1 Chapter One

Department of Physics/College of Education
2014-2015
Quantum Mechanics/Ph.D.
Ph.D. Course
Ph.D.- Course
Semester- II,, Mar. 2015
Prof. Dr. Hassan N. Al
Al-Obaidi
Physics Department,
Education College,
Al-Mustansiriyah University
versity
Advanced Quantum Mechanics

Syllabus
Chapter One: Quick Revision of Quantum Mechanics Concepts and
Some Applications
1-1 Rules Of Quantum Mechanics
1-2 Free Particle in a 1DPB
1-3 Harmonic Oscillator
1-3-1 Classical Theory of L.H.O.
1-3-2 Quantum Theory of L.H.O.
1-4 Central Potentials
1-4-1 Spherical Harmonics
1-4-2 Angular Momentum
1-4-3 Particle in A potential Sphere
1-4-4 Hydrogen Like
ike Atoms
1-5 Rigid Rotator
Chapter Two:: Correction Methods

2-1 Time Independent None Degenerate Perturbation Theory
2-1-1 Stark Effect On Simple Harmonic Oscillator
2-1-2 Particle in Slanted Box
2-1-3 An Harmonic Oscillator
2-1-4 Third Order Correction
2-2 Time Independent Degenerate Perturbation Theory
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Quantum Mechanics/Ph.D. Course
2-2-1 Stark's Effect on Hydrogen Like Atoms

2-2-2 Zeeman Effect and Double Degenerate States
2-3 Variation Method
2-3-1 Hydrogen Atom
2-4 The WKB Method ( Approximation )
Chapter Three: Matrix Formulation of Quantum Mechanics

3-1 Abstract View of Quantum Mechanics
3-2 The Projection Operator
3-3 Matrix Representation of Operator
3-4 Space Transformation of Operators
3-5 Matrix Representation of Angular Momentum
3-5-1 Review for Some Basics
3-5-2 Creative and Destructive Operator
3-5-3 Matrices of Angular Momentum Operators
3-6 Matrices Representation of wave Functions
3-7 Selection Rules
Chapter Four: Time Dependant Quantum Mechanics

4-1 Formal Theory
4-1-1 Schrdinger Picture
4-1-2 Heisenberg Picture
4-1-3 Interaction Picture
4-2 Time Dependant Perturbation Theory
4-2-1 Step Perturbation
4-2-3 Sinusoidal Perturbation
4-3 Two Level Approximation
4-4 Rabi Solutions
4-5 Multi Level System
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4-6 Adiabatic Perturbation

4-7 Fermi's Golden Rule
Chapter Five: Related Topics

5-1 Motion of Charge Particle In EM field
5-2 Propagators and Feynman Path Integrals
5-3 Potentials and Gauge Transformation
5-4 Interlude
5-5 Electric Dipole Approximation
5-6 Radiation and Matter Interacting
5-7 Einstein A and B Coefficients
References:
1- A Text Book of Quantum Mechanics by Mathews and Venkatesan.
2- Quantum Mechanics by Landau and Lifshits.
3- Theory and Application of Quantum Mechanics by Ammon Yariv.
4- Quantum Mechanics by A.S. Davydov.
5- Quantum Mechanics by Schiff.
6- Quantum Theory by Bohm.
7- Quantum Mechanics- An Introduction by Greiner.
8- Modern Quantum Mechanics by Sakurai.
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Chapter One
Quick Revision of Quantum Mechanics Concepts and Some
Applications
For everyone who needs to explore the quantum physics world, its
important to know the reasons that requiring to use such a physicalmathematical tool. In other word, one has to answer questions like; What
is the QM?, Why?, etc.
1-1 Rules of Quantum Mechanics

