International

Journal of Civil Engineering

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(IJCIET),
ISSN 0976 6308
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ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 86-96 IAEME

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ISSN 0976 6308 (Print)

ISSN 0976 6316(Online)
Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 86-96
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IJCIET
IAEME

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON DURABILITY

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE DEVELOPED BY
USING BRICK POWDER (BP) AND QUARRY DUST (QD)
A.H.L.Swaroop1,

K.Venkateswara Rao2,

Dr P.Kodanada Rama Rao3

Assistant Professor, Gudlavalleru Engineering College, Gudlavalleru, A.P, India

Associate Professor, Gudlavalleru Engineering College, Gudlavalleru, A.P, India
3
Professor, Gudlavalleru Engineering College, Gudlavalleru, A.P, India

ABSTRACT
To meet the requirements of globalization, in the construction of buildings and other
structures concrete plays the major rightful role and a large quantum of concrete is being utilized.
The constituent materials of concrete include cement, sand, coarse aggregate and water. For better
performance and to meet the requirements additives or sometimes super plasticizers are used.
Portland cement clinker production consumes large amounts of energy (850 kcal per kg of
clinker) and has a considerable environmental impact. This involves massive quarrying for raw
materials (limestone, clay, etc.), as it takes 1.7 tones to produce 1 ton of clinker, as well as the
emission of greenhouse and other gases (NOx, SO2, CO2) into the atmosphere. Around 850 kg of
CO2 are emitted per ton of clinker produced.
River sand is most commonly used fine aggregate in the production of concrete poses the
problem of acute shortage in many areas. Whose continued use has started posing serious problems
with respect to its availability, cost and environmental impact.
In the backdrop of such a bleak atmosphere, there is large demand for alternative materials
from waste. Secondary cementing materials like Brick Powder can be used to partially replace
cement because of pozzolonic nature. Materials like quarry dust best suites to sand due to its physical
and chemical properties, fineness etc. Also these materials are known to increase durability,
resistance to sulphate attack and Alkali-Silica reaction(ASR).
Our main aim is study the materials Brick powder and quarry dust are best suitable for
preparing high strength and durable concrete
Keywords: Durability, Seawater, Sulphuric Acid, Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength,
Weight Loss.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 86-96 IAEME

INTRODUCTION
Concrete durability has been defined by the American Concrete Institute as its resistance to
weathering action, chemical attack, abrasion and other degradation processes.
Durability is the ability to last a long time without significant deterioration. A durable
material helps the environment by conserving resources and reducing wastes and the environmental
impacts of repair and replacement

Fig. 1: Durability effect

Construction and demolition waste contribute to solid waste going to landfills. The
production of new building materials depletes natural resources and can produce air and water
pollution.
The design service life of most buildings is often 30 years, although buildings often last 50 to
100 years or longer. Most concrete and masonry buildings are demolished due to obsolescence rather
than deterioration. A concrete shell can be left in place if a building use or function changes or when
a building interior is renovated. Concrete, as a structural material and as the building exterior skin,
has the ability to withstand natures normal deteriorating mechanisms as well as natural disasters.
Different concretes require different degrees of durability depending on the exposure
environment and properties desired. For example, concrete exposed to tidal seawater will have
different requirements than an indoor concrete floor. Concrete ingredients, their proportioning,
interactions between them, placing and curing practices, and the service environment determine the
ultimate durability and life of concrete.
The deterioration of concrete mainly due to various chemical and physical attacks such as
1. Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR)
2. Chloride Resistance and Steel Corrosion
3. Seawater Exposure
4. Abrasion Resistance
5. Sulphate attack
6. Resistance to Freezing and Thawing
7. Chemical Resistance
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
This experimental program consists of the following steps:

Collection of Materials

Casting

Curing

Testing
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 86-96 IAEME

Collection of Materials:
The materials required for our experimental program are collected according to requirements.

