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Sio, Camille; Sison, Gwen; Tolentino, Ana Lou; Tolentino, Rhodelyn*; Uy, Kim;
Villanueva, A.
2F-PH Group 7
Abstract
Recrystallization is a purification process used to remove impurities from
organic compounds through the difference in solubility at different
temperatures. This process is based on the premise that the solubility of a
compound in a solvent increases with temperature and the dissolved solid
tends to separate from the solution as it is cooled. In the experiment
performed, three samples of acetanilide were dissolved in different solvents
and placed in a warm water bath set-up for solvent identification. Once the
solvent had been determined, crude acetanilide was obtained by mixing
aniline and distilled water with acetic anhydride. The crude acetanilide was
then dissolved in a water bath and cooled with an ice bath, which hastens
the formation of crystals. As the compound crystallizes from the solution,
impurities were excluded from the growing crystal layer, thus yielding pure
acetanilide.
Introduction
Impurities often contaminate
organic compounds that have been
synthesized in the laboratory or
isolated from natural sources
regardless of their physical state,
thus, requiring purification. The
methods to be employed to purify
these compounds are based on
their
physical
and
chemical
characteristics.
Liquids,
for
example are purified through
distillation. In the case of solids,
sublimation and crystallization are
more
suitable
processes
in
attaining purity. Among the two,
the latter is the most widely used
especially for organic compounds
that are solid at room temperature
and those that lack the property of
passing directly into vapour phase.
Recrystallization, in which
two crystallization processes were
performed,
is
a
purification
technique that is based on the
differences in the solubility of the
desired compound and the impurity
contaminating
the
desired
compound, as a function of varying
temperature. This is built in the
idea that as temperature increases,
the solubility of the compound
increases as well. As a heated
solution of the desired compound
cools, a small, pure seed crystal of
the compound forms in the
The
solubility
of
the
compound, which is the degree of
the solute to be dissolved in the
solvent, is the main factor to in
crystallization.
Prior
to
the
recrystallization
process,
the
recrystallizing solvent should be
identified. In choosing the solvent,
the primary consideration is the
extent to which the compound and
impurities are soluble in the solvent
at high, and low temperatures.
Ideally, the compound to be
recrystallized
should
be
very
soluble in the chosen solvent at
elevated temperatures, but almost
insoluble in the cold solvent. The
Structural
formula
of
Acetanilide, C6H5NH(COCH3)
is the product of acetylation of
aniline with acetic anhydride at a
decreased temperature. It is an
odourless solid chemical of leaf or
flake-like appearance. It is also
known
as Nphenylacetamide, acetanil,
or
acetanilid, and was formerly known
by the trade name Antifebrin. It is
used as a precursor in penicillin
synthesis
and
other
pharmaceuticals
including
painkillers and intermediates.
To
produce
the
crude
acetanilide, 2 mL of aniline and 20
mL of distilled water were mixed in
an Erlenmeyer flask. 3mL of acetic
anhydride was slowly added to the
mixture. This was later on cooled in
an
ice
bath
to
hasten
crystallization. The mixture was
filtered through a fluted filter
paper.
The
residue
(crude
acetanilide) was allowed to dry and
it was weighed after.
Figure 5. Crude acetanilide
3.
Recrystallization
(Purification)
Process
20 mL of the previously
determined recrystallizing solvent
was added to the crude acetanilide
and the mixture was heated in a
water bath until all the solid
dissolved. Activated charcoal was
added to the colored solution (the
Erlenmeyer flask was removed
from the water bath in the addition
of activated charcoal). The solution
was quickly filtered while still hot
using a fluted filter paper. The
filtrate was allowed to cool by
placing the receiver on a beaker
containing tap water. The crystals
were collected and washed with
distilled water. To facilitate drying,
the obtained crystals were pressed
in-between filter papers. These
crystals were the pure acetanilide.
The dried crystals were then
weighed for the computation of
percent yield.
Figure 6. Pure acetanilide
Water
Methan
ol
Hexane
At
room
temp.
Insolubl
e
Soluble
During
heatin
g
Soluble
Upon
cooling
Soluble
Insolubl
e
Soluble
Insolubl
e
Insolubl
e
Insolubl
e
Actual yield
Theoretical
yield
Percentage
yield
2.20 g
2.97 g
74.07%
Given:
MW of Aniline = 93.13 9
Density of Aniline = 1.0217 g/mL
Aniline: 2 mL x 1.0217 g x 1 mol
1 mL
93.13 g
= 0.02194 mol
0.2194 mol x 1 mol x 135.17 g
1 mol 1 mol
= 2.97 g acetanilide
% yield = 2.20 g
74.07%
2.97 g
x 100 =
Aniline
(Chemical
Compound).
Retrieved September 17, 2014,
from
http://www.
Britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/25
473/aniline
Photos:
1. https://www.facebook.com/l.p
hp?u=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.chemistry.sc.chula.
ac.th%2Fbsac%2FOrg
%2520Chem
%2520Lab_2012%2FExp.2[1]
.pdf&h=lAQHhNFYv
2. http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/
Physical_Chemistry/Spectrosc
opy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/
Electronic_Spectroscopy
%3A_Theory
3. http://foodconstrued.com/201
1/09/acetic-anhydride/
4. http://chemistry.about.com/o
d/factsstructures/ig/Chemical
-Structures-A/Acetanilide/htm
5. http://lulelaboratory.blogspot.
com/2013/06/synthesis-of-pnitroacetanilide.html