Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
A GRAMMAR
OF THE
ARABIC LANGUAGE,
TRANSLATED
BY
W. WEIGHT,
LL.D.,
%\
THIRD EDITION
<f\
REVISED BY
W.
*i
ROBERTSON SMITH,
AND
M.
J.
de GOEJE,
VOLUME
?
I.
/V
DATE... f?K. 6
CAMBRIDGE:
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
1896
(o2)05
v.l
Cambrfofit
PRINTED BY
J.
AND
C.
F. CLAY,
Edition
of
Wright's
Grammar
of
the Arabic
-*-
New
Edition.
The demand
pressing, Prof.
for it
its
for
having become
well
At
work.
his
death
life
my
initials,
and
it
was
for this
reason
among
Smith
Grammar which he
revised.
Trifling
in square brackets.
to
take
initials.
all
the end of the Second Volume, Wright had noted here and there
VI
on the margin of his own copy some new examples (chiefly from
the Nakaid) which have been inserted, unless they seemed quite
initials.
Wright's
own
small
"
Grammar
of the
I have to acknowledge
who drew my
my obligations
to
Mr Du
Pre Thornton,
But
my
warmest
has contributed
M.
J.
de GOEJE.
Leyden,
February, 1896.
"A
Edition of
my
-*--*-
new work
and much
alteration,
for there is
size of this
may mention
the
Commentary
edition of 1872);
Broch, 1859)
that
is,
f^^*, second
Yazigi's Faslu
'l-Hitab
edition,
Beirut,
(w>LLaJt J-oi,
1867);
and Nasif
'el-
1866).
(A Grammar
i.,
1813); which
last,
Vlil
however,
beginners.
of Professor Lagus of Helsingfors (Larokurs i Arabiska
of
Spraket, 1869). But I am indebted above all to the labours
grammar
De
Sacy's
Grammar
first
volume of
Arabischen (1856).
In the notes which touch upon the comparative grammar of
the Semitic languages, I have not found much to alter, except in
I have read, I believe, nearly everything that
detail.
has been published of late years upon this subject the fanciful
lucubrations of Von Raumer and Raabe, as well as the learned
matters of
and Tegnr. My
the
same
as
it
standpoint remains, however, nearly
formerly was.
The ancient Semitic languages Arabic and iEthiopic, Assyrian,
Canaanitic (Phoenician and Hebrew), and Aramaic (so-called
and scholarly
are
Romance languages
standing to them
Italian,
have,
As
I still think,
of Oppert, Sayce,
IX
me to have already attained nearly the same stage of grammatical development (or decay) as the post-classical Arabic, the
spoken language of mediaeval and modern times.
to
thank the
I have to
tributing the
sum
Home Government
ment
Home Department
twenty-five
and of the Punjab, sixty copies.
;
fellow,
Mr
My
friend
(Fort William),
of Madras, ten
S. Australia),
pecuniary aid to the same extent as the India Office, and thereby
laid me, and I hope I may say other Orientalists, under a fresh
obligation.
Professor
dedication as a
mark
trust,
look
upon the
the congratulations of numerous pupils and friends, he has celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of his doctorate.
W. WRIGHT.
Cambridge,
1st July,
1874.
The
Mr
F.
Du
Pre"
Thornton
for
They
gratitude
to
to
Prof,
take
this
de Goeje
New
Edition.
opportunity of
for
expressing their
he
and
for
in the midst of
many important
literary
engagements.
l\
CONTENTS.
PART
FIRST.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
13
A.
Gezma
B.
Tesdid or Sedda
13
C.
Hemza
16
D.
Wasla
E.
Medda
or
or
13
Nebra
........
or Matta
The Syllable
The Accent
The Numbers
19
24
26
27
28
PART SECOND.
ETYMOLOGY OR THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
THE VERB.
I.
A.
1.
The Forms
of the Triliteral
Form
The Second Form
The Third Form
The Fourth Form
The
GENERAL VIEW.
First
Verb
29
30
31
32
34
CONTENTS.
Xll
PAGE
36
Form
The Sixth Form
The Seventh Form
The Eighth Form
The Ninth and Eleventh Forms
The
Fifth
38
40
41
43
44
The
The
Quadriliteral
Verb and
Forms
47
Forms
its
49
The Voices
The
51
Verb
The Moods
51
The Numbers,
B.
b.
The
of the First
Inflexion
52
....
53
53
by Persons
1.
Separate Pronouns
54
2.
55
3.
55
Forms
of the Tenses
and Moods
Quadriliteral
57
57
....*.
60
61
of the First
46
Form
of the Strong
....
Verb
61
63
63
Verb
67
C.
1.
Verba Homzata
2.
3.
72
et
et
Weak
^
^
Verbs.
78
81
Weak Verbs
CONTENTS.
Xlll
PAGE
Appendix A.
The Verb
I.
J~J
96
II.
The Verbs
of Praise
III.
The Forms
expressive of Surprise or
Appendix
and Blame
Suffixes,
II.
A.
Adjective,
their
106
110
(0)
The Nomina
Vicis
122
(y)
The Nomina
Speciei
123
(5)
(e)
()
et
124
Temporis
et
130
Patientis
(/3)
(y)
(8)
II.
(e)
(C)
The Diminutive
(rj)
Some
of
other Nominal
.148
149
of Quality
149
151
156
.159
165
166
Forms
Nouns
175
177
183
The Numbers
187
Forms which
3.
or Relative Adjectives
III.
The Gender
147
vel Multitudinis
I.
2.
98
.100
Adjectives
b.
97
THE NOUN.
....
B.
The Verbal
1.
Wonder
of
Nouns
The Dual
185
187
The
Pluralis
The
Pluralis Fractus
Sanus
192
199
CONTENTS.
xiv
PAGE
4.
The Declension
Nouns
of
I.
The Declension
II.
The Declension
234
of Undefined
Nouns
234
239
Diptotes
of Defined
Nouns
247
Appendix.
The Pronominal
2.
3.
253
260
262
1.
2.
Article
...
The
Interrogative Pronouns
The Indefinite Pronouns
(6)
A.
....
264
270
270
274
277
THE PARTICLES.
III.
THE PREPOSITIONS.
279
The Separable
280
Prepositions
B.
THE ADVERBS.
282
Adverbial Accusatives
288
C.
283
THE CONJUNCTIONS.
THE INTERJECTIONS
PARADIGMS OF THE VERBS
D.
252
3.
THE NUMERALS.
B.
1.
Suffixes,
290
.291
294
298
Part
First.
Orthography
and Orthoepy.
8i
PAKT FIRST.
ORTHOGRAPHY AND ORTHOEPY.
I.
1.
Arabic, like
right to
left.
The
Hebrew and
letters
Syriac, is
of the
alphabet (tW*H
^3s*~> ^3J**
are twenty-eight m
LfL^\, aJl^J! o^aJt, or^a^l *-*3j~)
number, and are all consonants, though three of them are also used
They vary in form, according as they are connected with a preceding or following letter, and, for the most part,
terminate in a bold stroke, when they stand alone or at the end of
The following Table gives the letters in their usual order,
a word.
as vowels (see 3).
NAME.
I.
1]
Rem.
This combination
^.
The
a, 3,
from
Rem. b.
The Arabs
sequence
object of
elif
it is
The order
of
viz.
single point
k*.
At the
^.
hh.
&*
sh.
*!*
gh.
J, fy.
ir
$'
s*& Imh.
j&'%
Thus
JF
method
is
a recent innovation,
first
appears as
-*
^\&-
The
r+-.
latter
* This
is
some old Mss., on the other hand, k has the point below,
3, i.
3,
In
a, or even
Part
4
a
First.
Orthography
and Orthoepy.
Rem. dL Those letters which are identical in form, and distinin writing only by the aid of the small
guished from one another
dots usually called diacritical points (*}*&}
and c
O,
x>
w*
to the latter
w> and
called
is
O
^
J, u*> u^>
Sj^^Jt
lUI,
tfAe
and
one point
J tcwft
l^iji
w^A
The
(j)
letters w>,
points above
fa#o
(3)
(.>)*;
*> St*
^e
iUU^Jt iUM,
j* A* J
>
-,
5,
(3).
mark
we
manuscripts
cit;
^ ^ ;
Also
etc.
>*>*
a or o
j^ utfcr'c^J
of distinction
by way
old Mss.
c^U!ug; k %;
from
In some
5.
^ takes
a point
below.
Rem. e. The letters are also divided into the following classes,
which take their names from the particular part of the vocal organs
that
is
chiefly instrumental in
&+
3 St
J&'SitOJJjO*
<
*ui tO
3 3 0*
Ojj^Jt, the
Sj^JtAJI
gingivals,
lip),
w>
Ov* j-
3 sua ^
-pw
tongue
3
Si
is
*
ZO*
gum
4*L^I
(itJUt).
3 J 0*
[With
final
Some modern
^>, ^,
but
J^j.]
I.
2]
J
ui
ul
&
13
0,
4jja,
of the tongue
<f..)t
utto
Si
^LxJaJt
are pro-
JmJJI or J^jJ^t).
J* u
a
j o
^, 'which
j j o*
>o
the lips
orifice of
J
j os
Si
\i
(js*m,)\).
^jj^Jt
>
or
(^t
x5
xfi
i*^l).
* Os
<
^^
the letters
jjUjj^JJI ^J^^a
uvula
is
(SlyAJt)
y 0*
letters
2.
ample
The
9-
and
soft letters,
jSi
0*
Jl*
c,
^ are called
0*3
aJLsUt
J^
J Os
it is
f.
ojjoJt, the
gutturals,
>^
c c
sijj^.,
^e weak
letters.
some of these
for ex-
letters,
the
with hemza
of the
(t,
t,
Hebrews
see 15)
is
is
will,
tpKH).
^}X?
homme
It
may
be com-
or English hour.
t.
The Turks
pronounced
and Persians usually convert it into the surd s, as in sing. [In Egypt
it is commonly confounded with O, less often with ^*.]
>
is
like the
Arabia, however,
9-, the Heb.
stronger than
d,
it
Greek
0,
or th in thing.
PI,
is
U, or
our g in
get.
like -.
same
(as in *)&*
*.
J J
correct pronunciation of
and
*^>
3 J
The
an d
than our
d.
<1>
does to
O.
It is
sounded
j)
Part
Orthography
First.
modern Greeks,
it
into
and Orthoepy.
or th in that, with.
it is
sometimes z but
z.
[In
Egypt
often er d.]
is
is
the English
z.
the surd s in
is* is
v, the Heb. V,
c^
an aspirated
is
sit,
is
a strongly articulated
s,
somewhat
like ss in
6#,
like th in
it is
)o
do to
same relation to
that
*>
and i
O and
palatal
z,
^,
JJ,
is
AJaJI.
to 9-
a nasal
b
is
mere
vowel-letter, or (worse
still)
as
or ng.
in gargling, of
it*.
of Arabia,
[Hence L
for bX^xA,
is
Hamdanled.
and often
in Mss.
De G.]
II.
3, 4]
hard g whilst in [Cairo and some parts of] Syria it is vulgarly confounded with elif hemzatum, as 'ultu, ya'ulu, for kultu, yakulu.
& J,>, and tj, are exactly our k, I, m, n. When immediately
;
followed by the letter w>, without any vowel coming between them,
tj takes the
O J
grammatical termination
nounced like O, t)*.
and
#.
>
originally
no signs
la,
rem. a, and
4.
fi
15) for a,
^s kai,
At a
for t
To
>)
pro-
1,
is
II.
see
In the
3.
*****
<Ua) 'ahlaka.
^r* hum,
e. g.
and
ai,
for
(without hdmza,
u and
au.
E.g.,
du, ji lau.
French
(b)
L feth (~$)
- Bsr
L damm
(j^i) or
i (as
in bird)
damma
in pin),
kerlmun.
(a dull, obscure
1x5 1
0,
/,
^Bftw.
o (nearly as
**
the
German
JUMM)
e.g.
<d
Ww,
O J
* In
point of fact, this figure
the ancient
modern
.1
1
(Heb.
(Heb.
jf
),
5 is
H -> H 7),
in
which
(ah),
and the
and
The terms
V!)3p
endings
a, u,
^^u
De
Ox
and
[Another name
G.]'
mark
is
6.
commonly used
Lin
of the case-
other positions;
S
ywftU ajj^jaJI.
Rem.
*3j,
xOj0Oxj2JxO*>
laJI
Orthoepy.
for
damm
is
kabw, ^3.
x
5 x x x
vowel
5
is
called dib^a.,
a motion,
Ox
xO
plur.
plur.
e.g.
x
x x
Ol&j
its
J J
JULwt or J|yw.
Rem. c.
In the oldest Mss. of the Kor'an, the vowels are
expressed by dots (usually red), one above for fetha, one below for
As rekesra, and one in the middle, or on the line, for damma.
gards the signs L, _,
X
Rules
and
is
and ^ or a.
respectively.
the third
for those in
The
following rules
somewhat
indistinctly enunciated.
learner*.
(a)
When
4- c
xx
^sb
*
e.g.
is
[Learners whose ears and vocal organs are good, and who have
of hearing and practising the correct pronunciation of
an opportunity
the consonants, will find that the proper shades of sound in the three
vowels come without effort when the consonants are spoken rightly
and naturally.
The approximate
are mainly useful as a guide towards the right way of holding the
mouth in pronouncing the consonants as well as the vowels.]
II.
6]
_
damma
pronounced as
e.g.
^Ac
'ilmun,
^a-
(especially
and e) to o;
9 6 j
o,
e.g.
lotfun,
1L hosnun
J
(
(b)
e.g.
, s
J ,
C~l>
katabta,
j+&\ 'akbaru ;
or
becomes a
it
by a long one),
e.g.
Jj
and
before
when that
jLoJt
letter is
3o
a,
i,
suratun
u, e. g. $j*.
and
garratun,
u, are indicated
I,
^j,
kola, *aj bVa, $$** sukun; in which case these letters are called
The com-
binations
though
and
pure sound of a
O**-'
l~> sbnibkun,
6.
^=>j* m^rkebun,
bdl,
^j
and j L must
after the
always be pronounced
emphatic consonants $
or
and
German
u, e.g.
and
o\
sound of
o,
not
u,
inclines to the
torun, tunun.
a was at
and
hence
long vowels,
Rem.
a.
invention of
first
it
a&M,
Si
'
"0
^^1,
IJJb,
U^A,
i,
f *.
* '
*>''
03J*>
1J&.
More
in
exactly, however, the fetha should be written perpendicularly
this case, so as to resemble a small elif
Ot^-JI,
w.
<C,JUt
e.g. olUI,
c>**^>
axJ^JI,
from
(^e resurrection, to be carefully distinguished
2
j.
*?
Part
10
First.
Orthography
**JI
JUy
U^A,
"
J / /
2u*$3,
0/1/
5 1/
also
**\
and Orthoepy.
aIU,
ending in <jt^
Si
>k*wuJ!
J/
j
djyc*
//
0/
0/
*y-U,
jX*.,
This
other proper names of the forms J^li and J^UJt ; jJJ} ; etc.
/
/
/
/0/
/ 0/
e.g.
of
//0/<
el-'Asi,
^j-^tijt,
* J
->/0
^Citf
J^i-ojf for
Rem.
j^.
Carlo;
j\
c.
localities,
j/
4, a,
and
" deflection
This change
5, 6).
is
called aJU*jM,
tl-imdla,
"
10/
0/
w>l>j/
em,
WMJ,
jjl Zo&tn,
w>b
7.
&i&,
lisin
lisan, are
The
Hence
sounded ri&#,
names
e I
sister
& j
khsra, and 3, a^oJI c*.t,
a a
ai
oW*-j cJ^*j
to kesra,
of fetha,
^ stor
o/*
and j to damma
/O/O/0jo|
^, S^JOI
damma.
Jaen,
whence
C^-t, /^ sister of
Fetha before
and
4t
sound after the harder gutturals and the emphatics,
Z?e/a,
**!/**
i.
the
corresponds to fetha,
/ O/O/0
is
0/
^LJ
6a6,
^jJ^JI*.
dJ>l5,
bnu
JO
e.g.
0/
o^o
saifun,
final
in these cases is hardly a mere orthobut
graphical irregularity,
expresses a variant pronunciation in which
the final I was shortened or dropped.
See Noldeke, Gesch. d. Qordn's,
[The omission of
p. 251.]
II.
7]
11
and
w*** sefun,
Oj* m
otun (almost
motun).
sfTftft,
xx
J x x
verbs;
e.g.
0*
This
\^cj, tj>>*J-
tjj-aJ,
I,
(lif
is
x x o&
j
^
called 3u\9^\ oUI, the
*0to
jj>
j io*
sJU*iM, the
separating
eiif
Rem.
b.
**
<*
like
.J3
e.g.
I,
///
same position
in the
pronounced
(e.g.
is called, like
x x
J *
*0>O
y*k+)\
L*^j Behnesa,
itself
\j yaza), lj
Ox
\J&*$\,
s 0*
S^jjlo-oJI
hemza.
is
fO/
v^^t
(see
It receives this
22 and
name
23,
rem.
19,
which
when
because,
a),
protected by
comes in contact
it
rem. f),
is
shortened in
it is
and
jjt
j-jf
*^
Rem.
in
.^.1
**
20, 6)f.
If a pronominal suffix be
g.
the
j
is
or a**), but
<Lm6j
it is
into
commonly changed
I,
by the
yedai, not
letters
A. suprascript;
e.g.
xx
dUj.
0*0*,
10), as in
final,
XX
old Mss.
as
tL*o
is
marked
in
often
is
Ml
,*^, ^J4!
J^
^J_ XX
U?*^>
i.e.
XX
^J*-
2/ec&&.
would seem that the early scribes who fixed the orthographical
a distinction of sound between ^1. and 1.1, pronouncing
made
usage
the former nearly as e cf. rem. d.
On the other hand many Mss.,
even very ancient ones, write \L where the received rules require yL
in
According to the grammarians elif maksura is always written
words of more than three letters unless the penultimate letter is Ya
f [It
^L
xOj
Li^-j
he will
live,
etc.]
l<Jj
y.
Part
12
Rem.
of
31.1
SyCiLo,
First.
Orthography
as
d.
SyU, and
and Orthoepy.
we ought
writing
j3
bpt
2>^aJ, Sjjwt,
mode
to pronounce the \L
nearly as a or
re-
spectively*.
The marks
8.
when doubled
an,
in,
or
are pronounced
This
un.
iL
is
called
CH^y the tenwln or "nunation" (from the name of the letter <j nun),
p.
JU
Rem.
malun.
a.
See
takes an
308.
However, when
e. g.
it
precedes a
^,
no
is
as
bb,
written,
when
it
acto ,
bdbdn, rihdn.
Rem.
To one word j
b.
is
viz.
* ,
genit.
to the proper
4
Amru),
accus.
jj-o*,
name
\j+&,
jj*^
affecting
Amr
(not
JS
rarely
way
\jj-+&,
[or,
when the
tenwln
falls
away
315,
written to distinguish
it
a,
rem. b) j>. in
all
J y J
same
of $;+
and JJ-+&
[Cf.
the use of
Nabataean
Rem.
is,
three cases], so
j+c 'Omar,
genit.
and
accus. j+.
The
to represent
inscriptions.]
*
i.
114. DeG.]
y&\
for
^yts\,
j ju*.
for
l\ J^..
Zamahsari,
^a^
OTHER ORTHOGRAPHIC
III.
Gezma
A.
59/
x-
9.
Gezma,
consonant of
Gezma
A.
III.
11]
j*e*.
5 x
or Sukun.
SIGNS.
or Sukun.
or a*j^. (amputation),
is
-,
all
JOx
It corresponds there-
fore to the
13
its
other
is
called
name
rest, coincides.
\j~i,
Rem.
Ox
A letter which
a.
vi
^L>, a quiescent
See
rem.
4,
Rem.
letter,
' * J
\J>j*.
movent
<*>
letter.
b.
b.
^'
xx
^J
xx
Rem.
later
d.
instead of the
common
or
10.
is
JL
and
2.
whence the C
z.
of the
JJ, J**i, ^J=>, ^J^t but when they stand for elif
not take this sign (see 7, rem. b, c, d).
do
productionis they
Rem. In many manuscripts a gezma is placed even over the
with a gezma, as
',
xOxOOJxxO
letters of prolongation,
x x
maksura,
e.g. ^jXt,
O^J
^jJb
B.
11.
consonant that
fl
e.g.
JL3, j>*o, ^
xx
for
^s>,
-*~'
\^$*>A-
Tesdid or Sedda.
is
x J
Part
14
A JujJLSf,
First.
Orthography
/
m8 *
^-Jl fa-semmi, jv semmin,
therefore to the
Rem.
j-oJI
J&\
e.g.
to,
Si
y* murrun.
et-murru,
[11
It corresponds
The
a.
it
and Orthoepy.
j^yi kiltvila and Jj>a3 tukitwila, instead of Jj3 and J>*3, admits
When a consonant is repeated
of an easy explanation (see 159).
in such a manner that a vowel is interposed between its first and
second occurrence, no doubling, properly so called, takes place, and
C <*&>,
not required
is
3d pers.
e.g.
Ojji, 2d
pers. sing.
Of CU5.
Rem.
b.
elif hemzatum
Hence we speak
o *
name
of the
ojut>,
a-J*^^
secretly
tj-w
Or it may stand
for
jw
(from
Its opposite is
9 a "
,
i.e.
and
sJia*
(from
name
UubL^
r J
,>jut>.),
its
form
since
is *
openly.
Rem. e. Tesdid, in combination with -, -, -, -, is placed between the consonants and these vowel-marks, as may be seen from
the above examples.
In combination with - the Egyptians write
instead of but elsewhere, at least in old manuscripts, may
;
stand for
,,*,
as well as .
The African Arabs constantly write
for -,, -.
In the oldest Mss. of the Kor'an, tesdid is
expressed by or ^, which, when accompanied by kesra, is sometimes written, as in African Mss., below the line.
In African
Mss. the vowel is not always written with the sedda ; alone may
be
<fec.
is
3jujl&>.
De G.]
III.
14]
12.
TeSdid
13.
The
is
B. Tesdid or Sedda.
necessary
iesdFid,
upon which
y> (murrun)
15
he,
but a word
bitter,
j-o
exist in the
language.
Rem.
Consequently tesdid
long vowel and terminating in a consonant.
necessarium scarcely ever follows the long vowels j and ^, as in
wJ^M
>>3] though
jjUliu (see
^L
25).
it is
Nor
does
it
14.
The euphonic
as in jto,
3,>L,
1,
is,
It is
(a)
J, 0>
With
the letters
O,
(dentals, sibilants,
k-timru;
0+j**j)\
and
letters,
a.
j,
^,
Jl
^qJiaJt
J,
e.g.
&,
j^UI
the
letters,
UkjodH, the
because the word j^3, moon, commences with one of
them.
Rem.
and Jj,
(b)
ajj
O-o
*az-zolmu;
>, 5, j,
Rem.
*>,
b.
This assimilation
is
With the
letters j,
wzfr rabbihi,
JJ
J,
j>,
of JJb
Ja.
^,
j,
and
for kiidbun
after
n with ezm,
e.g.
mublnun.
The w
of the
Part
16
D-*>
Rem.
e -g- O-*-
Rem.
6.
*J
is
above
O'
itself,
Similarly
always.
we
find
*$\
for
*N),jt
With the
(c)
letter
after
O*-
w*X&
,jl,
'aratta for
e. g.
j,
Ut
for U,jl
v b,
i,
C*J
lebittu for
O,
is
(dentals), in
CuJ
Many
lebittu
si
>}j\
grammarians, however,
rightly, because the
and
with
weaker
(i/*,
(tf/iatf,
..
{if not),
U^t
*>,
it
as
for
I*,
j^\
^1,
8*
[15
U >*> ^
for
we add
letters
0>^^!
common with
e q ua
^s
W*
fr
If to the
a.
and Orthoepy.
^ QYl
mnemonic word
the
Orthography
First.
or
h, by a
Rem.
Still
a.
Rem.
second
b.
O,
it
is
as
C~J
for
cJL5.
He^mza or Nebra.
15.
Elif,
when
sonant, pronounced
mark
Mmza
it is
like
not a mere letter of prolongation, but a conthe spiritus lenis, is distinguished by the
Rem. a.
and rem. d,
jwl, JL,,
which
\j3,
is
also
^Sj,
In cases where an
viz.
\j}\ t
elif
juXSI,
Ua*.,^t,
conjunctions (see
ILd..
1 9, a, b,
c,
God,
lj.31,
^Jj\, jilf.
III.
17]
C.
Hemza
17
or Nebra.
it is
is
e.g.
In the oldest
cX.l.
Oy**-y^ = Oy-*W-
= O^J *^'
j j
jt,
**
marked
a ^ so
^s
in
such Mss. by a large yellow or green dot, varying in position according to the accompanying vowel (see above, 4, rem. c).
Rem.
Hemza
c.
accompanies
we
is
it,
often find ^jJl*\L. for ^j^-wl^., j5~t for j-w (see 16),
ft
f '
'
wS
ft
and the
Ju*>,
Rem.
d.
ear at the
and
but
occa-
'J
for JJL> or
Ji*
like.
4JL%*,
iota,
(jlt^iJI,
16.
Jwmzatum*
in place of
letter
fr
for
uplift
Hemza
17.
^^j
it
e-J
chW, w*33j
an eli/G
are com-
alone
(*) is
written instead of
ft
t,
^,3,
I,
in the fol-
lowing cases.
(a)
><*J> *3~*>
rem.
6 s
a)',
and
*U*.,
gaa, tbj,
tS>j\
ffi a >
*L5^">
4
or
more commonly oi
an
(see 8,
vided the hemza has the vowel fetha, as ^j^t\^J, J0^i\js>\ (but for
J
.-
,.
Ol
Rem. Accusatives
*
w.
^ Oft
t~-
like
l^
Part First.
18
O/
\\>j
for
and Orthoepy.
Z\}j.
(b)
3 and
longation
to,
oi
^,
j
for SjjjjU,
for ^Hjjj.
0^
_
c
Rem.
a.
JL*j
and
also
and j of prolongation,
itself; e.g.
e.g.
Of J/
6
3
s
Of
.
S$j-* for SjjjXo, PuUr* for
c->
,
a following
for
Hemza between
J-~j
StjjJLo
is,
after kesra
17
Orthography
3 c
oi
Rem.
6.
hemza preceded by u or
i,
and followed by a or
s
may
ojOx
<w
Jtj~>;
diphthong
0^
for A^o,
^eU
may
^;
as
0>^
f r
O^^v
Jtj-"' for
1,
If preceded
a,
^ j
by u or
for ^oU).
the hemza
ai,
j or
0^
or the
or
5
^,
->
1
1
whatever
be the following vowel; as
djjJLo for SjjjjU, from S^a-o;
1
ltv
for
5^
W*
l^'
t~A
from
\^ hh
;
for **o*>
from
*^;
^y
for
^15*1
*0s
f r
If the
it may
[lose its consonantal
letter of prolongation that is homo-
geneous with the preceding vowel, as JLtj for JLjj, J3J for
9
j-o
for^;
necessarily so,
hemza, as ^>ott or
is
^\,
if
,>*1t,
^t,
lif
oUJ].
J>^J,
with
[This
called Sj-^'
u^^ft^-7]
Rem.
c.
The name j^tj or ^i\y David,
but must always be pronounced Da'udu.
is
often written
^\y
III.
19]
When
19
Wasla.
D.
18.
D. Wasla.
(t
commencement
at the
I),
of
a word, are absorbed by the final vowel of the preceding word, the
elision of the spiritus lenis is marked by the sign - written over the
,
and
Slif,
5x
called J*&3, or
x 0* J'O x
x bi
l
juc abdu
e.g. s2)X(J\
Rem.
&o\
4,
or rather,
i.e.
union;
x x 6*>
ois
c-ol;
oe-s
f seems to be an abbreviation of
a.
rem. a),
x
c
x x o
the word
&Ho
yo
x
Ox
in J*.o$ or 4JL0
is
itself.
i.
Sj-o*Jt~,
rr
e.
Hence even
S^-j&JI.
L instead
J-
<tf)L
J~~>
i, i.e. a&I;
jj&
X Ox
of the usual
in
find
I.
sbs.
Rem.
b.
"*
"
and ^wt, yet the student must not forget that the more correct C
x x
orthography
I-
is
*U*Jt
19.
_ x
and
See
*2Jlut.
x x
With
father of
the
a,
and
With the
and
as
xj^'
)i
>
J 13
d.
jt
x Ox
fr> r
Jij$ yA,
the
<
first
+ *
6 J 07
J 13,
for %+~>\
form of the
x x
J 13
for
x x
J 13,
(c)
he said,
With
kill.
the
and
and the
x x x 0>O x J
xxxOxJ
for jbj^j]
^.a,
he
was put
^t^ii'Njt
to flight
j\ ju5^t
j *C*fj
L
/#
;& downfall
for
e.g. j*jir>\
OJOJx
JU*S* 'J
w^
>*
X
,
same forms
OJOAJx
Nomen
all
35),
rem.
19,
the we~zir.
J^3t
'OiO
of the article
x b>o
OiOj
rem.
(a)
(b)
15,
or extinction.
Part
20
With the
(d)
First.
and Orthoepy.
930
,>M, and
Orthography
9'*
9*0
^J\*
or
^j\, a
son.
<vj\,
*
xO
O^'*
9*0
9i*
s
!^*l,
a man.
j*\, orjj-ot,
With
a.
3i
and
lj^i\
(fern.).
a woman.
a name.
9t-*0
a x&x
(rarely^wt),
30
two
j^\
the anus.
Cwl,
Rem.
a daughter.
xxO
[19
and
take, in
l\^t>\
classical
0*0*
S\j+)\.
J Oi
Rem.
The hemza
b.
asseverative particle
of j>^-l,
is
oatfAs,
J, and occasionally
and
^>-
% GW
Hi
aJUI
^,>*-J,
Rem.
omitting the
OA>x
also write
altogether, or,
a contracted form,
in
c.
and
in the article,
is
^>oJ*^
JO*
Hi AS
is
we may
(lit.
AS
aJUl
J J Ox
A?
Rem.
It
d.
is
of
J)
aSi
with hemza, as
* Ot
81if is
an
e.
at the begin-
aSS
* Ota
jlaJI instead
' '
xaJI.
that the
elif
j o
/)
is
so,
but, to indicate
<ft
jL^jf.
See
15,
^t^iiNjI
JA>.\ but the gramma^,^0-MvNjt
J^,^r^\^AJ\
'
* S
x
x x
nans brand
fe
this as Ji*.\*
>aJ 5
w^*Jt
III.
20]
Rem.
The
Jmo^JI, iK/" or
elif
hemza
is
D.
called
Wasla.
JUI or Sj^Jb
J*a^t
21
the opposite
elif.
20.
(a)
vowel
(b)
down
#\
'abib
its
c.
long vowel
and
see 19, b
shortened
is
in
25;
e.g.
according to
pronunciation,
^UJI ^3 ft
among men;
'n-nasi,
the
'l-wiziri,
in
tjuJi; u*f$l
? (f r
an
and
elif conjunctionis.
elif
^^t )^o*J my
as
pronounced
w^,
letter),
as
as
ujJi
J*Wi.
license).
if
written
J^*^M
In the
The
3$
first
^_
forms
latter
and
me on
the J)
forms are
equally admissible.
diphthong is resolved into two simple vowels, according to the law stated in 25, viz. at into ai, and au into cm as
(c)
II
/Oil
iU*JI
.^s-s
l^-3
O^Ox
4^5^
AJJt j)BJn.rfi,
Wwcw
s O 'QlO
L5~*
'
-*>*^
mustafdu
'l-meliki,
s
L5"***"*
'lldhi,
^, may
e.g.
an
weak
by poetic
elif separationis,
metre into an
^_
is
is
fo
l^)9)i wpow
beginning,
subject to change (a
J^U^t),
(for
the
in
s^scw
the elect
'l-kauma, fear
of God,
the
people;
The
Part
22
xx
First.
0*>
Orthography
xx
and Orthoepy.
20
Oi
But jt and
take kesra,
JjOms
as a^wt jt or his
s,6,0*>
name ; J*iXwt
if he went
to meet.
it
or adopts the lightest of the three vowels, which in its nature ap-
kesra.
viz.
jo
B 2d and 3d
pers.
plur.
and^A
masc.,^0^ you,
they,
the pronominal
suffixes of the
e j
(accus.),
damma
(in
jA- jjxxx
The same
man.
is
maV @d curse
C fetha
The
&
>o
^o
cJlS,
iJ**jM
such as
"
jA\j Ve
J^JjT
x
XXX
^>-o, yj*t>
ezma take
ke'sra
o a < >
j^^o MohammMuni
mani l-kadddbu;
'n-nWiyu;
xxx
^Sj,
x
ji"
^j
J jOt
<5
J J bis
u> *
x xx
djj\.
viz.
it is
their,
because
them
^A
take
and
'r-Rumu; and
particles,
sjs., ^j\,
Rem.
a.
etc.
may be made
becomes ^tb
either with
damma
(see 1 85,
or kesra,
^A
or^A.
Rem. b. If the vowel of a prosthetic elif be damma, the wasl is
sometimes effected by throwing it back upon the
preceding vowelless
i
consonant or
b-o
^3J&>\
Rem.
is
tenwm
OJO^Jxxx
J^ /T^* CJUj
c.
The
final
J J 0
;
t^J^.>t ^o^L*
of
seldmunu dhulu.
III.
21]
sO*
D.
Wasla.
23
&Jj\ w^-*aj
la tadriba 'bnaka,
*$
and not
siitot
^jjjJsJ
*$ la
tadribani
'bnaka.
21.
(a)
is
omission of the
As a compensation
DVHXPt DEO-
6JW,
<?/
for the
In the word
{b)
^t,
and that of
a whole, forms
series, as
lira
aUI
^ ja*
But
J Os
For example,
< s
'Auf
the son
of 'Abdu
'lldh.
315, rem.
[Cf.
b.]
*>
t
OMS
J OiO
'Amr; oUaaJI
J 0*>
is
Zeid
(*) the
son
ofC
J s 3
^t j+s.
'Omar
son of el-Hattab.
(is) the
to
Rem.
Even
a.
word happens
^t
of
is
retained,
if
that
Rem.
name
If the
b.
-<
grandfather, the
J
Mary ; jy&J*o
wise,
if
is
'Ammar
oo>o
OOs
3j*o*)-
Or
if
name
<jjt
of el-Aswad,
an adjective;
e.g.
the
(pronounced
(c)
(a)
of
Like-
Mikdad
>!**,
the son
of
son of Meirnun
like
J OtO
,0*
J 0x>
s O
by the preposition
it is
to,
preceded
as
J^pJ
^0
'
the noble,
the son
interposition of
^^s>, Jesus
name
real
j o*>
<j->t
(yrand)son of Mansur.
the
U-Aswad
J O/O
^jj\ jU.c,
the following
Os
as^j^*
retained;
Z
1 0>o i
^t
following
ls**J>
Ridha,
to the
man,
for
J*^).
Part
24
First.
Orthography
and Orthoepy.