Rule-1:Wavefunction
Given the De Broglie wave-particle duality it turns out that one may
mathematically express a particle like a wave using a "wave function"
usually denoted by ( (r,t) ). Consequently, in Q.M. the dynamical state
of a particle (system) is described by this wave function which replace the
classical concept of a trajectory and contain all what can be known about
the particle (system). This wave function must be well behaved and hence
satisfies three important conditions namely :
i- Finite
ii- Continuity
iii- Singularity
Accordingly, due to the "probabilistic or Boher interpretation of the
wave function" one can define the probability density to be the
probability per unit length of finding the particle at a point x. In three
dimensions it may represent the probability of finding he particle per unit
volume:
Pd = * (x, y, z). (x, y, z) = (x, y, z) 2

Hence, the probability of finding the particle within the volume V is :
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Pv = x y z (x, y, z) 2 dxdydz
Pv = v (x, y, z) 2 d
If one extends the above integration over all of the system space , then the
finite condition requires the probability becomes certainty (unity). i.e .
Pt =
(x, y, z) 2 d = 1
a.s
This equation called the normalization condition. However, any function

satisfys this condition called normalized. Elsewhere it must be
normalizable .i.e:
N 2 (x, y, z) d = 1
+
N being the normalization constant.
Rule-2: Observables
In Q.M. every observable quantity A like position, velocity,
energy,etc, is represent by a correspondence mathematical operator .
Accordingly, in order to measure the observable A it is necessary to solve
the Eigen value equation;
= a
A
n
n n
Where, a n are the possible results of the measurement that doing and
n are possible states of the system which called Eigen functions. If the
system has state satisfying the Eigen value equation then the
measurement of A definitely yield to the number a n .
Notes
1) Depending on position and momentum operators x = x and p x = -ih dxd
respectively one often be able to set up a desire correspondence quantum
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mechanical equation for any classical one such as TDSE and TIDSE.
(Reveal that)
2) Operator is said to be Hermitical when satisfying the relation:
+
*
n A m d =
m (A n )
i- Eigen value corresponds to any Hermitical operator must be real

quantities. (Prove)
ii-
Eigen functions corresponding to different eigen values are
always orthogonal. i.e

+
d = 0
A
m
nm
(Prove and Explain)
iii- Hence, one can directly define the orthonormality condition as:
+
d = = 0
A
m
nm
1
3) The functions n
nm
n=m
form a complete set of functions which in their
terms any arbitrary function f(x) can be expand:

f(x) = a n n
Completeness or Superposition Principle
4) It can be directly realized that the total probability is conserved. i.e.
dPt /dt = o
(Prove)
Due to that a system is said to be in a stationary state and has a wave

functions of the form n (x, t) = n (x) e-iEt/h .
5) The flow of probability density at a position x is given by the
probability current density:
r
v ih v
S=
( )
2m
(Prove)
Which satisfy the continuity equation:
dPt v v
+ .S = 0
dt
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(Prove)
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Rule-3: Expectation Value

If the system is in state
which is not an eigen state of a such
observable, then it is not possible to say with certainty what measured

value will be found for A. Therefore, one has to use the average value
which called in Q.M. expectation value of
A. It is defined
mathematically as:
d / d
A =< A >= A
d
= A
for normalised
The probability that the measurement will yield the value a n is

defined by:
2
Pn = n d / d
= n d
(Discuss)
for normalised
The integration in last two equations called overlap integral. ( Explain)
Notes:
1) Expectation value of an observable A is the sum of the possible eigen
values a n times the corresponding partial probability in that state | cn |2 .
i.e.
A = c n a n
(Prove)
2) One can easily prove that: Pn = c n
and
cn
=1
Rule-4:Variance
When the function n are a set of complete eigen functions of a two
and B
. i.e.
different operators A
= a and B
n = bn n
A
n
n n
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Then the observables A and B are said to be compatible and their

,B
] = 0 . This means
correspondence operators must be commute. i.e. [A
when a particle described by an eigen state wave function n , the

measurement of A and B will certainly yield to precise results a n and bn
respectively.
and B
are not commute, the values
However, when the operators A
of
and
cannot be predicted simultaneously.
Therefore, to
determine these observables one has to use the expectation value <A>
and <B>. Since expectation value is the average of the probability
distribution that governs the measured results. Then the spread of the
probability distribution, which called Variance may represented by the
root-mean-square deviation of the measured result, which defined by:
A = {(A A)2 }1/2 , B = {(B B)2 }1/2

