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WILK
Wroclaw University of Technology, Institute of Electrical Machines, Drives and Measurements
Introduction
Single-phase capacitor induction motors (SPCIMs) are
commonly used as an electric drive for various appliances
such as fans, blowers, pumps and compressors. The main
and auxiliary stator windings have usually different number
of turns, wire size and turns distribution along the periphery
of the stator. This is the reason that mmfs produced by the
stator winding currents is generally unbalanced. By using
the capacitor connected in series with the auxiliary stator
winding, the auxiliary winding current leads the main
winding current by somewhat less than 90 electrical
degrees. The auxiliary winding and the capacitor should be
designed for better operation of the motor (e.g. at higher
efficiency, power factor and lower torque pulsations) at any
desired load (a specific operating point). To obtain high
starting torque, the starting capacitor of appropriate value
should be used, which is cut out after starting of the motor.
For investigation of the capacitor induction motor in steadystate operation a two-dimensional field-circuit model of
induction motor has been implemented. The 2D field-circuit
model does not allow for skew effect modeling but enables
taking into account non-linearity of magnetic core and
induced eddy currents in the rotor bars. In the paper, the
field-circuit model of the single-phase capacitor induction
motor is in short described and simulation results of steadystate at load, no-load and locked-rotor performance of the
tested motor together with experimental ones have been
presented.
180
no-load test at constant speed
1.5
I=f(P ) - measured
2
I=f(P ) - Flux2D
I [A]
0.5
a)
30
P =f(P )- measured
1
1.2
I =f(U )- F2D
0
P =f(P )- F2D
1
200
100
30
b)
120
300
0
0
90
400
1.4
I =f(U )- measured
60
P [W]
2
P [W]
No-load test
The no-load test was conducted at rated frequency and
constant speed of the running motor for voltages ranging
from 120% of rated voltage down to a point where the
current increases. Current, input power and power factor
versus voltage characteristics were plotted in Fig. 3.
Measured and computed the no-load currents at rated
voltage are almost the same but discrepancy occurs for the
lower and higher voltage than rated value due to inaccuracy
in modeling of magnetization curve of magnetic core of the
motor. At nominal speed of the motor (n = 2840 r/min) the
friction and windage torque was measured by means of a
dynamometer (Tf= 0.1Nm).
60
P [W]
90
120
0.6
T=f(P )- measured
T=f(P )- F2d
0.45
0.6
T [Nm]
I [A]
0.8
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.15
50
100
a)
150
U [V]
200
250
300
200
P =f(U )- measured
0
30
60
P [W]
90
120
P =f(U )- F2D
0
c)
150
100
0.6
cos [-]
P [W]
0.8
50
cos=f(P )- measured
0.4
cos=f(P )- F2D
2
0.2
50
100
b)
150
U [V]
200
250
300
0
1.2
30
d)
60
P [W]
90
120
=f(P2)- measured
=f(P2)- F2D
0.8
cos
0.75
0.6
cos=f(U ) - measured
[-]
0.4
cos=f(U ) - F2d
0.2
0
c)
0.5
0.25
50
100
150
U [V]
200
250
300
Fig. 3 Simulated and measured of current (a), input power (b) and
power factor (c) versus voltage at no-load test
30
60
P [W]
90
120
2
e)
Fig.4 Current (a), input power (b), output torque (c), power factor(d)
and efficiency (e) versus output power of the motor
181
2.5
I [A]
1.5
0.5
T [Nm]
50
100
150
200
250
150
200
250
U [V]
a)
500
P =f(U )- measured
k
P =f(U )- F2D
k
400
300
200
0.5
T=f(s) - measured
T=f(s) - simulated
0.4
I=f(U )- F2D
P [W]
T
I
P1
Rated load
[Nm]
[A]
[W]
[-]
[-]
Flux2D
0.31 (0.307) 0.71 145,50 0.86 0.63
Measurement 0.30 (0.301) 0.80 158,20 0.85 0.57
I=f(U )- measured
2
100
0.3
50
100
U [V]
b)
0.2
0.25
T =f(U )- measured
k
0.1
0.2
X: 1e-009
Y: 0.00402
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
T [Nm]
slip [-]
a)
T =f(U )- F2D
0.15
2.5
0.1
0.05
I [A]
1.5
0
0
I=f(s) - measured
I=f(s) - simulated
0.5
50
100
150
200
250
150
200
250
U [V]
c)
200
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Q =f(U ) - measured
k
slip [-]
b)
Fig. 5 Torque-speed (a) and current-speed (b) characteristics of the
motor
Q =f(U ) - F2D
k
160
120
Q [VAr]
40
Torque [Nm]
Measured Flux 2D
0,04
0,02
0,301
0,307
Locked-rotor test
The locked-rotor test of the motor was performed at
rated frequency of 50Hz and voltage ranging from zero up
to rated value which is possible for small power electric
motors of low value of locked-rotor current. Since the motor
torque depends on position of the rotor with respect to the
stator a preliminary test was carried out to determine the
angular position of the rotor at which the minimum torque is
developed. The computed and measured currents, input
powers, torques, and power factors of the motor were
shown in Fig. 6.
182
50
100
U [V]
d)
0.8
cos = f(U ) - measured
k
0.6
cos [-]
Steady-state
operation
No-load slip
Rated load slip
80
0.4
0.2
50
100
150
200
250
U [V]
k
e)
Fig. 6 Current (a), active power (b), torque (c), reactive power (d)
and power factor (e) of the motor at locked-rotor test
Conclusions
The implemented 2D field-circuit model of the singlephase capacitor induction motor was experimentally verified
from point of view its usefulness for simulation and study of
performance characteristics of the single-phase capacitor
induction motor at steady state operation. The obtained
curves for no-load, load and lockedrotor operation were
______________
Authors: Prof. Krzysztof Makowski, D.Sc., Ph.D., Wroclaw
University of Technology, Institute of Electrical Machines,
Drives and Measurements, Poland,
e-mail: krzysztof.makowski@pwr.wroc.pl
Ph.D. student Marcin J. Wilk, M.Sc., Wroclaw University of
Technology, Institute of Electrical Machines, Drives and
Measurements, Poland,
e-mail: marcin.j.wilk@pwr.wroc.pl
183