22
of the article
also
is
omitted, as aJUJ to the night, for 2JJJJ, and that for alJJN).
by the affirmative
()
interrogative particle
Oj-Jull,
for
is it
I
;
as &*>\, for
^UjM,
iOn,
is
f& OTfer
The
Rem.
a.
In this
elifs
xxOjx^o^
as ,*)juft
thy oath
may
son1 O^Xit,
is
for
received!
may however
be
is
^.>..,aJt,
^j^}\,
^iui2S\js\
thy
below)
is
the article
elif of
for
S&JJ,
elif
as
verily,
truly,
(d)
B *0',
particle
s o,Z
he ofKorei's or he of Takif?
b) for dXM
for
^)..
dlLo^
a>,)tt
,>^>
is
y>^tf.
JUS.
E.
When
22.
is
elif
preceded by an
Medda
or Matta.
Slif of
(t, I,
is
etc.)
written
*X*~>
e.g.
Rem.
a.
As mentioned above
Rem.
6.
1U*.,
tbj,
17, a,
rem.),
for
we
llo-*,
find in
^*>,
old
is
(i.e.
ji*).
Its opposite is
j*oA
(i.e.
OjJU
for j~i*)l
j-ij,
wj^aJI
further the
yJ De G.]
III. Other
23]
Medda
E.
Orthographic Signs.
or Matta.
25
this is
is
23.
When,
and fetha
(t)
is
hemza
elif
with
(I),
S'f
St
tul for
'
0>^'
medda;
f r
in writing
Ol^H>
e-i-
U*M
rem.
(see 17,
In this case
h).
medda.
Rem.
it is
[But we some-
174.]
a.
is
elif,
in opposition to
ljy*JLJ\ sJU^t, the elif that can be abbreviated or
shortened
Rem.
rem.
( 7,
b).
medda
b.
(see 6, rem. a)
Rem.
Medda
c.
prolongation, $ and
e.g.
( 17,
a)
as ly~J
j jo
final
5-
Si'*
St*\
l^a***.
j
j j
or t,^**,^* or ^**,
e.g.
Rem.
^2J\ j&.
,
The mark
d.
-,
has nothing in
jJUj, He (God)
is
him
gracious
to,
upon him/
W for LS
in
ajx. aJUt
him/ mj
>JI
jo*-,
Cfor J^a-.
^y^j,
or a-j for
Ae narrated to us
tfAew.
aJUI
The
for^JLJI
^JLo,
GW
may God be
<*JUI
a^a-j,
U^-l .J I,
Ut or
letters j* j
So
the form.
Jfess
Jtj
for
<*JLc, 'peace be
may
to the
GW
end of
for Uh*l,
/*e
Aave mercy
it, i.e.
etc.;
informed us;
w.
Part
26
First.
24
On the margin
j**>o, to be placed last, and jajJLc, to be placed first.
the
letters
with
words
find
of Mss. we often
*f~,
^, and ~~*a over
O *
The
them.
first of
correct one
o <
5*-o, it is correct, or
is correct,
form or vocalization.
its
^!wa1,
correction, emendation.
though there
may
Iao
(i.e.
Again
^o, and
denotes
be something peculiar in
la*,
together) is written
emendation
dJbd over a
are correct.
<x\x),
perhaps
THE SYLLABLE.
IV.
The vowel of a
24.
it is.
which
we
kul, not
as
only in
Rem.
in, tin,
an, etc.
is however not
infrequent
[Such a long a preceding a consonant with gezma
O^^-]
26.
anroyyos
an
*0t
elixir, to fypov
27.
0*0
first
consonant
as
0*
*-Jj*y\, the
y^M,
'
(medicamentum siccum).
end in two consonants, which are not
syllable cannot
The Accent
V.
31]
THE ACCENT.
V.
28.
The
last syllable of
(a)
remains unaltered
27
Exceptions are
of 29 and
in
30,
'a-kdl,
^-
in
*'
ul-J
uf
Rem.
**
*"
x*
and %^throw back the accent as far as possible in their pausal forms;
j^jwji Ko-ra-'s%-yun
becomes
Ko-ra-sl,
wun, d-du;
'I'
j_, *!_ or
bd-ti.
bi-hi,
hdm-ra;B
'
(b)
j js- a-du-
ilj-o^. ham-rd-'u,
' '
ne-bi-yun, ne-bi ;
^.J
'ik-ti-nd
%\js\ 'ik-ti-na-un,
2t_, *j_,
as
w>, i),
I,
Vj
la-nd,
J, j, and vJ,
'a-fa-ld,
l^
bi-md,
wa-ldm, 15 fa-kdt,
J.33 wa-kul.
Rem.
as
bi-ma,
29.
See
UJ ^-rad
Oy\$
% i
it is
long by nature,
as J15 kd-la,
9
kd-nu-nun, ,j-*Uj^
mu-mi-m-na,
XX
30.
oU3l^
X
'ig-lis,
i.e. is
Jyu ya-ku-lu,
kd-ti-ba-tun.
when
it is
a shut syllable
9 6
^S3
kdl-bun,
^3
5x
5x
df-bun,
m, i>*>^
ya-kH-ldn-na,
^^
J*J
yun.
When
31.
the penult is short, the accent falls upon the antepenult, provided that the word has not more than three syllables,
or, if it
xxx
nature or position
w,
'
Ox
lj-4
the
351, rem.
is
^i
bi-ma,
Uj
^J
Oxx
^Jl^
as ^. ^r* kd-ta-ba,
kd-ti-bun,
^JU
Oxxx
C<%.
xx Of
is
long by
Jx x
kd-ta-bat,
^y fr ka-taS
Jxxx
Part
28
First.
Orthography
is
U^f>
kd-ta-ba-td, &v.>.
Rem.
Egypt and among the Bedawin,
German
as
[32
ka-tdb-tu-md.
mds-a-la-tun,
and Orthoepy.
same journal,
see
iv.,
Lane
in
pp. 183-6,
59 sqq.]
gdrdialectes von Aegypten (1880), p.
THE NUMBERS.
VI.
32.
letters of
(see 1).
They
are written
is
con-
^J**- jj*
J^'
(otherwise pronounced:
--
s y x
s s
vl
Si
JjA
y Oi-
J**j\)
by the Arabs from the Indians, and are therefore called i^J^t^pt,
the Indian notation.
They are the same that we Europeans make use
of,
calling
Their form, however, differs considerably from that which our ciphers
have gradually assumed, as the following table shows.
Indian:
Arabic
:\
Europ.:
They
are
123
compounded
8
(ffct
^^^x^^o
9$-i
5
in exactly the
67890
PART SECOND.
ETYMOLOGY OR THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
THE VERB,
I.
A.
1.
33.
that
is
(^Wj)
34.
literal
to
say,
General View.
The Forms of
JjuJI.
the Triliteral
Verb.
(jyfitj),
though quadriliteral
From the first or ground-form of the triliteral and quadriverbs are derived in different ways several other forms, which
35.
fifteen in
first.
>&
XL
VI.
JiS
I.
VII.
II.
JiliA
JiL
XII.
JjiSl XIII.
Ji^t
JJuilt XIV.
Jm
JU**t XV.
Rem. a. The 3d
of the verb, is
we always
J**t
VIII.
Ju&
IX.
Jili IV.
X.
J*tf V.
III.
render
it
into English
by the
infinitive;
Jl3
to kiU,
Part Second.
Rem.
Etymology
b.
by them
as
first
O* ^' ^e
second
l\i)\
36
'
lam.
tJie
Rem.
As
c.
The
36.
first or
J//J
JO
j*M oyjj*$) in
intransitive (j*Zo
which accompanies
to hill,
JuS
vowel
intransitive verbs
v** J
t 9^ve
y^3
>
to
is
e.g.
most of the
in
w>o
transitive,
to beat,
go away, jJ*j to go
w-l
tJie
to
right
to sit.
way, t^~U.
The vowel
38.
second radical.
its
The vowel
37.
is
ground-form
signification,
in the
persons or things
old,
JJu
.
to be
blind;
si*
J*
ugly,
^j+e
to be safe
to be heavy,
j *
but
sound,
yj****-
or a
0>*-
to 0*
become whitish,
s^^
to fe
u*j^
glad,
to
be sick, j**
to be beautiful,
to
~J> to be
' 1 '
to be
high or noble*,
Ja*
to be
low or
* j *
mean,j+&
to be large,
Rem.
a.
to our
*^w
j**o
Many
way of
e.g. jj&> to know
upon,
sJj&
JJ^
insolent, j*y\ to
and
state,
a permanent
indicates
E.g. *-ji or
proud and
o fo
become
Jau
whilst
to be small.
thinking,
(scire),
J*9
^v^a.
to think,
^o^g
to
to hear.
*
[Or, to become noble, for the form with u of the second radical
often means to become what one was not before, Kamil, p. 415.
De G.]
41]
I.
1.
Forms of
Triliteral Verb. 31
39.
X Xx
is
first
(J*3) by
The
40.
XX
XXX
Originally
it
implies that
an act
is
w>o
to
extensive), or repeatedly (iterative or frequentative).
E.g.
xxx
x*5x
x 5 x
to break in pieces;
fo, w>j~o to ## violently ; j~> to break,
j*&
ala.5
JS3
*IaJ
to cw,
to Mil,
Js3
to
to
cut in pieces
massacre ;
Jjy
JU.
or <J\h to go round,
to
J>-
Sx
xx
^J to weep, ^^
to w&?jt?
or J>j4?
x OxJ
fl
^)
j x x 0<
^A\
From
41.
first
XJ X
to
gladden;
UbtA
second
as^Xft
to
St
more usual C
to teach;
Ubt^
become doubly
know,^jiz
xxx
wnto /
fo wca&,
to
arises the
meaning
weaken.
to
w-A
to
wWto,
w i^
to toacA to
Rem.
a.
The causative or
factitive signification is
common
the second and fourth forms, the apparent difference being that
original in the latter, but derived in the former.
Rem.
b.
one
is
term; as w>Jt>
the truth,
Jf juo to tell
him.
to J)
it is
JJjlo
to lie, w>Ji=
to
think that
Part Second.
32
Rem.
Etymology
c.
42
is
derived;
e.g.
to coZ/ec2
an army
(c*)> sr**j to
x
G x
'fl *
(_>U.j),
x
5 x
J***-
^^3
5
x
to
become bent
to
" to
skin an animal, to bind a book (j>Xa* the skin, compare our
like
bov)
(^^5), jbj*
to
^J3
ticks (>tji),
to take
the eye.
j x
Hebrew
}fc^, ^UT,
T^
him
*iU
Uju*.
him
aDI
^)U. (may
(??i2/
etc
/|3B
GW prolong
in
Compare
x
thy
life),
x x
x5 x
sJLJL^^Hw (peace be upon thee), j*> he
i j x
3 s
'x 5 x
xxx Ox
xx
off),
oL> Ae said
dukz^X** he said
to
him
to
// x
(^^J&t
<*M),
j-o>
jUl>
J^O
-0
^e
w; ^
m^s
sjpea&
Sometimes,
towards a place
fi
oji
C
to
go
Rem.
to the west
d.
JUi
#o
to 2Ae eas
as
fi
(Jij^Jt),
J/0/
(w^iil).
42.
p.
first
as
is
198
sea.]
(J**) by
indicated
ing ways.
(a)
When
the object, in
X J Cx
(i&jll^JI)
mutual
is
one.
a&3
ojlL
him
or)
I.
43]
1.
Forms
aJU
he tried
with him;
to
overcome him
him in
glory,
he strove to do
o^Sh
excelled
(b)
A^ol*. he went
lawsuit,
When
the
first
of which to an object
object), the third
is
to
he vied with
so,
J , ,
him in a
t>j he surpassed
->X
him
of Triliteral Verb. 33
oa. he got
rt
the better
of
The idea of
more or
x A
X */
<*J
J 15
^U-Jt
>*io^
Jt
^jafe
him
(something),
aljlS he
t*Z . t
mander of the Faithful, ,^-0*3^1 j~t>\
;
^t
's
E. g.
here,
^Jl^
he said to
^UxLJt ^t J^jl
X X
is
reciprocity
aAs.
^U. do.
jlS>t
o *i he fell
upon
When
(c)
or brings
JX X
he,
E. g.
sj**.
treated
him harshly ;
him kindly ; f$
>*~j*- to
to be
of doing
to
life,
a^pU
he procured
him
him
the
or
it ;
means
a.
of effort
x x
implied.
w.
him
lead a comfortable
so.
Rem.
ideas
rough or
JX X
**j or^xJ
him
affects
Si*
d-wla.
he treated
him
and
++ t
06
Julc
well,
StOip
197
44.
I,
(Gl. Geog.s.v.
d^U
dUU.,
is
for ojuul
Also *Jb=aXjt,
ec.
G.]
(
in consequence of
is
ji$t)
which the
E.g.
to
Heb.
first
fourth.
C c/~^t
De
45.
ojicb,
52.
xiii.
the syllable
fourth
c.
cites
Aghdni
is
to the
the fourth.
verb
44
b.
[Rem.
i.
Rem.
thee safe
Jj) on fold i&t JtiU may God keep
from *LdU robust health ; jiL to go on a journey (jsu>).
double, fold
to
and
34
bid one
him bread
to
to
\Jj**
sit
the
it
becomes transitive
in
the
run, tj>.t to
down;
eat; z^y^l
first,
it
to sit
down,
>*swJt
*tjt
he shewed
him
the thing.
Rem.
When
a.
are causative
UJ
different
know, ^s-
to teach,
E.g.^JU
to
to escape,
^.aJ and
<<&>*>! to set
Rem.
b.
J' s
niggardly
,* ot
oj*+*\
a ;..,<
,
as
is
Of.
alsLjt
he thought him, or
he thought him, or
found him
found him
to be,
to
be,
cowardly ;
sjof^\
he
found him,
he
\S^
Rem.
c.
found
or
it,
to
be praiseworthy or
the district
commendable;
of denomi-
many
of
it is
E.g. Jjbl
to
I.
45]
produce herbage
(Jiu),
give or
(j^j), jJsuot to
O , , ol
, ,*
fruit
JJjj'
P ui
yiefr?
Forms of Triliteral
1.
ram
oui
leaves
(jJa-o)
w-^/'t
Verb. 35
a noble
,it>i
wwt,
* ot
x * ot
and
a proof
jJUl
to give
to act
well or
ill,
tardy; pj~i\
sin, Usui.
or say what
to cto
make
<
of his prowess in
commit a
to
haste;
t* at
right; Usui to 6e
is
*L>I,
sto
or
outstretched neck;
~ ,1
s i
>~.l,
commit a blunder,
to
&
i^~t\ to
battle ;
run with
to
JUfct
* i
correctness,
,i
(*ib)
*^J,it
"
*0i
dwell or remain
j*\$\ to
Another class of these denominatives indicates movement towards a place (compare "to make for a place"), the entering
in a place.
upon a period
ssoi
* soi
^3t
E.g.
to
Aoi
go
,oi
to
to the left)
3% 5 x
j*{2t\ to
to
go
Syria
to
go on boldly
and 7*XKTl,
the right,
to
go
x x oi
i>*->t to
(j*lJ\),
go
el-Yemen
to
J X
(0-**^)>
Jijfrt
to
**^t
to eb-
go
x
territory ;
io
t el-JVegd (jLa.,^,11).
9
i
Irak
oi
^f~dy
to enter
JO i *
mid-day
(j^JaJt),
the
summer
go
upon
haram
(*uly3),
or sacred
or evening (lL+S\)
JO 3 x
UkyjJt)
*x
wl
time of morning
tJie
*x xOx
(-U-aJt),
upon
^^il
Tihama
to
* ot-
j^\,
9-~o\,
to
, , o t
I 4(S o
J^^t
x x
or winter (iUJt)
x 0
to Iiave
many
xx of
camels,
***>t
abound in
5x
to
*"'
devoured by them,
xx
(oLc)
jJl$\
people) or
*r*ot to
to
of prey or
beasts
abound in
xxf
;
to
become
desert,
oe
aVy
a season),
(of
to
lizards
X J
his face,
^
J
I.
^ Ae
Thus
AetoJ
/wm
(v~*) or
f99y
of
VII. or VIII.)
Ae ^Arew
^ctcA;,
^ oe
Of
as the pjtU* of
to
^ ^.^
Amu
orc
his face,
Ae c/re^ 6ac&, Ae
Wxf
^Jl
lie
re^'reo?.]
fell
on
Part Second.
36
Etymology
46
o ex
reduced
to the last
want; jm\
garment)
to
xx e
Kjt\
become cloudy
JJJL.t
',
j^\,
to
become possible.
to
^>Cot
may
took
away
its
GV. p. 204
of the h are
...
form and
signification to the
Aram. SftpK,
(*&*J),
See
^4^1.
Heb.
Comjt?.
XXX
for
to give
discoverable in Arabic; as
*-t^l
p-IjA
still
x xx^
x x
x xx
x xP
,
to wish; JJtjJh for
to pour out
rest to , to let rest; }\jA for
}\j\
JJt^t
X
xP
X XX
X x
P>
1
^or
^ mar& a cloth ;
owe, for
(rad. .Jl,
(P *^) ;
J^
nnNj
&>
OU
J^
X
come)
O-o-Jb
Ot
= P0XTI
Forms
believe.
>JxJ
imperf.
5 xDxJ
46.
,/?/fcA
47.
f rm
(J**3)
*s
and
QxxJ
JJIjv*
XXX
\j& are
118), e.g.
<3
or
->
3!/v>
is
like
O.
that
69,
O'J
or
JJjj^-j
The
OJ
The Hebrew,
seo/.
prefix, instead of
^g
Phcen.
h*ppn,
to
d.
shade of meaning
"Z
Rem.
become plain
St
^jZ>\
to
x x Oi
tiO
..
(of
^\A
Another
to utter
to
(iJ-.Of, deprivation)
to
reduced
to be
x x
or clear;
uJS),jij^\,
farthing,
to say,
it
it is
In English
it
'*'.',
to
in pieces, *->j*o3
,
terrify),
be
JxGxx5xx
jJu
to be dispersed,
x x
to be
person)
^S3,
'jJojS, to be
afraid (sJj.
to
himanother
%JoJu to be cut
xWxx
lie
girt
a sword upon
to side
47]
I.
(*3j\j*$\)
jj^j*
fo
Si' a
fo
o/*
a prophet
or to
a Christian
*xwU
(J^*J),
affect,
clemency,
an Arab,
(^jtj-cu),
z * i
to
become as bold or
to
\f^,
***,
^ra?
as a
foora (jut),
courage or manliness,
affect
to
sm
or crime, j^j^ to
amid
jj
^a>J
become a fire-worshipper
to
to
^^o-tf
%^3
cr
of the 'Azarika
ca// oneself
to
w>jjo
(&**&)!),
Verb. 37
* Sti*
as
Forms of Triliteral
~J,
Jew (^O^),
become a
1.
blame.
Thus ^UJt
and
JJ^aj
^Ut
Jjj^*t
2/te
people
Jj>/3t expresses the mere separation, Jij*3 the separation into a great many groups or in various directions.
dispersed, but
Rem.
The idea
b.
verbs as govern an
especially in such
pursue
by
step
step (literally, to
pursuer of something),
&~3
understand,
may
^X^j
make
to investigate
to look at
or listen
duties of
jjjj
*
Thus
under
to speak,
8 * *
fj>s*3
one's
to take
as
sJjjo
to
try to
it
to
and
carefully,
to
of,
to discJiarge the
& + *
swallow by mouthfids,
arm, jew jj
an
have cliarge
to
jJ>>
earnestly,
to
j$S3
to,
accusative; e.g.
seek
to
tJ*M3
j^suJ
to
JJjJO to
pwtf
to
ywfcj
gnaw,
sip
la->L>
to
or sup,
/m or
[In some cases the difference between II. and V. entirely disappears.
c)
we may
Part Second.
38
Etymology
48
c.
The above examples show that the subject of the fifth
sometimes the direct object of the act (accusative), sometimes
Rem.
form
is
48.
which
Out of the
is
that
It differs
effective.
from
it
j^jo
(become learned)*.
make
become learned,
^i^)
to
to learn,
be taught.
We
quite
can say
^G
Again,
to
E. g.
to
o-o
to
become,
Rem.
only of
Such
a.
an impersonal, but
^Ljt
e.g.
JJJo
of medicine
was learned.
Rem.
b.
whence we
Jjj&J sometimes
49.
The
likewise
50.
I kept
sixth form
(J*U5)
It is the
pjlk*
is
O.
(or staid)
aloof The
to neglect
111),
se 41, rem.
d).
e.g. ^>*\j3 to
a thing,
g^ibb I)Jt5
is
ones guard,
^JoZ]
attempt, which
sixth
say, he
d3 j&b,
becomes
full length,
to
J^l3
reflexive in the
Jili5
to be off
was learned (=
taught), but
50]
I.
the thing,
jjULj
to
sickness,
OjUj
to
pretend
to squint,
pretend
JaUJ
to
1.
Forms of'Trilateral
to be dead,
^j^W*
to
j^Uj
pretend
to cry,
pretend
oUJ
feign ignorance,
to
to
Verb. 39
to be blind,
to
^jloJ
pretend
feign
to be deceived.
e.g. aJjti
from him,
*->$%
W^^-3
to
to
pull
away
to
the
garment
og-J UwU3
I
the two
VJ3* \
^
Rem.
When
a.
of
the reflexive
this form
<rtM
2)j^3 God lias made Himself (is
and through Himself) blessed, or perfect, above all;
aS)\
\Jb God has made Himself uplifted, or exalted, above all ;
^Ujj <i)jU3 <&t J Id God (blessed and exalted is He above all)
signification of
become of
has said
the thing
Z^pti
vol.
[cf.
made
&^o\jJ
itself greater
ii.
1 f
rem.].
Somewhat
j*\
importance.
Rem.
As
b.
subjects,
collective;
another,
jLa*N)t
e.g.
duo
^UJt
, ,
<u
jUxo^l CajU3
C*
jtjL3
a-oLo
the
is
in
this case
always
* *
the people
heard of
rains followed
it
from one
one anotlier
closely,
C~U3
Pakt Second.
40
(^
t^kP
Etymology
tr^ oe f)
%ore
came
t0
'**
a ^ f
>
^iem
[51
following one
anotlier.
Rem.
The
c.
of one
e.g.
colnerentes," to be of compact
as it were, supporting,
and firm
and
threatened
jtf-jjt^
[Hence
the
cloud lightened
this
form
piece, J*olaJ to
Rem.
fall (as
^\*>3
its
if
parts
side,
JljJW
3jla->
the
<+>\j3
every quarter).
is
by
J^Uj
d.
The
prefixing a
pronunciation (see
Rem.
18 and
to
51.
J,
C^J^Uj m
bit,
is
Slj^t
build;
woman
may be
idea of reciprocity
19,
52.
is
is
added a prosthetic
c,
and
^3,
rem
first
(J**) by
)-
to facilitate the
26).
111),
this
becomes
I,
and why,
see
instead of
rem. d.
also originally, as
pjUx*
of the
first,
may be added
itself;
De
G.]
s.v.
Ji*>,
Hamasa
p.
20
first
vs.
and comm.
54]
I.
At the same
to a passive.
1.
Forms of Triliteral
Verb. 41
often
is
5 x
developed in
it
lit.
to split itself;
cut
off,
to be ended, to
(intrans.), to be
end; UUJQI
to be
to
JUJt
broken;
uncovered, to be
jJbJLit
made
x O
x x
to
break
to
j~j\
E. g.
appear ; ^mm*J
manifest,
become broken,
to
to
to be
to be
uttered or spoken.
53.
an act to be done
upon him
oneself be
oneself be led,
Si
be docile or
pJ^Jt
submissive;
let
to
oneself be
let
x b
jaJ\
deceived;
to
jUJt to
to flight, to flee;
put
to let oneself be
drawn
or dragged.
x x x
Rem.
Hence
a.
it is
x J x
to 6e
.,
stupid or foolish
words as J^.s*
from
,'t,
x /S
jtjM
to be
non-existent or missing,
to
down,
xx
to
fall; jUjIX
6e repeated,
from
>U
to
x 6
return; JjLaJl
x
to
fee
straits or distress, from JjUj to 6e narrow; are incorrectly
formed, though in actual use, especially in more recent times.
Rem.
6.
xx
from JiAt
to
xxo
60^; UJsul
to fo
e.g.
<
extinguished, from
xxxO
x x
from *JLot
to fo |?w to rights,
9ftJJt,
63. De
Rem.
p.
215
c.
ULl
to
extinguish;
^Ltful
i.
JUdtil to 6e bolted,
to jw to rights.
and
so ancient, ^\Ji7b
G.]
seg.
X XX O
54.
(Jj*t)
is
between the
w.
[Similarly j)
and second
and
it
first
XXX
(J**) by
The
radicals.
becomes necessary
( 51, rem.).
42
55
Rem.
as in the fifth
[For a possible
55.
of the first.
(ftjUft*)
^" '
* **
The
mice
properly the reflexive or middle
is
J^t
B Jji
to beat,
' '' *
to
to
go asunder,
put oneself in
move oneself
to
L>jL*o\
to
to
and fro,
the
way,
to be
* *
part ; uj*
to
to
oppose;
agitated (com-
own advantage,
a prey
and ^.Jgt
......f>
and w*kl.l
*
earn one
common
to n>as
one another,
= UuLJ
*******
lo*a\ai*j
**o
UttO
*, **
*
;
as
**
to
measure corn;
si*
^UJI
***^
were neighbours, =
to
j*
tjj^jfc.1 they
yJa*
* *
s living ;
meat.
**
about for a
' *
'
is
to tear'
-'
Out
56.
to
^ji
to feel
collect
to
and ^>Zwl
^>w
* *
u~+2\
to touch,
J~+l
as
* *
\jj ju*3
*
Cf
\yu)\ they
met one
* * *
another,
57.
l^i^J.
113)
(see
* * *t
u3t to be helped
(by
Rem.
like the
tjtfudt, to
*
to be victorious ;
^U*t
to be full.
and
God),
may be
to relate ;
US and
word;
e.g.
to follow
*&),
*^
*
* * *
and uUI* t,
to
^oS
I.
59]
58.
is
Forms of Triliteral
1.
the eleventh
first
Verb. 43
(J*3) by
by-
rem.).
59.
is
is
They
defects, these being qualities that cling very firmly to persons and
things
*>
and jUot
a *
}y**\
ft>fct to
* o
be crooked ;
and
yuo\
black ; u^tf^ an d
$\y~t\ to be
to squint,
/o
u^W
to be
wrymouthed or wry
Jt^^t
* o
' o
to
*d
to
gloomy;
wOjt or w>b)'
to be scattered or
*
confused, or languid ;
u^j^
to be dispersed, to
* o
to
jJ>jl
E.g.
/{
away or
*o
j o
St
j*+*&\ and>U*ot
x
necked; Jj^-t
turn
yellow
a * o
show that
to be
and
to be
intensiveness (aaJLoJI).
is
*o
to
radical,
>o
J*Ut
run quickly,
to
hasten;
* o
<jUt
to
, o
j\^j\, the
Rem.
a.
is
yJJUit
to
to be blackish
/(
^,
on
the tips
brown or blackish
the ninth
' '
and ^JJUit
or
**
* * xa
as
^jju^t
of
the toes,
green, ^Jj*j\
refrain or abstain.
Rem.
b.
or
mutable
qualities,
as
at one time
{J^-\
and
the
j&Hj
j^
jU^i J**v
yellow at another.
ft
began
to
become red
a
[Others hold that XI. indicates
Part Second.
44
Etymology
60
" '
C*w
The
26 (compare
B back upon
The
60.
^~Z~t\
oneself ready, to
be
radical
thrown
is
make
to grieve or distress,
^*^^t\
to
ready ; ^aJ^.\
to
to yield
up {something)
wholly,
" * ^
one's
* "
first
jaXMmZ~t \
necessary, according to
up; cA.jt
' *
letters
O of Cwl.
61.
is
prosthetic
51, rem.),
the
is
t)
own advantage
)' *
to
life,
osUj
He
w>UJL>t
(God)
or
answered,
* *
62.
be
necessary,
D &mm*Z*
to
that
^^^nt
think him,
was lawful
it
he
or
a * *
it
or
form.
E.g.
JU-
to
be
lawful,
,
he thought
J^~>l
to
first
* * *
it,
despise,
one; J*lwl
Rem.
to
it
himself to do)
was necessary
(for
to
w*.j
him)
think
to think one
thought
(for
to
find
think
it
it
light,
to
think lightly of
bore.
In
is
frequently not
65]
I.
strictly factitive,
Hence
63.
it so or say it
think or say that
to
to
s *
to
45,
to
make something
is so ;
but w**-^t
to
make
to
w>U
to
to
^l*2wt
help,
E. g. jk> to
first.
.JLI*1
drink,
\J}>\
to
to
permit,
call
for help ;
to
desire that
&
* *
j-oA- to be present, j
6),
it is so.
meant by the
is
drink,
ask permission;
to
iJ*\Z*j\
so
rem.
45
pardon, jsJCU>\
means
think
to
Verb.
' 0*
^.y^x^JiwI literally
to
Forms of Triliteral
1.
<\r* Z
he should be fetched.
factitive
64.
In
it
the
verbs
many
,
lit.
to
s ,
to be
^Ui*t
a * *
humble,
lit.
to
to
of, to deserve,
right or desert
*
Zwt
be
to
65.
ashamed,
to
lit.
is
make
oneself G
make
oneself ashamed
J^)
be
to
(^j**-
it
to
make
oneself master
(^ j)
of a thing,
E.g.
take possession of
to
0*
Joju~>I, L5
.gt
or judge (utylike)
Further, j+**Z*
x x
stone (j****)
GO*
(u**3 )
J '
5
J-o-^t
jJ*)\
(j-*j^),
* o
C%y5U#1
become
like
the she-goat
(lit.
became
j)y~t\
Ox
to
make
like
itself
a he-goat
9 x x
* * 0*
Jy^wt
it ;
governor (J*^),
t
to
\Jy~i\
^<? he-camel
became
like
a she-camel (3iU)
Part Second.
46
os
*x
x
* *6* 2
%>l*JI jjl
ei
Etymology
AjmJZmj U*jb
66
vulture
Rem.
which
and
same
is
its
xO
wJJu>
the back,
eighth.
dash
to
to the
xx
JUL
ground, and
down flat on
and
first
x x
*aJL> to throw
^)*k~t,
"&<"> ?
7fcpflfc^ }
to
relation
v>5dAj| which
/tOpDt^K
passive
Perhaps
is
to
regarded as traces of the form JjuL*, since they are nearly identical
jj
x0
in
x 6i
x ,oZ
xxx
and obd).
of ,JU, s^JIS,
xxx
xO
If so, JU~>,
66.
sufficient
formation. XII.
#o 60 arched,
curved, or
x
6/ac& (^U-
<fo.)
to
humpbacked
Ox
to
^)^l.t
fe
blackish green
x x
be rough)
efo.)
XX
^jjj^t
x
be naked);
to
J
<#o.)
to
ride on
horse
^^wj-u^l
be covered with
to
xxx
x 6
^^03-aftt
xx
become
to
^j&^&oS
to
j*j-aJ
to
60 ji^
to
^iAJ^JU-t
5x0
r>>*j>-\X
to
(=ja.\),
J^^o ^t
of
xxOxO
xxdxO
xJx
be sweet (>^-
2x0
or
be
xx dx
(*->***- do.)
x x
row#A (o^*-
(tju*. do.)
XX
xJx
vm/
may
mode
it
xx
iCijJ^.1X
xxx
to
#0
60 gathered together
(v**^
x x* x
to
foW)
&}jj\X
/l\
(rad. /*)
fo &&rc?)
XIII.
iy^-l
to be long
and
XX
xrtx*
^t*
x
to
to be
*U)
j>Ut
to be
heavy (jJU.
ax
mount a camel
(rad. IxXft).XIV.
J&L^A
to be
*iU*w)
big (rad.
iJlCJU.) to
JU**.)
fo?
Ac^lJt
j** black
(JSL
to fe
do.)
67]
I.
2.
x x Ox
x Ox A
*iUliUt #o 00
/o/z^r
x x
trJ&jj^t, v~x
do.).
^.a^icl
to ^ro
x O
Aa^ a hump
*x3t to
.>
JLU)
XV.
xOx
xx
and
to be stout
^juXftt
(jJlfc to
strong
be
x Ox
^arc?)
swollen
be
to
^Jsu^.1
or inflated,
to
do.).
(LfL
Rem.
xO
u*jA3\
Ox
^JL*.1X
found
7<,e
j jo v:o x o
j j ox x
aZjju^t =
AJt^JU
7%<?
2.
it
67.
Quadriliteral
and
its
Forms.
is
xxOx
ji-ji-
to gargle,
^^3
to
to
xxOx
to rwi^A, ^x-
^o^-oxfc.
XV.
x J
(^Wj)
A biliteral root,
(a)
sweet).
al-Istikak, p. 227.
Quadriliteral Verb
W
was
it
bellow,
to
whisper,
jUfc A*
shout,
bb
E.g.
to
to shake,
Jjjij
xxOx
repeated,
Mttfo rws&
to
or rattle.
(b)
XXX
xxOx
jdm*&
x'x
;
*^
xxx
jvo^
to
prefixed
xx
*"-)
XXX
drive back ( J^y
#0 00 scattered =
Ox
-*^y to *S afow<7
J*o
xxx
hasten
is
xxOx
to be high)
proud (f~o
^
cr**^
of,
xxx
be
to
Ox
>
<kX*.
deceive
to
to
to retire)
withdraw,
xxxxxOx
c^) c"<'*
J^*^
to
rmv
(c)
They
are
letters,
9 x x
0x0
xO
0?
xOx
xxOx
j^j**-^
and ^^XS
>
E.g.
three
oj^.
to
put
stockings
^ S^rW
wj>^) ow
(w>j^., Pers.
a wjIJ^
than
to
to
put on one
the
*,''
Part Second.
48
A oj**
xx
to Pitch,
cfj
&X>3
pitch ;
xx
J jJ>+j
or tunic ;
J*jui mantile)
(t
or humility,
lowliness
a^c
to
^jl3
xx
(***)
J^JJ
ULJU3
to
w*a*W
They
common
x x
Gtod)
0/ 6W)
wa?rc<2
xx
to /<?//ow
abase
x
^^m)
0/ Ma add
&?c (
nfo
</>iA.oo-o<os)
a farrier,
to
jisuo
practise
nriaT/>os).
x x
ij0
to
(t
pjJmoJ
x x
xx
to
oneself
<
fo jpw
68
put on a girdle ( * ik ;)
to
JjU~J
to
from
Etymology
xxOx
Ox
XX
to
I
t/<
x Ox
Jj^
formulas.
<*
ui
^3 Jj^.
Ox
^U J^i
to
xOxx
xx
(there is no
*s)
xx
C power and no
68.
and
is so
of the
so
up an account,
cast
to
much.
verb are three in
quadriliteral
number.
Jiii
Ju/tIV.
The
69.
first
I.
JJtUlt
III.
II.
JJUtf
XX
transitive
and
intransitive
in
signification.