Or
A = { A 2 A 2}1/2 , B = { B2 B 2}1/2
(Prove)
Rule-5: Uncertainty Principle

,B
then
]=C
If two observables A and B do not commute, i.e., [A
in a series of measurements of A and B for a system having any wave

function , A.B | C 2 | (prove it). A typical examples for such a case
are; x.p x h / 2 , E.t h , .L h , (prove).
H.W) Evaluate; [x, p x ]
Rule-6: Equation of Motion

In Q.M. the equation of motion can be realized directly from the wellknown Ehernfest's theorem:
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& =i H
& =A

,A
A
h
[ ]
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(Prove)
As shown in the formula:
& = i H
,A
A
h
[ ]
(Prove)
Equation of motion announce that, an observable A is a constant of

motion (conserved) when its operator
being commute with the
Hamiltonian.
H.W: Show that;

i- The momentum p is conserved for a free particle.
p
ii- x& = x
m
and
V
p& x =
x
Notes
1) Degeneracy in Q.M. refers to the case when there are more than
one eigen function correspond to the same eigen value. However,
the number of these eigen functions is called the degree of
degeneracy.
2) Some wave function have a property that they own an even or odd
symmetry with respect to the reflection in the coordinate around
the
origin.
This
symmetrical
mathematical form:
(x) = [
+ (x)
( x)
H.W: Show that: Rn (x) = rn n (-x)
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property called
Parity.
In
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1-2 Free Particle in a 1DPB

This application deals with a free particle moves at the following
potential distribution;
V(x) = [
zero
infinite
0<x<a
elsewhere
One may realize that SE is the key by which one can explore
microscopic systems. So, SE
H n = En n
h 2 2
+ V( x) }n = En n
2m x 2
for this system SE goes to be;
h 2 d 2
n = E n n
2m dx 2
d 2n
+ k 2 n = 0
2
dx
where k 2 =
2mE
h2
The general solution is then given by;
n ( x) = Aeikx + Beikx
Using the boundary conditions n (0) = 0 and n (a) = 0 one can easily
find that A= -B and k =
n
.
a
Thus, one may deduce the energies and
the wave functions to be;
En = n
2h 2
2ma
and n ( x) = N sin( na x )
( Prove that)
H.W
1) Try to analyze the case when the potential beings zero along the
interval
a
a
and infinite elsewhere.
x
2
2
2) For the above investigated one may show that the energies and their
correspondence wave functions may given in 3D by;
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2
h 2 nx2 n y nz2
E=
( + + ) and
2m a 2 b 2 c 2
n ( x, y, z ) =
8
n
sin( n xa x) sin( by y) sin( n zc z )
abc
3) Show that; r = 12 (ia + jb + kc)

degeneracy.
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and p = 0 . Then discuss the
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1-3 Harmonic Oscillator

According to classical mechanics, L.H.O. defined as a particle of mass
m executing small oscillation under the action of the restoring force;
F = k x . Where k is the proportional constant which called forces

constant or Stiffness. The physical meaning of the minus sign is that the
force F in a direction opposite with particle displacement x.
The problem of H.O. in quantum mechanics has a very importance due
to many systems can be represented approximately as a harmonic
oscillators such as atomic vibrations in molecules and solid bodies,
vibrations of the electromagnetic radiation, , etc.
1-3-1Classical Theory of L.H.O.

From Newtons second law, equation of motion of H.O. can be setup to
be:
&x& + 2 x = 0 , =
k
m
Where is the angular frequency. With the solutions: x = a cost and

x = a sin t , which represent an oscillatory motion of angular frequency
and amplitude a. The potential is related to the force by:
F=
v
x
So that:
V(x) =
1
m 2x 2
2
Which is a parabolic curve. Hence the total energy is:

1
1
E = T + V(x) = mx& 2 + m 2 x 2
2
2
Notes:
1) The minimum energy of H.O. is zero.
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1
E = m 2 a 2
2
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2) The energy of H.O. has a continuous spectrum of values.