Cement

Brick Powder

Sand

Quarry Dust
Cubes casted are immersed in water, sulphuric acid and seawater for 7 days, 28 days &120
days for determination of compressive strength, split tensile strength and weight loss.
Different Mixes of Concrete Considered are:
1. Conventional aggregate concrete (CCA)
2. Concrete made by replacing 10% cement BP..(CBP10)
3. Concrete made by replacing 10% with BP and 10% QD..(CB10Q10)
4. Concrete made by replacing 10% with BP and 15% QD..(CB10Q15)
5. Concrete made by replacing 10% with BP and 20% QD..(CB10Q20)
6. Concrete made by replacing 15% cement with BP..(CBP15)
7. Concrete made by replacing 15% with BP and 10% QD..(CB15Q10)
8. Concrete made by replacing 15% with BP and 20% QD..(CB15Q15)
9. Concrete made by replacing 15% with BP and 30% QD..(CB15Q20)
Materials:
The constituent materials used in this investigation were procured from local sources. These
materials are required by conducting various tests. From the test results obtained we selected the type
of materials we are using which include cement, brick powder, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate,
quarry dust, water, sulphuric acid.
Cement:
Ordinary Portland cement of C53 grade conforming to both the requirements of IS: 12269 and
ASTM C 642-82 type-I was used. We are conducting different types of tests on cement, those are
Normal Consistency, Initial and Final setting times, Compressive strength of cement, Specific
Gravity and Fineness of cement. From the test results obtained the conventional concrete can be
designed according to IS10262-82(MIX DESIGN CODE). Finally M25 Grade concrete is designed.
Coarse Aggregate:
Normal aggregate that is crushed blue granite of maximum size 20 mm was used as coarse
aggregate. We are conducting tests on coarse aggregate are Water Absorption Capacity, Specific
Gravity and Fineness Modulus of coarse aggregate.
Fine Aggregate:
Well graded river sand passing through 4.75 mm was used as fine aggregate. The sand was
air-dried and sieved to remove any foreign particles prior to mixing. We are conducting tests on fine
aggregate are Water Absorption Capacity, Specific Gravity and Fineness Modulus of fine aggregate.
Brick Powder:
Brick Powder is the waste obtained from burning of clay bricks in the form of brick kilns. It
possess good pozzolanic property

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 86-96 IAEME

Quarry Dust:
Quarry Rock Dust can be defined as residue, tailing or other non-voluble waste material after
the extraction and processing of rocks to form fine particles less than 4.75mm
Mixing and Casting:
Initially the constituent materials were weighed and dry mixing was carried out for cement,
sand and coarse aggregate and admixtures. This was thoroughly mixed manually to get uniform
colour of mix. The mixing duration was 2-5 minutes and then the water was added as per the mix
proportion. The mixing was carried out for 3-5 minutes duration. Then the mix poured in to the cube
moulds of size 150 x 150x 150 mm and then compacted manually using tamping rods.

Fig 2: Mixing of concrete

Fig 3: Casting of Cubes

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 86-96 IAEME

Curing:
The cubes are demoulded after 1 day of casting and then kept in respective solutions for
curing at room temperature with a relative humidity of 85% the cubes are taken out from curing after
7, 28 & 120 days for testing.
Curing is a procedure that is adopted to promote the hardening of concrete under conditions
of humidity and temperature which are conducive to the progressive and proper setting of the
constituent cement. Curing has a major influence on the properties of hardened concrete such as
durability, strength, water-tightness, wear resistance, volume stability, and resistance to freezing and
thawing.
Concrete that has been specified, batched, mixed, placed, and finished can still be a failure if
improperly or inadequately cured. Curing is usually the last step in a concrete project and,
unfortunately, is often neglected even by professionals.

Fig 4: Curing of Cubes in H2SO4 solution & normal Water

We have considered 9 mixes and casted cubes per mix to cure 4 sets of cubes for
compression (7 , 28 &120 days) test and Split tensile test ( 28 & 120 days).
Testing:
Compression Testing:
Cubes are tested after completion of curing and for 7days these are tested by UTM with rate
of loading 14mpa/min and for 7, 28& 120 days these are tested by CTM with a rate of loading of
14mpa/min.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 86-96 IAEME

Fig.5: Compression test arrangement

Fig.6: Cracks developed at the time of Compression failure

Split Tensile Test:
The load shall be applied without shock and increased continuously at a nominal rate within
the range1.2 N/(mm2/min) to 2.4 N/ (mm2/min).

Fig 7: Split tensile test arrangement

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 86-96 IAEME

Fig 8: Cracks developed during Split tensile failure

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH STUDIES:
Compression Test for 7 Days Curing
Table 1: Compression Test For7 Days Curing
MIX

CAC

CBP10

CB10Q10

CB10Q15

CB10Q20

CBP15

CB15Q10

CB15Q15

CB15Q20

WATER

23.6

23.7

23.8

24

24.1

24.3

24.4

24.5

24.7

ACID
SEA
WATER

24

24.2

24.3

24.4

24.6

24.7

24.8

25

25.1

23.8

24

24.2

24.3

24.4

24.6

24.8

24.9

25

Fig 9: Compression Test For 7 Days Curing

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 86-96 IAEME

Compression Test for 28 Days Curing

Table 2: Compression Test or 28 Days Curing
MIX

CAC

CBP10

CB10Q10

CB10Q15

CB10Q20

CBP15

CB15Q10

CB15Q15

CB15Q20

WATER

35.16

35.29

35.42

35.56

35.59

35.82

35.96

36.09

36.22

ACID
SEA
WATER

37.82

37.96

38.1

38.2

38.36

38.49

38.62

38.76

38.89

36.21

36.4

36.71

37.12

37.89

38.21

38.34

38.56

38.81

Fig 10: Compression Test for 28 Days Curing

Compression Test for 120 Days Curing
Table 3: Compression Test or 120 Days Curing
MIX