X X
xxOx
xx Ox
7rj^>
to roll; JjjJbj
to
laugh much;
Jjj>yk to
agrees in formation
xxOxx
vW^ &J**J3
')
to ac
like
E.g.
xx
to roll
(J&A,
to
gather
along ; ^jJbJLj
pfe>).
xO
run
and
quickly.
signification with
x x
^4*%3
to jt?w
<m or wear a
O'x x
to
f-j~*>
0x0
JX+&
xxOx
70.
E.g.
it
(^)UslL),
Q^eA*
to
act
73] I.
71.
2.
is
of
E.g.
triliteral,
^afJjM*\ to be
/ /
of a bird);
(ilo^fc.,
ground;
pULwl
^JfcJ
to lie
vanish
wa#0
away ;
to be
dark; j~t*\
tffo
Si.,
*?
^aw
sitive verbs of
act, state,
or quality.
j**M
to
fo scattered or
Si*
Jt>-I to
7%
JU-^t
^A;
Wse
1 oe
a^ C
w^t^t
to rata*
very hard.
to be
Voices.
the form
Jii
(cf.
38)
and of the
forms J*3 and J*3, which designate not an act (transitive or intran-
sitive)
fJ*&
JuJ
to be
is
*J~o
to
to be good, right, in
= Ju-3.
The
subject
voice is either
object, or not ; the subject of the passive
the object of the former (personal passive), or the abstract idea of the
may
affect
an
w.
14th,
the
to flow.
back);
3.
two
/ac#, stretched on
to
jU^t
73.
crop
dispersed ;
* i o ,
o^
its
<Ws
an intransitive
60 scattered or
to
Aaste,
puff out
of
triliterals, is intransitive,
to
to <w
to
72.
to
* *
Part Second.
50
The
74.
Etymology
is
passive
namely
[74
(a)
when
(b)
(c)
name him
directed
is
more
(d)
when
to the person
affected
it
(agens,
the agent).
The
Rem.
**
'G0O
the agent,
called
is
mould or form of
the
A*frO
J^UJI
X
X x
voice
active
XXX
the
and
^UJJ
that
the
J^UJI J*i
x biO
xx
Ox
cj.oqM) j^i^JI
put into
&
xO/O
of
x0./O
w>b
the build
jUUJt iUj
the agent,
J*fcUJt
Jj^AJt,
form of which
or
^s-
the agent
J X
is
the subject.
J
ft
called rtjLwo
Sx J
mould or form of
Ox
JO
Uc
also^-^^J
Jji
J J
&em#
named,
feeerc
more
or,
xx
a x j
shortly, 4Afcl3^~*>^)
J J
to
aJlfcls
x J
Ox
is,
^e
The
subject.
active voice
J
'x
J J
*
d-U-li
x 0<
J J
J 10 x O<0
,)|
i^JJl
x Ox
the passive
i.e.
J
JjyoLpJt,
x Ox
x Ox
is
/W
OjjAoJt,
(^ft^XatoJI)
5.*>
^o~j ^J
<
manner
x 0-a
J|yuLoJt 2Ae
in like
is
^e
Ox
unknown.
x Ox
x Ox
Jj1ra*-oJ!,
75.
which
is,
by
its
j&
to sleep), are
its
object (as
Jo^a
to be sick,
grammarians cannot
class
The Arab
active verbs,
78]
I.
The Verb.
A. General View.
J'
vi" JO*
The
3.
J
JwNjI,
51
<Scc.
/(/
Voices,
intransitive verbs, or
A^Ut
JUi^l, wrfo to
76.
The
to be
These
are,
4.
77.
of
forms.
other
is
the Verb.
number, the one expressing a finished act, one that is done and
completed in relation to other acts (the Perfect) ; the other an
unfinished act,
one that
is
just
commencing
or
in
progress
(the
Imperfect).
Rem.
a.
The names
Preterite
these
it
the
into the past
(^aLoi\),
first of
which they assign to the Perfect and the other two to the Imperfect.
Rem.
b.
will
Syntax
and use.
On
give more
5.
78.
91
etc.
The
The Moods.
five
moods
Part Second.
52
Etymology
[79
fifth
can be derived not only from the imperfect, but also from the
imperative.
On
Rem.
The Syntax
91 etc.
use.
80.
-d
and
In place of participles,
[Cf. 192.]
passive participle).
6.
81.
There are
three
cj),
H, or jJ&JI)
,a>..
the
person), ^oJiXoJt,
sD,
Js
0*
*j*+3\,
or
(*aJt, *WJ1,
spoken
to
(second
person),
The genders
are two,
Z jo*
B.
82.
Verbs are divided into strong (verba firma) and weak (verba
We include the verba mediae radicalis geminatae (y"J?) in
infirma).
the former class
83.
strong,
in
for
128).
Strong verbs are those of which all the radical letters are
and consequently neither undergo any change, nor are rejected
any of the
inflexions,
I.
89]
Rem.
The Verb.
free
from
defect,
weak
a sound
verb.
for one of
is
J*s
and^oJL* as synonyms.
1.
Form
in the Strong
Verb. Table I*
a.
84.
'
^a.o
is
verb, as
its radicals,
53
B.
The numbers,
tenses.
9
9 *
85.
x*J
see
The
prefixed or suffixed.
190,/]
9
itself,
is
either
Sj
or connected [J-cu*],
that
is
The
86.
suffixed
pronouns
are
partly verbal,
partly nominal
suffixes.
than the
latter.
88.
the verb
are also in
part prefixes.
185
89.
to
accusative see
The
prefixes
and
suffixes
54
Part Second.
Etymology
1.
89
The Verb.
I.
89]
B.
55
is
commonly scanned
as a long
vowel.]
95
seq.
2.
jj
Singular.
Common
Masc.
3 p.
p.
1 p.
O
.
thou.
ol
...
O (<**k c-)
Fern.
...
she.
t ^ou -
Dual.
3 p.
p.
lp.
t-
(of->
.
1-)
ftflfc
L5 (o'->
'-)
tf#
^- (o'->
y*
**
'-)
^y *wo.
...
Plural.
p.
2p-^
1 p.
Rem.
(o>> *>)
.
c4
a.
The
b.
tlwy.
(6) s
U w&
of the Imperfect
and written
in poetry (no)
3.
and Imperative
Rem.
...
is
sometimes shortened
defectively, <j.
Common.
Masc.
3
p.
{J
p.
lp.
...
he.
.
...
thou.
!/.
Fern.
she.
j)
56
Part Second.
Masc.
Etymology
90
The Verb.
I.
91]
To
B.
57
Ojuc, / have
C^,
d x
* t
On
taken.
thou hast
c.
14,
Rem.
When
c.
is
^j, it
s **
tut we
believed,
with te&did; as
* o
believed, for
**
* o
(women)
they
yj**\
^ of
**
d.
When
91.
damma
take either
to
, ,
w*>- to strike,
M*j
to stick
to
v~ke*
sit
down,
as ^Jes. to sneeze,
<
to
J**-*
Jux
* * s
to kill,
J^5
*j>j-**i
Many
*
as
may
it
0*
\j*
j*j
w-^^-j
write,
c^Aa*^.
and
J J
x ^
^.Zfr*
"
b.
m+~i
or
J x Ox
iJmu
*Ja3
%bJu
to cut,
jI o ,
,1 ,
to
JL
ka.JL>
JL^j
ask,
to
--J
Ox
J x
x x x
jU*
to
^Jfcj
throw,
o,
go away, ^JbJu
Not
p-jb.
know, jaLj
O*^*
t0 sa V>
>
J**J
good,
right,
^.JUj
J&J*
J^aLi
or 2?mW away,
to ,/fow,
0*
cJJJ
jmS
x
to
sit,
jjlsu
xx
^*
ascend, *J*i
j**
attain
teg
to,
to
reach,
to return,
J
to
'
* e
'
t"
%X+t
transpierce, j)
**<
as j*J*
'
y**J^
* *
"
'
to
*Jl>
look at,
to
*. or t
is
O**
J{
t0
<>
x x x
^JLcu
w.
JJ-x
JiaJ
I'O*
to create, \j+j
tjj
is
as Jji to do,
$ **
*-^
to hinder,
,,
'0'
radical
"
, 7
*-iJ to blow,
%+jj
sound,
cp
to
aVaw
bray, j*****.
Part Second.
58
forms
as
Etymology
to croak,
Jpo
JpU>
*-U
give as
to
[92
present, ^i->
* * x
~j
marry, 9J&0
to
V
ijj to tan,
xx
%j j^>
done with,
io,
C^mmij
to
'
-^.Iw to ./toy,
'
'C
Co>J
to
x '
**~*i
at leisure,
be
to
cji
9-Ja-L;
i^u
dye,
cut or hew,
' "
'*'
%+$ to
;
to
J
a scale of a balance),
~e*jj
to incline (of
?-**)
6m#,
'
Ox
^i.jsu
x '
to
J x
*.-o
J x
Jiave
*Jx>
xx x
X dx
J '
* s *
Ox
j
J
gush
x*x
*~^>.
out,
x x *
x x x
Rem.
SJLiJI
Verbs
6.
the form
of
j-U
a),
Jx$ denoting
always have
superiority, Jjii
damma
(the
jx
el-Kisa'I alone
grammarian
x x
JJJOxJxxx
him in composing
poetry, ^jaLj
oja+i he surpassed
him in
glory,
J J J Ox
oj.a>A.j
unless they be primse rad. j, med. rad. ^j, or tert. rad. ^$,
"
dl>
7ie
him in promising,
..
excelled him in
goodness, oj*a*J>
c.
When
is
J x
O^j
See
O^Ji-
J x
a.
be sorrowful, )}*~i
175
',
* drink,
*->*
^^Jm-j
or
tf/iiwA;
,j^j
and flourishing,
x
;
Oj-^
J x
fo
x
or suppose,
^stJo
^^j
x
.j
or
to be
w...,a>
-j ;
^jij
x
in distress or poverty,
to,
^Lj.
Rem.
*-Jj**i
w >
green
J x
^^i
J 0*
rem
>
j)
lean
^ incline to,
as j^s- to know,
/^^ ;
Rem.
O^)
takes
in
Ox
92.
a~ojji.
*
Rem.
him
Ae surpassed
*\+j
',
ojjlj
x x
See also
Very
b.
lean upon,
o.
O^Ji
.
'>
\J*<** to be
in excess, abound,
J-cub ; j^u
j*mm
'.
to be affluent, comfortable,
j^j
',
The Verb.
I.
94]
l J Ox
or innocent
is
of,
I,
OU,
viz.
O^j.Similar cases
When
93.
vowel
v^P
is
to die
(for
in Syriac
With
Rem.
Oji,
o^J
as
o*LL
has
damma,
that
p'-m;
nS&^ B
a in the Imperf.,
J Jx
73B*,
J
ft?p*,
C^J /
became
/ became
wise, C-***>
ugly, <Z>jjt
I became
Some
very rare.
94.
Gr. p. 180*.
to be beautiful,
of this kind
*l%y.
as
to be high, noble,
59
jj+j or t^.
a verb med. j,
B.
The
'it
itii
2ttl
j-*t.
their inflexion
is,
Rem.
a.
may
^3
regard
cJU5
as
meaning
"
"
killing-of-me
Hi
(i.e.
we
done by me),
^JO
is
sufficiently distinguished from the 3d pers. sing. masc. \^Sj by
the form of the temporal prefix but to distinguish the 2d pers.
sing. masc. from its fern, a suffix is necessary, and accordingly we
;
*
in
*
Jmu
p^lC
j j Ox
and Jaaj.
De
p.
J*5 makes
60
95
of the old
That
is,
^\
jsyu,
^ojit,
for j^S\
etc.
is 0*
nor ^Xju
J J
ft
for
Dialectically,
vowel of
the
too,
the
JJ
assimilated to a following
95.
The
ft
damma,
x J
Cy^,
ft
ft
prefix
J J
might be
Ox
is
the Subjunctive by
its
The Jussive
w-I&.
Subj.
damm,
radical having
J J
case,
preferred.
(^Xju).
In one
etc.
is
ft
Ox
wi&
whence
it is
sometimes called
Rem.
a.
of the Indicat.
and Subjunct.
damma and
j
fetha of the
akin to the noun, and its government in the Subjunct. falls under
the same category with the government of the noun in the Accus.
J
Hence the
name
technical
the Imperf.,
of
Rem.
The
b.
along with
it
to have been
96.
is
.-
*x
it
j * - -
<.
peculiar
meaning
of
[Cf. vol.
The forms
At
ii.
make
247.]
tive w>^.o.;. 0l H,
rhyme.
[The Indicative
j xftx
cjLa*H, because
^ and
The
2d and 3d
because
pare
The Verb.
I.
98]
\j~S3, with
them
mark the
it is
0>A
B.
^y^k
Cm^>
with \y=>
oW^J
61
retained,
and Q*tS&,
Hi
The Energetic
97.
is
is
elided,
Sj^^t
etc.
corroborative n)
in a shut syllable:
I^jXj
<jy^> or
<j- or ,j-
is
Com-
gender.
is
i b,
j * *
0~$3, 0*+&>
fr
6*
j j *^
* j
it
jo ,
of the termination,
influence of the
oW^&>
oW^>
In
the 2d and 3d pers. plur. fem. the fetha of the verb unites with the
fetha of <j into a long a, and in consequence the second fetha
initial
Rem.
a.
The
O^*^ (?)
syllable
fr
^_ of
m O-A CO-
is
appended
Energetic, a short
first
&
vowel before
and not to the dual, because its forms would then
;
coincide with those of the singular, nor to the fem. plur., apparently
Rem.
b.
O s
^_
for
is
rejected
20, rem.
as j-Ju)l
c),
of
Rem.
c.
in pause I.
The
syllable
19) the
xDA> x
of the termination
*
f
t>*H
*^,
^U.
is
often written
!_,
and pronounced
in
98.
The Imperative
Part Second.
62
Etymology
^ 19, 6
Fetha
b.
Rem.
is
of
)\y
from
is also
j\3jS
the
and
game
is
called
99.
!=
see
elision
corresponds
and the
to
announce
the
the death
Hebrew
final short
<m
In quadri-
])^ remember I*
T
ar ara.
S}*.j.\,
where that
(I),
Occasionally
it
and
j^Z/Z, come
seems to take
vowel
let
jSj*}
in cases
1,
This
<<J.
form
= *MgJW
E. g.
d.
be present
alone
let
literals this
damma.
it is
;>top (o for a,
absolute
rem.
19,
As an Imperative
c.
Rem.
listen
Regarding the
a.
is
t.
kesra
[99
*&&, wRem.
is
?*t>^-
its
and play
meaning
Im-
[Rem.
is
then explained by
cf. vol.
ii.
35, a,
<-
Similarly Kor'an
1.
bi
23, Lilt
at
,>*A)t.
De G.]
DeG.]
is
The Verb.
I.
106]
B.
2.
the First
Verb. Table
Farm
63
in the Strong
II.
100.
damma, and
fetha.
101.
There
is
3.
102.
The second
the
is
pronounced with
is
pronounced with
103.
fetha
The second
in the fifth
Rem.
The Imperfects
for JXz&j
of the ninth
in the rest.
and JJUaj.
This
may be
seen from the Jussives JJdsu and JJU&j, and the Imperatives
jjUSI and jjull.
See
104.
105.
The
another letter
[Rem.
is
prefixed
But we
^Ju^j, Sibaweih,
i.
b. De
106.
JJUil.
9,
when
1.
21,
a pot
where the
set
is
on
tlie
fire,
and
also
G.]
originally JJjisI
120), if
and
Part Second.
64
A in
Etymology
its
vowel, and
// *
fix
uncontracted
107.
107
The formation
derived forms
Rem.
is
a.
The Imperfects
b.
The Imperfects
identical.
Rem.
108.
the
is expressed by pronouncing
of the third form by
and
the
idea
damma,
radical with
first
first radical,
of the third form (in which both ideas are united) the form
*
JJy
and
j j
109.
radical
first
of the characteristic
*VtJJ
forms)
e.g.
JOJ
O, pronounced
J
Oj
When
111.
u>
sjo,
b, or
first
),
the
98 and rem.
first radical,
or the
Slif
a.
the
Compare
in their signification,
is
110.
is
JJ
J3&, J^j>.
e.g.
fifth
the characteristic
Koran
O of
O,
the
being neutral
73).
., >, 3,j,
*Z,
u*,
fifth
take a prosthetic
Slif,
consonants
(compare
54).
E.g.
fi
"
jjW, Jibl,
*ip
jJ>t,
Z'>
\j\>\,
fifi
Oij^
The Verb.
I.
114]
B.
j.5jj,
65
ijijj,
J^p, iJu5,
^ji,
preformative
Rem.
as
See
wn,
n^n,
112.
The
u~*\
48,
for ^r**^
rem.
to take breath.
Gr. P
Ci
and
i s
ss
[and
and
plur. masc.
Ji //
*+
necessarily
iioy.
fern.,
*s
*jU3
for
3d
which
for
j~&3,
&&3
(Faik
sometimes omitted
is
pers. sing,
Z s**
ijycjJJ,
in all
of the
b,
ComP
*v\ton;
is
fern.)
J*W^>,
130)De
e.g.
"'
&ytjj&
is***
Jb+aJg
i.
and du.
Z s *s
Zl
These
G.].
in the
and by
113.
no seventh form in
radical is
first
classical Arabic,
t,
j,
^, j,
J, or o> nave
fifth or eighth, or
the
passive of the
to
v~<oJ\,
the
lie
instead.
concealed,
the
characteristic
united by teSdid to
is
first radical.
Rem.
a.
Rem.
p.
b.
569, note
114.
ujj\. j-cut,
jJjJt, are of
common
(Kamil,
occurrence.
J**yl
jio\j\
it
into j>
Part Second.
66
Etymology
115
y sO
A j-a^^JI
or
j\j
or
>xL.
O or
O into
>Z>.
* *
as
^,
116.
is
and with an
ijj*
;
changed into
from
jtj
for
^jt,
>,
Jpt,
^>\,
or ybjt, for
ji>3j
from
w> into
from
for jUJI,
.^w.
or j, the characteristic
j,
ji.S
for *-2wt,
**~>t,
jUt or jUt,
initial
the
is
* *
eighth form
C from
St
O of
Rem.
letter
with the
w,
etc.
the characteristic
*t>,
from %+j
E.g.
j^jt
or
^-U-it
Jsuco,
Rem.
115.
from
or Jaa-ei
for
from
from
*S)j3>\,
U> JXjt
;
Jp
O of the
from j^j
c\
or
cjjl, for
ipjl,
from cji.
Rem.
a.
for instance,
^jit.
> or 3
is
to be preferred,
Lexicon only
*.^it, Jjjit,
aud
as well as
tfcSt
Rem.
b.
letter
Rem.
initial
J**.!,
Si
*0
c.
The
e.g.
letter
is
this
assimilation to
^j\j.
the
+*..
jl.l,
118]
117.
is
B.
into
x x
^aUo
^Uxot, ^A k o
l,
x x
from
t,
initial
ui
xxx
*$&
from^olb
^aI?, j^-U
xxx
w>jJxot, or
Rem.
IS
from jUo
v>^^
i
x x x
fr
into ^6.
x
^L^,
;
j,
*&
xx5
//
"
from
*r>j*
initial
E.g. ^Jbuot,
x x,,I
*Jo\. 3pt,
x x
-*.Lo
with
The
''
0*k>
xxx
xxx XXX
a.
letter
xui
X X
XI?
as j^ot,
^jA-ol, ^y-ol, 2~^t,
y^
Rem.
From a-o
6.
J^t,
the characteristic
may
i?
XX X
[117*.
eighth form
jJxot,
//
xSx
Jte\, or jUxbt,
5^0
;
,i ,
into
x x
U^>.
%+.*o.
initial
,Sit,
67
x x
?ta-o
The Verb.
I.
i,
The
it.
first
of the
radical
x xx
x3x
ft
is
rem. a).
J
ii.
Part.
act.
jZ~* (jZ~**)
Inf.
^Uw
Koran
(see 202,
is z, h,
(Sur. x. 36,
u
ix.
or
91,
4.
118.
The
Rem.
a.
6972).
The O, which
is
Imperf. Act.,
Rem.
Jfljt),
to
b.
pour
is
As mentioned
out,
and
are treated as
^>o-Jb, to believe,
quadnhterals:
68
Part Second.
The
Etymology
The form
elt,
JfJJbt,
q/*
radicalis
geminatw
120.
differ
They
we
find
Table
V.
When
t^lo^t
both the
first
form a double
to
J^A.
tenth form of
(]}"]}).
for jj9
The
119.
(a)
also used.
C second
irregular:
[Also, in verse,
Imperf. *Jx~j.
F^rfo
is
[119
cliLt, Imperf.
5.
is
Imperf. J^->,
clLLrft, to obey, is
viz.
Norn. act.
letter,
which
marked with
is
smell,
for j*+Zt
^^
become dear
to
v**
tesdid.
E.g.
j*
to flee,
j^
v^ ^
v***-
its
j^
for >j^i,
J-ft-j
for
its
JX+j.
But
if
without one,
first, and then
first is
letter.
E.g.
J^
Rem.
damma
a.
admit kesra
absolute, jtj
to repair,
viz.
C*j
to sever
jJ* to
or separate entirely
six,
make
tie
which
also
decisive or
firmly, J*c
to
The Verb.
I.
120]
B.
it
jjb to abhor,
w*.
viz.
kesra,
Rem.
Cw,
or
etc.
common IV.
(instead of the
weak in
as ^XSLo to be knock-kneed or
abound in
to
w*J
the hocks,
a she-camel, ewe,
Forms
c.
like
in
times contracted
//
first radical
Os
s
as,
)}j,
2.
The third
for
vowel
iss
)ttj,
C^
as
Ct
Os
C%
for
Outs s
C*yJt3,
is
5
uncommon
not
ss
i'
Oj
O^thJ
efc.*J.
and a vowel-sound
may
be either
i //
woj-~wl
for
(a) the
S
t>S
Oj^-^wl, a
for
0 ss
05 <" *
'
the
vowel
long
rt^lD where 5 =
in
J
!_,
a).
Co3).
p. 227
"
wvUlsu,
*Z>jjJS,
N. Africa ai becomes
in
s
Ol
for
i,
ol
C*w
also occur.
as redctit for
C/ow/?. Crr.
se?.
[See
De
02 ss
s s
CXolU,
C-.~oiJ,
*A,
form which
is
This
S S
for C-wcua5,
CgdJ
si
d M*M
f r
OjJ"*^> O-ih!
^or
radical
transferred to
is
however, some-
are,
tlie
its
OlA
[also
of
orifices
The second
6s,
diphthong
(of a horse,
1.
O^j,
form
ways.
Os
O^j,
s
cJLb
or
o , ,
vowel, or else
its
s Os
the
have narrow
to
different
cJLb
the eye),
6e sore (of
fo
etc.).
.
Rem.
to smell badly,
to be silly,
teats (of
only
to
S J *
*iU3
m aJ
lizards (^-*o),
^-^.1), Imperf.
yMd
secretly,
it
b.
times occur
to
to fove
69
to
is
Cw
Imperf.
detest,
5.
Goeje, foss. to
Ibn al-Fakih
s.v.
oj.]
Part Second.
70
121.
Etymology
[121
its
three vowels.
^o-o-i,
122.
J^
or u*xkj,
E.g.
jj*j>,
or
for
J*-,
vi
^aJsju, JA*j
>IJ/
i '
J s
ul
j^j, j^j, or
ulJ
'
v)i*
j->*.
as ^jj*\,
third;
120, b,
tjj-*t,
When
hjj*^
The masc.
etc.
Jussive
( 121),
sing,
tjji
ij!j*\, l/*t,
instead of ^jjit,
rejecting at the
Iji,
not
e.g.
sj*
6 J 6j
Rem.
but U^j,
* 6 *6iO uij
y 6 s0>O
j6^\
123.
or^e^l
S|
The same
ly-oft,
eighth,
say
In the wasl
oj
(*>j)y
20) say
Sj
>j.
suffix
and to the
third, fourth,
fifth,
sixth, seventh,
ninth,
and eleventh,
the second or third radical cannot be united with the other, because
is
already doubled.
contraction.
[But
Consequently jj,jj*>,
cf.
120, rem.
c,
jj*\,
and
jtjit,
it
undergo no
The Verb.
I.
128]
71
Rem.
tlamraa, as
J^.
for
damma
C.
first
radical a sound
(technically called
j*\*&)*$\,
01
between those
namely
case oi
fWia
such as
9 *
jj{~*,
uoclJ,
and
German
ii
or
alone
of kesra
124.
consonant, which
is
25, rem.).
-^fc.U.,
allowed in the
* J
Forms
W>
JJ
**i !**,
*
and
j<ij*\
125.
The Jussive
may undergo
exactly the
form of
Ji and
J.3
Z l
aJLSI
*
j o
ol
C.
Weak
126.
radicals
is
rejection
differ
more or
less, in
some parts
127.
The weak
128.
(a)
letters are
I,
^.
Those that have among their radicals one of the weak con-
Etymology
Part Second.
72
129
Rem.
129.
In a root there
may
as ^j\j,
^Sj, e$t.
weak; those that have
These
may
1.
130.
is
to be doubly
weak
the
classes,
first,
The
calis hemzatse).
131.
(I),
If the elif
it is
into
^ with hemza
-
Pass, of Ijj
damma,
of jj\,
Oyj
Act. of
y>
and
and
Cs^
^y*,
for
for
^ with hemza
Hence C*5jj
*
(^).
into
3d
pers. sing.
Olo
and
to and Ui
damma and
(J)
kesra,
oUi,
2d
I.
or IV.
(see 133).
consideration that lay quite beyond the scope of the native systematic
grammarians, to whose method of exposition this work, for good
The Verb.
I.
132]
The hemza
is
Verba Hemzata.
J and
the commencement
show
^_,
73
but also to
1.
I,
kesra remain
itself; that
is to
say, at
of a syllable, with the spiritus lenis between the
t
preceding syllable and the vowel that accompanies the hemza (as yi,
at the end of a syllable, with a
slight emphasis
cJLi,
sani'-ta,
not kani-ta).
fc,
133-4.
long vowels
especially
also pronounces
Even
jl and
^_ like the
in
^ O s
s_My?
17, 6,
rem. b];
and hence the custom, at the present day, of resolving the verba C
tert.
verba
Hebrew, and
yd, as
tertice
^Ji
for
[Ji,
to read,
is
Arabs
still
preserved
it.
Now
mainly fixed by the Kor'an, which was originally written down in the
Higaz in accordance with the local pronunciation. This pronunciation
did not ultimately prevail over the Arabic area, but the old orthography could not lightly be tampered with, having the character of a
sacred tradition.
The
prevailed, however,
first
scribes wrote
was bdusa,
nearly
so).
gi'ta,
it
was already
lost or
10
Part Second.
74
Rem.
an
rem.
6,
Hence
b).
of
q$\
' '1
Act.
pers. sing. Perf.
3d
VIII. of j+\
conjunctionis
Juepf 3j*i)
Pass. IV. of
0+\
'0
O^l
oU^J, not
When a word
'
0+*3*> not
with
all
^1,
elif
&*$%
Act.
jjj\, 1st pers. sing. Imperf.
(*iaJUI tt*fc)
VIII. of
Pass.
Perf.
sing.
pers.
,J*M'
3d
$1
v>*$jl,
after
away
of j~>\
j~j\, not j-Jt, Imperat.
*,0
falls
132
( 17,
b.
hemzatum,
elif
Etymology
'
Innn
IV. of jj\
IV
with
all
of
O-?
elif
>
y&
not
separationis
of this sort,
elif
when preceded by ^
Oti (from
A*
^>*jli.
In other cases
it is
or sJ, and,
C^jt,
it is
Imper. of
retained,
usually rejected
^1
and the
to come),
radical
ba'da'tilqfin,
/it/
0X3
U5I
J); as
(,
OjjpU fa'tazarat,
J </
/W
_
as
\&\y
hemza
O , ,,0*3*
is left
0*
, 0*
kJ*j&\
S/
^J^t
Rem.
c.
is
if
Os
,J0,
written LSIj^t,
>,
w>
O^V^J' cX^N^)*
guage, as j-wb
J ,
it-,
it
J
elif
of
C/
J^U
Sura
xlix. 14.]
,
said^LJ
for >#J>,
from
^j
t
I.
JO %,
The Verb.
I.
135]
133.
Verba Hhmzata.
75
damma
ceded by
or kesra;
damma
^J^t
to be
to,
was
asked, for
JU,
J&Jl,
for
of
Perf. Pass,
J^
for J*>b, to be
jjb, an impression
Infin. VIII. of
>lUl,
JL
to,
for
pronounced with
it
Eg.
it is
j peace
is
J)\
made
is
y>,
made,
J^
hsB
(between
At
Rem.
I,
I,
^Jb,
But the
as
%Z*i
from
\j+j
latter
form
is
I,,
1,0
is
preceded by fetha,
damma and
pronounced with
^j,
suffixes,
*j)/aj-
134.
Finally,
comes J or
pronounced with
damma
or kesra
which
J I o*
/^
J35~~*>
\j*yi>
f r
E.g.
Pass.
of^oU,
to
Oj
of
JL*
j
or
I),
h,
Imperf. of
JO*
;
be-
j^t,
for
^U>,
oj
for^Lj, he
acts stingily
0,0
Is
j>^
of
Particip.
(t
preceded by
^Uj,
sir
't*
Imperf.
u*>-, for
Jj^*
is
X.of j&
Rem.
at the beginning of a
135.
At the beginning
the radical
I,
the two
Slifs
is
written
fetha (see
6,
to consult, III. of
Part Second.Etymology
76
"
A j*\
is
136
%
The same thing takes place when a radical with ^ezma (I)
preceded by an elif hemzatum with fetha (compare 132, rem. b)
to order.
J-itl,
jjll
136.
elif
elif
hemzatum
rem. b)
b,
3d
plur.
pers.
Rem.
initial &lif of
or 'parallel
to be opposite
for
of
,
x J
and SUly*.
xx
,t
to take,
first
making
When
(JC/
elif,
d J X
to eat, reject
J**., j*o,
and
J^.
X
^,
preceded by ^ or
J^l
138.
x J
as .-wt^j, u*\yo,
137.
j)
along with,
L^tt,
Nomina
the
to eat
J^tj
to console,
to, i**tj
to be
6W&<#,
J x
j-otj or jj
but not so
and
J^
J X
to
139.
The
first radical
to the characteristic
of
J^t
O of that form
is
^O
"%
Rem.
a.
The same
Ox
to
put on one
which makes
the article
of dress called
jJZj\ or jjJt, to
j\j\,
x x 2
and
to
The Verb.
I.
141]
Verba Hemzata.
more
still
J^jt,
The
77
and
may
Jjbl, to
e"lif
and be
written Jd^wt.
Rem.
From
6.
secondary radicals
rem.
Jtffc
in
Compare
b).
Syriac
*Jl\
;-kjA_|, if
i,
and j**j,
JdL3, to take,
to
i-it^M>
trade
(see
iKl!^;
148,
an^ with
j_kj|.
140. Verba med. hemzatse are occasionally inflected like verba med.
an elif of prolongation instead of the
( 149, etc.), and take
3 et
rad.
radical
JL
to ask,
for
Jl~i
J~*.
hemza with
This
fetha.
for
is
JL>, 2d
pers. sing.
JI~j, J-~> for JI~j, J~> for JLJ (Imperat.), Perf. Pass.
Sometimes the
elif
hemzatum
is elided, its
Kg. J-~> C
jtl>, from
^t,
JC
whence ^-U,
Rem.
JuTj
Rem.
and
or
J^U, an
for
6.
^C,
When
etc.
The
141.
^
to see;
the rule
see
in the fern.
( 21,
d,
rem.
These likewise
is
the
fall
first,
et
\jj).
into
6),
du ^U,
^, we may
or I^LLs.
happens in Hebrew,
or
^^Xw,
preceded by ^ and
Comp.
128,
p]X a?)-
is
letter
from {j\j
angel
in Syriac it
2.
for \j\ji,
a.
say
^jJ
Weak
Verbs
b).
Part Second.
78
Etymology
A.
rad.
142.
ristic
xx
to
OOO
Ox
jaA
the Imperf.
n J}
and hence
cjj
lawful),
to
inherit,
>jj
^jj
c*3 * ^ e
n 9d
xx
from (what
of,
and handsome,
condition
^.C
form
JUj
0 fove, Ji*J.
JxOxxx
of, j**~j,
jX^j j^-j
j
J^yi
to 6e
The Imperat.
6.
morning !
x x
%\~~*
j^
in
aJLj,
diyj
J x Ox
J-fcjj.
^
'
^ooc?
x x x
good evening
xxx
Jx
JxJxOx
j^
^ ^ e
XX
Rem.
J^
to be
xxJxOxxx
JxJxOxxx
^3
pj^
2o
,JJu
un-
(of fat),
X
is
ja.^
Jjbj
to be
or confide
to trust
',
Jmj
cjj to abstain
J X
jtyi
near, to be in charge
e.g.
I'lldown
xx
L&H
^>J3
>
of the
Jmu
instead of
Jmu
(jM)>
(jue^l).
JxOx
Ox
in 92),
a.
E.g.
Ox
Rem.
(verba prima?
rad. j,
J
to
j&3
is
142
x x x
3 or
(). Table IX.
et
jJ$
is
Ox
This
is
j)
|",
143.
rad. ^,
xx
in these forms.
or
Ox
J*hI
E.g. j^.^ or
0x0
(for j**}\ or
0x0
xx
J^
xx
J^t); ^3
to be
damma
JxOxxx
to be in
pain, *->;;
J^
j^l
to stick
rain, y>i
Verba
The Verb.
I.
144]
t perish,
(jJ.yi
by the mur-
to be visited
$>$
Jibuti,
y J s
to be
Ox
Jjj
79
et {J.
$**+%*
S>3
pr. rad.
>oj
to be
I J
clean
The same
j and medise
Jx Ox
as 3j (for jjj) to
OxO
x
,
is
Rem.
J x
dialects
from
x
or
x
^.
E.g. J**.lj
x Ox
Ox
J x
and J**u,
J
Ox
"x
<Jj*.j, 0 >e
j) ; ^Ab
or
.ai, t,j
JxOx
and
J x
r% jj.
for %a*yi,
Ox
for ^*A>j,
tfi
a mistake.
144.
^v->j,
**,
from
from j*b},
%.j, to 6e
Ox
Jj^j, B
for
to
moke
and - ov-jj.
fetha.
x x x
s>j
x
, *
ju,
J x x
Ox
to let alone,
jSj,
ji.
to restrain,
jJ,
xx
3
xx
gjl
x
c>.
to let alone,
Ox
#J.
xx
*~>3
to be
wide or spacious,
^^5
x
#0 ^?w
?ww
or
-y,
2 x x
Usy,
U.
fe)
/Off,
-"
Ox
xx
y^i,
to give,
Ji},
xx
^Jbj
jt?/ac^,
trample upon,
xx
3^
J x x
x x x
jt-oj
~i,
s-**.
Rem.
b.
(j).
the Perf.
cjj and jj are not used in
Part Second.
80
145.
Etymology
vowelless j, the
changed into
is
Hence
and X.
IV.
XL;
s^^-yi for
changed into
I,
J J 6s
* J y
JiAj do.