3) The probability density of finding the oscillating particle has an
inverse proportionality with its speed.
1-3-2 Quantum Theory of H.O.

Schrodinger equation H n = En n for this system take the form;
h 2 2 1
2
+ m2 &x& }n = E n n
2
2m x 2
Assume that; y =
m
x
h
and n =
2En
h ...........(1- 1)
One may reach:

2n
+ ( n y 2 ) n = 0 .......... ....(1 - 2)
2
y
(Why?)
I) Schrdinger Treatment
For the special case when y >> n equation (1-2) reduced to ;
2 n
y 2 n = 0 ................(1 - 3)
2
y
However, this sort of equation admits a solution of the form;

n (y) = e
1
y2
2
.......... .........( 1 - 4)
In order to reach the exact solution of equation (1-2), one must multiply
equation (1-4) by a dummy function such as f(y) as follows;
n (y) =
1
y2
f(y) e 2 .......... ..(1 - 5)
When equation (1-5) substituted in equation (1-2) one can find that:
f(y) = H n (y) = (-1) e y
dn
dyn
e- y
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Ph.D. Course
Where n = 2n + 1 and n = 0,1,2,3,... Actually, this is a Hermit

polynomial of degree n.. the energy eigen values strictly can be deduce
From equation (1-1)
1) to be;
E n = h(n + 12 ).........(1 - 6)
This equation represent the total energy of the harmonic oscillator. It is

seen that this energy is quantized and the minimum energy that the H.O.
can take is:

E 0 = 12 h zero point energy
However, the normalized wave function of H.O. is:

n (y) = N n
Where
1
y2
e 2 H
n (y)............(1 - 7)
Nn is the normalized constant.
The figure below reveal a
simplified diagram clarifying the potential energy curve and the eigen
values, eigen wave functions
functions curves of the first three states of the H.O.
system.
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H.W
1) By using the definition of the generation function show that:
Nn = (
m/h 1/2
1
1/2
N
=
(
)
and
)
n
2 n n!
2 n n!
2) Prove that:
dH n (y)
dy
a-
= 2n H n -1 (y)
c- yn (y) =
1
2
e-
n
2
b- yH n (y) = 12 H n +1 (y) + nH n -1 (y)
n 1 (y) +
n +1
n +1 (y)
2
(y + dyd ) n (y) = n n -1 (y)
d-
d n (y)
dy
f-
1
2
= -y n (y) + 2n n 1 (y)
(y - dyd ) n (y) = n + 1 n +1 (y)
The two operators in (e and f) are called respectively Destruction ( a )
and Creation ( a + ) Operators. Accordingly;

3) Show that;
b- a + = (2mh )1/ 2 (mx ip x )
a- a = (2mh )1/ 2 (mx + ip x )
c- a , a + = 1
= h(a +a + 1 )
d- H
2
e- x = (h/2m)1/2 (a + + a)
f- p x = i(hm / 2)1/2 (a a + )
= a + a .
4) Given O
n
Find the commuter operators of this operator with
each of a and a + separately and thereafter find its eigen value for any
vibrating state n.
5) Depending on the creation and destruction operators investigate the

HO system in detail. ( What this approach named? )
6) Compare between Classical and Quantum Results of H.O.
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Ph.D. Course
1-4 Central Potentials

This is a more realistic problem compared with the previous
applications. Such sort of systems known classically by A Central
Potential Systems while in quantum mechanics called Spherically

Symmetrical Potentials. However, it is defined as that type of systems
which their potentials only depend on the radial displacement between
the particle and the systems
system
origin. Mathematically this means
v
that V (r ) = V (r ) .
Actually, the SE for these systems can be put as in the following
expression;
{
h 2 2
v
v
+ V (r )} n (r ) = E n n ( r )
2m
...........(1 8)
It is more convenient to use the spherical polar coordinates rather than