CAC

CBP10

CB10Q10 CB10Q15 CB10Q20 CBP15

CB15Q10 CB15Q15 CB15Q20

WATER

35.36

34.29

35.42

35.56

36.59

35.82

35.96

36.09

35.22

ACID
SEA
WATER

37.20

37.96

38.14

38.45

38.36

38.49

38.62

38.76

38.89

36.41

38.42

36.71

37.12

37.89

38.24

38.34

39.54

39.81

Fig 11: Compression Test for 28 Days Curing

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 86-96 IAEME

Split Tensile Test Results for 28 Days Curing

Table 4: Split Tensile Test Results For 28 Days Curing
MIX

CAC

CBP10

CB10Q10

CB10Q15

CB10Q20

CBP15

CB15Q10

CB15Q15

CB15Q20

WATER

3.26

3.3

3.6

3.9

3.7

2.9

3.1

3.1

3.4

ACID
SEA
WATER

4.5

3.8

3.7

3.2

3.5

3.3

3.8

3.5

3.7

4.39

3.68

3.69

3.5

3.6

3.0

3.6

3.4

3.8

Fig12: Split Tensile Test Results For 28 Days Curing

Split Tensile Test Results for 120 Days Curing
Table 5: Split Tensile Test Results For 120 Days Curing
MIX

CAC

CBP10

CB10Q10

CB10Q15

CB10Q20

CBP15

CB15Q10

CB15Q15

CB15Q20

WATER

3.27

3.3

3.61

3.92

3.76

2.95

3.14

3.12

3.41

ACID
SEA
WATER

4.57

3.84

3.76

3.28

3.52

3.34

3.83

3.52

3.78

4.42

3.73

3.75

3.53

3.65

3.15

3.7

3.5

3.81

Fig 13: Split Tensile Test Results For 120 Days Curing
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 86-96 IAEME

WEIGHT LOSS:
% Weight Loss For 7 Days Curing:
Table 6: % Weight Loss for 7 Days Curing
MIX
CAC CBP10 CB10Q10 CB10Q15 CB10Q20 CBP15 CB15Q10 CB15Q15 CB15Q20
INITIAL
WEIGHT
FINAL
WEIGHT
%
WEIGHT
LOSS

8.25

8.15

8.35

8.18

8.3

8.28

8.32

8.18

8.26

8.06

7.9

8.2

8.04

8.17

8.17

8.22

8.10

8.2

2.3

1.92

1.78

1.65

1.5

1.25

1.2

0.9

0.72

Weight Loss for 28 Days Curing

Table 7: % Weight Loss for 28 Days Curing
MIX
INITIAL
WEIGHT
FINAL
WEIGHT
%
WEIGHT
LOSS

CAC

CBP10

CB10Q10

CB10Q15

CB10Q20

CBP15

CB15Q10

CB15Q15

CB15Q20

8.25

8.15

8.35

8.18

8.3

8.28

8.32

8.18

8.26

7.99

7.91

8.11

7.96

8.10

8.09

8.13

8.01

8.1

3.06

2.92

2.76

2.64

2.38

2.26

2.18

2.05

1.84

Weight Loss for 120 Days Curing

Table 8: % Weight Loss for120 Days Curing
MIX
INITIAL
WEIGHT
FINAL
WEIGHT
%
WEIGHT
LOSS

CAC

CBP10

CB10Q10

CB10Q15

CB10Q20

CBP15

CB15Q10

CB15Q15

CB15Q20

8.25

8.15

8.35

8.18

8.3

8.28

8.32

8.18

8.26

7.98

7.89

8.08

7.92

8.25

7.91

8.02

7.64

8.11

3.06

2.92

2.76

2.64

2.38

2.26

2.18

2.05

1.84

CONCLUSIONS
In the case of compressive strength test,
For all types of mixes considered always an increase in strength is seen for both 7, 28 &
120days curing
Also, acid and seawater curing gained more strength than normal water curing
In the case of split tensile test,
For water curing, the strength has improved uptoCB10Q15 and then it has fallen down
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 86-96 IAEME

For acid curing , Conventional concrete exhibited high strength and then better strength is
seen at CB15Q10
The chosen materials are good in resisting the sulphate attack
Also they reduce the cost of construction when compared to conventional aggregate

In the case of weight loss

There is a significant decrease in the % weight lost for both 7 days and 28 days curing. This
indicates gradual increase in strength.
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ChandanaSukesh Partial Replacement of Sand with Quarry Dust in Concrete by,
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