Rem.
u-^-rf.
gg,
and
^U*
vowelless ^, the
to
92,
or
^sb,
is
t,
,0
*0*
^^^
rem.
for
changed into
Hence
See
or
j~*>\
fetha,
Oj
and
Rem.
a.
it,
J '
'
rem.
143,
damma
Imperat.
J
for
to despair,
precedes a
productionis, according to
and X.
j-~>$i,
I.;
J
and
jl~>t
J
OJ
approve of
awake,
^J,
....
for j~~t,
to be
and
or y^^-o,
^Uj.
and &Ju
#0 receive
%yi
0*
<
producing
'.*
jibs
'
O,
'
a.
Infin. IV.
teristic
or
to be gentle, easy,
'
or
become ripe,
%yi
L+Z~>\,
jLmjUA, for jL~>| and j
148.
is j^ajec?
ft
See
sometimes
is revealed.
147.
<i
*^
lit
to be
**
jt
*0s
is
<*3j,
play at hazard, or
j~> to
JO,
or
for
jb*
^Uo
for
C*5t,
e.g.
* uJC
hill),
*
J*a*j
w^jt, * J^**',
J s
*Ju to ascend (a
sb<
Jiio
e. g.
JO*'"
J
Infin.
t>Jl, ^tSjlll,
for
determined (of time);
^*-j,
^^-l,
j^d
I.
and X.
146.
to
OsO
b ,
w^>j,
j productions, according
ctjuzll, for
ctjut,
In the Passive
Rem.
precedes a
ws^jt, c>^iwl,
or
s
b *
Jl^jl
damma
145
Co
* * *
* ,,
(^jlI), to
play at hazard.
Sometimes, however, although many grammarians disare not assimilated to the O, but pass after
^ and
damma, and
homogeneous
letters of prolonga-
The Verb.
I.
150]
tion,
j^J\^
j,
I,
for
^.
radicals
from
Jajfcl (
^*^j j-^
From
b.
to
melancholy
JJ^y
^rw
to
*~3
*$3,
lean, to
or
145),
for
J~a3b
Compare
^L~
to
to suffer
fear (God)
to be hereditary, inherited,
upon;
to
^Jj,
wide or spacious ;
^"t
to be
make one
for
such as Aa^j
81
^j.
et
a.
indigestion ;
>>S3 to be
for
j~i^, j^jl
J-^*J> *w^
139, and rem.
Rem.
J^Ll
E.g.
f r
follow ;
to insert ;
j^\
suspect a
to
person.
languages, see
Comp.
Gr. p. 234
seq.
B.
media? radicalis
149.
Verba mediae
et
rad.
Tables
yj).
3 or ^j (verba
X. XIII.
is
et
JaaJI, the hollow verb) differ from strong verbs only in the
sJye^\
first,
The
following sections
150.
is
is
first,
and the
is
its
6'
Jyb,
he says,
becomes
*l,
he goes,
j~~i,
do.
^J^arJi, he is afraid,
^^i,
do.
w^v-;, he is afraid,
*r>^>
do.
j *
Jyu,
it is said,
J*j, pardon
w.
is
granted,
I.
, j
J^>> Imperf.
Pass.
JUj, Imperf.
Pass. IV.
I.
11
82
Part Second.
J$*-i,
Etymology
becomes
he remains,
151
03
0*k,
he softens,
do.
0*k,
t^-j3t,
soften,
t^lJI,
do.
j\, he remained,
^\i\,
O^jl,
do.
oj
\yyi\, remain,
3 oi
1^-iJI,
x xOg
v>Jt, he softened,
0,$,
fo stands upright,
ji} ;
,. >
03
ij*A*~i\,
he
was thought
OJ&X,
gentle,
3,0,03
, x
is
J*l~j, pardon
151.
I-,
But
^J $,
,
if
Imperf. Pass. X.
JU^j,
asked,
Perf. Pass. X.
its
3,
e>
Jyu
Jju, for
,
E.g.
I.
^^%-j
do.
(j-j**,;),
x x
( 25).
03 o,
yJU*->
do.
(o^-),
J*,
I.
oi
^1
2
(C^ll), 2d
J OJ
OjuSI
x
Oxg
(^Vt),
''
S^-s^,*x.a*)
O^Ut
x
Rem.
t>NT
do.
Pass. IV.
).
do.
Pass. X.
3d
p. plur.
f.
(CM^)j 2d
p. plur.
f.
Imperat. IV.
3 ,
f r
(o-o^St),
t.
l>o*3I
Jx
p. sing.
*|
C^UXtaWl
x
Ojit,
x
do.
(>>*!),
131
x
Oi
Jit,
xx
to be, is
sometimes
still
I.
153]
The Verb.
83
et ^.
152.
(see 98
and
122).
E.g.
3 03
JJ>3t
33
becomes successively
* jj
a j
J^l,
J>5I,
3*0
3*0
153.
If three
succession, the
first
Part Second.
84
154.
or ^
But
Etymology
if
first
damma
is
so
becomes
' O
(^tfui),
^JOIj), that
do.
scent or flavour
of
the
cJ*-
c^^
I
in kitten or the
(JiyOj
of the
is
I.
jifi^t
some Readers
like,
an^o-aMvoU^t, a
il
a.
and the
German
c*~A
(j**^)
j-~-\
Perf. Pass.
(&*)
Rem.
^ becomes
J**>
(J>*)
j^t
s
E.g.
J>3
154
elided
which the ^ or
(J productions.
is
sound of the
123, rem.),
Rem.
Some
b.
of the
of forming
^, and
si
si
J^*.
sis #
-is
(for
siila,
In forms
c.
J^S
admit
sOi
j-^l).
of the
forms
^J[$**>.
O i
Jji, J>$),
(for
si
and
"
Rem.
as
JL
sj^^i
cJ"**'>
for
sisOisiOi
si
* 6 i
i,
or &.
155.
is
without a
The second
(a)
second radical
is
radical
is
or
with fetha.
enough
and into
kesra, if it
s
was ^.
for
dj~
E.g.
,,
damma,
ss
C-s^5
Os
Oj-j~>,
do.
I.
is
if it
strong
was
3,
The Verb.
I.
157]
The second
(b)
radical
vowel.
homogeneous
cJJ
"
^ with damma
is
cJ^b, 2d
for
j with
first
C^*, 2d
x
c>
C*s-u
for
its
Perf. Act.
Ci^l
first,
vowel, the
25.
productionis
154)
E.g.
2d
m.
pers. sing.
Perf. Pass.
I.
do.
OJ
do. VIII.
(sZ*$yl*>\),
In verbs mediae
a.
I.
do.
(c^J),
x
Rem.
(c-ouj),
rad.
^,
and
Rem.
Ci4
6.
xJxJ
Jy>,
0JX
liadith
157.
C-o*->
Oxx
for Cou,*
c).
who
whilst those
Osju.
e.g.
form
xdx
and C* **.*
155, a)
identical in
of
JO
and Pass, are
Perf. Act.
Kg.
m.
pers. sing.
CJtt*1
I.
kesra.
^>* (^y*),
*,
**;
Perf. Act.
is
m.
pers. sing.
radical is
c*a> for
if
first
x O
forms,
De G.]
rad.
grew
(J>J,
present,
93)
E.g.
The second
156.
In this
85
^J.
^ with kesra.
or
3JLik
(c)
et
is
to
is sufficient
J X
JyJ
J}/
(Jyi)
XX
from JU
^ adorn,
x'J X
(
JjJ), to fo
fo/i#,
J>ix>
fr
m jh
(s*~*)>
njl (O^k)
Part Second.
86
to go,
Etymology
'
'
158
But
j~~j ijv~i).
in some,
X X
J X X
x
x x
*x
x x
j//
from JU ( J*J), to get, obtain, JU; (J~o) from *U> (^-w),
( J-j-)
;
*x x
to tc?M&,
lUu (Uj)
xx6x
co^
XX
Cy,
Jxx
^^,
jsUj {j*&^)-
(for
XX, xx
G x
Heb.
to ./ktr,
from
to die,
3*
in
Syr. A__Lo)
I
Jlft,
JxOx
^JU^; ((J^d^j)
158.
or
Q, these
ul
xx
O 30 3
ifa night
(O3-0) to
C guard ;
See
xO
U>, for
90,
Uu, and
rem. a,
an d
^>?j, for
(C-*u) to pass
m 0^
fr
m OW
(l>^)
(0>)
to fo separate.
b, c.
3 productions
be effaced,
second and
fifth
J>*> J>*3-
it)
XX
and
vt
33
not
^, which
JJ
>*3.
See
11,
rem.
160.
Hence we
would
33
j>j
to
159.
rad. j, the
xx
->x
xx
fr
Ob
O-^j
f r
xdx
o**^
Out 3
xx
'
O^*
<j.
WJx
for t>*0,
it
<$**;
xOJ
j>o,
and
OU
^*, from
mJ
a.
rad. 3,
rad.
^,
of
the form }3, are inflected throughout like strong verbs as jjt to fo
xx
JxCx
JxCx
xx g
curved or forctf, Imperf. >jV( >>* to 60 6M;, Imperf. j^^ IV. *y~>\
;
jj*
Of
j^\
^J^o
to fo woolly,
Imperf.
Jx Ox
<Jyau
Jx Ox
Oi
x x
xx
-x
Jx
j^h
W0c, Imperf.
ju*.
and flexible,
xx
xx
et
x
;
JL*
X X "i
weak
Imperf. juou
*-***->.
rad.
return
to
inflection.
E.g. wUt or <^^j\, to reward,
X X02
x x
or p-jjl, to perceive the smell or otfow of a
*-\j\
x x
xxO?
XX
X X
'
JxOx
be tender
162.
*'
*>* 1
wanting,
Jx
from w>U
to be
161.
j^z
87
^.
to
et
Ofc
to squint,
J^a.
The Verb.
I.
163]
from^U
do.;
JU-I
or
XX
from the rad.
xxxxxO
rad. 9-lj
j>^t
163.
*~3>)\" to pair, to
marry
*"
to
as jy**\ to be neighbours,
XX*
jlr*.
jU
x
;
xx
o>^
Mjo one
to
another,
Many
inflection, but they generally prefer the weak, with the exception of a
few, [chiefly denominatives], which almost always adopt the strong.
E.g.
w>
U*
rad. w>Uh"
x x
..>t
uj^uwl
^}su~t\ to be
a bow ; Jf^wt
xxOx
she-camel (*$U).
xxOx
Ox
#0 a he-goat (v~*>)
a.
J**^!
xxO
On
^, u
6e a&Je to do,
M U >t 0 become
.
become
like
an elephant
xxO
(J**).
xxxO
X.
of sU,
oftey, to
see 118,
b.
Rem.
the
rem.
become like a
to
9 x x
Rem.
w>L
xx OxO
first
b.
On
in
Hebrew and
Part Second.
88
C.
^SUT
jet fj;
164.
Verba
tertise rad.
or raid, for^j
Verba
(b)
^j
namely
j of the form
for^oj
tertise rad.
Verba
(d)
Jjtf
Verba
(e)
of the form
of the form
165.
Jii
Ja$
tertise rad.
tertise rad.
of the form
At the commencement
Namely
place.
as
The
as
to be
^oj
pleased
J*J
as iJD- to be ashamed.
sis
as jj~> to be noble.
retains its
it
power as a consonant,
it is elided.
the vowels a a
as also
s ss
IJJS*,
***J
s s
s s
(tj_,
f
;
sis
s J s
&3J">
s J
si
syllable
s i
Os
(S3-),
The
letter
LTf> **f>
In the
first
and second
I.
and
II.
classes,
the 3d pers.
s s
0>
letter
fern. sing,
ss s '
ss s
stituted
and
s ss
w-j^j,
is
ss
The
a, u a.
Arabs followed
(yJ) and
sss*
I!**), etc., after
J>>*>
'
E.g.
W?3 OW*
Rem.
Os
O^y^j-
),
a ((^ a (U-)
s
* J
b), ua ($), u a
s s s
is
throw, for
to
^oj
(a)
is*J*
make a foray
to
\j>
166.
166, a).
as
sis
it
XIV. XVIII.
/?, a).
tertise rad.
Verba
(c)
or
164
167, a, ft a).
with,
167, a,
kinds
five
3 or
is
(a)
Etymology
s s
^cj
s s
\s
OU>
or *++}
167, a,
25),
/?,
a),
they sub-
* ss
and C-j.
In the
dual,
The Verb.
I.
167]
might have
Verba
but
(b)
The
third radical
and
u,
03J* ano
0**P
{, as
b^>*^
fr
0***P and
with the
^U^t
yi into j_, as
t^-oj-j,
0^>*i and
Cxs>*3
and
It
l-> as
L5-~ mto
***j\.
owing to
a),
as
for
\jt*y*,
Ijj^fc
fr
L5^""
CK/***
for
tj.*j
=
^j*jji
(a)
in *
an(^
LP^
Hence
When
third radical
is
L5~^ ;
j
for
If the preceding
pass into
^ u and
c^j for C^
w.
fr
a.
become
^~'
Jjtij.
(a)
^
;
U>*-^H and
O^e-^P and
ugi*3, lT^J
At
167.
or elided.
!>*;,
IjJaj for
fr
f r Li>*'
namely jj into 3,
lyj for
m *
Into a diphthong
/?.
in
C3-
',
for t^JjJ,,
\^jl*
m*o
3d
>
for 0-i3J*3
and j^5^p
in
for
l>H
The 2d
Rem.
fern. sing.
is
is
a.
89
^.
cally,
vowels
et
said b\j
rad, 3
tert.
t -d;
7.
E.g.
O^j-j
j- uw and
^- ty
12
Part Second.
90
Etymology
168
(b)
j and
xx
for
When
(3.
ramayta.
(j
j_
^_
^J and ^_, j_
for
lib
^_
for
##
for
is
it
^-),
j aw and
(a)
we
write
( 7,
SS
^Jaj and
for
X^J
(b)
3 ww becomes j ;
(c)
^ # becomes ^-
as
The
(b)
fi
third radical
^^H
and Imperative,
in the Jussive
xOx
for
-f>H> -**}
OxOx
When
^jt
L5^
L5?x>j
Ox
jJaj
xOx
(ujlp
^^
Ox
(jj-xt),
xO
V%&
(Jf*|0*
it
Ox
tenwln of
damma and
0->
w x J
J^U
etc.
J***, J**-,
80),
kesra.
is
signification of
00
(L5f^)'
elided at the
Ox
0x0
ujj (^Ji),
/?.
for
Ox
This
a syllable.
which the
in
fx
Ox
J Oj
(j**0
Ox
^p.
3&
Jx^xJjOx
f r
and ^ajj.
^^j
"When
a.
C happens
elided
is
as
I ;
for
^^m
.$>*, j>j-~>,
J">X
^JJaj,
x
>
^jU
WxJ
t>**
jjU, 3jU,
168.
^5-^*^
It
third radical
166, a)
5wxJ
for
E.g.
*x
and
for
jo f,
^j*\j
for
and
^tj
OJ
^5^*-*
jt>\j
j,
it
t>** f r 1^5**-*
and
0,
final
OOJ
and
for (j?jU.
(^o!;, ^-Stj)
^lj
an0
1^5***
e^c
166, a) that
often protected by a
^\j jU
when the
(j_) and
is
The Jussive
is
ii.
230).
D. G.]
inflection, as far as
from ^j*oj
169.
verb
Verba
(for
Final
it
maintains
is
as
changed into
fr
and not
170.
^.tjt (Ji*J1,
j 5
In verba
in-
into j.
Consequently, we get
C-*-;,
waws
into
91
itself
rad.
rad. j et J.
tert.
3d
The Verb.
I.
171]
of verba tertiae
80),
to
the influence of
tertise rad.
^,
^, the two coalesce
damma becomes kesra Q
(j?,
^*j*
for
^jj*c,
Such verbs
\Jy*j+.
as
^*oj,
stands for
166, a),
g it/
is far
more
a.
rad. 3, instead of
lw
^jk*;
e.g.
is
c^t
i^i-*^
or 5yL*
u^j^
land,
from
/ am
from
(&&e) the lion, whether attacked or attacking,
mra
to irrigate,
a, to attack,
Rem.
b.
Imperf. ^L^j
For verbs
final
3 and
for
rhyme
as
irrigated
w*JJt
I
^Xc
Ut,
j^c to
u^U).
171.
divisible into
two
( 129).
classes,
a^or^
Weak
or
among
each of
of those
their radicals
occurs twice.
Part Second.
92
Rem.
There
Etymology
no
is
172
triliteral
hemza.
(a)
(b)
(c)
172.
The
173.
and
to
l^JL-j or
L^JJt.
174.
[also
(j-rfU-!,
See
J x x
and u~jb]
The second
verba
XX
VjO ^
tertiae rad.
Ua-j (
132
3,
and
is
^l-a-j,
more
rarely
OS.
^
its
Imperat.
^bt,
rarely
XX?
s^^)
X<
XX
(/?)
smooth,
146, rem.
f
X t*
as w>t or w>' g (f r
X
to
3 i 6 x
^sb
bj
of u~-*-^> to despair,
J$
D x
^.
The Imperf.
Rem.
or
e.g.
142, 144).
or
Such words
tread upon.
classes to
verba
(/?)
rad.
tertiae rad.
jt$ to frighten;
J^3
it
belongs.
and
^XPXX
XX
t^a*.
(for U*.)
peculiarities of
a.
176]
J>\,
I.
The Verb.
93
of.
Part Second.
94
Etymology
Rem.
The
b.
Perf. Pass,
^j
is
(like
,3
,1
si
always elided
is
Active
tjj.
signifies to show,
it
st
<
0>l. C-^jl
^jj\,
by transposition,
is
c.
or,
^^j)
03
it>3
Rem.
[177
S3
* J
^jj
jj
the hemza
Otherwise
jl
it is
retained.
177.
Of the second
a horse)
^*ft to have
178.
(/?)
^$
radical, as
to
^Sj
and
class, in
guard,
The
to roast,
first sort
and
****J
ij?>
<^3>
^3
^j
0^3
179.
whatever.
*J3^>
In the second
E.g.
is
the
to be strong,
and third
to be sorefooted
^j^-3
is
first
(of
^^
(for >**)
to
live,
in one's speech.
^h>
^3.3
tertiae rad.
^h>
those in which 3 or
an impediment
classes primae
or ^j
to be near,
^3
which j or
or
^.
L5^
sort,
^
^3-;
two
E.g.
'
or
A*
or
a).
-^
(for
gjl).
for
^fc.
nomen
in the Imperf.
j^**.; (b)
actionis IT. ( 80
nines
The Verb.
I.
181]
to feel
and
^ in
I.,
as
20'2, rem.),
in the
(c)
95
and
when
*
-i-.
it sig-
^c.
l.ou into
^au.
123, rem., and
The
153,
rem.).
180.
Rem.
We
Verbs of the
and
<J3^ jt>
first class
the
is
(/?)
as (^lj to promise.
e -g-
seems to consist of
viz.
LL>
to
ivrite
the
^.
181.
repair
is
it
first radical,
as
^jt
The former
^j'>
ljW,
*A
to
is
betake oneself
e.g.
Perfect.
to,
to
^j^>
179),
178),
182
I.
183]
Verbs of Praise
Blame.
97
II.
wi
183.
&
X5
uj
Ox 0^
x*
J *
J **')
are
and
j**j, to be good,
^-4, to fo 6ad.
They
though the
indeclinable,
and the
fern.
juj ^^a-LsJI
excellent as
an
excellent companion,
a companion
is
U ^^Jj
or
Rem.
we may
b.
xj
4/
Ox
^-i>j,
jt^
x J x
forj^aS,
x J x
and
for jl^w
x x
v^ for^cjib,
x
also be
JLy,
^>~- for
J x
^>~,
is
xOx"
w>>*
xx
j^
for
"
may be
j^,
(3)
The form
xx
for ^Jb$.
^^Jbi
'
X
^^JU
^or
for
Vj^' >^
sometimes extended
XX
Hence ^ai and
(2)
for
x ix
xSx
for^U, ^i>j
XX
Ox
pronounced Jjti
x A x
a contraction which
x
Every C
x
may
as *-Ju for -Ju, jjj for jjj, jj*-o for jjw-o ^oXc
x
(1)
of
write
its
must
like
transferred to the
xx
Hence ^ju for^^,
x
first
x
^^
ft
Jj*i,
p.
s^&y
Ju
XX by
to
[or rather, according
Comp. Gr.
and the
x"
latter
w.
In
lit.
Zeid.]
a dependent
article or
we may
Instead oij^su
a.
is
occur.
L^-lo^s^
Rem.
Zeid
companion ZUd, or
excellent is the
C/ x
be used juj
j^.
O-**5
plur. S>**J,
may then be
shortened to
j^i
as the former
may
be shortened
13
J)
Part Second.
98
Etymology
184
when
is
guttural,
mehra ("to
^or
Rem.
I.e.
class are
c.
^^^
or w"*"> t0 oe
Phasing
* i *
" J *
>****' io oe
god or excellent ;
to be
charming, or
!i (
bad or
evil ;
and cj~> or
off;
first of
these
jju,
cj~t,
!Ju.,
possesses
preceded by
ut
Ci
..^.^.7) 1
w*,&..tI) 1
pers.
J Us
sing.
or verbs of surprise
ma
the
expressive
of surprise), and
surprise
as
'
* , Ot
quick
frequently combined
is
340),
excellent, is
called
commonly
to be
III.
184.
far
The
cj~>).
' J '
eU, to be
Ijuj J-iit U, what an excellent man Zeid is! The other is the
2d pers. sing. masc. Imperat. IV., followed by the preposition <^> with
0*
the genitive
oi
same
a.
excellent ?
signification as before.
excellent
o *
JJU-4
upon
(w>) Zeid.
o t
They
0,0*
jlt.>.
jj\o,
Hamasa
p.
670; comp.
43,
[For
rem.
D. G.]
c.
Rem.
Verbs
from
b.
triliteral
<
how
0*
St
/t/
[You say UJI juj w*. and, more commonly, UJ1 jjjj
beloved Zeid is to us
D. G.l
Z.
.,
*r**>
The Verb.
I.
184]
Appendix A.
Verbs of Surprise.
99
^,
substantive verb
we cannot
up,
from verbs
state in
^j\=> to be
CjU
say
Olo
like
(from
{j^>\
ljuj
and
to die
Km
O^l
juj
U or
*-U U,
n <>r
O>^0;
\^j(J j5j*>
,j\=>,
to perish,
^i3
expressing an act or
form
of the
at
j * o p
*y*\
J>.
formed from
but neither this limitation,
voice, is strictly
We find,
235).
much
he
busied
is
vain he
from
is !
hateful he is to
me
for example,
from JjLw
!
'
'
to be
^bj
!
from
give,
to take
an
I*,
or
artifice or toie,
<suL.t
from
U, /tow
^j
s/ior^,
passive of VIII.
how
et
j
from Ji*^.
^,
*t
is
is !
'
0i
42m
'
U, how
to bestow,
from
to,
how
fct
to
to be
J J
2o be
The
shortened or abridged,
stupid, J^o^-t
from ^ouj\
by AJL+^1 U,
v>^'
'***
to be white,
cAs^
^>
^oj^l.
a *i
toot
as dbt jtwl
U or
4-ob
sweet
oLfct
U, how rich he
it is !
jjiwl,
how
is !
liberal
IV. of .Jj
to be
Rem.
is !
"
o oe shifted
how stupid he
from j-cu.l
it is !
U, Iww
U, how proud or
dlAjl
liberal he is I
ttftfy
VIII. of Jl*.
or shortened,
aJliLwl
U, how
'
Aow
he is in bestowing gratuities
near ; a$y**\
busy
observed (com-
0-.iLo to be
IV. of Ike
to be
7
j + o
to squint,
J>-t).
of surprise cannot be
pare
But
if
is I
* o t
**%+.\
U, Iww
100
U or
185
rad. ^ et ^,
j^/op ,
dJ^St
J** oi
ai
how
<u Jy>l,
well he speaks
oi
o
or aj j^a.1,
O^.!
how
excellent or generous he is I
Rem.
from a
235)
white
When
d.
root, recourse
how red
as AJJ-Q&- jlwI U,
it is !
4-oto iJo\
it is I
it is !
Jsssssbi*
how
often he takes
siesta
<sutj**.
i<* oi
and not
oj^a^S
>y+\
,*oi
t,
how pure
<Cl5ll
, *
j&\
U,
U, acujI U, <u
o
oi JssOi
j**t, aJLsl
j// oi
U, <u$e-t
I.
Rem.
e.
*0
as
00 ^
But we may
* * Oi
y Oi
Jx
prefixed
!
<
j *
handsome he
is
(jl^
?).
dJ~~&*.\
/.
J-oit
(literally, what has made
What has produced the past excel-
juj <jl^
excellent that which Zeid was ?
Rem.
also say
lence of Zeid
of such verbs,
is !
and
less frequently
o*}H.t
(see 269)
is I
oi
AaJUt U, how
U, how sweet
is
y I
<U. ..,& I
6^2
it
is !
U, AaJL^t U, and
0%o*l U.
APPENDIX
The Verbal
185.
The
accusative
Suffixes,
B.
Singular.
Common.
Masc.
3. p.
2. p.
1. p.
Fern.
him.
...
thee.
...
^y
me.
her.
185]
I.
The Verb.
Appendix B.
Accusative Suffixes.
101
A
Fern.
Part Second.
102
186.
Etymology
186
Some forms
Those persons which end in the elif otiosum (see 7, rem. a),
reject it before the suffix, as being no longer necessary (since it was
(a)
some
the conjunction 3,
cases mistaken
^3jaJ
helped,
The
(b)
for
and)
final
the termination
damma which
as^jt; ye have
when
seen,
had
it
^><w(j
ye
The 2d and 3d
(c)
they
t^j-oj
as
being in
j-
to you.
before the
^y and U
suffixes
as
^yjj-*^ for
i^j^-otf, ye order me*, UjAaj for U^Xaj, ye hate us, ^y^J^^t for
they will find me.
^yjjj^,
sing. fern.
as
The vowel -
(d)
Perf.
is
to the
2d
pers.
2d
as
<Vj-^> for
* *
may
The
(e)
it.
changed into
[*
t
;
as
a^j
( 7,
rem.
c)
is
recorded,
we
(Sur.
xviii.
far
So
tuU
for
UuU
^,
more usual) be
third
is
tertise rad.
(Sur. xii.
11).]
viz.
.y^ctf, and
jJ&i
for
,<-Xo
I.
188]
In case of the
[Rem.
gezma, the
A verbal
187.
*)
form
suffixes
j^s
,*)
etc.
may
are assimilated
as^S^jju.]
indicate one
,*),
the two
),
103
Accusative Suffixes.
to the verb, the suffix of the 1st pers. naturally preceding that of the
,
gave
suffix of
thee,
it,
to
Of.
E.g. ^JLJlkct,
it to thee ;
^SLjSji
against them)
[Rem.
UytXtpJt,
shall
Combinations like
we compel you
dlfcUacI, he
gave him
188.
But AAUact
is
not used
to her,
(Aytlk&t,
Sometimes, however, we find the pronominal object exby the accusative suffixes attached to the verb, but by
pressed, not
the genitive suffixes appended to the word b! 'lya (which never occurs
alone).
The
C
Fem.
Ubt
i)
104
Part Second.
Rem.
The
a.
suffix of
rem.
Etymology
is
in this case
^,
189
instead
See
317,
a.
Rem.
For the
b.
linguistic affinities of
Oomp. Gr.
bl (dialectically La)
p. 1 1
2 seq.
189.
suffixes
compounded with bt
(a)
B would
These
(see 187),
when two
suffixes
me.
it to
When
(b)
the verb
worship,
^1j
and
to
Jerem.
*HWr*&,
v.
Compare
help.
in
Heb.
VOX?!
22.
a
Rem.
The
a.
suffix
attached to bt
is
Thus,
euphony.
to distinguish it
me
gave
b.
pronoun with
suffix to
(a)
it to
bt,
is
^bt^, Me
therefore,
fear Me.
THE NOUN.
is
II.
190.
oi
to
Rem.
j *
sO*
^o^
Jt,
or
of six kinds.
Substantive, more
1
especially
s 0*
is,
The Noun,
II.
190]
105
J *
*
JO
adjectivum, or Adjective, aa-oJI, \Juo^\, or cJtdf,
J
The nomas
(6)
.-0.-
(c)
Numeral Adjective,
or
3 Jit
*
^^1,
*
the
noun of number.
J
(d)
* o*
is,
or Demonstrative Pronoun,
is
j^S
pointed
out.
(e)
>o
(2
or
&
^o^^t
tt
3
30* bio jj^/
J>o>JI ^o-w^M B
*0*
vJ>e>*M,
3 *
or Relative Pronoun,
/*0
noun that
is
The pronomen,
(f)
or Personal Pronoun,
is
j
the
j * o
jt^bi\
and
or
JO*
j+mxJ\,
so conceived
of by,
jo*
'At*
It is also
84
a.
Rem.
b.
The names
of the pronoun,
3
vi
3*03*
3*0
ui
jn+*b*\ and
and <u
j.
..gv
j+*a+)\, are
30*
.,)l.
as the above
translation shows.
w.
14
106
Part Second.
191
Adjective.
1.
191.
Nouns
primitive and
stantives
as
derivative nouns
The
derivative.
T>
A.
classes,
Etymology
horse,
may
that
is,
9 '0
*.\Zjlo
to divide),
to fo m'c)
0*
deverbal,
The
|Lo water.
eye,
or denominative, that
s ,
division (from
..,, 3
,,
to open),
is,
u^ij^
sick (from
^l^JI human
lion),
^~*9
*
vj*
SjwU
(from
them
^->
,^5*^
qualitative,
how ?).
meaning
which
is
Thus U, water,
word.
of the
is
is
is
its root,
9"
nor
to be
full of water,
but, conversely,
is
^ji,
to be skilled
from
it.
Rem.
By
b.
follows.
jLlcfc.^wt,
(1)
one that
a nom.
is
not
act.,
a noun
itself
nomen
act.
or verb,
The Noun.
II.
191]
02
5 J x
dx
55
S
i-
--
&*% v*^''
X
(2)
fO
Wlpl O*
XX
107
writer,
^J&S
Ai^*
'
*
^Jl a
is
woww
rt
2^a is 6cire of
any
and no more,
root
5x00
4*3 J^Jj-o^o-^t,
as^oJLft
letters, as
augmented by additional
that is
roottra
0x00
6/2/
io^kfr a very learned
man,
a mass.
Ox
x x
^o^vo-A
(3)
or v^ft
vo-''
an individual
of
opposed to
|flO
20
as
object,
man,
^J***;
is
riding,
^ji a
horse
to adjectives
xO x
(a)
female hyama
3
^>>tj,
x x
J X
fox)
or (b)
^.o-L
"Puss"
(like
xx
tt
j^>,
tfAe
"Renard"
to
ion,
for the
only one
VxOxOx
Jx
x Ox
(6)
The ^oJUJI
yr~i\
may
50x
compounded with
JO
ill
or (6)^*1
jU.
a noun
^j^c j^S,
(5)
(a)
xx
50 x
50
idea, as ^^ft knowledge, J^**-
Ox
either
J x
denoting a concrete
JO
(4)
common noun,
generic or
tt
u"** ^o~'' j
^jI,
,/***>
father
of,
x
0x0
o/,
as
**A
as
5 x
>
^L- ^t,
xO
^jt, or^at,
rawie, in
or (*) a *
^LxJt
J
an ^*1, or
i
* ,e -
mother
jo
JxO
or 4-Jt or CU*J,
name
of,
as
daughter
of,
Part Second.
108
Ad
Oxx
nickname
as
(j-J),
Duck
2J*j
or Bottle,
either a
may be
x &*>
30Z
aSLM
tJLit
CameVs-nose,
2l+j
Ox
*0*>
^>jjuU)I t^Hjy
^e pride
c,
sun of
the
is
Job's father,
employed in reference
also
hycena; ^ijs-
An
(7)
^t,
of
tfAe
^3
pounded.
^e
1,
//
when
x Cit X
\jJ*
2i
vt
5 xxOx
BaJal-bek,
is
not a proposition
a mixed
(/?)
x
3d x
(4-Loo. j**), as
Oxx
or
Siba-weih ;
aj^^,
Ma'di-karib,
^jtjSJj^c,
x J x
or
x 3
Ox
x 3
iUju,
simple,
}jJu>,
d
ui
throat shone),
OjAfJ Jjjj (his
female
it
xxx
(a)
3s xO x
ZjZ-
&e
^&t,
tortoise.
^U
likewise be either
may
^o^l
^oJLe
Oi
33
il
Ae father
^-^
0*3
It,
The es>
virtues.
aJI
(y)
x x OtO
^JU*Jt,
[191
xx
JUA CvU
as
Etymology
the
JIcmj
"
xx
&n^oy&^
Finally,
(8)
<i
~t\
may be
x4
^x
xO
->0
^jMi, Z$*j*-\ or
(6)
-p.
joica/.
The
9*x
as j^> (a bull),
jwt
(a &ow)
(/?)
^^w ^^t
Ox
(excellence),
^*bt
J x
xDx
and
(J)
gift)',
(y)
JOxJ
*
;
(e)
J^a^o.
xOx
<>
J* x
Ox
JO x
J>5-^
as ^jI>
i3
(8)
X.
JOx
v^>* O^ J>*^
^>fr
(bestowing);
C^o-ot
wA*5,
X
X
fixJ Ox
^>fr
j^S
2ro30
Jja-^, as J*oi
^>ft
x
Aic
ex
(judging), &15U
,^0*-;,
^^
(giving,
0*
see
abo ve
7, 6).
II.
194]
192.
namely
Nomina
verbi or
nomina
Nomina
agentis,
J^UJt
(a)
(b)
J O ,
o o- ~ * o
actionis, J*aJt l^^wt (infinitives).
ll+*\,
and nomina
patientis,
llo-wt
bo
(participles).
JjjtfcoJt,
The nomina
come
109
are
verbi
come
to be used also
as
substantives.
193.
Nomina
(a)
vicis,
S* * " {
S^JI *U^t, nouns that express the doing of an
action once.
(b)
Nomina
(c)
Nomina
speciei,
pyi\
ilo-^t,
nomina
loci
et
temporis
Nomina
(d)
nouns
^Uplj o^-^'
of. place
instrument i, 3^1
and
l-/t,
*s
time.
in-
strument.
194.
(a)
Nomen
namely
Nomen abundantiw
vel multitudinis,
Nomen
vasts,
*Uyt
^S,
is
c>J&\ ^wt,
the noun
found in abundance.
Nomen
relativum,
w^
,
>;.Jt
^~**)\ or ^uJt
(lit.
the referred
Part Second.
110
Etymology
(e)
Nomen
195
noun
Nomen
(/)
(lit.
the lessened
a.
(a)
195.
The nomina
e>M3
, oc
verbi,
which express the action, passion, or state indicated by the corresponding verbs, without any reference to object, subject, or time.
/O/
Rem.
is
(lit.
the place
We
196.
C form
The nomina
a nearly complete
within brackets.
CO/
1.
2.
J*, as
list
0/
The
5/
0/
90/
9/
^i,
90/
J"k>> voj-^,
5.
6.
9/ J
7.
9/
9/
? J
9/
5J
9.
2 J
9//
JaaLw,
w^,
8.