Cartesian one to deals with such a problems. However it is well known
that;
x r(0 r)
y (0 )
z (0 2 )
radial co.
zenithal co.
azmuthal co.
As well as d = dr rd r sin d = r 2 sin dr d d
The converting equations between the two coordinates systems are;
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x = r sin cos
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y = r sin sin
z = r cos
Or inversely:
r = ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/ 2
= tan 1 ( x 2 + y 2 )1 / 2 / z
= tan 1{y / z}1 / 2
Schrdinger equation in the new coordinate system can be written as:

h 2
2m
1
r r
(r 2
)+
1
r sin
2
( sin ) +
2
1
2
r sin 2
2
}(r,,) +
V(r)(r , , ) = E (r , , ) ......(1 - 9)
The method of separation of variables is standard approach usually used

to solve this partial differential equation. Accordingly the wave function
must be written in the form:
(r , , ) = R (r ) ( ) ( )
= R (r ) Y( , ) ...........(1 - 10)
The substituting of equation (1-10) in (1-9), will splitting Schrdinger

equation to the following three differential equations:
d
dr
(r 2
dR ( r )
)
dr
1 d
sin d
d 2 ( )
d 2
(sin
2 mr 2
h2
d ( )
)
d
( E V (r )) R(r ) = R(r )
+ (
sin 2
)( ) = 0
+ ( ) = 0
.............(1 - 11)
..............(1 - 12)
..............(1 - 13)
Where and are constants. Solutions of zenith and azimuth part

respectively given by;
( ) = Plm ( ) = {
2 l +1 ( l -|m|)!
2 ( l +|m|)!
}1 / 2 ( 1 )|m| / 2 dd
|m|
( ) = (2 ) 1 / 2 e im
Where:
|m|
Pl ( ) .......(1 - 14)
..........(1 - 15)
= m2
= l( l + 1 )
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m = 0,1,2,3,...
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Magnetic Quantum Number
l = 0 ,1,2 ,3,...,| m | Orbital Quantum Number

= cos
Pl ( ) =
1 dl
Polynomial
{( 2 1 )} Legendre
l
2 l! d
Plm ( ) = ( 1 2 )|m| / 2
d |m|
Pl ( ) Associated Legendre polynomial
d |m|
H.W:
1)Set up the first six associated Legendre polynomial.
2)Show that;
1
m
m
Pl ( ).Pl ( ).d =
0
2 ( l +|m|)!
2 l +1 ( l |m|)!
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l l
l = l
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1-4-1 Spherical Harmonics

Spherical Harmonics function is simply the product result of zenithal
times azimuthal parts of the wave function. i.e.
Ylm ( , ) = Plm ( ) m ( )
= N lm Plm ( ) e im
The factor N lm appears in last equation is the normalization constant and
it so easy to prove that it given by;
N lm = ( 1 )( m +|m|) / 2
1/ 2
2 l +1 ( l -|m|)!
4 ( l +|m|)!
(Prove)
H.W:
1) What is the physical meaning of the arbitrary factor appears in the last
equation?
2)Set up the first six spherical harmonics functions.

3)Show that the degeneracy of spherical harmonics is (2+1) and the
parity is (-1).
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1-4-2 Angular Momentum

v
A according to classical mechanics any particle moves with momentum p

around a fixed origin has an angular momentum;
v v v
L = rp
v
L
This classical angular momentum
goes over into a quantum
mechanical L in the usual way:

L = r p
Thus, it is easy to prove that:
l = yp - zp = -ih(y - z )
x
z
y
z
y
l = zp - xp = -ih(z - x )
y
x
z
x
z
l = xp - zp = -ih(x - y )
z
y
x
y
x
Considering spherical polar coordinate one can easy, but tedious, to
rewrite the above equations in the form;
l = ih(sin + cot cos

x
l = ih(-cos + cot sin

y
l = -ih
z
Typically, it is convenient to write;
L2 = h 2
In fact,
1
sin
(sin
l 2
L 2 = l 2x + l 2y +so,
z
)+ 1
2
2
sin 2
(Prove)
spherical harmonics are an eigen wave functions for the
operator L2 with an eigen values h 2 l( l + 1 ) where,

