetic circuits of the two units are substantially the same, non-undue
and thrust would be imposed on the motor bearings.
Slight axial
effect would be to increase the magnetic pull in one air gap and diminish
it on other which could give to rise to excessive and thrust on rotor
bearing to overcome the inherent defect, the air gaps of both units could
be put in series by making the central
number non magnetic and providing a continues pole core for each pair
axially opposite poles.
1.
When the control switch is operated during the standby position of the
vehicle, the magnet will be energized and magnetic field is created. But
since the wheels are not moving, magnetic lines of force are not cut by it,
and the brake will not work. However, a warning lamp is provided on the
instrument
provides a safe guard for the driver against leaving the unit energized.
When control switch is put in any one of the operating positions, the
corresponding conductor in the contractor box is energized and current
flows from the battery to the field winding to the contractor box. This
current magnetizes the poles in stator, which placed very near to the rotor.
When rotor rotates it will cut magnetic lines and eddy current will set up
in the rotor. The magnetic field of this eddy current produces a breaking
force or torque in the opposite direction of rotation disc. This kinetic
energy of rotor is converted as heat energy and dissipated from rotating
disc to surrounding atmosphere. Current in the field can change by
changing the position of the controls switch. Thus we can change the
strength of the braking force.
Magnetic field lines across the magnetic material inside a copper tube
In the case of trains, the part in which the eddy current is induced is
rail. The brake shoe is enclosed in a coil, forming an electromagnet.
When the magnet is energized, eddy currents are induced in the rail by
means of electromagnetic induction, thereby producing braking action.
where
H = Magnetic field strength in Webers.
A = Pole force area in cm2.
V = Velocity in cm/sec of mean radius of disc under the poles.
T = disc thickness in cm.
= specific resistance of disc material at its operating temperature in
micro ohms/cm3.
Torque = F * R Nm
Where R = mean pole radius in meter.
Power P = 2 NT/60 watts.
Less maintenance
Wide range of braking force available within the temperature limit
Prolonged braking is possible
Long life
Less strain to the operation
Smooth retardation, which cuts down, the tire wears
Independent of wheel/rail adhesion.
No noise or smell.
Adjustable brake force.
High brake forces at high speeds.
Used also as service brake.
It uses electromagnetic force and not friction.
Non-mechanical (no moving parts, no friction.
Can be activated at will via electrical signal.
Light weight.
DISADVANTAGES
No breaking force at rest, braking force diminishes as speed
diminishes with no ability to hold the load in position at standstill.
Need of electric power
It can not be used at low speed vehicles or vehicle running at low
speed.
Magnetic brakes are used with ordinary mechanical brakes.
Nowdays Magnetic brakes is using only for safety purpose.
Magnetic brakes are best substitutes for ordinary brakes, which are
being used nowadays in road vehicles even in trains, because of their
jerk-free operation. In mountain areas where continuous braking force is
needed, for a long time, the magnetic braking is very much useful for
working without overheating. Magnetic brakes are very much useful for
high-speed passengers and good vehicles. It can also be used to slow
down the trolleys of faster roller coasters.
Conclusion
Magnetic brakes are the best choice when demands for reliability
and safety are the highest. They work even in the toughest environmental
conditions. Even the strike of lightning will not result in the loss of the
braking force.
Magnetic braking system is not popular now a days. But we hope
that the magnetic braking system which is simpler and more effective will
take the place of the ordinary braking system and we can do expect it to
be the norm one in few years of time.
REFERENCES