9/
9/.
9//
J-o-C-,
9/
4.
9/
0*
0*
9//
9 /
V~**?->
9//
9//
9//
9/'
Ja3, as w~U, wJjA
<".
following
3.
the
is
verbi,
it
a substantive.
-as
^j*ej
i
M*-* j>
,
9//
*yj,
196]
II.
10.
ILJ, as Ujl*.
11.
Ui.
as
12.
iUi.
as iol, o^o^.
(also written
aX*5, as
[13*.
jl*i,
as
iW-]
L5**,
as
^>^,
lS**3
as
eg^y
16.
^**,
17.
[18.
^^Ui, as
[19.
Sul,
[19*
rial, as **>]
o^,
9
o^**>
22.
0*^>
[24.
[24*
as
J&).]
(or
s s s
9 *
as
0^0
.>
O^iii, as Oj^^xj.,
^3>iif, as
"'
O^C
* 6 i
*>>**;.]
JUi,
26.
JU,
as i*Aafc, 4>^--,
illi,
^-^o,
'
as
* i
^^*i
9^1
9
->C5
'
27.
JU*,
28.
29.
31.
* * *
Ol^> Ol^-
O^*^,
25.
[30.
O'jlP*
as
x ^
9
5
''
** '
* *
as CA***>
'
^lU
as TClj, iCLj.]
21.
23.
<uU).J
[15.
[20.
Ill
Verbi.
<
[13.
14.
Nomina
^IK
Jl>w,
JU-, ^l^j,
iitjjL,
w>
*>
jI,
, J
SUU,jtjl, JUi,
4^.Lai,
liUL^,
iip, JU3,
0^i
Sjlij.
J[Jl.
9*1
l*3.
j)
112
A
*
Gi*Gl*G3*
' '
J>*i, as Jj**,
32.
gjlj,
Ojj
**
197
J *
J>*>
3>5j,
14
I iJ
J J
Ojj
j J
33.
Syii, as i^jJI.J
0/ JJ
O^JJ
5 /
[33*.
34.
5
J s
Gvi
ajjJ^
J *
[35.
i2
Jj
G*
as *)yr*t, d->j*o,
<*Jj*i,
v^
37.
J**s, as
38.
aJLai, as *J, T
39.
J**,
40.
J***** asj*,
/ d
,.
as J^-Jl*,
GO*
'
t-
J-jv-,
,>
00s
GO*
?-s*-jc,
i^x
t a> -e,
J-oa-c, j*a.
0,0*
tS$y,
S s
***>> ><"
J***, as ^SU^.]
^
5///
O /
*
*
vt* *
GSl* *
G
4A*o, as 3 jia*..o ^~, Sy^, Slo^o.
O*
O^Ox
*
C *
Ox
0*0*
G *
*
as oj^a^o, A*a^e, 3ijAo,
ZXxAA,
Sj^j^o,
'
[41.
j-**
^*, cAs
42.
43.
r*
O *
% *
a^-*,
?>**,
IV <5
x J * x
4 x J
as
diksuLc,
[44.
j^-w*
SjJtLc.]
[Rem.
3
0* tO*
ib^e,
prefix
ma-, 39
jjufluo,
c,
222225.]
197.
triliteral verb.
What
these are,
must be learned
198.
1.
The
five forms,
2.
Jli,
Ji*,
33.
ibUi,
jyd,
34.
Ij^ii.
9 0*
(a)
,Jjfc3
*
J**
*
** *
is
and Jji*
as
JJ
to kill,
^3
...
jrf understanding,
/
jtf
8 0/
* **
;
to
understand,
insight;
','
JmA
to snatch,
0*
Urn**
IT.
198]
J J
Jjt5
9
xxx
^x
1*
and ^J^.
as juiS
is
J>*i
(b)
xxx
to sit,
y^x3 and
xxx
^yU- sitting ; ^
*-jjL.
J J
to
go out.
J*$
(c)
J*3
is
38 and 92)
9 " '
uj*
sickness.
6x xx
j)
6/
3JUi and aJjaj are the abstract nouns from verbs of the
(d)
jx
form J*i
/j
as J>. to
^'c and
ft*
9 x x x
AJtjjh.
of sound judgment,
large, to be
Sx x x
to be generous, Sjl^
^ jx
roughness; J^-* to fo smooth,
x j x
2X
to be
j*L.
generosity;
^ *
rough, BjyL.
aJ^^w smoothness.
Rem.
of
9x9x0xxxx
j\j3, jtiu, }\jJli
r>
to
j\i
to flee
' 1
^Ua^
*
to
^ja*.
to
x x
,jb^.;
run,
x xx
Jyj
9
xx
9 x xx
xxx
9
9
change of place,
'
camel),
J>~o
xxx
Jj^j 0
gleam,
J^w
xx
J^-o
w.
Oxxx
-Lo
j
to bark,
to sob, to bray,
JJ^
9xjxxx
;
f-j<0
^Xj
to weep,
to
C*yj
cry out
xx
^xj
l\SJ
XXX
and J^yj
Jjlyj
xx
;
>
xxx
;
*-L3
quickly, vJu>j
9 XJ
9xJ
xxx
"
J>yj to bray,
^o
0 ro (of
9 xJ
XXX
J^-tf
for help,
f-\r>e
xJ
to neigh,
9xx
run
to croa&,
#
9xJ
Jo roar,
sj&#*3
Ci
wO
i0 flash,
xx
wju
J*3
xx
'
J+**j
* * *
to be agitated, palpitate,
u^3
palpitate,
9
x
',
to
to travel,
J*~j
i^ij-i
*-*
37. J***, as
37. J**3, as
" '
"
//
x x x
JU*.
x x x
K 0^**3
xxx
x x x
w~oj ^o-O
to creep,
^)Sj^
to flas
xx x
jjliUi.
to fly,
to
U^ fj
>
Jlxw
cough,
x x
^Ja*.
x xx
^A*^
gleam,
9 x J
to
Jjuj
**
his
9 *
x x
9 x J
to flee,
}j,,
to refuse, *bt.
^->\
as ji, jJu,
* *
xxx
xx
Si*
;
become refractory,
to
pcfc
JU*
^ys>
15
to
TV
D
Etymology
Part Second.
114
%\^\ U3
howl,
to
*liu
bleat,
Ox x
o^ce
o/*
Ox
to
OxjU
to write,
199.
If the
the office
xxx
Ox
3jU*j 2mofe,
r.
surpass or
or prominent,
X X
XX
loud, 3)lyj>x
*i^w, to fa
XJ X
and wi^w
U>j>,
to
each of
in,
...
9 6 J
water, j-ij**
to
hud
significa-
peculiar to,
meanings.
5 x
when
it
means
j**
to fall
to
sound
like
rushing
Ox*
x Jx
;
is
3 J
*j,
to be
Ox
have a
its
fl
it signifies
to
OX
or Aitjw.
tions, it
XJX
X X X
200.
or
nobility,
to be afraid,
j^j*.
raw& or
<?#&? tn
Ox
u^P
but Jji,
0&
^^
traffic.
xx
^,
<*J>2, to
for
to
to fo plain,
unable
to fo
xxx
xx
Thus, J^i,
j-v*-,
<bto
iti- to
of secretary ;
j.s*J to trade,
xx x
Jjji
of,
act as deputy,
Ox x
sew, <LbU> 2Ae me?e of tailor
command
in charge or
o ,
xxx
deputy ship ; ^ZS**
to be
.Jj
be chief
; jjtS to
w>U
4j*^5, governorship;
199
to
U>
voice, Afclij
Ox
xxx
xx
ju*.j, to find,
usually has
O'^J*
Du * when
O x
it
9
means
201.
sense
x
to fo
by
The nomina
as aX3>
xOx
ly.^Lot juo
his
OC0-5
ui^l
killing
(another)
J
or
juJU y w#r wo
Ij
his
and a passive
m7
upon
II.
202]
its
x o *o*o
pr
ew Ais
jjl^iJI
202.
II.
x x
doctrine of the
the
Sj
J J
from
j^j
be
to
exist (see
to
found,
6e
j j
glad; $50^5
200)*.
of the strong
2.
J**&.
9 x
as
aXxaj,
9/
9 x J
[3.
95
xOx
6 x
Ox
95
xOx
Ox
9xOx
9 xO x
x^O
x
5
x>
9x0
oWj, 2^, ?^h^, v!/A
x/0
flJ,
as
JuU,
X
XWJ
xxxxxx
Txuil
BJ
L5%?'
2liU,
X W
^**H'
fivl
L5 **?' **2*J
[>4*5
xOx
JU]
L5**7?'
may
be added
is also
to Bibl. Geogr.
as 1>\S>,
x
oi
jUfe,
9x0
JU^j,
first,
these
xOx
JtaXJ.
[8.
>^P> Jj&,
xO
JUA3,
9
[6.
S^-cuS,
0^
J x
9 x Ox
JUA5, as Jl^cu,
9x0x Sx Ox
u^Uy,
[5.
x->
9/
Ox
Ox
4.
9x
9 x
a^J^,
*$%PX
X
6/
Ox Ox
J/
0/
9 x
S^JJ, a^Xj.
95
XX
x
5/ /
Ox
9x
65
To
J^ iJ
^^x
created.
triliteral
*iJI
signification;
existence,
ji , i*> , , a g
0>*^ jv^l
viii.
->
Oj
Jyw,
as
OJ
^>^.
signification
Part Second.
116
first syllable
JOj
Jyt*j
202
JywX
for
i.
[3.
IV.
autli.
Jt***, as v*-*> cfe;].
V.
1.
Jaw.
[2.
JUtf
VI.
1.
Jilil
[2.
JcUf,
[3.
J^U5,
as
VIII.
JUA3I.
[4.
J&,
as
JUS, .]
as JU-*->,
1.
JUllt.
JUiXwt.
J%*lt.
XII.
JbLait.
XIII.
Jtjait.
XIV.
ii&fo
xv.
?5uJt;
XL
Jajuu
is
In
a.
by
II.
J&,
[2.
is
as
j&,
jSL.]
far the
and
rad. hemz.
tert.
rad.
et
is chiefly
usually ascribed to
I.,
which
(in
is
j3U?, >.]
OjUl]
as
X.
J!jU5t.
Rem.
>*,
0-00
IX.
J*sa3
JU*.
OjUj.]
5-0
tert.
2.
JUil.
VII.
JO*
in.
Etymology
is
used in verba
latter the
JLxi and
diJL^Jt JcoiJ,
form
i^JLoid
to
are
excess
place here as
of
I.,
JUaj [which
in like
manner
differ
/L3p
infin.
from the
/LDp)
Aramaic
infin.
*7ifc3p;
/SJ&fi,
Dm?^
0"
absol.
7fc$p
an d to the Eastern
JOJ
0-J0-
yjjuu, akin to
'0*
infin.
/^P),
7$}&?,
in the
II.
203]
Wan,
]Llb&
WShft,
lAllcnZ,
/^JUH, Hv^in,
etc.* In
UjLoJL
III.
Jbt^i
is
9 s
loss of the
The most
common form
of all
is
particip.
In
V.
fern.).
aJUULo
([in
form
the original
Lii
L5
is
to VI., as
sometimes ascribed to
^Jj^j^
[Rem.
For the
6.
9 *
^^o-wo
jjtju.
In VIII. those
III., as
Perf.
(ljj*.UJ), {Jj***
pass,
etc. in
<Jmu,
is
gUp, JLiutf
0i>*V)>
and
>*Ih)-
227, rem.]
203.
I.
1.
iLUi.
2.
J'iUJ, as *-tjo,
as
<U.^),
0x0
x
&AAj~i,
0x0
9 xOx
J^Jj*, as
[3.
Zlsy>.,
Oj^e*.,
^xO
3p*s^,
0x0
JljJj,
C
3liL,
0x0
JUX3.
Jig, JUJU.]
J-***?, as p.j*.j3.
II.
___
/J
00
III.
J^JLxit, as>l*j.t.
IV.
J&Jl,
is
Rem.
<
In
as
jli*^> oUloit.
iujUi
XUal
is
the
common
of J^lati
<
[Barth, Nominalbildung,
wms
JUi
in III.
D. G.]
118
Part Second.
Etymology
The form
xxOx
204
is
with lances
204.
i/'
x x
x x
^yijih\.
The
Rem.
a.
first
and second
radicals
x x
5 x x
as jju>, yJAfr,
x x
Rem.
b.
The nouns
of the third
SxxxJ
x J
^*jUJ
either
Sxx
x x
or w>L*J.
See
124.
205.
C according
The formation
down in 131
136.
206.
Sjcfr
js-2,
xxx
Ox
from
xx
Imperfect
julj,
J"
Imperat.
js>
x x
e -g-
xx
d x
'
*.'
anc*
**> J-y 3
fl
***
0s
'
changed into
Rem.
*Mt5 ***J,
>
^x*
^j 0'**^>
x x
w>Ufc.^f,
.xx
tUyU+l for
xx
,jl*x&.l, for
.ijjfc.1,
may be
or kesra,
5x0
w^Ufc-jl
c.
changed into
for
damma
pronounced with
Initial ^, if
b.
See
^
-B
145.
Rem.
>
rOfc?
(*^),
Ua
207.
in
Compare
rf.
^om nb\
njn,
- ->
_T
fr
eh\
T
*l$
nsr,
- T ' bt*
-T'
..
'
YW,
^o), )L*
(rad.
HEh
prh (&)i
X
V
V
Hebrew,
my
T
208.
If the
or
^ remains unchanged
ma
^),
*
rad.
et
rad.
3
9C
or ^j be of the form
x
0lj9lj9l'J9lj
Jjuu
9
0'
'
and the
like.
converted into
from
olo
^;
and
>Uut
**X X
*ti.
by assimilation
of the form
&
9 '
'
^^j* jJ*-*,
3
(or
[See
l j
r,
^M),
J^j**,
223, rem.]
it is
eighth forms of
^
,
'
**, l\j*~*
If the letter j,
^ (for C~~),
209.
verba med.
IJ
3i,
or *r>3>*> etc
&x
Jji3, Imperf.
9
*
J J
as Jy>, j-w.
may be changed
the ^
3,
(&*),
- '
^j are subject to C
'
150, etc.).
90 x
Jjti, the
fO#
V V
(rad. -Jfc*).
Ox
(&),
x
\&*'
xx
<x
*jj
11.9
Rem.
OJ>
Verbi.
and Sj^.
j.j
are
& Adj.Nomina
II.
209]
as^oLS
for^ftly>,
9x
9x
it
and
remains
120
unchanged
^U-, jtj
210.
~'
5J^Ui, in which
JO*
a*>o-J
x
Ox
from>b
->ax
(->>>),
is
xx
jU>
as
&>*
*13 (^1),
x
> *ej
>
*,*
x JO
ja-
j o *
$ s
*>
(jj~>),
S^jj-wo from
Ox
(),
hj*J from
ox
B,
JO*
I5U.
et
from
1I3J
[210
xx
Ox jdx
J&x
Ox
w>U
from
(j-*-), *j>j-j
^"
JlS ( J-i).
Ox
Rem.
Ox
j6j"5^
rtffcj)^ m*,
,.*>,
j a
Sjjj-^o, were,
first
they say,
and then
tjjjyfa+i
altered,
Ox
between
2;
and u
J*x
iLcj+j}
JL**s,
a*^jj
fix
was originally
OxJOx
shortened
changed into
by assimilation
4*0^0^,5,
x
(like
C***
for
Slc^^j^,
J x
2)jj--.
so
that
and then
C*f
but there
is
no verbal form
The
xx
OxfcJ
rare substantive forms ny~t (or My**) from jL>, 0 6e chief or ruler,
forms
^yo^
x
t
0x
x
,
*x
to desire the
Jdx
male
(of a she-camel)
J 3 x
and ^lo^c^i,
^-i^y
Ox
^
llcu.^u.4, mixture,
Jx
^-^j-j*,
0&&aff and
(as
pb,
77^3
^
x
the cognate
*
J"
^iui and
J "x
iUp^-tfuJ,
all combine
DDte, Dtfll) ,
U^Ui
xx
211.
rad.
radical is elided,
first
radical
after throwing
back
its
is
and >U*^t.
II.
215]
Nouns
Rem.
Nomina
of
(for
212.
^t
to
make or
show
Ze see, to
or j*\i\)
c).
0*
vowelless
radical be
S
^cj,
2>
213.
yfcj,
for
J,
<
second
If the
00*
00*
00* 00*
^^a., ^jj, ^^J*,
9 *
0*0
0^yj> uW*^-
(j>i,
0*0
GO*
0*
0*
as jjs-,
tertise rad.
^y.
5 "
^ of the
et
if it
for
U*>,
class,]
assumes the
or
t
L5^
for
Eg.
(>*-*)'
L5-^
-f]
for
^jJb (compare
167, a, ft and
fetha
*}a.
for
L *Aa
L&-*
for
L&A
* *
* *
* * *
for S>L,
Rem.
5 La.
We
a.
6, ).
tertise rad.
V%o
be of the former
the
[if
* *
214.
O
its
^jjb
is
* J
(*V), sj^
forms J*s,
J*5, and Jji, the third radical (which in this case always
of the
176, rem.
radical is retained,
0*
j>\\.i\
from
*t)t)
very rarely
o^ootoo^e
121
Verbi.
* * *
* * *
* *
however,
I
* *
j C
as
* * *
often find,
its fetha,
215.
J^xi
If the
or )>*$, the
,.,
tertiae
rad.
^ be of the form
Jjj
Jjj
syllable
jj
^,
combines
j j
But,
if
the j productionis
is
^, and
damma of the
combines with
it
^1,
^5,,
^c^
for (J^jt,
c5>5>
16
Part Second.
122
l$5<aa (compare
Etymology
A
170).
^Zz
syllable
J,
for
13
for
^1
ll
^5,
216.
L5-ot,
^jt,
is,
find
^3,
^o. e,
y>
If the
we
for
^jt
^y\,
i^
for
216
first
(^ be of the form
rad.
tertise
Ml
radical
^ into ^
from verba
as
tertise rad. 3,
Ox
^>A
for
xx
^jA,
from ^yb.
is
J?.
Ox
xx
x J
217.
^, and
converted into
fe,
j.
tertise rad.
et
is
>
;Uju~>t, {\yt^>\
^x
form Jt*3, as glju from
and
when
it
gU^t,
XX
has the
xx
^jU
This change
is
long fetha.
218.
The nomina
et
xGxxOx
J/
those of the
(always ^$,
kesra,
fifth
167, b, P).
(ft)
219.
In
and the
syllables
Hence
J^J
^
for
damma
are
contracted into
{JLJ (JL*?),
(according to
i}j+),
For
this
II.
220]
is
0*
triliteral
0*
the
5
quadriliterals.
<
dL^^j^jj,
*
123
Vicis.
form of the
first
verb,
Nomina
0**0
0**0
dJ1j.oJ.
du>\j=>\.
J^a*
0*0*
/
r.*0*
3ja3, *b>o, aj>w,
<>
^-oJ,
*&**
E.g.
*J
SlSaj,
0**0
**
4iUX>t,
* *
3J3\Ju,
0*0*
oZ*
O*
a^,
9**0
*j*,
***JL>>
0**0
33\j*Z*\ i
Zj[s)\,
* *
0**0
0*10**
0* *
A^tj^o,
<Lc*.ja.j3,
0*
down, striking,
neglecting,
being rolled,
rolling,
a **>o
shuddering,
once.
* o t
,*
nomina
an
action once.
Rem.
Nouns
a.
differ in
o*o 0*0
0*0*
**;> ***> f r o
V*i
Rem.
* * *
noun happens
**
*$.
If the verbal
b.
* *
^j,
^.
to end in IL
the feminine
termination IL cannot, of course, be appended to it, and the singleness of the action can only be expressed by adding the adjective
*
t *
*l*0*i**
0*0*
him
and so with
once;
Rem.
From
c.
r.
*+*>,
he
\X> J
*
0***3
*
;
2d3\JLo, iolSt,
6
0**0
0**0*
4jUlwl,
*
may
a^ao.
be formed
* *
* * *
pi. Otj-o-.
Rem.
o
as
rti*,e^,
o?.
o*
e-
o i**
this
o**o
/ie
ac of going
on a pilgrimage,
way
seeing,
(y)
The Nomina
Speciei or
Nouns of Kind.
OvtiOiO
0*9
220.
0*0
*
*
0*0
0*0
as A--U-, ij^,, S*a*S, a**1*, A-U-5, 3j;.g-, a^-jJ,
manner, mode, or
Part Second.
124
way of
*0
Etymology
E.g.
co
4*23
manner of writing,
good hand,
JZ$ he was
%$~t 2dZ
a miserable way,
killed in
he writes
a^j.
a wretched death !
't is
Rem.
The nom.
a.
like the
0*0
may,
speciei
vicis,
iO
220
badly
than
is better
thrown
to be
j~, to sit
Sometimes too
easily.
<->
meaning
of
as
fast
takes the
it
manner of
Zj jk
5*0
**
to
* *
putting on a turban,
(from
from^^ad or^ct
to
yashmak ;
Z+s.
way of
Rem.
b.
*S*>
If the
**
J J
* I
as jcl>j+1\ \ ****
'
made him
observe
or else ^L^aJt
a regimen
like
sick
li t //
Coo * *
&*
jo*
o*
it
>o
^0
* * * o
t
j j o*
the derived forms of the verb, J^juaJI j*\j*\ aZoj*\
a
him
(S)
et
called
to
opaJt
\s>^>
30*
I honoured
aZcja\.
it
2l~>!
loci et temporis),
<-
(nomina
vasis),
or
oi
iU^I
first
^*
The nouns
221.
10*
0>e
if
0*0*
kesra.
E.g. w^-u*o
*
from
v>^
drink, imperf.
^j^i
J-^
reservoir or water-trough,
watering
II.
221]
J , 0,
from Jyj
(camels),
^Sb
j><ai
J^.o-
0,
9
;
u-^Xa*,* fa
to
^~C>
from cj-o
slain,
9*jj*~6
place where, or
v~^
'
and
is
taught,
J^ jco,
ftflM
to sit,
w^w,
throw down,
from
school,
in,
several persons
J**&*
imperf.
sit,
room,
the place
JO,
to
aim
at,
imperf. v~^*~i
make for,
p^cice are, as it
to
' ,
Rem.
J^J
from j-j^
0,
imperf.
thrown down or
to write, imperf.
ingress,
J 1
is
to drink,
125
il+~*\,
imperf. J~a3u.
because
2irae
is
and
con-
tained.
1.
viz.
shambles.
9
0,
whereon one
fcut
9
mo
.-
5.
)SLmA
6.
or-*
of ascent or rising.
7.
where
9.
Oj^
the
sun
sets, the
west.
tlie
hair divides
Part Second.
126
Etymology
222
11.
ji*
i*.o
the
nostril.
....
^L;.o
12.
Of
these,
where a
nos.
7,
5,
sacrifice is offered
11,
9,
and
the
license is extended
0*
Instead of j*J*a some say
rest.
a> o
or
.g..
cjoL.o,
ct
a pfoce
.a>.<,
vowel of the
which has
to collect,
o/*
jt?2oce
jri>
o/* collecting,
first syllable is
.o,
0303
jtL
be pronounced with
some
by
grammarians to all
may
12,
during a religious
also
makes
The
meeting or assembling.
variable in
o.
cjd..o and
cjd., also
closet.
0,03
See
rem. a
228,
worn
(by a
woman)
O'O
Rem.
cases the
c.
\J^*a* a
book,
a copy of
The kesra
MntfA
ornamental borders.
nomina temp,
et loci
from the
many
which, as a
,*->o jjtcu*,
Thus
0'
0*0*
nomina verbi or
>j0sO0sO0s<i0s2,s
Rem.
o?.
<
^Ja^,
it'*
^Jla^o, J.0^^0,
the
^>N?a>.,
This class
infinitives
whilst
nomina temporis or
loci.
of
In Hebrew, the vowel of the first syllable has frequently been weakened into - and _; as m&fc, 2J3fib (3X3DV
languages.
DipD
(dij?b),
222.
Nouns
of time
place,
(U^>>
rad.
second syllable.
draw
E.g.
S*^
the
to
go
down
(to
from ***j
appointment, fixed time or place,
to
promise, imperf.
II.
224]
where anything
the place
f-03-0
to place, imperf.
%*eu
afraid, imperf.
J^>j
sta'c& mi-
is
-x
to
dreaded, from
is
put down,
J^j
-A-
to be
x x x
J>>
mwrf, imperf.
%^^
127
J>-$-
j-~~ a
game
Ox
#0 jpfay
Subst.
223.
syllable, as
rad.
*^>o, J-->*et
undergo
by the
Gx
x x
of prolongation
or
(t
from jAS
to stand, imperf.
to
X X
d x
(j*3*i)
J
J x
J J 2 x
r.
dive,
u^H
imperf.
(u^y^-i)
a ,
^l**-
to
jofec^
<*JU^> (J^fcj),
JXXJXOX
and w>U
and
is
XX
(vJ^a*-)
xx
wily- (w-w^-o),
.
>j*4
OJ
a x
()
^oU
x x
Jx
, s
from
E.g. j>lL*
^).
'
'
^ / 7 '"
J-X (J***)
<x
(Ja).
X
S
Rem.
a in the second
Oxx
xxP
w^t,
etc.),
Oxmany0L-0
9
x x
Cx-j^o or
<ix
J^U
w>U, JU,
^xxxx
9'
x x
or ^iUto.
;*--wo
x x
S,
as
"("''
J-Xo
xxx
or JtC*,
J-JU
<*
x x
or JliU,
<I
r,
, ,
J***o or Jl*o.
208.
224.
laid
syllable, as
verba med.
but
See
down
tertise rad.
fttha
et
Part Second.
128
Etymology
225
xx
they follow the analogy of the verbal nouns Jjt* from the same verbs
xOxSxOxOxOx
213).
~U
E.g.
>a^
imperf.
escape,
Ox
Ox
xO x
(l3~c )
*t>
\^y^
to stop, imperf.
^^j
^>t
* O
#o or wsort
to
B l^*
^jW ^$3^
place, imperf.
xx
to fold, imperf.
^>tu
Ox
(^U)
j^yJU
to
from ^^\
do.,
.
5 x
^j,
where one
the place
i^j^ (^3^*)
t,
to
from
(l/>j+) pasture-ground,
;
to
xx
Ox
from
xO
^j**
stops,
' '
UJ
L5
a bend, from
^j
#0 bend,
Ax
imperf. ^^4*.
W
xx
225.
Nouns
xx
C form 5
<5
Rem.
jSOx
as ^j**~* from
xx
Ox
?
x
ij~~ from tj^"*, imperf. tJ^'J.
of time
* x x
o/*
x
Ox
are watered ; ZujJx* the part of a sword with
C.
jpfoctf
w^r#
cattle, etc.,
Sx
wfo'cA
tifo
blow
is struck,
halting-place,
a station;
5x0xxx0x
SxxxOxxOx
SxxOx
instead of
fMa
fix x
xx
forms
as 23j*6
fixxOx
1^ a
jofoctf
jo/ac^
w&?r# a
imperf.
w^r^
^
2
xx
Peculiar
**
Z Jx o
is
M0
supposed
to
be,
from ,jJ
to
think, suppose,
O^iRem.
three
9 x
ilxi^o is the
is liable
to the
same
variations,
though
SxxOx
SxxOx
For example
II.
227]
<So
5 5
x
x
0$2//
iJt, in preference to Sjua-o, &c*Lo
OssO s
O /t/
or SU^o (AjjJj*)
226.
rad.
Some nouns
x J
129
Loci.
OxxOxjSxxOx^OxxOxSx^Ox.A
place, derived
(see 228).
Ox
of
from jJj
foWA,
of time
xx x
Nomina
//f x xOx
AjjU, Sjjio.
Sjjut*
and
0x0
^, take the form Jbu-
et
Ox
8/
***
Adj.
to
foar;
xx
the
for
[or jt?Zace]
x
to
fix a time.
o x o
From
Rem.
ii//
JujJL*
X
X
- a5wu* but
j
as mesrdk
227.
the
j***, me'rdb
The nouns
triliteral
is
verb,
= w^Jt*,
mer'ay
or from the
quadriliteral,
QxOJ
to
of prayer (^j^a
^ morning
or evening)
pray)
^4
x x Og
rttf
tiflw 0/*
^^
t,
entering upon
fteu of morning
fjfo fa'wztf
xxxO
returning (^j^-cut
o/"
^~
OxxOj
to return)
x x x
collected
or ^'?W0
J
(
x 0/0
J*W
o/*
meeting
J
Jv**'
(^^SJJI
^ ?^#
anything (jj^>
**
ft?
60 collected)
^j&^a
jt?/ac
f&
,/?rs
x J
-f.jA.juo
0^
0/ Ata month
w^r#
^?&zc0
0w#
OxOxOJ
to
roll)
x x Ox
to be
Rem.
g ^a ^
J^*-
W00W appeared)
xxOx
ro//s
5xx
0 flMtff)
t" J
(**!.
xxO
w^w,
x x
Ox x Oj
ewtf)
a place C
Op
or evening (<),
^5
^j **,
E.g.
x x 0*
#0
all verbs,
i^j<*>
form from
is
also
the derived forms of the triliteral verb and from the quadriliteral ;
5 x J
6
Ox
Ox Ox
SxJ
= <^jjj^j or aj^J ^juU Ae
e.g. w^a^o ^e 6ein^ 2riec? or tested
#
>
w.
17
Part Second.
130
Etymology
Ox
4-J3J
x J
J3U* fighting
foray SjUt
mronging
iz x x
JwU*J
ajIoJ
(on
^ guarding
carefully
make a
i
Him)
is
making a raid
or
x x J
tfAe
JbUJU
/ie
sound =
clashing or ringing
God
to
is
(our) complaint of
(our) reliance.
',
fl'x
J.oJL.a.0 to
xxOjo, xO
and
^J*y*
5x
OJxxOxOxJ
.xJ0xx
aDIa* jU*
or
JUS
w^lcc* affliction
228
6*s*<i*J
Ox
tossing to
aJLcJLo
the
Instrument.
228.
in
s*1*>
2iy\
xO
!i/>
,-
*lo~>t,
nomina instrumenti.
Ox x
and aJUa*, and are distinguished from the nouns of place and time
C by
is
pronounced.
When
derived
6+
a ^0, from
xx x
^,
6x0
>jj, to file ;
*-**,
6x0
OxO
lancet,
from
j-oj,
XXX
Ptw
of
scissors
x x
x x
E.g.
hj*** and
5x6
* *
Oxft
3 x
SL>jX,
a broom; ,>uu
(for
3^0,
e. ' *
#0 cut ;
-/*-
3xx6
xxx
a
xO
a lancet; u\r**, a
y\j~4,
0,0
J,
>
Co and
<5'Jx
,>mJU), a jwwr 0/
scissors;
aL**,
X
Oxx
XXX
0x0
xxx
0)3)
x x
flJ*
an(i
**AHi
>
O x
OxxO
XX
r.
3ju-flu,
w^tf
xO
a strainer ;
Ox
St^x*,
a branding-iron or cautery.
Rem.
a.
9 i
sieve
II.
230]
4/0J
Jmo^o, a sword;
raato ;
jMrtfe or
or
9 J
Jju^
as Jji~U,
5 J
J
9,0
9 <!>
= J>**j spindle; mm*** = hA ^ .o,
JijJ^c
9J
Jju^
131
Adj.
into
> %* =j..Q.a.,
nose
tlie
Jj juo
J> jco,
censer.
is
also used.
Rem.
6.
well as _, in the
first
Wl, Dnpk&,
syllable; e.g.
and
as
^Tfc, iTTftb,
mats.
()
et Patientis.
*o*>
229.
nomina
adjectives,
X ?<4
and J^ai^JI
agentis,
nomina
i.e.
oi
J^UJI i^\,
l\+~*\,
call
patientis,
are
verbal
in
call participles.
Rem.
230.
9
The
nomen
or secretary, from
9
patientis,
^Jgr
>
*->y&* written, a
from^oj^
servant,
^Jl^
E.g.
to serve,
O^
from
exist
t be ;
to
existing,
5
"
letter,
from
When
w-Jfcj
to
fear,
yj>j
formed from
to
from w*l>
served,
a master,
*x.j,
to
be found, to
to be possessed, to be
< * *
a.
scribe
Rem.
>5+y* found,
writing,
jbjj^e
form of the
'
Jyduo.
to write,
j**{> serving,
first
triliteral verb,
^Jjji
mad.
*
and the
transitive ,J*s
(as
a temporary,
Part Second.
132
Etymology
Ox
permanent quality
Ox
Ox
js\.
X
an
scholar, %^-JbU
X
XX
by one or other
Thus
231.
J^W
or
-jli
x
narrow or
cowardly, jul&
nominal
of the
being glad,
5
<
>
6e?i<7
from
if
....
forms enumerated in
^Jjla.
But
ascetic.
^Jjii,
rejoicing,
^j\z, j^>^,
e.g.
X J X
230
6em<7
#x
Jplo
liberal,
being
Ox
and JJa- or
ft
gladsome,
5
>tj^.
Ml
[Comp. however
232, rem.
6.]
5.
cowardly,
^jU*.
cheery,
Rem.
Oxx
Oxx
^^)J^>.,
J^U
X
is
JJ
2 ,xx
in place of the
x
ft
ULS j
for
nomen
but this
is
.>
ft
one's utmost
effort,
ft
o^Jo^-o =
JOjUU^
E.g.
intelligence
back,
ft
ft
1 x
j)
2ro
to
ft
easity
SJJ
(do.);
#
OJftxSftx
^^Ad** = ^aAa.,
fo
ft
The
Ox
Sj
fern.
Z^yo
ft
ft
^X
ft
<*X
e*
likeft
a3j jucu*
ft
is
tJ;**,
Ox J
. ft
Ox
Ox
ft
>y>s~c>
4)^xio
J J /
ft
jOx
<
^c^-o^c
^X
ft
=j-*,
#o gently (do.);
5/
telling
tfAe
ft
fo ro2
Ox
J jco,
J-$, pro-
00
opposed to jyju*
affluence,
3j,
understanding,
b^Zyc
=
Jjyi** JJU
f l<
T'
*.oj
00
jy** =j*-i
p^j* = *ij,
ft
J a x
| Jt/
penury, distress ;
mising, a promise
jl^*., labour,
x
J
3x
GO
j^xm
rejection
Oft x
giving or sending
ft
ij-v-a*-*
ft
&/in<? ;
also a cognate
and
Rem.
c.
instead of
x
E.g.
ft
La^j
->Jftx
a^>',
/ came
to
<
xx'xxxJJJftiS''
him face
spoke to
II.
232]
to
to
face
cold blood
(lit.
face
(lit.
to
lip
bound, confined or
= \jj~aa
ly$liLo
= UjU^;
eye to eye),
(lit.
lip),
jwstf
Jj*. Sl^t,
J*.j,
dirham struck by
the creatures
(lit.
Rem. a
Jcli
is
i>0
of God,
<i&l
4&t
slew
JU.j,
jj U,
w^o
^oAo, a
it
in
7J|tDp
either
these
of
= Jj**> an d the
7^p = J*^
231.
from the
j
first
Aram.
Ji^JLaLo.