L 2Ylm ( , ) = h 2 l( l + 1 ).Ylm ( , )
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.......... ....(1 - 16)
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HW:
Depending on procedure by means equations (1-12 and 13) produced,
derive equation (1-16).
Furthermore, spherical harmonics is also an eigen wave function for
the z-component of angular momentum. i.e.
l Y m ( , ) = mh .Y m ( , )
..............(1 - 17)
z l
(Prove)
Now concerning with equations (1-16 and 17) and recall the conditioned
value l = 0 ,1,2 ,3,...,| m | it is seen that for each value of l defining a sub
state for L there are m distinct arrangements of lz arranging from - l to l
through the zero value. ( Do you hear by Space Quantization? Or the
Zeeman Effect?)
It should be mentioned that, the procedure by means equations (1-12
and 13) are solved, is a typical common for any system have a spherical
potential irrespective of the mathematical nature of this potential. While
equation (1-11) can't be solved without a precise knowledge of the
mathematical form of this potential. So, concerning with this point, two
different applications will be discussed in the following two sections.
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1-4-3 Particle in A potential Sphere

This is a more realistic problem compared with the HO problem.
However, the potential for such a case beings as in following formula;
V(r) = [
zero
r<a
ra
Where one may met such a system?
It is obvious that the particle cannot be penetrated the spherical potential

barrier and it is bounded to move only inside the sphere (Can you show
mathematically how the wave function beings zero outside the

sphere?). Therefore, equation (1-11) becomes;
d
( r 2 dRdr( r )
dr
and hence,
)+
r2
.............(1 - 18)
)+{
h
d
(r 2 dRdr( r )
dr
Or;
( E zero )R( r ) = R( r )
2mEn 2
r l( l + 1 )} R( r ) = 0 ...............(1 - 19)
h2
2mE n
k2 =
to get;
2
d
(r 2 dRdr( r )
dr
Assuming
2 mr 2
h2
) + { k 2 r 2 l( l + 1 )} R( r ) = 0
..............(1 - 20)
d 2 R( r )
dR( r )
+ 2r
+ ( k 2 r 2 l( l + 1 ))R( r ) = 0 ..............(1 - 21)
2
dr
dr
Assuming = kr so
d
dr
d d
dr d
and
d2
dr 2
= ( ddr ) 2
d2
d 2
hence equation
(1-21) when = l( l + 1 ) becomes;
d 2 R( )
d
+ 2
dR( )
+ ( 2 ) R( ) = 0
d
..............(1 - 22)
In fact equation (1-22) is the Modified Bessel Equation of Order where

its general solution given by;
R( ) = c1J ( ) + c 2 I ( )
..............(1 - 23)
Obviously, J() are Spherical Bessel's Functions of the First Kind

while I() are Spherical Bessel's Functions of the second Kind. It is
seen that second term in last equation must be drop so as to obtain a
reliable solution ( Why?). So,
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R ( ) = N 1 J ( )
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..............(1 - 24)
H.W:
1) With the aid of last equation and the physics of problem show that the
energy eigen values can be expressed by;
E=
h 2 2
2ma 2
..............(1 - 25)
Where is the value that make Bessel's Function vanishes at r=a.
2) Find the normalization constant N1 and then deduce the final form of
the eigen wave functions for such a system by combining equation (1-24)
together with equations (1-14 and 15).
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1-4-4 Hydrogen Like Atoms