^-&A
o for a).
J jcc
Jjjtft
j~o*$\
aLa),
held, so
or escape),
Jj^
UUt
\j~o aZX3,
resist
133
Adj.
c).
UW
*y**
Olio C
*0*o*
viz.
made
like,
or assimilated
to,
Of these the
the
par-
following
J**
9.
JU5
2.
Jfe
10.
JU3
3.
J*i
11.
J**i
4.
J*5
12.
express,
^ x
5.
J*s
13.
^L*3
6.
Jj*
14.
J^**J
232.
J^
j
7.
Ja*
15.
o^**
8.
J*3
16.
Jjl5t
134
Part Second.
thing,
which
a certain
most usual
their
is
from^o^-^
^
xj
and
4.
|a.,
^>o-,
(for
from
x J
0^3
0^3,
X
<i
C from Cl^
^ #n'^>
>wt,
*.-3
0-k*> L>k*>
from
^ju;
XX
* { **
t
J*aj, iaij
'
J x
fromj^.
5.
ft
from J**.
^Jmo
J
^arc?,
from
x J
yXc
J*
,/w^,
from
from
5
^A.*.
j-**, j-**>
5x
x J x
8.
to 60
JJj.
and
bitter,
from
xx
xJ
^o-***-; J***
forsake,
X XX
xx
OW
>!>.
cowardly,
liberal,
xx
from 3U.
xjx
10.
from o^e-
O^** ^^,
5xJ
oJ
***
fr
betray;
X J
X X
**J, *xJ
Oxx
xx
g^x
abandon,
xJxOxx
Oxx
/^*OxJ
to
O^J-
from
w^*. polluted,
j*o
J J
treacherous,
7.
5x
xxx
fidious,
tender;
y>
x J x
J J
Dy^>.
^m,
x J x
sw<?0,
J^&
5x
jA*.
J^b
5x3
sorry,
Ja.
50
J^c,
Jo*g,
^>*^
?>)
OxOJx
^h^v, i^h^,
xx
0>^>
OJ"**>
from
clever, intelligent,
intelligent,
from
cfoW#,
proud,
pain, from
^j
j-4>,
x
;
awake, from
J x
xx
j*U from
-ji, JJ*a-
and jJau
j-wt
Jx
Jiij,
laA,
X
j*xS.
clever,
xxxxox
from
L5^)
(^:>j
from
insolent,
from ^Aa-
^a*-o Zar^,
xjx
x
#M,
00'
JJ^-,
^>%%ft-
from
difficult,
*
->
Jxjo.
t^Jj;
^JJsu
9-ji,
and
self-conceited
*.j
and, partly,
o J^
x.
'
0*x
jx
yA
232
jj.
6'
from J^-w
5 x x
2.
Examples
x J x
vJ^-j easy,
degree of intensity.
xjx
from
Etymology
x^x
^f8W
"*
om
xjx5xx
^*
>
xJx
^V^
'
^>/ww/,
J^
/ar^, from
from j>ja
^ot^ ^06/0,
C^i
^//, from
Jty /^r,
,.
[jtj^5
*, fifomjjJ
O
;
'l^
sa/0, from ^oXw
from
^^^
//>
J-J^.
talkative [or
"
XXXX
from
ca*j->
from J^.
gluttonous, from
J 13
Jju
from
ignorant, foolish,
J
drunk, from
o!/^
xxOxJ^-POx
^jUJac, O^-*^,
from cU., ^
Ojx
77.
W2A
from
(j^
tf
j^^oJi
^i,>
from
J^kc
x x x
;
Vmoc
JxOx
Jx9x
0^>**>
0^^>
from *.w
jj;>..
from ^ji.
16.
hungry,
^>bj satisfied
OxO
0^*^
14.
LsS\ having
I XJ
from *Jj
5 x
^^1 having a
uU
JxOfi
;
*^Jbl
having
w>**'
J|>.t squinting,
Jn>*-
from ^w
from
J^- ^ot ^/, from ^o-o
xjx
J/}{
xxxJxJxf
ugly, foul,
from
XX
xx
oWj* waW,
15.
t/o,
to
xxJxOx
dnwA;,
<jUlw
olx
or Jj>3,
Jj>3
from JUa*,
light,
jw
xx
thirsty,
13.
j-a-.
Jv^
''&''
j$~*a*.
J x
XXXOJX
UUc
j%, from
^iw B
w>jJ^ addicted
[Jja* r^ad^
Jhf
xxx
JJ
3^*.
XX
j****
J^t
veracious, from
affection or
.,
r,
Jj>b
XX0X
speak], from
x J x
mov^c?
x x
OJx
to
razefo/
* I
Jjjlo
from
<7ras, glorious,
jJ6
from
to /ymgr,
Ox
Ox
m'
J^t
12.
Jo*j
^->i-, s/c&,
11.
erf].
"*
^^uj*,
h-i.
'
*>'
xxQx
from JU
to//,
burn;
xJ x
w-o&fe,
x J x
to
Jfj- to
xJxOx
from
Olji
^j*^ ?m^A,
xJxOx
u5^w ^j^
ogriT?,
x x x
x J x
px
fow^,
x J
from Jaj
stingy, niggardly,
a^
Jib
x x
O xJ
J*^]
135
Adj.
x J
II.
232]
^A^l
white,
^\
yellow.
136
232
x
Rem.
9
and
As
a.
is
.
".
xJ x
Ji-otJ
^Jjji
JUi and
6J/
^J**
^Jjji
come
ft
is
XX
Jx
sometimes from
Rem.
Jjii.
J^li
or ^>*l, from
from O^ifr
is
jx
Ox
^^1 ;^L,
from ^apr* or
o/e,
x
;
j.SU barren,
Rem.
c.
J**$,
a passive sense
as
Ox
Ox
J^3
afoin
a victim,
f*+> slaughtered,
J4^
The same
O
= J>&*
is
-^j Jc*
J
I
Jjj^fc
>
OJ&xOx
^o
6
^.., j
*\ck
dyed =
>**>t
ft
u^tdL^
Ojlx
ft
wounded - -jjaa
f-lj**'
bound, a prisoner,
=^U.
J x
w>^l. milked*.
Ox
Rem.
o?.
Jx
V
-pv
is
1_
The form
forms.
if
Ox
J-jai
is
dialectically
OOOO
pronounced
j^j,
}m,
jit**-),
especially
jux>, j*j=>,
J-jA.,
J
j*ij^
',
and so
also in substantives, as
j-aw, tJt*&j,
j->->,
ftx
J x
scholars, it is originally a
Hence, as in the case of
bearer of a message.
~D.
nomen
G.]
this class
Latin nuntius,
it
meaning message.
II.
233]
137
Hem.
Many
e.
For
JjiS, as
Jr>>; J*i, as
^^=^3,
TBDK,
T
WJW;
T
as
J***,
*
233.
From
is
J*.j
as
JU3,
(6 for a);
^H?|
T9*.
TDK,
T
T
'
r,
5x
some
others,
nearly in meaning to
since
it
Hence
jo
x Ji/O
intensiveness.
J*\
E.g.
e-
Jl^t
x
J^
wot^
_**
0*<i2x
i/
w*tj^>
5 x
to
wine,
k5/
v&^U.
ft
Ox
x
;
w^^*
drinking,
J x
wJjj-w
^^ knowing, learned,
#*
wry
<
eating,
5 x
= J>^t
*ib
noun of
it is
glutton,
Of
WX
Rem.
a.
Sflx
usually this form
ut
Ix-Lsi.
5 x
seller
of sheeps' heads,
y^Ua*.
2 x
ot^o a
money-changer or
o 2 x
xi5/
banker, |Uj
baker,
5
gardener, ^y*Mj a
jU- &
x3 x
tailor, jlaJ
o#x x
fix
a builder or
JU^.
architect,
a porter.
113*3, f1^6,
S3D,
Compare
in
etc.
Ax
Rem.
6.
Other intensive
fi J
JUs, 2. J^as,
0C3j^>wix
1.
adjectives, less
3.
B0J
j J
ijx
Jj*i or J^si,
i3
4.
Jjii,
and
5.
are
J>*b;
as
0t3j
^L%a-, |loj, wry handsome, j\jz very noble, j^=> very forye,
cSj
ij
one who devotes himself to reading {the sacred writings), cli,>
l\j$
1.
a strong propeller or
0UI0U^0UJ
2.
jflt^j j*~,
w.
s^+jjJZt,
repeller,
a great rush
(of
water or of people)
wl
addicted
to
18
Part Second.
138
Etymology
uj
ui
233
[
ui
J^jco
boastful,
esc-
wl
ill
Ml
ul
iSx
the only instance of the form ^J-ofci, except J>jj-) ; 3. Jijji timid,
5 BJ
j
6 i3x
A*
5
i2/
^o^aS everlasting, J^iw or J>^* 6ad (of money), *->*-* or 9-$+> all(i
-D
^jjJi
all-glorious,
jtmre,
T>
timid,
raos*
tj*>jjJ
,j*j~>lft.
spy.
7w%;
4.
On
yia.
deceitful;
OxO
w^$,
Jj*.,
J
'i
knowing, cunning,
turning,
shifting,
or
Jjii^,
5.
Jjjjti
6x0
JUi-o, and
(nomina instrumenti,
6x0
6x0
XX
6x0
the
^l*^,
much
eating
or giving
Jt^iL,
talkative,
XX
eloquent,
5x0
slothful,
>
advancing
liberal,
6x060
>#&*,
**x
X
jUCo,
x
boldly, daring,
^UJUX
bearing female
6x0
ji.k'go,
is
"
^SL^
imn</ perfumes,
Similar, too,
^jUJc*
6x0
male children,
%\sj** bearing
flkn* very
X
hos-
6x0
p-\j*A cheerful,
>
*x0
children,
to eat,
6x0
JLXo
much
0x0
6x0
6x0
talking
jJ^o,
jtJk-*>
'
X
X
spear,
6x0
6x06x0
JJ>**,
6x06x0
thrusting with
nonsense, ^aJxo,
pitable,
^jl*la^,
6x0
^.t.Ro,
6x0
6x0
6x0x5x0
used concretely;
x
e.g.
actionis,
202)
to
play or sport;
6x0
uJ
XXX
fi
mendacious, J^UJj
pUJJ
talking
6x0
6xx0
fickle, SJ^Ju
__
i(
Oj
J 3 J
D. G.]
II.
233]
Rem.
Nearly
c.
139
all
of
termination _, which
here used,
is
// /il
xx
to signify intensiveness,
AiJL^JJ,
idea
^i3^j)
missionary, <Ltb
&
Sj.3G
from
<UAb
crafty,
as
<Ujti,
strengthen the
to
H /Hp
Heb.
from Sip)
to
bits,
>
summoning, an emissary or
'
$'
as
aJlfrli,
iL+ia.
calling or
clever,
S3
O x
2x
ju^UJ,
investigator (compare in
o?eep
Jji,
cb
Aaib
or AiJL^JI
of intensiveness.
one
jlj
as
/JW
or prostrating often,
*' '*
sx
5"f
t" Jt
Si m
iLai, as <l$jj^, iLJLt, no&e, excellent; from J>i, aJj**, as
.
"C
S/
4JU5,
as
&
g*
io*^
9*
slanderous, dJt^i
excellent player
o x
very # ?,mcA;
the
0/*
Ox
>
i7ery talkative,
on
fl
o x
much and
u/
0/
i/
o x
9"
SjtJ^X
talking
to
2lc\jJLc very
f *
sillily;
from JUaj,
X
9x x
5/
much and
~x
or cautious, dijjls
"
.
bold in attacking,
ul
ij-oii,
0x0
Ox x
Ox x &
from JbuLo, dJbuU, as 5,>laJU very unjust,
very timid ;
dJUi, as
J 1x3,
9x x & x
from
0"3j
Sj
down
Aft.Lo aw
</rea collector,
prostrating or throwing
5 x
a^Ua. a
Afrt^-o
x 5x
o x x
<x
play or
spor^,
/{
<ULooL*
szva^-
also occurs, as
Part Second.
140
dUfjtXJ
much
Etymology
addicted
play or sport)
to
sportf,
234
morsels, very
Rem.
*Q-A..
= jui., *])$$
(=L^),
tw
an intensive
form
and a
Jjtft,
lative,
of
From
234.
radicals
(=jj^)i
for
form 7t3p> as
|?3
StSp, 7t3p
may
which
Bhn (=u^t)>
Jsi (^ftp
J&*31
be viewed as
= J**)-
J>st, the
J
3JU-, sw<?0,
' ftC
called
J~*asu)\ ^ ~*\,
the
noun of preeminence,
Kg. ^js-,
ft
ox
>
'
,>~ft-i
j xft
t
J-j^a- great,
In the superlative
must always
have the
article,
ft
ft/"
J s
sOs
ft
[A
/*7
<>*** oeauti/ul,
sweetest;
>
Rem.
especially the
and
J)
WO
=j-t&~>,
Jjii)
glorious,
(jjd), as
syllable
= Aram. joXl
00
first
as *fjaa
or
f*W
a in the
of the
is J>Xfcl
cities.
bitterer, as
derived from
j^sXs-
II.
235]
Rem.
Of
b.
this
<Sc
Ovi lO
No
t>^'j
")OK
,/zerce,
(for
original signification,
235.
^ J^J = w>3l^
JJ^X)
141
Adj.
cro*e,
Adj. Verbal
adjectives.
from the verbal adjectives of the passive voice and the derived forms
of the verb, nor from verbal adjectives that denote colours or deformibecause they are themselves of the form Jj&\ (compare 184,
rem. b).
If we wish to say that one person surpasses another in the
ties,
by such
qualities expressed
adjectives,
we ought
oi
j/ tc
more beautiful,
tj~.t
it
'
j> worse,
and the
Uj^Uj 1-Axj
more
>*>\
<
go *
j*. better,
si
ul
(more excellent as
,>**.)
*o
better teacher
j *oi
^
*~JM uglier,
like.
excellent,
to
teaching
and
training)
j s o i
3>-t
answer than he
better
\.$yJaJ\
zs*
is
^
Zy~s
i si Oi
j>Z>\
jl
0*
Sjta^aJl^
^&y3
sZ~~S
harder
^j^SI (el-Kor'an
rules laid
ii.
Examples
a matter of
fact,
by usage.
soi
J s
si-
o s
i-
j s
Sf
from j^y
As
(a)
(lit.
69).
^j
< s o s
os-
9-*it
eye.
9-j~>\
i s
to cleanse or
purify,
II.
of j^o to be clean or
pure
oi
^**o\
J)
142
making
j *
from^-Lw,
better,
upright ;
be firm;
j x a p
'
JU.
or IV. of
II.
to
^Ut
fear ;
IV. of
<jU
to
from ^o\,
^yo\ causing
respect,
,bz
i^a-cul to be just,
j , b Z
J
J
IV. of
uuu
^
x
6 P
from
lt,
J ^*^t
IV. of JJ
' x
bZ
^^,
to
IV. of
to,
^j^
xxx
/(
to fo
jwor, IV. of
* x
to 60 crafty, VIII. of
X
^J*
J x
;
Jj*it
fo
noble;
J
^a
'
x0
^^Jit
xx->xg wzorg
Jl-
t>* j$it
0#s27y
/^e?,
XX
ft
J X
to
^Jjl
^j J ^oj^l
xxx
*'%*
XX
to bestow,
**tt
xOg
IV. of Uaft
xftg
fow^;
^^t
to fo
Jib
grtiw s^acfe,
x p
bZ
middle;
xx
-*-),
to,
ftp
merciful
as
flaccid
jj-o ^i-cut
to to0
x
to be
bZ
w*aI
*
x P
wAa to fear ;
xxx
from
x ftp
->
x p
to last longer,
/.*"'
IV. of
^aj to remain, last
x
x J x
x x
ttt
quickly,
'bZ
C 6i
or
wi^.
away ;
go
to
* oZ
' bZ
or flabby ;
j x bZ
^^U \J^\
to help,
C*o
,
^s- ^*$.\
xx
sure,
stand
to
x*
'
' Z
from
*ot
x x
<*JUJ,
of j*^-** to be safe;
II.
to be
j j*}5\
fi
sOZ
-;
235
U*s
^^o
J^O preserving
clear;
* * t
J*
9 1
(/?)
Examples of
*0t
more feared
II.
236]
or formidable
j
j*+o-\
/?
to be
*oi
^t,
to be
*
colours or defects
o
O*
oi
j , oi
'Oi
^^t
j *
CJU
wor^
s , o
(^^
or VIII.
**t)
i
;
&ztee? or hateful
,
o i
(y)
J
proud)
Of-
J s O
S-
236.
j-wt
oi
j *
jj&\ more
better
l,i
,ot
\*$j>\
143
The
the following.
144
quadriliteral, in
237
instead
of L.
Rem.
The preformative
b.
/>
'
vowel in
.^Ethiopic seems
OD;
to
ma, as
its prefix
(DftH, ftih)l
(manafek)
^0,
(e.g.
sceptic,
heretic (J3Uo)
tremble,
dreadful
(JTnS^)^
OD fl't'9t, rhC
CTO
11 Q.CJ^
TjTttD)j
(JsjJ,
"
mafrI ) fruitful
OD"|-(*"|ttyii
to
(matargwem) ^m
interpreter
->
(__
237.
j * be-
jj^wt,
's.
j&\
o j
JJ-cn, J>a*
etc.
238.
In the formation of verbal adjectives from the verba hemzata, the rules laid down regarding those verbs ( 131-6) are to be
observed.
G
OJ3J
jfc
2'
or Ojij for
wijt;,^)
<J
133),
133),
2 J
5.j
for^;^, >>t>o for j.jtU
I
for
j3yc
( 131).
G
Rem.
a.
Rem.
b.
s-
rem.
h)> or
and
>
as
w,
^l*
admits of assimila-
or Xl-**<)>; *3J**
See
17
>
&>
6.
239.
rad.
e-
f r ^l*-
down
in 147
must be observed ;
as j~>y* for
k. Nouns Subst.
145
Adj.
240.
rad.
out of
133,
as
I);
JbLS
JH-3),
(for
jjL*
Rem.
a.
Rem.
5.
<tl
rO
^^
j0*
x
i
-^
Ox
^x
for JLSlw,
"|t
<0
wl
D1p)> as
for
Qp
It
Jj> J
weapons ;
olo for <suU, in the phrase }\y*)\ *5lo or jt^Ut dU, water-hearted,
c ^ clA
1
<}"'<>'
"x
a51a
*.j*s)
oU> s/mrp
^x
for *5lw
(q/* sight),
9 *
Or-''
a tooth), for
(of
Ox
9 xx
for oiMJs
^L
is
transposed
wi
as .^LJI
corroded or decayed
^Li
5 #*x
or greedy, for
fa'raid
->0X
^^j jl*>
(^5^^, >t^t
&j.
ot,
J X
Rem.
as
cby,
241.
Jj>*>>vj>>, for
J^y,
middle radical
is
Jx
Js^o^y.
rad. j, the
elided, after
first
letter
throwing back
J
is
c.
its
damma D
J X
J X
J>3^&**.
this difference,
damma
is
into a t^
*
see
as
>
Oxx
w.
the
j productions
xJx
Zeid,
^)
Abu
with
^,
Naw&dir, 26
infra.
to say
UjU
xjx
for
UpL;
XX
(from j*);
D. G.]
19
Etymology
Part Second.
146
The forms
Rem.
JO
\jj
JO/
still
as
rare;
6/6
035^*1
cij^J^o,
used dialectically.
242
**
JO*
r,
JO
**,
242.
from verba
J**v derived
wl
(/
J*3, which
6 0/
or
C^*,
50/
6
Ji**
60/
6/
/ /
uJ
0/
oW,
60/
or
*-<o,
OW
6 */
(O^)j O**
or
6/6ul/
6/60/
Ok*/
243.
3
6ul/
C and ^^3
rad.
^i***,
01
ULJ
E.g. C~>*
OnJ/
;
easy, for
(j-wj.).
/
(jiy)
fotgrA*
5/
6
(*^
o r 0**> 50
0**>
//
60/
Ml/
O^
(Jl*)j;
O^**, ^*J j-
6&ae?, for
60/
for
is
et
/ J
// J
of III.
*J
and
^j,
J /
///
^->U,
<>jV~-) like i>jU>> ChW^J?
*
/
e.g.
-/ J
"" J
244.
The nomina
ultima? rad.
et
first
Jy
form of verba
167,
b,
and
p,
170).
S j/
hostile,
an enemy, ^jk* a
6
captive, for
245.
<
33^,
In
all
6/6/
70)
e. g.
2"
J/
( 1
5/
^^o
j jjz
2/
boy,
^w
et
^,
The Noun.
II.
246]
Noam
A.
Sabst.
147
Unit.
and ^ (which
the second radical be pronounced with fetha, the
and
or
assume the
converted into ^) reject their vowel
tenwin,
if
is
nature of the
maksura
elif
rem.
7,
If the
b).
for
/Of
^pcjl for
a,
,0i
and
j^jt
b,
/Of
J s
Oi
for
^jt, ^j&t
Compare
for
j^&t,
167, a,
/?.
246.
^kig,* (jkwt);
oi
J ,
b.
(a)
for
^y*, ^^jlc
(b)
(3,
^y*
The Sj^^Jt
iU~>t, or
B
the Individual.
They
E. g.
article,
v&U&J
ifcu
t,
Sxx
Jiu the
duck ;
G* * {
head of cattle {bull or cow), from jJb cattle; Sj+j a fruit, from
/rm ;
j-j
O< *<
S>aj owe
nomina
0/
S^oJ
date,
from j^j
an
efotes ; SlLolj
onion,
Ox/*
/*
#
<7<?&//
*L*3
a straw,
,0*>
[A
Mubarrad
etc.
173,
Comp.
1.
4),
A+jL a
)
i.
rice,
is its
Oss*
!+* a
dish of fish
(el-
Fragm. Add.
Gloss.
(Zamahsari, /'a^,
a dish of
ojj\
^wt
331, 417,
ii.
129.
This
323.
D. G.]
5 is called
*U)t
Part Second.
148
of artificial or
Examples
5/
0x0
/
X
^iw
e.g.
XX
^J
from
or
7%#
/t
^J
The
Oxx
a ship or
Nomina Abundantly
*,
x OiO
V}
]"]>
boat,
*b PD^-
vel Multitudinis.
or
SjJLxJt iU-^t,
is
bricks ; 2uJut
formed,
Ox
6.
(/?)
247.
shipping, boats.
247
Ox
brick,
Rem.
&U) or dUJ a
from
Etymology
x x 2x
x x
Oft
(v")>
foosfe
a place abounding in
lions (jut),
J x
Oxftx
OxOxOxOx
of prey (***); SLa^o or 3t^&**, SUA*, a
05x
* snakes (*),
O
ax*..o
221).
W|w (^^1);
r
jJOfc
xOx
jt?to?
0?/4/
5U*, a
4a*Jsu*,
fat!
o/*
Ox xO
C (o^j) 0WW0
Rem.
Oxx
abundantly.
a.
From
"
>,
Ox
>
is
rare; as JJuu^
x
Rem.
6.
Sometimes the
fern,
.,
Ox
x J
beetles
(Jju*.),
SffiU (a spot)
Ox Ox
producing cucumbers.
Ox
x J
Ox OP
"'
/iares.
c.
x J
Oxx
Rem.
Ox
(^bj^),
^jowo, iJj3^
.
(w^ift).
The use
of
their ordinary
is
Ox Oxx
II.
249]
Rel. Adjectives.
>U~JJ
& came
q/*
^ooc? health,
^J-a*.*
cawse
itto
<;
^3^1 jJJ
, , $ ,
3.>ji*o
joy or happiness,
disease;
jdx
j ,
annoyance
(y)
evil or ill-feeling
on or producing
bringing
o/*
rt.J,k.,
;,>,.a.,
149
and the
the Vessel
like.
which
contains anything.
248.
The nomina
vasis, U>)I
0^0
Oxft
nomina instrument
ft
a urinal, from
a)>*-o
ft ,
Rem.
O J
0*
an
*>.
S J
ft
6/
is
obtained
ft
from
oil-jar,
i.e.
it is
The
228,
J
&,*?ja*o
applied
relative adjectives,
eye-salve
the mil
( J*o) or
to the eye.
a^JwJ
Adjectives.
2l~>^t, or
simply
oL~JI
^7
birth,
'
it
solar,
S
sfy;
&
t/ie
sun;
q/"
QftS
ft
^-ojt
6 s
from ^-^w
vi
earthly,
descended
from
Temlm (^9t+3)
el-
'
v5^
dl
from
aerial,
+ +
* *
j^^-
<
<r*W
E.g.
etc.).
<i
rj-+*
/*#
trade,
sect,
ft
from Jo*o,
(8)
otf;
,*. ft
249.
^Aj
to be carefully distinguished
(Jjfc.iT>),
ft
or potash
0*
*>%,*
Hasan \&mmJ\)
i<a*%o oorw or
j^^o-^ belonging to
l/tungr c
Damascus (JU*o);
Part Second.
150
$0
ie*Xz
the intellect
common
^5^*>
*
a< -
&
^" o ^ )
249
^^
(kJjfi);
or ora^
to,
cj
o/*,
the
law ;
according
/*0
to
to sense
from
Ji*
^j* according
analogy
(^y);
or fire-worshippers
Magus
<-
L5^^ belonging to, or 0^<? o/", tfa sgc o/" Malik (*yJU)
90/
Sw
3ft/
f
from J*}>k fc# ; ij>** from j*. gwc? ; ^1 from <j\ truly,
"
and wont
belonging
,b*
(cr*j)
use
intellectual,
^*>
from
^jji legal, legitimate,
in)
scientific,
(i^e*-),
to
(J>-tf^ Egyptian,
&
Etymology
'4*
j^jAj^I*
verily.
Rem. a. The nomina relativa are chiefly formed from substanand adjectives, but in more modern Arabic, and especially in
tives
the language of the schools, also from the other kinds of nouns,
Rem.
express
b.
"
relativa derived
*'
^jwt,
D. G.]
This termination
common
is
in
Heb. (m. \_
'
and JV ), as
^c*.j\.,
3/0*5/5/*
jj^"*.t,
C)!i* ^ ne termination
Rem.
adjective."
^
The nomina
^7X1^
1*]^$ Hebrew,
Israelite,
^3
f.
H*
In
strange.
iEthiopic,
I is
OUrfr|
(mahharl)
(= >\j-*.,
usual
HPl)
relative
r
YlC,tl t^yi'
ft^P^:
compassionate,
and
terminations, as
Christian,
(krSstlyanawi)
ft^:
'ay,
ft^^:
i
or
('aiyawi)
*T>ffi
in general use
The
;
as
252]
250.
Adjectives. 151
^ and ^, and
I.
251.
as
J s
to the vocalisation.
s *
a,JxL Malatya,
4-i-JI
* *
el- Basra,
J sul
^j^Xc
<J>oj
aiyjt el-Kufa,
J s
ulul
aJJLo
Sicily,
^Jao
direction
ofMekka,
^^
a window,
the
to
party of All,
^-^^-
Rem.
classes,
^J&; &j
from
letter,
j
ioUJI
common
/^
like ojs-,
be a weak
in praying,
j^jXJ*
weight, measure,
tfa kibla
3>
distin-
people, the
^).
have
the
first
ought to be
as * (from ,*j),
[^y3
S
* *
St
see 258
and
^>wj
[or
foil.).
o *
or]
or
an-
and 2UUJI
Os
&LJt
j^ycw*;]
Jj
Js
^^>',
Jj
irregular
^JJ^
'Anbarl's Nozhat
252.
1,
(a)
from
Sjifr,
Walibba
52.
L^jWif
[Lane has
^*w
the
name
fern,
in
D. G.].
S"jxxjx_
L*^" Gumadd,
(Hammad
j)
^-
is
rejected in nouns
as ^)W-
of two months,
bustard,
S^-*
^U.
(&)
But
D. G.]
Pakt Second.
152
A ^,
Etymology
vowel, the
name
the
is
rejected
^ may either be
into
as
So
or
more
^j-U*.
letter
/*<?
world,
(present)
^t
or the
is
appended
elif
(i.
e.
"0
to give
^ji>
^lbj.5)
l>a*3
as
or
j^^b
Rem.
or
as
^L,
o -
^iU
In
1,
x * j
is
253.
b,
/3,
s#r
and 2
*oi
6,
"
j^xilir
"
and
ui
MekM, Gufi
vi
254.
Spain
^j$jjJjL~>\
plural terminations
of
men)
^j*
belonging
J)
^y*j& a
3
The
as
a native of Alexandria
names
(^J&c, ^5***-,
it
0/
^j*
L5?
(2ljj**)\)
(Jb)ju**>)1).
but
viz.
j;**.*
-
92
0*
,-
3
J
of
(^>j'.
< o
1^3^' L^S^'
'
Sdfi'ite,
is
&
Almeria
to
J
sort
* oi
admissible,
//
^j*^ a
a vulgarism.
to
\J$U, ^5***. belonging
3
as
a third form
C^W
'
ii
either be changed
may
r*?0,
-oj
such
if
of shrub or 5^a//
But
(b)
^y.Sb.
ut
^i^t &
to
ftf
or
^Sb
or rejected altogether
^4%*-, L&V/3
with hemza,
^ o *
^>iU
^sj+*. ^ju5 a
tick,
the bean,
^Sb,
is preferable),
^ (which
3
a bug or
it
2*0**
Os*
^jsj+&.
...
m>*
it
//
call
is
it
word, e.g.
heath,
--oj
or
if it
^,
into
t^^x
^j-*j>
j i
o*>
to which
is
JUJ'nJI
changed
relationship,
\j-lj*
1-JjJI
or
preferable), or
*0J
/oi ^
^5>J>5
The
2, (a)
or
/sj
o j
^-jj.3
without a
/J
^L^
*L. pregnant,
is
rejected (which
<**
Baradd,
\>j4
ass, ij>>j*-;
(/3)
253
If the
(a)
a swift
as ^j*-
of a river, \^>j*>.
vowel, the
^j*
^ and O!
chair,
3
and
seat,
0*
^>j->.
Rel. Adjectives.
II.
254]
as
O^ iwo
to two,
^s^^ relating
>
153
dwdistic;
' '
'
^5-oj*-
o^
^-^3
JO'
<-
Mekka and
jL*3
w0 harams
/&
,jU^aJt
jj
*&* of the
O^J^J
Rem.
'
L^Lf*^
3o
It
6.
^jjX*, plur. of
JO'
'
l
as
Imrcln,
^jlj-^ft
JO'
'->?
twenty, instead of
QjJ-^
*'
^V^.
is
JJjJUc, from
as
'
'
^ '
of a place,
'
Rem.
Muslims,
remarked that
J
irf
the
'0
It need hardly be
a.
.l..>.
0'
el-Medina),
jo'
'<
from
iy*,
0'*
'
'/
^jJ^
Rem.
c.
'
preserved
'j'
(J|3^a-aj
as ,jjj^~;3 Kinnesrin,
3'
Nisibis,
i-xpcti,
j0'3
3o'
Rem.
'
^jLx^;
'
jjO'
j^xj,
J#
J'O^J 3wj
^UwjJ, ^jJ
3 '0
^jit.
w.
^L:
'3
>.
5^
i_
^^j-^
j/
i5* fr ?
'0'
3
^y\j^j
-5'
''
l>*->;
We
3"0'3'0
^t^j-jJ,
e.g.
O^J-**>>
'
>^
fl
>
OJJ*^
Fcftriin,
O'O'O'
,j^a*-JI,
lSP
3'0'
'
^j$t or
0'
3
'
L& **
Ji''
u''
bjb,
'
''
^'jb
3"
,
J'O
9 *"
3
0'
2/sa^t,
J'
,
S'0'0
lS^-^J
<
J"0'0'
J'O" 3''
;
>
L5^^'
in their formations
3
is
eX**"^'
0?.
OJ
ut
'
J'O'O'P
O^-sO*',
3
r'
<fc.>.
Ol>*-
"
makes
either
^j-*-
or
^Uj*.
20
AJ
Etymology
Part Second.
154
+ + *
"
'
i b
x x x
}je*j\j\}
xx
xx
and
*Jtu, ^>i*
j/
-..
XX
ul
<*
ul
<LjI*j,
xx
fern.
^-^, which
XX
ul
fern.
^>o-Jt
.^(1^i\),
art. L
O^J
5
-t>
D. G.]
,*3t.
e.
from
255
occur.
"
255.
The
letter
in
X&X
SxxOxx
5xx
C
as A-iuji
Sxx
^SjJ^"
' P'
an
Sxx
x j
island, or Sj-j^JI
Ox
;
*Uj J
Mesopotamia,
S^'
s^/p,
i' 0xJ
i*~'
;
lip5-
But,
if
J*Vi
vel ^, they
L5^**
Sx
^ ne f rms
J***
^ju ** ^L^S
tool,
0x->
SxxSxxSxSxJ
is
rejected only
i^jj^fc,
^3-^; ^y^,
Ox
unchanged, as
*
the
^o->^>
t^JWj
(a tribe),
OOxJ
(a town),
^5-^5 (men),
J**,
*>ii&.
form
Comp.
^y&\ ^>-<$.
j^^-o-^
OOxJ
J**
j->-> (tribes),
AJ$*i, as in
also
SxOx
i.
^tw
Mufassal 90,
1.
3 or ^ as ^J^,
SxxSxJ
is
xJ
l5^>a
m//
reality,
xOxdxJ
>
Ox J
<
^a*a.
i'*'
**fr"g
***y*,
natae or mediae
<*x
x j
^5*^.
(tribes), ^^^-v*-,
J x
Jx
is
^yt
Otherwise
5
(a man),
3
when
it
(tribes),
remains
>
<"
^^a*
jujJ
'
c tjf*,
from S^ii,
and Slbaweih
ii.
^yot
66, 319.
from
D. G.]
II.
257]
Rem.
There
a.
<&JJ*6 a city,
from i*J~>,
9
(tribes),
^j&fc,
(tribes),
from ijjj^.
'>
(a place)
*J
autumn, ^A**>
it
from
,-o-Jlw, ^j-j^ft,
E.g.
Algeziras in
to
^jjj**. belonging
^j3
rules.
^j+ij J J
*-H>*
1^5**^
"
Jj M, jtnX^, ^Ju
(tribes)
<>**
OJ/J
* J
are,
<
Ji*>jS,
'
<5
^t^^j
Uu*3
^Llc,
a prophet,
*,' ,
.'
wlx
Rem.
mediae
Words
6.
et
^,
of the
form J*j
^ along with
^ju~
^4*
^ooc?,
.**J.
as
>
an
^ may
The
<i
ju~>l as
[But
j^o-*-,
productionis of the
The
with kesra
dimin. of jl*-,
'2 _
nomen
as
^ productionis
But
and the
I)
patientis, ^j*j-*.
Lastly, the
tertiae
9 5 J +
instead of
form
>
^yUs.
^,
257.
verba
has
(a tribe)
many grammarians
nomen
(J?*****!
a tribal
from radicals
vowel kesra, or in
radical
^j^^Js
its
Jot
ass, jJ^a^a..
256.
But
A***'*
damma
^jJ^
as $$**,
vt
)>, derived
' '
*$js-.
from
Many, however,
Part Second.
156
of a triliteral noun,
^-
^j a
as
or
(t
^,
youth, ij?>^i
But
^j^-j
rem.
7,
changed into
is
into ^, which
x Oi
20x
3
mill, \J$$*-j
to* a
may
as
^*&\
10
SxOx
a musical instrument,
the (^
or
^y^o
XX
noun contains
If the
^y**.
same
always rejected; as
is
some nouns
in
purblind,
xdx
1,0}
letters,
'
^c
or LS
^^X
3<>x
^^ju
meaning,
^^-oc
staff,
either be changed
y.
?Ox
^^ia-o
is
b),
if
ir^o
jyJ- play, or ^^
^^
258
^3-u*t
X
II.
258.
Etymology
^aJa^o
^ of radicals
"
The
chosen, ^^AJxcuo.
tertise
^, which
et
but
more
five or
it
falls
must be borne
away
is to be counted as one of the letters
in mind that the missing
C of the word, and also, if it be changed into 3, that the kesra always
becomes
fetha.
E.g.
sorrowful, \jys*i;
3
ferable form) or
*x
(for
Rem.
a.
^15
owe
xOJ
OxOj
' ? J
*'
The addition
wAo
formation; as
5tj.>
an inkhorn;
carries
Slo^.
'3
Such forms as
S
^ako,^
for
" *
^Ijj
Hama
6x0j
IL does not
writing-case,
Sxx
(H^Pl), {Jy*
SxOOxx
SUl.
xO
x x
x X
OxO
^jZLc), Jju, o
<m inkhorn or
Jxx
6.
L5^)
xOJ
Rem.
(f r
Ox
e>**; *-*
ox x
or d-J l.
and
a judge,
^5-^^)
J
Jx5x
Sl^uJt,
blind,
3xx
^3j >
(for
S^x
^o^)
(for
xx
^Jya 15
^k&*~c),
vintner.
ml
xx
for ^33,3,
^jUx*
for t^^y**,
II.
260]
259.
The hemza
memduda,
157
23,
is
^jUu
,.*
But
Zachariah, i^jbj^j.
^jUUi
**
in the termination 1 1
^jl^w, or i^jtf
changed into 3
^ji-A, jjgjW*
(^jb;,
~'0
ma&
chameleon,
On
it
I,
~,
names; as tyy**.,
^^jj
^bu^ with
place),
nW
260.
^3-U.,
a tribe),
"'*
in the
3 _r
^^b,
the hemza be an
*
3 -r
IjJ),
^tp.
hemza
a few
as l\^jj (a
^\j^ iU^o
',
(a city in el-Yemen),
*3
7^
riW.
weak
radical,
as
w>t,
i.e.
necessarily
but
is
it
if this
restored, it
appears as ^, whether
brother,
/^
6 /
^>*t \j**>
(for
it
was originally
or not.
a father, ^jy\
(for ^i.1, du. Ol*^')
.1
9/^
3^"
>*) a husband\s father or brother, $y++>
their third
recover
(places),
*byJ
^yb/*-,
3j^
\jjj^> In
5-*'
^b;, ^yb^,
from
is
letter
*tjjj*-
" >
<*
as l\jS (rad.
j ,
if
"-
The termination
*
^^*
^y^U,
the contrary,
~*
'O
focm,
Rem.
?^3b &
original
mot, 2b/. a
|U the
as
a far^w ttfMW
*WXfc
either be re-
may
it
d,
or
252, 2, a),
better) or be
is
^,
Part Second.
158
Etymology
^$*)
dialect,
2
xx
>w) a
^>w
year,
00
v)
oW)
du.
^J,
,jj| (for
a w, ^yj\
podex, L5^ or
00
C-Uj, a daughter,
xx
oxx
3-o
or
^yL*
4&2>,
j^.,
~x
has t^jU,
<0)
(rad.
ju
ox
\Jo,
(for
io ~
Sol
lip,
,S
'
(gU,)
v.). SU
xx
^3^
or
xx
3
or l3"*->
and
sister,
**
^3a, ^^iw,
(rad.
3
ox
00
C-wt
<su);
M^> ^>
->*
as well as
'z
(from
^
'
So
^j^U,
3
Cukl, a
ct.
L^^
iw
^3^.
or
o
Rem.
^^
alw) or
0*
**'*
U> *^ or
^j
morrow,
<
,^5^ (from
du. O'*^) a
00
OJ
x J
go
,*
* , ,
(rad.
261
^m, ^^3 #*
^J Me
(rad.
O x*
3-
^U
and ^U.
j
CO/
Rem.
6.
Where
'
ox
ox
^3^,
LST^'
L$>-?>
261.
The
third radical
or ^J of the forms
OOx
retained unchanged
3
gazelle,
L5
handle,
^3^
as 3**J
3oj
is
Ox
* x
SO
8,4
5 '
4JU*
Ox
5
j>* a foray, {$5)*
9x0
Ox
r.
J** and
*3~>;
bribe,
SoxOxOJ
4j>* a village,
^j-*
r-xOJ
^^j
Soj
3^
But
if
the final
3
0x0^
of
xx
fetha, as 1^3/*,
U$
Sx^
'->
Ox Ox
x OJ
^3-0,
' 6
and 2u a possession;
4-*.>,
is
SxxSx
^,
this
is
{J*
(for
l$>) a fold,
y}
final
J^
(for
is
converted into
J^l)
living,
J?^-!
3
;
as
lj a
II.
262]
-
<UUi, final
** #
, ,
snake, ^J^**-.
is
s ,
x x
\^^
twist or turn,
x x
159
Rel. Adjectives.
In
^jlii
but
5 <"
final
'
"'
0/ lizard,
^Uic.
"Words
5 ^
Rem.
oo*
^ju, a
a.
ajU a
make
verba
Nouns
6.
tertise rad.
radical
^3-ciS
into
as
//j
See
^3^!
o^-ait,
a town),
i^j-o
^ j
l^5
'
though very
255-6.
Ox
Ox
a
In the forms Jjii and &Us, the kesra of the middle radical
from
III.
is
<H>^
aJlaii, etc.
J^ai,
x*
incorrectly, (JV>I).
262.
ji
x x
^is., {3+*
aJL^Jti,
^, reject the
of
(instead
a Bedawi.
desert,
x x
j^ju
irregularly
t/j
Rem.
wfore
jt?fec<?
makes
desert,
sor
Ox x
*x x
is
j-o-JI (tribes),
&
But
and
x x
^jlA
2>
So
also in
may
be retained,
xOg
J
;
Ox
x-f*,
of
not altered.
is
name
/twr,
'%'
5
ftfo
^^J.
jufb
x
;
^jx
tribe),
as J-l camels,
^jj\ or
tribe)
x x
^^U
king,
j~o, ^j+j
J*j, as J5oJt (a
Rem.
3**x3xxjxx
a x
as *ilU
From
WA*3
ox
^JJu
x
and
xOx
^^^
JiSiS
*x
a nd
(a
x x0
^yU^JI,
as well as
160
263.
Kesra or
damma
which a
3
^ has
final
is
[263
changed
as zjj>j^j\,
^>ol
**;
,,
^>i
Rem.
dj-aJI,
'
J*
).
^j^a- from^opJt
time,
j^-^^l
t>t
account.
264.
If a relative adjective is to be
A.
x o
If the
9
o y
Si
lOUwt
5 w.^p),
x
X
x .*
or
shone)*
mixed compound)
compound word
'
then
termination
3
^ylS.
B.
appended to the
If the first
word
is in
j)
first
as
is
ct,
xx
and
.
3 **
kSjHJ-
(2 )
xx
* ne
fi rs ^
still
wor(l
CUj
0>
o.
daughter,
jg
it is
ox
'
f/i/"
JO
two
through the
Bell-the-cat.
^j^>
son,jt\ mother, or
<*
governing word be
(1) If the
arise.
ox
^
"
\^b*?> <****>
^*-j&,
rejected,
2c
^\
' j
wi=>,
(^j^-j-
o x
roa
(At*
Jj->
3
XX
<2xxO X
o^J
warrior),
as
II.
264]
6 x J
J * J
in O^****" v*^>
slave
tlie
of Hosein,
3
'I
^^^.
as
the
word
first
is
But
(b)
(a) in cases
5
vt
\JISJ
iSUt
first
xr
Ml
XX
O J
;
Off*
omitted
is
jUoJt ^oUau,
^tki
} ~s J
*^jt
x0/
the
first
is
j^
'
i/
\tS}[
hut
',
if
(/8)
t^Uw
or
3"
in Spain,
J x
jo
S^w
j>jl
^U*^..
a.
x J
OLb^o, some
L&Hj
J8
allow a
J x x
^n
LS**l>'
ater tmies
**
compound word,
was extended
this license
For example
the class B.
from
from
JyUJI
ixOx
<*3j3J*>
JOx
fr
3
jJ3,
x 0<
^^j
xO-ajOx
J-*/v-*b'
j oj - ,
names which
/
xxx
xxOx
'''Ox
" 0'
;
and
under
fall
Ox
JOx
l*'>
^1
Uj>*j^j
'
u*'
2>
<JCJju
^jO**
>*c,
^JJ^j-^^j,
u^IU|tf>;
x.x
as
to innumerable
x x
from
e.g.
.^tf;
makes
(a tribe)
J J
as
/ulj /
Oi
^3*w
Rem.
Guadix in Spain,
j0/<
OJ
.<>t^.>tj;
from
To
this stage of
0>^' ji ( a
JULoJt jufr,
w.
x x
it
^J^
Guadalajara
1
x x
o*
Sjla^a^JI,
J
^tj,
[(j>Jt
*"
^^^
/J0*
VJ
wl
j^c, iJJ***
aXlt
is
as 0-iJ>M
*>
O^UI^o-o,
(CameVs-nose, nickname of a man), ^jiil
x
* '***
0"
O/'-J p J
3
5 '
3 x
l>~*aM J^,
^-^iJt *t, ^yj-^t or i^y-o
6j^Lsd\ jutw, ^$j*~>
x
if
attached to the
and
rejected,
o , j
j^^Ujuc
from JULoJI
^UJ, ^^j^U^U.
21
Part Second.
162
family in Spain)
Etymology
^UU
'
from
<^)U^j
>S
Benu
'Adi
(21,
footn.)]
c,
of
'
the
265
woman
[ajjjJL a
^j^^^j an
ignoramus
(Fr.
first
( 32).
Rem.
In many cases
5.
under B,
falling
2, 6,
a and
strange
/?,
two nouns.
Z
from
>
,,
'0'
from ^^^w
Mekka)
jk*c
XJOJJ
(a tribe)
s s
6*0-0
Os
^-ia-^
name
^$j-+-2>
village in
(a
Egypt)
C always from
the
plur. j*a-
script, also
singular;
e.g.
^jia^-o
l^* IW a
book, plur.
really proper
Ui***o
or
'
sheet,
^U-o.
Such
CO*
wi^
(
efo^),
^jt^l
a tribe), iJ?jiU*;
3 - o
of
i-ijjuo),
"
^%^>
(the
-
^^JIjl^
name
3
at el-Medina),
(j^UaJt
j
;
*bi
;
*->*$&
s s
Ojlfr* (a tribe),
of a city, Ctesiphon,
bib,
jLcu^l
bs
ij.jj-a^Jt,
'
Si
Muhammad,
letter,
LS'iil**' J'***'
manu-
s o
(plur. of
but
of mats, from
se er
it,
^j,-j*
institutions,
' '
, o
265.
(a
^j^s. ^*\j
from the plural, even where the sense might seem to demand
jt^^i
of a poet,
3 b '
and
from
tjy^jJaJt, the
o '
Ci
jo
<<
(a family in
juc
^ ^V
...ojcirw
JJ/
jo
jtjJt
tribe)
E.g.
fib
Helpers (of
and U-Hazrag,
ot/
v!/*^
the
Arabs of
the desert,
II.
266]
j*
* Oi
io,
** aid*
iUj'nJI the
tradition
'Omar
as
^%e*\,
Persian
colonists in
el-
163
^l/^l; [o^a.'^t
called in a
'St.
D. G.]
Yemen, ^jUjt.
Rem.
adjectives
9 J J
bookseller
mats;
9'
OUL
Zj^Jd) glass
of
3
6aa/s,
watches,
a maker or se^er
o/*
a watchmaker;
^JUL
Oxx
X
orae
j-ateJtjrffc.
w/io
makes or
& surgeon;
"XX
essential nature
^=&\j*
XX
i^f0j*
God
3
>
(pi.
of
&Lo)
(pi.
^a^-o
of
qualities,
attributes distinct
-
from C
XX
^to,
I belonging
~X
them ; ^-5t/
seZfo
Olio
to
^ Similar
.
women, from
266.
Biliteral particles
may
not, at pleasure, if
3x
^^
j^
not,
^_
5-oJ
or
o<
permitted, as
3
waws, as
5 W
if
But
^^oJ.
differ.
if
or
Ot-
^5}
or else a fetha
is
XX
^jV-
is
the second
^^o^
3x
3"
*x
;
it
opinions of grammarians
is
of
a dealer in
,-butj^.
wounds,
attributes,
seller
x x
acL>)
x x
(J^Jjt^S
->
pouclves or
i/w
bottles,
->
15^*
O'x^xJ^xx
^.UULo a
ia*-j^fc.)
0^>
VI
9 x
J^-Lu
X
x
x x
sieves;
of
(plur.
" f
^U>)
j->jty>
bottles;
(plur. of
xx
w*^*
rw<?s;
q/*
Ox
JJ
a maker or se^er
x x
oi.
as
^^*
alone admissible,
3
that,
x X
{&*
in,
164
If the second
^3-^.
be a quiescent
letter
there
Slif,
267
inserted
is
between
it
into a
as
->*
2 -
^^ or ^^.
*j not,
U what
The pronoun
forms
'
^yU
and JjAU.
We
267.
^L.
of intensity
x *x
as
jlyJ
'
'vi
,jUao
daring, reckless;
J-l
s J
ol
<
q[*SXo
straight-haired;
Ox
sordid;
vile,
<jL>JujJu^ and
is
t O x
^CjX*
or'
xx Ox
So
looking.
is
= JaAJ1
x
o o x
i3t)Aw
having
*
o x o
beard {l^J),
>a-*~4 a# or straight-
Oxxdx
haired,
"
i^W^i
^yU^AJt
2xjj
taw or long-bearded,
^^Uwt
$w<#-
^U^*.
x o
^U*- having a
ox xx
much
,>****
O s'tO
but .Jl^ki*
^Jj^c,
x
^^x
2^* x
tall or
x
^1-,
/ow^r
^j^U*
mendacious.
oW^
x x
2-jLjja,
is *
,(,
[.JLJu
smiting with the evil eye (from ^-aj in the sense of e^), ^y^ju* or
3
xO
2xxOx
^ua-j-o a
245, n.
i.
1).
^y^ju-^
D. G.]
s^r
#/*
sandalwood,
of the Aramaic)
2^0
jJLo^w
07^
e.g.
w&?
*
.
^yly^li a fruiterer,
,
sells
sesame, instead of
^^SU 0^0
wAo
s^/s foarcs,
%'&'%"'
/USU,
,-y^U,
j^S^SU or
II.
268]
3
55fi-
^LSy
external, public;
^j^jy
to the soul,
(.
relating to light,
expressing intensiveness,
Rem.
form
members
of the body,
^2
*J
is
So.
a
^.wljj having
as
- j
arms;
(flSH).
^JUi
^>'-^j having a
^jlju-*. corporeal,
),
xj
clusively to the
outward,
upper,
I s+
,
.
interior, private, \jSji
^'^ wr,
&
is
,-fcUw,
by^ijiw
exemplified
9*0*
(c)
268.
as a
The feminine
noun
a^-J *> * ot
3uslSH\ il+~>\.
Arabic
v>
sol 0*
etc.
D. G.]
humanity
(&\>~J\
the
9*0
a human
9 2
J i
Godhead
divine nature,
o
Jit
9**0
God)
i-*jLj|
i 5 *
t
;
OS
OH
J
(
4-*o~t,
9
adjectivity,
substantivity,
9
adjective
vt
water)
poetic
j*-~\,
totality
0&+Z*)
**
(U wlwt ?) ; *L5U
wateriness (|U
mind
aJLoj,
0*
JxO^Sirfxxj
^HW^
>
Oi
of nouns
from
o*
(<fd*^t
being)
j\
2l*J>1^*$\
95
ty,
>
r*
intelligibility
A aAo>JI
wto
constitutes being
of
166
269
Judaism.
9
Rem.
Aramaic
<Z>y*l>
similarly
humanity
employed
Oj_
)^^),
(\l.Q-mS\),
2%0 Diminutive.
()
269.
j
The diminutive,
^w^I
jJLcloJI
or j-jiafcJJt,
ii/jv
xj
'
x 1
'
50 x J
j^o-c-
noun
is
'
J***.
quadriliteral,
xO
.>
q w^it ^oAp
0x2
(for
Jxjjl
5x0
J
;
Rem.
When
.
When
a mosque,
the
as w>*fc
w~Jl^
the noun
9
the diminutive
scorpion,
t
x J
jia *,.>*
Oi
J,!
is
is
quinqueliteral, but
/J
J*****
as^^i-ac a sparrow,
x J
hey, 9- .wi.o.
is
fx2
The diminutive
a.
<fo<7,
&'#, J****..
^a...>.
*-Ui-c
j^ujt).
wa^
dirham, j&d)*
a,
kind of tree,
/J
'
Ox J
^ J
gt/
<
it
w-A a
,.
jo/
a man, J*o*j
as J*?.j
noun
triliteral
J/
or j-JLtfuM,
5x
5 -2
(as ^\,
S
x J
8. * J
5 *j
^^t,
9 x
,-ij) or
contempt
(as
Cx J
OOx J
9*
x J
.xxOxi
a special friend),
Rem.
[2lo-JkjJI
In forming a diminutive,
6.
it is
trial].
not usual to
fall
back
Ox
See however
JxO
as Jjjjl
283.
blue,
Ox
0x2
Jijijl
UUfH**
a mantle,
Ox
Jk,:xo,
II.
270]
Rem.
The
c.
syllable of
first
the form
is
,J-ai5
167
occasionally
OOxJ
xj
w**
~wJt,
fj^w,
Rem.
|V)
^ rom
'
little
(j*juo),
^
fawn
temptuous diminutive,
may
and
(Ju*>),
the
..
"
(from J^pX, a con
m*d$
x 1 Ox
like J/'**.
regarded as a weakening of \_
^.
vowel *_ must be
If so, the
(orig.
]Y?il f r
like
*_),
-
JV "/H
T
(IT/JO*
t
(L1Q-L a
In Hebrew we
a sort of snake
cerastes,
Aramaic are
> x
V^)'
x x
'
/ife,
(^or
form in
c^u,
xx
w^
an(*
JHi
diminutive
this
for
w--wJ,
Ox
i^x
*L5^'
O-x
Yjfl
...
***!
N.1, a 2/o^A
Ox
Ox
9*x J
(
> ^w,
as C**j,
?^*.
Traces of
d.
SD^'iy
is
(/J
(i
if'
for
Rem.
Diminutives
e.
1$
post-
(substantive
pronoun
may
in
and
derivatives, as well as
its
fix
jjjJl
(2)
are,
however, obviously
x Ox J
and
rem. f).
(3)
little
little above,
siH3> a little below, a little nearer than,
from a few of the verbs of surprise or wonder ( 184,
On
of small bird,
270.
is
J>j>J a
after,
etc.;
Ox
juju a
little before,
When
strong, or
x J
^J-j-o^,
a kind
x J
^Z^^>
a bay
horse.
more than
five,
is
commonly formed
%
from the
"
first four,
and the
ft* *
as Jj*^*-*
quince,
J)
168
Part Second.
Etymology
3 ,
a nightingale, Jju^ft
But
there be
if
as
0,03
J^X*
Jb
in front, ^^xJU
hump
Rem.
The
a.
rule
&
as
quinqueliterals like
^^
Thus
either
not
is
make
J^.jJut
6 , J
r,
are said to
ymJjtfU
to
6,63
j^U),
Jjj-ol
..
,0 , ,
gold-brocade,
00,3
having a
Out ,
thick
Jjj-^t
, , 3
,3
wXwic.
spider,
some of them
or
rejected,
among
0,3
O^Xifc a
[270
tr
0,3
j^on*.,
>j->j*,
ugly woman,
little,
0,3
o , 3
0,
6,3
JjuJcS.
Rem.
the word
more
If there be
b.
be cut
sarily
it
is
preserved in preference to
we may
4
select
0,,
0,36,^
^juXfr)
of ty
ill,
0^,
sort
and
Rem.
J)
big-bellied,
c.
m*&*
is
or
0,
6,3^
6,3
;
of
6,,
or ^*HW" (f r
ijK*^).
to
nouns of four
is
which
is
0,0,3
saffron, )\j**&}
Rem.
d.
<\
, 3
6e.
Ob**' a
0,3
Jju*5
>>
, , 6,
\j\jtei
0,1
Nouns containing
;r-,
6, 3
6, 3
or more letters,
tive,
O,
0,3
0,3
either juJLc or juX&
6, 3
short
(for
servile consonants
five
O',0,,
as aS%.j* a
or more
,
tick,
consonants do not
0,3
2*x>j
and therefore a
servile con-
&
II.
271]
Adj.
Diminutives.
169
0/J
may
t/ j
^_
is
the ending
Ol_
and
0.3-,
are
all
in adjectives of
^1
;
disregarded.
//
",0,3
ZxXS a
castle, 4*A.$
name), <U*-
//j
~,
i^+L*
"
3 ,
S^Xb
(a
*,0
, 3
E.g.
a+X~~c (a man's
3,0,
{Jj*aj belonging to
J^O^J
jj^L-*
, 3
o LL.-..
,
r,
Rem.
0^ 3
The
fern.
/J
(Jk"5/5
, ,
, 0,t-
e-
/0*
oLj^t
W^
<bUJI, Olgt.
^_
is
rejected,
is
/}'j
0,3
jjj->*J
a riddle, JjJusi.
weak
But
if,
, i, 3
^W-
a bustard,
^Jj-***-
as
in the quin-
servile, either
, , 3
as
consists of
^, may be omitted;
it,
or the
Oot, 3
or j**. (for
0* 3
^)o ,ot
Rem.
a
o*>
aJlSJt
r.
oJlai,
w.
>.
besides
plurals,
JUil, of
the
class
called
Pj*+
O
Other
,0
(see
5
;
^$j~>) drunken,
(fern.
OS-
five letters,
.,,..o
^jJL**;
w>la*->.ol,
a.
perfect,
,03
, 3
j ^L
Muslims,
, c
JU^I,
jlo-L
3
JU-^t
jj!/^
3,0,3
<
,jUA-$~*
verses,
{Jj-+*aj
,0,3
,
el- Basra,
J^d^
>j\j+.S~*4
to be inhabited
,Os
2,
JUil
of the
to them.
3 , ,
, 3
3 ,
,0 3
, 3
3 ,
the relative
pL-
termination
like.
271.
^jj^suj,
(/J
9
i,
as
307) form
0,0
, 0,3
;
22
Part Second.
170
x I
f>
wJ^t
x
Etymology
wJL^t
x I
courses
may be
J
'
j o x
such exist;
if
e.g.
03/J
xO x J
jjj houses,
Otj-jjj,
to the
?x
3 "
<LJ$
(see 278), or
JJ3
x
277)
l\jj&
e.g.
<L-2*,
J*te,
x
j*-i$2> (see
two
s 3
274).
(see
x J
iUJI i^.,
adopted.
3j-jj^
x 0>
from yj,
or
<i
x I
<w~gl-
o-
r,
children,
Ot
Ox
x c
t>
272
dogs,
Ajj.t
** *
poets,
&#se fellows,
from
^^JLJ3,
(for lib*?),
ilJL^t
Jui^J
r^t
lij?
(for 10|1).
272.
The termination
nine
not
is
Ox
Ox
radical,
J/J
regarded as
is
jjUauL> power,
t/j
a e?m7,
jj-Ja-j-w
sultan,
K *l>
,jlo^ a
Ox
^-o^jj-^
wo//",
as
jjUa-w
O^^tj
x J
273.
ll
'Abdu
as aJUl juc
ilssSsJ
274.
If a
JS/J
ix>
'llah, <UJI
Oxx Ox
OxxO
^j&jac,
triliteral
E. g. JJJ* (a
9*0*3
?K5>
woman's name),
<"
St
j
O^
fl
OxOxJ
groate,
i**^
fo0#
OOx
dUww
C*^ an eV e
5 ju^a
x J
;
x J
O
;
w>jijjux*;
GO
Ox
J
(
nomen
added to the
unitatis
ii sim, ftfr+A
'xOxJ
246).
jh a
house,
Oxx
OxO xp
^xOxJOx
^^^w
feminine noun,
is
^^
,/foc&
0/ sheep or
<//
269, rem.
o).
But
Noun. A. Nouns
II. Tfie
276]
if
...
nomen
Subst.
unitatis,
is
O
*^w
S^a^w jX
tree,
Rem.
cattle, j*aj,
The diminutives
but S^aj cm
or cow,
or
e>j*su.
from
5 *
rem.
but
Su*^ five
but
trees, j*a>.$>,
5^9^J
*"
* 3
171
Adj. Diminutives.
<Sc
same reason;
But
(masc), **+&..
e.g.
fl
see 319,
a.
Rem.
If the
b.
is
Rem.
c.
0*
rem.
For example,
b.
90*3
ma*h
frij*
A^3,
f"
00*
Jjo a
*3
J-oti
s/*oe,
have
a
Si
bride,
w*>j-
and ^Jj^
(for
^Uj^).^ey>
is
f/t/J
2-}y>
9* *
0*
<i
M/J
ones people or 2W6e, which
* J
2i^jjj>j,3,
0*3
w-^
1*
[yj*3j-
w*/^ Arabs,
3*
9
9*0*3
*t* 3
l\j2,
r.
and
pj> a coat of
9**
88/J
a bow, u-jy>
uy* 9 a young
0*
*->j&-,
90*
0*
^ftyi,
J*
9
but JaAj and j*j, though also of both genders, seem to make only
0*3
9i*
and
isuAj
90
j*Ju.
275.
masc, makes
is
in
0*3
J3 a
Zj*t
3 f
u~^ a cup
J-^>;
kill,
(Fr. tasse),
9*0*3
9 5 3
(
which
&*
0*3
9*0
sea,
is
90*390*
m..,1>
;
276.
If the
letter,
0*9**
90*3
*-*iy.
x
Oik*
w>^ (^r^) aw
9/
A^ijj
/(^
E.g.
* 3
w>G (v>^ a
0*39
w~j
3
door,
90
s-J;
3
(?-3j) twJ,
9
0*3
#
5^0
9*3
j)
172
Rem.
i^>, a
commonly makes
thing,
o 5 x j
6 s j
^3^
From
f^w.
and
(for ?^>fc),
277
man,
an
>*>
be formed
.>
C-sJ^J, ~i$Z>,
277.
origin of
9'
Ju*fc,
which
unknown,
is
'
O x J
'
x J
cHj^ a horseman,
*
Ox
x J
\j*jij
" -
a poet,
,^^-a signet-
Ox
x J
the
elif,
as js.\jj
Ox
x 3
changed into 3
it is
or an
elif,
x J
Rem.
Words
a.
of the
initial letter is
change
3,
into
it
In other cases
not vJ-^uj^.
this
Ox
^_,
Words
283 from
278.
young woman.
OwxJ
x x
ybtfd,
for
Ji;jt.
x J
[Oomp.
it
weak,
as
^od
ul
jf$ a
x p
Jb***' a
^^,
O 5 x J
JxOc
JwJxp
J^^-; A>*1 &/ac, Ju~>t;
x
_
4*-aft; ^5^-j
Ox
O5 x i
rem.]
youth,
slave,
^r*^ a male
ostrich,
SxJ
xx
j^
^lu
OWxJ
^;
a youth,
^S^>
xx
<^
O 5x J
a handle,
13,
OwfxJ
sfa^
of the
optional, as in fjj
5 x
o iSo x j
Ox
JLolj, ^J^cu^!,
e.g.
^UJ
is
change
SAO
Rem.
&xl
*j-.
xp
Rem.
a.
Rem.
b.
>y*~i\
Ml
contracted into
^,
these letters
snake, (***.),
JS
x J
276
e.g.
/"Lb
279.
* J
vl
(for L5tp*-)
^5***)
&
^x
x J
Yakya
wl
x i
^JJ^)
(for
5%
or heaven, a*o~>
man
(a
name), <**a*
3x1
^^t, some
Instead of
xO
still,
(f r
*x#).
(for
say ^^.\
x I
* I
(accus.
ui
xI
^j*-\,
but irregularly,
like
^^pA,
(accus.
5x1
and others
^#> ^5*
0^1
^j**\
^^
{John),
3 '
'
a sma// water-skin,
j* x
ju~>l, 278),
Sjljl
x i
at
two
last
1^5**^
x
;
173
x I
as ^jo^-j
0i x J
4^^**
Rem.
>^wl,
*U~> tfc
which the
'*
(for ^^j-Jacc)
x I
wl
Diminutives.
Adj.
quadriliteral or quinqueliteral, of
letters are
&
II.
281]
From
i**-!.
Jx
x J
4jjU*o
J xirfx J
.>
280.
The
radical
infinitives
termination 3 in exchange
fern,
the
9 x
x J
in their diminutives
Sjufih.^
as
05 x
4-Jt>
have the
resume
3ji. affluence,
recover
it
of
termination 3_ or not,
fern,
9/J
in the
jjjji
etc.
whether
they
in the diminutive, j)
3
&
s J
^3*0
9
a father
brother (>.l), L5 r
^.1 j>* blood,
x J
x x
S/J
5/
O^xJ
3 x J
a
ju
hand, ajju j^. iwte, v-tj^. *U water, duyo and jjy
x x J
* *
5/D/J
^
5^j9 or <7<?a, iy-j^w *w & p, 5^-jAw *! a
xJ
Ox Ox J
Six J
Ox x
Si/J
*xx
4jU a dialect, 4-0U
3-w a JWW, Ay-*w and a~w *Ua a
w>'
E.g.
{y>\),
^\
-t
r,
3U>
Ow si
A^al
'
xJ
OxOxJ
Ay-UA, itj^A,
Wx J
and
A5JA.
Ox
Rem.
a.
diminutive accordingly,
Rem.
60/
281.
206),
Rem.
the form
x J
3 j^c
x
;
first
6.
Oxx
is
is
not restored,
<su^i.
lost first or
second radical
if
the
Etymology
Part Second.
174
word
consists of
^hU
j-}>*
> i
^-jy
u^i$* from
as
282.
O^t a
and recover
elif,
son, ^j^>
The diminutives
Rem.
a pastor.
ctj
formed
thing, are
two by the
in the first
^t, and
^.t,
^La,
termination;
C^A
daughter, and
0^
and distinguished
<u.t,
<uiA (see
<u^,
281).
283.
the root.
r
If
this
consists
0*J
J*j&
9
if
0*
$+ tt
C-0.-J
Od
^a^XJI
u~**5
3
;
consonants,
y i
9- 'I
"
' 3
r.
9**
s J
"
0^0
is
J
U^W
Uutdu,
E.g.
3 * Ot-
upon
the diminutive
* J
0,i
"
[i^***-, j^J^a-o].
is
called
284.
With regard
are to be observed,
falls
"
to fall back
is
9'
9 0s J
9 o * J
^ M^ U
90
<
of three
0*J
Jam
of four,
C*
j)
fern,
anus,
C-O
of Cs.l sister,
like those of
Cwl M#
D. G.]
after
reject the
elif,
^f
name,
E.g.^*-^
^13
take a prosthetic
&-i^,
j^t^A,
(for
of the
[Words
J^\,
C^
Otherwise the
j*^
as
rem. b) feeble,
240,
C^wo,
0^-^
282
feminine
/f
^-Ul) people,
(for
away
(a) If a masc.
e.g. djj-**
noun ends
(b) Fern,
(a name), w-->j^-.
*,
It reject these terminations
and take S_
nouns in
,0
,
;
as
^-^j^,
'
* i
*"***-
and
,**0 '
;
*!/,
II.
286]
Very
OxJ
d^j
<i
tjl^O smoke,
iJjL-jj}
j/w
sunset,
a human
JU
for
being, ^jL-^Jl
^3U)
dJU a
or
*"c
<i- ->>.
x J
night, aJ-wJ
j L.*.^t g
,
,jUJI
O^t^ 0*&*
OxOxl'xOxt
~ 5
a
'
^^^
(plur. of <>>1),
tj^Z sons
i"
(Juj-ji*
x
3u<LJlz,
nightfall, SlLJl*.,
Ox
J x
Rem.
175
'>
(derived
5 xt
an
of poems, a public
collection
5
rem. b)
^jtj* (see 305, II.,
as
.M.M.Q,
285.
if
Some
other
*+*
or
*
p-L*-** brocade, -**&
Nominal Fwms.
0x0
l^Js a fragment,
OxO
allotment.
vi
a-a-
sect,
X
ika. a piece of
portion,
(b)
of
a firebrand,
SjJl.
a rag, *$j* a
piece
0x0
5x0
an
from
from ej-by
t+
land,
0s J
(a)
if
"
(17)
or bureau, O-i^ij}, as
'u
jU> and
->.
office
account-book,
is
as 3-cu5 a
quantity, such as can be contained in a place at once
** 1 3-*l* * * *
"xOjsxOj
handful; iL^I, a*a), a cl , a morsel, a mouthful; acj**-, 2*b, a gulp,
;
0x0 J
a sup or
sip
"xOj
S/o*
redness,
Zjsuo
Ox Oj
yellowness,
23j)
Ox
light
blue,
as
2l&* a
blackish
brown.
5 X
286.
x
(a)
1^3,
fix
|Ut,
vessel, *->!/
V
jljt,
OxJ
JUi
and implements; as
r.
a water-skin,
Ox
xx
ilfcj,
certain garments,
ciUJ a
OxJ
coverlet,
a wooden pin,
Ox
J*ili
X
-x
*U~
indicates vessels
Ox
Ox
^x
^Ua garment,
The form
pelisse.
OxJ
(6)
OxJ
JU-/ a
Part Second.
176
/^r
*W^>
(juib)*
287.
(a)
post of secretary
SjUl
Etymology
(w*5U)
o^c^
S^US
v7l>)
(^k^).
(b)
4JUx a
thrown away
as
C of broth
(left in
post of inspector,
raz%
a borrowed pot,
when
/bod
swc*// portions
filings
4-otj.S,
S,>tjj,
#ctf
fttffe
i.U^,
cuttings
the
0/ /J
ajU^
as
o$?ce?;
of general (jull)
postf
<i
centurion, etc.
aj^Jj, the
31^,
q/*
/&?
a post or
indicates
ajIjj c^jps,
4*1*3, sweepings
d>L*
SjUc
tn Aaste;
it is
which
sw?// quantity
Some
returned).
of these
288.
The form
employed
thing, or
^loj, jL*,^l!a.,
ailii (the
feminine of JUi,
E.g.
6*\jJ
galley;
vessel or
h^j, Wj*,
fishing-net ;
is
233)
frequently
oUs.