It is well known that these atoms have only one electron moves around
F = k/r.2 Thus, the
their nucleus under the action of Coulombs force:

potential of these atoms has the form
V(r) = k/r, where
k = Ze 2 /4 0. It
can be seen that V(r) is only depend on the radial distance between the
electron and the nucleus. So, it is an another example for the spherically
symmetrical potential systems. Equation (1-11) for this type of central
potential systems becomes;
1 d
r 2 dr
(r 2
dR ( r )
)
dr
+ { 2 m2 ( E + kr )
h
l ( l +1)
}R ( r )
r2
=0
.......... ...(1 - 26)
This equation can be easily solve, but tedious, and the solution may put in
the form;
R(r ) R( ) = { 2
(n -l-1)!
2n{(n + l)!}3
}1 / 2 e / 2 l L2nl++l1 ( )
............(1 - 27)
2Z r
with
Where L2nl++l1 ( ) is Associated Lagurre Polynomial and = r = na
0
Z beings the Atomic Number and
a0 =
4 0 h 2
me 2
Boher Magneton. For
q=n+1 and p=2l+1 associated Lagurre function may expressed by the

form;
Lqp ( ) =
dp
d p
Lq ( )
Where Lq ( ) is Lagurre Function which expressed in the form;

Lq ( ) = e
dq
d
( q e )
H.W:
1) Set up the first five associated Lagurre functions.
2) With aid of equations (1-14, 15 and 27) deduce the final form of the
eigen wave functions for H-like atoms.
3) Show that the eigen values for such a system are given by the
h 2z 2
formula; E n =
2ma 02 n 2
4) Concerning with radial part wave function state the reason behind the
condition; n = + l + 1
- 24 -
2014-2015
1-5 Rigid Rotator

Simply, this system compromise on a freely particle (or more) which
rotate a round fixed point. (When you may met such a system?). So, SE
for this system is;
H n (r , , ) = E n n (r , , )
h 2 2
n ( r , , ) = E n n ( r , , )
2m
h 2
2m
1
r r
(r 2
1
r 2 sin
( sin )
( sin ) +
2mr
{ 1
2 sin
( sin ) +
2 }.
1
r 2 sin 2 2
(r,,) = E (r , , )
h 2
}(r,, ) = E (r , , )
2
1
r 2 sin 2 2
h 2
{ 21
2m r sin
)+
2 }(r,,)
1
2
sin 2
= E (r , , )
h 2
2mr
{ sin1
h 2 1
{
2 I sin
( sin ) +
( sin ) +
2 }(,) =
1
sin 2 2
2 }(,) =
1
sin 2 2
E ( , )
E ( , )...........(1 28)
Where I=mr2 is the moment of inertia. It can be seen that the Hamiltonian
of the system under consideration is;
L2
H =
2I
- 25 -
2014-2015
Obviously the term in numerator is the angular momentum operator

which previously proved to be;
L2 = h 2
1
sin
(sin
)+ 1
2
2
sin 2
Equation (1-28) need further simplification in order to be solvable ( What
that simplification called?). Consequently, to achieve this task multiply

this equation by (-2I sin2/2 ), so it reduces to the following form;
{sin
( sin
)+
2 }(,
2
) + sin 2 ( , ) = 0 ......( 1 29 )
Certainly (=2IE/2). Using the separation of variables to solve this

equation through assuming;
( , ) = ( ) ( ) ..............(1 - 30)
New the substitution of equation (1-30) into (1-29) will yield to;
sin
( sin
) + sin 2 =
2
2
......( 1 31 )
Mathematically this means that; ( Why?)

sin
( sin
2
2
) + sin 2 = m 2
= m2
......( 1 32 )
......( 1 33 )
The general solution of equation (1-33) take the form;

( ) = A e im
The singularity condition requested that;

( ) = ( + 2 )
- 26 -
2014-2015
Therefore;
A e im = A e im ( + 2 )
With the aid of Euler's theorem one may conclude that;

m = 0 , 1, 2, 3,...
In order to find the value of A, the normalization condition must be used.

i.e.
m m d = 1
0
However, one can directly find that;
A =1
. So, the final form of
the azimuthally function being as follows;
m () =
1
2
eim
.........(1 - 34)
Concerning with the equation (1-32), assume that =cos and replace
() by P(), as we did before, the equation can be rewritten as in form

below;
(1 2 ) ddP2 2
2
dP
d
+ { 1 m 2 } P = 0
......( 1 35 )
It is well known that, equation (1-35) is Associated Legendre's
Differential Equation when = l( l + 1 ) . Anyway, it reduces to what be

known by Legendre's Differential Equation for m=0.
However, its
solution given by equation (1-14). Hence the total wave function beings
as in the form;
lm ( , ) Ylm ( , ) = Plm ( ) m ( )
= N lm Plm ( ) e im
Where;
N lm = ( 1 )( m +|m|) / 2
1/ 2
2 l +1 ( l -|m|)!
4 ( l +|m|)!
- 27 -
2014-2015
H.W:
l
m
m
1) Express Pl as a power series in ( i.e. Pl = l=0 al
verify the convergence of the series. Then prove that
) and hence
= l( l + 1 ) for
beings 0, 1, 2, 3,
2) Repeat the approach in (1) to prove that the solution of equation

(1-32) is given by equation (1-14).
3) What is the unit of ?!.

The energy eigen values for the rigid rotator can be found from the
equation that defined variable as follow;
2 IE
= l( l + 1 )
h2
So,
h 2 l( l + 1 )
E=
2I
or
El =
h 2 l( l + 1 )
2I
H.W:
1) Discuss why energy eigen values equation do not shows any
dependant on m.
{Beca uset he rotat ion is fre e fr om a ny forc e}
2) Can you deduce the last equation directly from equation (1-28).
Why?
- 28 -

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Department of Physics/College of Education

Advanced Quantum Mechanics

Chapter Two:: Correction Methods

Department of Physics/College of Education

Quantum Mechanics/Ph.D. Course

2-2-1 Stark's Effect on Hydrogen Like Atoms

Chapter Three: Matrix Formulation of Quantum Mechanics

Chapter Four: Time Dependant Quantum Mechanics

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Quantum Mechanics/Ph.D. Course

4-6 Adiabatic Perturbation

Chapter Five: Related Topics

Department of Physics/College of Education

Quantum Mechanics/Ph.D. Course

1-1 Rules of Quantum Mechanics

Pd = * (x, y, z). (x, y, z) = (x, y, z) 2

Department of Physics/College of Education

Quantum Mechanics/Ph.D. Course

This equation called the normalization condition. However, any function

N being the normalization constant.

Department of Physics/College of Education

Quantum Mechanics/Ph.D. Course

i- Eigen value corresponds to any Hermitical operator must be real

Eigen functions corresponding to different eigen values are

always orthogonal. i.e

(Prove and Explain)

form a complete set of functions which in their

terms any arbitrary function f(x) can be expand:

Completeness or Superposition Principle

4) It can be directly realized that the total probability is conserved. i.e.

Due to that a system is said to be in a stationary state and has a wave

Which satisfy the continuity equation:

Department of Physics/College of Education

Quantum Mechanics/Ph.D. Course

Rule-3: Expectation Value

which is not an eigen state of a such

observable, then it is not possible to say with certainty what measured

The probability that the measurement will yield the value a n is

The integration in last two equations called overlap integral. ( Explain)

2) One can easily prove that: Pn = c n

Department of Physics/College of Education

Quantum Mechanics/Ph.D. Course

Then the observables A and B are said to be compatible and their

when a particle described by an eigen state wave function n , the

cannot be predicted simultaneously.

root-mean-square deviation of the measured result, which defined by:

A = {(A A)2 }1/2 , B = {(B B)2 }1/2

Rule-5: Uncertainty Principle

in a series of measurements of A and B for a system having any wave

H.W) Evaluate; [x, p x ]

Rule-6: Equation of Motion

Department of Physics/College of Education

Quantum Mechanics/Ph.D. Course

As shown in the formula:

Equation of motion announce that, an observable A is a constant of

being commute with the

H.W: Show that;

H.W: Show that: Rn (x) = rn n (-x)

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1-2 Free Particle in a 1DPB

microscopic systems. So, SE

for this system SE goes to be;

The general solution is then given by;