Jlij,
is
*->^*, engines
aSt^j
is
4.31^.
fire-ship,
s^or javelin
Wjb
a spear, a
bolt
p.
2l\j&~
26
se^g.)
the forms JUi, aJUi and J-j*3 are often used to denote excretions, as
'J
spittle
swea^
or phlegm JJLoj,
^U^
^wj-o-^v
excrements 9~%~>
^J
w^>
?*$*> 7-^3*
sperma
ff^~*>
*}*}*>
>
r,
^W*
j
*
xJ
J!3>
blod issuing
from
drippings SjUai.
x J
*>J
-*l*j (^^;),
the nose
D. G.]
<---J
^U3
JUj
II.
290]
177
J
ioUa. a
made
is
w^T0 gypsum
^?/6^
or plaster \\jtin)
chalk-pit or quarry
(^o)
a salt-pan
A~>Lrfc.
As
Rem.
jp/ac^
or salt-mine (*-)**)
w/^r gypsum
Hence the
(
is
found
tropical application
233, rem.
c).
<Ulx$ has
an intensive
00
>
4^Lo
made; *J^s a
is
5 x
9 x
',
r x
233, rem. c)
^LdU
for
is
a water-wheel and
a camel
the
that carries or
draws water;
call or invitation;
etc.
classes
2uz\},
a water-skin,
djjji,
2.
289.
it ;
a.
None
(b)
those which
(0)
common
Rem.
x J
fern.,
gender.
have what we
call
the
neuter gender.
b.
Feminines
Ofx
may
at j
'
Rem.
x x
'
as Sl^ot
^a*a-),
or tropical
(j+c-
0.
as yJI
(^JJjla***),
^e
290.
That a noun
of the fern,
is
gender
may
be ascertained
Feminine by
a.
All
(a)
2i
as j>\
signification
a mother,
w.
^^j* a
bride,
* ->o
(^y*<J\
j He- j 0*
W-J3-0JI) are
Ox
Part Second.
178
J s
Etymology
J
**
servant]
^*ij*o
w>ja Death,
lli
(/?)
******
r-bi
and
SjJj,
feminine*; as
are
2->j.S,
triptote declension,
Irdk, ^y**,
*Ji, jaJ*
Jau^t^, <>b,
but they
x
as diptotes,
The names
Rem.
z '
tfAe
$m],
0,0,
r.**,
i'*J**,
Mocha.
U>L
Egypt,
or that
el-
290
*c
also be inflected
"
^U,
may
"
J>!/Jt
Jkwlj, etc.
^e
may
rear,
Os
The names
(y)
Ay**..
of the winds
and the
kinds of
different
fire,
* *
common nouns
because the
*-ij,
J *
fire,
[^y.J
The names
of
many
&~> a
tooth,
as ju
is
masc.
0*
are double
a hand, J**j a
wfcfe a
as
- s
shoulder,
leg or foot,
<JL
Of.
^s- an
a shank, ^e^j
eye, ^j$\
an
ear,
womb, Ciwl
the
the anus.
00*
ois
Rem.
0'
jJlo
oos-
0^
the head, 4^5 the face, out the nose, ^i the mouth,
00'
Si the breast, j^o the bach, [jk. the cheek,] and the names of the
blood,
^\j
muscles, sinews,
instances,
^^j, when
masc. and so
*
it
also,
most
in
*+
means
relationship.
\j*jk*
is
sometimes
Je.]
[Some admit
word
6//
is
See MukaddasI,
p. 7,
1.
16
seq.
D. G.]
II.
291]
* 6>0
Collective
(c)
nouns
(f-o-^t
<Ss
179
Adj. Gender.
xw, resembling
which
the plural),
denote living objects that are destitute of reason, and do not form a
nomen
unitatis
a herd of
she-camels,
J&&
sheep
or goats.
.
0'' *>
&
j Cie- J0s
are
(^^yaiJJI siJ^oJI)
Feminine by form
b.
Nouns ending
(a)
a garden,
in S_; as <Ua
2^+XSo
darkness,
*',
1^
or *>*, /(#,
Nouns ending
(/?)
in
^~
,0,
demand, t^j*^ a
secret,
^^^
blame,
^j\
a claim, a
as {$>
,,l
^*>
when B
<
'0 J
so & *
LJjJt the world,
^2+ir* barley-grass,
the ear,
ijy* goats,
* e-s
*>
o j
(jj-*W
good
>v
Rem.
them
as
the
masculine,
z>
5 o J
\Jj), ^JD**,
and
^o^,
regard
[252].
Nouns ending
(y)
to the root
-
'
in l\,
as 1\ja~o, 1\j~j,
a plain or
~*
Os
man) %;
Rem.
to which
hole,
vainglory, arrogance,
desert, iS^a
i\j*~i
3.1 is
e.g.
4aJI. a successor,
'
il
">
a traditionary.
4jjtj
291.
form or
harm, mischief,
**
The
following
signification,
is
list
by
Part Second.
180
t^xpjl
Etymology
w>ac a
jXj
an
\j*\*
3
0x0
Paradise.
ot
j^jait
a coat of mail.
^j*-j
an
\j*3*&
0%,
bucket.
house.
mill.
or u*j^* the
[v*j^
wind.
a catapult.
u-^uJt
J
the sun.
^w^o a
%~& a
jO
<-.
[0^U
u~aj the
^y
staff.
x J
w>Us an
shoe or sandal.
Ox
metre.
La* a
fire.
Ox
Jju a
idol.]
J x
u^3j^
razor.
hyarna.
maw.]
a water-wheel,
-j>j
J
adze.]
^\s a cup.
j\*
viper.
i ,
0,
y> a
axe.
0*
u*3*jjd\
wine.
scorpion.
well.
war.
pp
292
a caravan,
j*s>
00
soul.
traveller s
destina-
tion.
eaqle.
Rem.
Of these
l* jb, ^3, ~>j, ~*,
Ox
and ^U, are occasionally used as masculine ; whilst ep a woman s
0,
00,S
shift, u**^ collar or pendant, and ^HjJ^i & garden or ^ar&, are
^
masculine.
word
of course as masculine.
292.
(a)
Collective
nouns (^^aJI
iLo-^1), chiefly
x x
OOx
OOx
J**J palm-trees, j+3 dates ;
Ox
O-jJ
Ox
e.g.
*x
locusts,
s^p
or
Oxx
OOx
Oxx
r06#,
w>U~ clouds,
Oxx
or
C*J
bricks,
J x
signification
w*Aj
gw/e?.
x x Ox
(a^U&JI
totality).
fern,
by
II.
292]
x o>
181
Adj. Gender.
*si
/-
Collective
[(b)
<fc
/f
d W*t)>
denoting
<5
rational
nomen
jiJ a // number of
cfo.,
But
farers, etc.
The names
(c)
usually feminine
and Jt
JJbl
men
(3
ox
IjJb,
/s
One may
verbi (masdar).
^/.
JO
x x
^n^
D. G.]
as such.
Ox
5 x
noun may
5 *.
00
and a
lii),
OP
.j
x o
\
/i
J.
more
say ^Xj^o
of way-
D. G.]
xJO
ra^w
7),
The nomina
[(<#)
ora^'*
^0
J/
>$
e.g.
>~&j a company
(gen.
unitatis
of
a verb,
o^-.
But a
s x
particle is
X
0^>
verb
)
i irf
by common
* oe seems
>
J x
"^
(doU)l
The C
Sbl.
word *U
article, as IjJb
EU
like proper
or ajjb *U,
(water).
the.
considerable
j\j\
an
article
of
masc).
dress.
0x0
Jt the mirage.
Ox
jt^l
the
thumb or ^ra
toe
jJ^j
a human
(gen. fern.).
human
being,
*
O^-oJt djjb
J
noun,
Hamdsa
78, vs.
1,
Si
O^ being used
as a fern.
Comp. Lane.
D. G.]
Part Second.Etymology
182
or the Parts of
Speech.
292
0^0
*\ //?^r
wmgr (gen. masc).
.L.
<
(gen. fern.).
tjo
JU-
OjJla. a
?-*-o peace.
s
a shop.
booth,
p\*o
< -
[JUa. a phantom. \
ij*^
<oi
v^;l a Aar#
'
corn, etc.
the forenoon.
(gen. fern.).
O^.*
shop.
[cr*i^
a measure for
V
cL.b
V>^
a large
bucket.
celestial being
tooth.]
*
natural disposi-
nature,
fying
0>jJ a road.
J s
always
j^fr
masc]
rump
[gen. fern.].
[{3^j
00
<*>
street or lane.]
- -
J~~
fire (gen.
[j^c- ambergris.]
masc).
\Jix~>
a path, a road.
00
the neck.
ySis>
a spider
>
masc).
(gen. fern.),
p-*^~>
JUs
* J
a knife
0-a^>
/toney.
fern.].
OJ
a weapon, weapons.
< 6 J
I)
,jUaiw
[prop,
authority, hence]
power, a sovereign.
fumed]
o o
m
j**~t peace.
90
jjS a pot, a
^o^w a ladder.
US
a wall
(gen.
the
w**l3 a
nape of the
well.
masc).]
^h^S a bow
(gen. fern.).
t3>w market.
neck.
0*
Ij3~>
the
juf the
liver.
II.
294]
clj^ M0
fo'to or shin-bone.
an
^j3la
intestine (gen.
183
masc).
u LJ
ftfo
tongue.
fern.).
9 0'
0^
JJ M#
fitgrAt
ffl^l; (gen.
Rem.
%\+~t
masc).
(gen.
[*zXLc dominion.]
masc).
[j^jdfc
a.
a roof or
and usually
ceiling,
^*jS>
culine.
Rem.
The above
b.
list,
For example, in
"
'
9 J '
ship, are
used as feminine
j&>,
the
CO
'
shoulder,
[^js,
the
well,
The
become masculine.
in
of both genders, as
'
jU fire, jui
the
liver.
From most
293.
adjectives
and some
or
CC
290,
b).
9 x
Rem.
Only 3_
is
affecting the
294.
9 x
glad,
*-ji
9
9^0^
2^i
u^m
3_;
9
;
.-
mi
j^. ^ grandfather,
struck, aj^jJxa
^Xs
SUd
^^3) a young man,
(for
great,
*+Jk*
#>
9^J0^3"
w>jj~cu
(for
is
9^x0^
of which
j^
a grandmother ;
^l-o-w,
j)
184
forms
* *
1.
Rem.
o_
b.
is
299, rem.
295
comp. Kamil,
301, rem.
c,
e.]
*>
'
p. 87,
the old pausal form d_ ah, and the modern d_, a, in which
last the o is silent (see the footnote to p. 7 supra).
This view is
at,
Comp.
295.
133137.
Gr.
>
From
(a)
*
is
3*0*
^jk**
*0*
^j***
as
oW"*^
o^ hungry,
iO
^Jiji-
gCA
timid, fearing,
(-0*
^^as-, i^WJ*
thirsty,
*
I
From
*0
^UUa*, )^+^>
O^A-
O***** sated,
3*0*3*0*
*0 *
&*%ofidl, ^J*%c;
angry, ^j~a
*0 *
3 i*0 *
*0i
n
yj
adjectives
of
the
"0
* O
30*
^ yoJAaU
is
it
^**
30*
3* oio*
30*
\^j^\
largest,
3 *
;
io*
Oi 0*
the
jjtety\
greatest,
cities.
0*03
0*0*
a.
feminine by adding S_
0**0*0*03
0*0*
5/ *0
as ys!^\ the
Rem.
3*
" J
as
ta ^
O^**'
an d
slender,
&UL*w
O^j*
naked, do\jj.
3W(-0*
Rem.
*
b.
io*
The feminine
3 *
"
of
3 *
Jj^l
3 Of-Q*
3*S-f-0*
(for J2j^)t or
Jjt^t) the
*
if-
first,
is
* o
o *
The numeral
jtt,
one, has
^j^t.
*03
Rem.
c.
Zt
female, feminine, i*JL- pregnant, .-jj which has recently yeaned (of
a ewe or she-goat).
296.
of Adj.
185
as
*sb x
yua\
yellow, tSyuo
bached, ibj^..
r<0
j^j*-1
race.
e -&-
The form
x
w^aH
dress), *bjjdt
Arabs of pure
the
2*}JLi
3yfu ^ *W*h
x0
/0 x
*x
O^**^
297.
"
and
sitive),
is
Jj**, when
(a)
as
i\j*<*-
r>J^\ hump-
Rem.
The
*/ /
(rain), i\^~*** beautiful,
and continuous
new
to the feel (a
rough
aspect,
as p"}UaA heavy
Posing
Many
*x
masculine
i\s^t>
J x
it
"
to
predicate
OJxxOJxOjx
j^wj j5~e
J x x
J**.j
J x
jy&j jj*o
O J x
J x
woman ;
JyiVfcj
Jj*.^
/ thought
her,
patient ;
OCx
Sl^et
xJOCx
I saw
that
Ox x x
J x
s^0 was, or
x x
Z\j*c\
J x
|
patient
OCx
[w>>^
ojsj
a full grown
antelope].
J x
But
Ox
if
...
Jx
and
aJj*5,
Ox
a patient (woman)
meaning of Jjaa*
xx
J x
2j>U.
to
'x
Ox
J x
Ox
Ojdx
..
Ox
as S*o
XX
Jx
^3 *W^^;
**
xx
J x
aJ>o^-
Ox
J x
:Tx
;
J x
Ox
ten*,
as
Jx
yt>2*~b
w.
OxO*>
as
Ox
Ox
we
a3U and
OJxOx
J^>fc.
Stw
a sAorw
j x
}j&
Oxx
= JjLLet*.
hostile,
an enemy,
fern.
J x
.-3
[and again, C-wjJt
^^ X w>j-^X
Sjjifc
he has not a
2
a.
Ogx
Rem.
w^tj /saw
^Aere is
no milch-ewe in
xx Ox x
Umm Ma 'bad,
sAeep.
the
>t^a aSU or
D. G.]
24
Pakt Second.
186
Hence the
b.
[Rem.
mountain-road
'
J*o*^
e.g.
Oex
XX
J t^/
C-otj
j x
murdered;
**~>
j x
/ saw
i
or intransitive),
adorned with
it
zs
forms a feminine in 3
x
oLag
rare.
blameworthy
a new wrapper,
mercy
instrumenti
,j^ w^j-5
(
._
II
0x0
. tt
JLo
.<
aDI
x x
ver% GW's
well.
J UJLd,
but
originally
became intensive
afterwards
228),
6),
aw
obstinate,
Ox
self-willed
2x
perfume; but
adjectives
Ox
e.g.
docile
'xx
nomina
0x0
4^-j ^>J
'x 6
St^cl
Ox
<Ua>JU
jlj <aa.
Jx
233, rem.
Ox
dJLai
d-*~o aJjo^. a
J 0
C>xru>a- J1
0x0
0x6
J*a*,
(c)
is
= iLo^Jco
habit,
t/ojj*
For example
OxjOxOxxOxOx
(transitive
^U
<"
intercessor, ZjuslZ
Rem.
HarRris had
the
If
kohl,
xx
woman) whom
(the
$w
d *x*
^-j^'
Ox
D. G.J
declivity.
2-J& an
$$^=> a
JJ/
297
d\j*t>\
X 0/
,j-*
ajjjj^JI iLjs
l^-Jfe
acclivity,
it
->x
9->j>e*.
nouns >yt.o an
fern,
difficult
J**s, when
(b)
Etymology
<*
J OCx
SjUajt*
/ saw
c^jlj
(a
woman) who
uses
much
perfume.
Ox
Rem.
Ox
/te
as
4jli*^
0x
[;
but
(t
D. G.]
II.
299]
[(d)
and
Vol. n. 136,
/
60/
am
yj
a) e.g. jy>,
Rem.
*->*>*>-,
v~*>->
s *
' J
jU., JLac
00^*'
9s,
^,
u~o, J****
D. G.]
etc.
to females only,
or,
as ^J-ol*. pregnant,
O^
0*0'
iU,
O
at any rate, as
m*
'
^U,
j-ojto,
divorced,
JJU
suck,
her,
her,
^Zo
Jako
bearing twins,
^jjuL having a
[^jLa. chaste,
and likewise
^eao? awe?
/&e
Obi
age]
menstruating,
S.]
bust naked,
p-*&j*o
R.
1.
OOJ^
giving
and of middle
15, last
r,
jj-^t^o
Olu
fawn
*ta*^i
having a
u~^
unmarried
But
JJpa^, ^J-a**.
if
they
^oaJI i-tful.
6e divorced
^A
lias
'
JkJlk
96*
*r^>
*0i
d s
woman who
&
as
i ,
J^
0s
is
pregnant
,0 **
JaJJ VjfcP^^I ^
day when ye shall see it, every woman who is suckling (in the act
of giving suck) shall become heedless of that which she has been
/&e
suckling.
J)
3.
298.
and plural
299.
Nouns
(see 81).
The dual
is
as
w>L^
book,
oW^*
^>j
a fawn,
O^j
or
Part Second.
188
Rem.
294,
Etymology
a.
rem.)
as
<Lc\
a nation,
make
usually
testicle,
^>vJt
and ^UciA*.
OW*-j
OW
CT
l>**
>
From
oWjW-
mobile (compare
originally
dual
Lac a
as
\j\5sid.
If
staff,
167, a,
x o
xx a
^^ct purblind
00
(from
x
xxxxxxOJ
for 3-oj),
$7*e
upper parts of
would be
Rem.
\j}j Jco
the
J)
(
X
tjljU*Jsu>
in a quiescent
(from
for >yJ),
l^J
s s v
3^), <jW* c
'
^~~
if
used,
desert,
jjljt^^o
*"
Forms
w*s b
;
i\j^- red,
<*x
*T_,
radical
or
^,
t\j&o
x x
In
the termination
the hemza
r*'
;
Oh^J
jjtjl/*^-
are,
}W*J or
the neck,
x x
x x
i\j^~a a
yellow, \j\}\jjua.
x
k\>j)-
nape of
the
ill
of the termination
r*'
which was
t_l),
296), becomes 3
x
^^
said to
restored
The hemza
c.
for
16
is
nine
3 x
jl.>0.,>.
oW"^*-
j^^c
<
OW*^
t,
is
the
becomes
OW^*
is
noun ends
^,
US
Hl->
(\1 or
the
15*:;
a),
ft,
becomes
a), it
j***-
>**>ja
occur.
O^J^
legal opinion,
jj^l^- a bustard,
^L^.
or l)'
{\J>
fi,
oW^
interdicted ground,
L5**"
^J3 a
as
rt^ ^rni.
and
buttock,
'
O (see
changed into
3 is
But <Ut a
^j\Zc).
sbl
SI
299
is
may
either be
preferable;
as
oWUl
xO
*'0
^,
tjljLU or ^teLU.
f
to
is
189
Dual.
of a JjlaJ^t Sj^jb
into
it
change
as ^ULfc,
*s0
x*
or
)h^J^
?yj*>,
In the case
(see 259),
x
A. Nouns Subst.
The Noun.
II.
299]
hemza
If the
O^Wj^--
^5j
as
of
x x
(from
*\j3
j^.5),
In words
or more
jjUt^5
?loj (fromj-oj),
the rejection of the terminations ^ and *L.is admissible; as
.Jj>.
to,
of five
(jteloj.
letters,
~'
,,o
Ox
xx
t x
jjljjuj
"
"' " J
fliJUii
'
^btoll
xxOx
{JjZ*-+$
sO xx
^\jZsu$
x x
a black
xxxOxx
*x
xxx
jjLJUi.
beetle,
xx
instead
x ^0
of
oMj>>
Rem. d. If a
has been elided in the singular after a kesra
and before a damma with ten win (see 167, b, /?), it is restored in
x
for
some words
Ox
Ol**-* (rarely X
J
x
x
have ^wl, tjl*~>l ;
^o-)
x
x
x
x
x
Ox
^,v.>,
In
like
manner, an elided j
xx
and^i, have
xxx
0^
OW-
//
<J^
x
or
O^'x
x
*
xxx
rarely
xxx
cAn^> 0^*0>
x
j--
.Ui
(for ^^
/A
xx x
<Jls^ an d
and^tX
or **f1 makes
x
xx
0^>> an ^
,j1jlj,
^.
5^0
xx
xxx
.!,
C*'X
^-wx
OW-^b
as w>l,
^^j
0^)> O >o*-.
>^)> Ol>A
X
and
166, a).
f r
ufl>>
'
is
makes o!>*-
x
;
O-**
or O'y^,jUa
X
X
Rem.
e.
^juLj
Rem.
as 2u\, for
ly*\, <jliit ; a), for i^k),
x x
x
x
xxx
Oxx
x6 x
aaw, for i^Aw, ,jUaw ; Aiw, for 4^w,
^O^x
Oxxx
^Ua, for
o^A, ^jUua.
/.
The dual
two individuals
XXX
as
(JjUfrXa-,
xxx
is
commonly employed
of a class, as
O^^J
t,wo
in Arabic to signify
S X
or
^Lai*, a pair of
scissors.
When
Part Second.
190
Etymology
or
Parts of Speech.
tlie
299
GO,
termed w^JLxj,
is
the
making
from
and Kufa ;
^)U5^Jt
from
west,
moon, from
erne?
0*6*
and
Jjj*LJI
^\3\jsA\ the
3
and
^U.>a^Jl el-Hasan
;]
(Jlh**^
'All);
/<
j-oJUl
* bs
the east; [jjU>l^*J!
s s * 0*
Tigris*
sister,
3 s sbs
sb'
and
^jI^a-I brother
s - ^ *x
-t
* - i
<h
Of
For example
it
- *i
Basra
Euphrates and
*
* bs
from ^...^
el-Hosein,
moon;
tl-Hasan
,M
and 'Abu
3 " J
and
"heaven and
"
"
earth," ahanl,
day and night," usasau,
morning and evening,"
" Mitra and
etc.
Mitra,
Varuna,"
Compare
"brother and
mother," bhratarau,
rodasi,
sister,"
two have
* * b
and
coitus ;
Ci
^\j*^ty\
the
*bib*
b),
-U
b,
or
b i b*
<' * '
'
D. G.]
The dual
h.
or from
bodies or troops
is
^ajf
(O^U--
ill\
or
290,
O^h*)
a,
e),
to designate
two
^ ne objects in question.
* *+
and Euphrates.
300,
coolest
two new ones for the night and the day ; ^j\jJua^)\ the
sleeplessness
Rem.
two
s *
and
dung or
two
jUs^l
the
' '
heart
\jlis^i*j\
' i by
^tjw*.*^)l the
the
*
)\>y>*$\ dates
as
ibs
bib*
**
common,
eating
in
(^)*>\),
<jlo*i
sides of the
9//
J***.),
Plural 191
Ox
goats (^t>),
x x
A. Nouns Subst
The Noun.
II.
300]
(from
JUj*.,
of
pi-
Ox
of 4&*JtJ)
pi.
xOxxxOxxx'x
JJLjJj JJUU
^Uj
Ox
of
pi.
Oj
of)
<^)
->2<x
^>o^t we
OJC
j |
J>-^l), from
(aaaJI
J>ot,
of J-l
pi.
o/*
Hebrew
[comp. in
rootf;
?w
b
D^nbh].
3
Rem.
i.
mode
in their
class
Oxx
5px
a proposition, as in \j JsuU,
xx
i^J
Ox
it is
*5
264) vary
But
\j>
XX
hu\j
tji,
too
men
xO X
Ijl*c
'.4fo2
Menaf
men
'
xx
Ox
men
two
Ox
Ox
xx
^juj
U^L
The
5^
D
J
one,
J
xJ0*>
^J t, or 9-*~A+n
J
>o
and ^JLJI
retained in
is
called
^^jJI
f-o^J',
*>
or <u^LJ!
jOx
* *a.,
ftfa
complete or entire
it.
J 5 x J>/
The
x Ox
(6)
in
sanus),
But
etc., it is
x
^,.o>.
men
jg
oo
(a)
other,
called
be in the status
both
if
together, form
xx
300.
when taken
or,
x x
U* jue
il
Ox
^jbj^^j***.
l^i,
<ju^**~>
called
^^j-* w*^=>
Oxx
If the first part of the comthe second declinable, the latter takes
x
J
x
Ox
the termination ^jt_; as w^^jjto,
x x
5 x
constructus,
O x
is
called j~XJt
x Ox
* ^
ft,
Part Second.
192
a&
Etymology
301
j o *
more
it is
or less altered from the singular by the addition or elision of consonants, or the change of vowels.
301.
The
nouns
as Jj;L>
formed by adding
is
The
jijW
thief,
x
pluralis
Ox
Ox
9/
Rem.
If
a.
ten win (^ or
oISjLj
xO
to the sing.,
or in
as^j-* Mary,
elif
laid
b,
t x
/?,
xx
are to be observed.
x x
Ox
for
XX
^ol3,
^^JLkutfU
for jJ-ja-oIS;
Xj
Rem.
^U~>
and
a quail,
^or
J X
03t^3-
U*^S
x x
>
^e
^la*JI,
X 0X
barefooted, ^j^iU^Jt,
x
pregnant, oULj>.;
xx
Oy^y*
Jx0X
for
.Jua^u
'i
cw
xxJ
OL>^..cJt
^UJt,
^-l.>
<J|$*olS,
X0J
XX
and
X0X
J x
/3,
^*>^o Moses,
for ^^-jJU^Jt
xx
),
xx
J x x
^.olS,
x x
^^jiJautfuo, for
c,
167, a,
/?),
arising out of
and
//
oU-jj-o.
167, b,
formed by
Ol_
i<),
is
x
f
^_
i2
^a.^JI
Ae
smallest,
x J
OtJt^w.
The gezma
J.
0x
tives of
I)
may
same as that
Kg.
Jx
(nlV)X)
Ox0x
Oxxx
a^
'-4Mb,
xxx
4jj3 a village,
00
jUA
Ox
;
ZAe
lotus-tree,
OtjUA
x x
0x0 x
aauai, A.i.,
x
OxxxSxxx
a coming in
the
0x0
;
Oxxx
03 j
Oxx
0x0
Sjjurf
O^JLt
OxxOb^i0-*
Hind, Ol jUA or
QxxxS0P
fetha.
morning,
Oxx
Otjj^
Ox
Ot
Oljju* or Oljju*
J****.
O^Loa. or
II.
301]
9 j +
sl*y*&o*.
<&
Adj.
x xJ
/JJ
5
t + fi
<LqX& darkness, *Z>[+JJo or Ol*JU*
xx J
si J
Pluralis Sanus.
x*
43j&>
an upper chamber,
Ox*
x *J
x * J
<5
may
also
x t/
OLo$j from
x Sx
x * J
Oli^ft or Oli>.
193
<*x
JLcJj looseness or
x "x
marriage, has
x
0*}li
OLj^.
##
In
form
is
Ox
Ox
Otjji).
X X
rare exception
Ox*
is
[If the
third radical be
^,
Ox*
x
uses
R.
j^jatoJ.
xJJ
S.]
In
iUi,
inadmissible, as
xx J
_>J
*0 *
OLc
Otojj
Ox
9x
OlxJ
a church,
in
Mj
fl
of the
w.
Oxxx
xxx
Oxx
xx
OUj,
Ol^>>, ObuJ,
r
fix
Sji
a mote, Olj3
9 5 x
;
d
;
Sjlw
oj^c
X
The same
x
Ol.Q.t* .o (not
43.
is,
/>?'//,
vicissitude,
j
x *x
Ot Jw
a turn of fortune, a
OloJ)
Ox* J
a charge or
A**ft a fault,
Ox
Ox*
s-o (for 4jco)
Ox
<
rad. gemin.
0x*x9x*x
a helmet, Olcuo;
O^y Substantives
i.
ea^,
OxxJ
<LsL-o
x*x
especially
Oxdx
middle radical be 3 or ^,
0x*x
0x*x
retained as tjy*. a nut, Otj^*.
0*9^.
is
aw
a-cuj
If the
0x0
G s
xxj
##
QsOsGsa*
<Lojj a garden,
the form
^,
0x*J
2u3j
x * x
if
Ox* J
is
OUl
oUaJ,
X * J
0>*i
One
likewise disapproved.
Ox
may
is
Ox*
is
Oxxx
Ol^aL .0)
S'***
;
dAy~> easy,
all
adjectives, as
x * x
O^IL^
x *
;
rta>
Ac /a2
D. G.]
25
Part Second.
194
and
9* 6 3
* 6
Etymology
strong, Ola.Jlc-
S^JL- sweet,
***
e>
3 and ^,
If
c.
milk (of
little
**
OUaJ.
a sheep or goat),
Rem.
<bu^ of
are,
o * o *
* 0'*
, a,
r,
Exceptions
Ot^^*..
302
the vowel.
or,
spear, tube
cane,
xxx
OLX9
A*Ii),
(3,
**
a,
with
Rem.
9 *
9**
prayer
3*>Lo,
Otj^S
(for 3^;$),
9* ,$
*6 J
thrown
olcjc,
S^Xo or
E.g.
3Ui,
* * *
Otyo
a young woman
t'~
3U5,
(for
* *6 3
OU^
^u^o),
(for
(for S^Lo),
167, a,
(compare
166, a).
c?.
sing, before
3_I
it
9**
2u~j
9*6*
Oxfix
A^w) a
or
Syw
(for
9*6*
or SjAw) a
Ot$Aw
Sj^t) a female
(for
a ring, Ot^j
OU)*
gum,
C-*o
9 *
or
(for S^&J),
<3UjI
a lung,
&5j (for <L5j)
*
*
9*6
9***
OU*.
a troop or
sister,
Ol5
*
9*0
*6 *
i**
r*
H *
f**6 *
r*
as
* J
**
* J
(a)
The
or
' 3
OtjU^
men
is subject
299, rem. c).
9
Si
* *
five
*>
J
'
or
(see
more
letters
299, rem.
9
c)
Proper names of
gl_
Words of
the terminations ^ and *l
9
^U., Ob^La-
302.
6%
and C*.t
9**6*
* *
t\~*~>,
**
OtjAt.
Hence from
(for 4*3)
*<
armlet,
9*0
3&
(for 4^),
9 * *
^UB
* *
* 3
OUj
6awc?,
9*
slave,
9* J
* *
OUa
9*6
9*
the
thing, Ot^-iA or
x J
9*6*
9*3
xxx
OLb
9*
*3
d^Aw
9 *
*3
a^> (for
9 *i
* *
5"
A*l
9***
Ox? ** '
Sua (for 3^;*), a
Ol^-ot or OUI
8/tj
(for S^J) Ae point of a weapon,
9
"
2^"
* * *
or
OlyAw
lip,
?/ear,
* * *
xxx
- x x
formed from
II.
302]
common nouns
as
jOs
jJv^Z
* J
an
90s J
Ju*fc
J *
(dimin. of j^ti)
sO
O^U^s
'Othman,
t>oJk
J
'JOsjOOsJ
inferior poet,
, j
OJJ^&y*'
9 *
by adding 5
(b)
(c)
fern,
etc.
'
j
t
[The corroboratives of J^
superlative signification.
plur. san.
viz.
j ^
-*t,
fern. sing.
^t>
A***.,
etc.
lLauL,
seem
they might
to
For the
304,
see
fern,
plur.
D. G.]
rem.
2,
the class of
rather to
belong
The
(d)
relative adjectives in
&\
9*
* o
The words
(e)
^o) a son,^\&
the
earth, Jjbt
beings, jbj\
Ot
9 6*
of created
'
(for
goose,
0>^>
the
in the construct
Rem.
when joined
Rem.
a.
b.
adjectives that have the plur. sanus masc, but more especially from
adjectives when used substantively.
Rem.
c.
the
\JyJ&,
* In a
highest
poem
of
heavens,
and
^)jl
may be added
(e)
13, vs. 5)
we
find
of
o>*^
o Zj
from
last
<
and
.*?,
1.
in the
)yJb^ from
s lOiO
ib
o^j.
We
*iO>o
of
Hudeil,
p.
120,
Or*
wi
OtO
<
J)
196
J l
J x
a
,
323).
\Jy^
thing,
it
j^
',
Rem.
Some
d.
nouns in
fern,
^,
\Jy>\,
S_l
Od x
district,
si)3J^
)yc&
*jj
an d, very
a lung, )j
i x
x
(
which the
especially those of
d)
OjJ^)
irregularly,
***^ a thorny
3j a ball, a sphere,
J>^5]
obliq.
[cas.
03J^
tree,
*^* a stick
>
41w a
?/ear,
j j
From
Oj-^-
JP
rarer forms
the
an(^
>
s i
o i
^JA
OlJ^
vulva,
Oj^>
325, rem.
a.
Comp.
also
108].
Rem.
302
0>b'> w ^h the first syllable short, see 340, rem. c), possessors,
which have no singular; as also the numerals denoting the tens,
from 20 up to 90
e.
rem.
Thus
h).
declinable,
makes
)$tj-i ****
299,
in
is
w>jjjui,
class
x x
;
**
xx
\jjj
isuD,
\jjj
x x
is
&'
'
which are
jx
$, men
hu\j
called
j 0.
it
otu, juj
$>\,
j-ojJt H-^t,
men
0s&
and
called
10
Ox
fsr*
W^>
x x
O^t, form
j*4j)\
l
Abd Menaf
'Abie Zeid,
and 'Ibnu
an d
'z-Zubeir ;
with
^\, when
and the
like.
w>t,
^t,x
It may be
etc., it is also
allowable
OUj
or &ut)
jjlau
^t
any one of
^ytj-
XX
OUj,
etc.
e.g.
^*j^
the
^1
stars
weasel, %\*
in
XX
(from
b, 6),
the
tail
of
^jj\
a water-fowl,
the
Great Bear,
II.
303]
If a
[Rem. f.
word
<&
is put in the
plural,
be put also in the plural,
as
jo
duJj
*<*aJI
pi.
*0i
3 3b'0
'O-O
wJ^UJt JUit or
*0*O
The
3 x Ox
t>*o
formed from
00
xxtfx
w*^j
OL-UJ
Zeiridb,
B
men
(a
Rem.
301, rem.
plur.
xxx
duj.9
village,
9 '
Obji
vi
sanus
+&
fern.
gazelle,
x i x
<Lc^Xe-
6^/
OLJa
Wx
Otj*
b).
may
Sj^ 'J.z2a,
According to
as end in
3* *
xx
iaJJa Talka
c-^j,
xx
0"
JUM
D. G.]
etc.
as
,0*3
j^Jt ^JU
j $
Jas,
w)U^ol or
xx
, 3 b/O
xOx
5..;
33
j>jJt
(a)
^x
J
3s,
w**.Lp,
jujJt
o , o*>
wJUJI
33
Jl^Jt C^o
303.
*0
w*UJt JU*t
j^jjJ\ w>U-ot;
x o O/o
may
33 0>a j * o
o * o*a
3 * o
or
% .*sjjl oLt
dlwt
P>*aJI
oL*}Lfc.
(b)
pluralis sanus.
xx
^^3
xx
^Ufc. a
x3 *
bustard,
?& |^/J
OUp^c
(/)
oUJt
#w m,
^o-j^
of
the
202)
verbi
(
tf
5 x
fife
9
e)
292, b)
Moharram,
x
and
all
as *Jj>j*3
as j*j
x xx
301, rem.
months
Oljlj-o
x J
* <'
pregnant,
^+x
x
The names
(e)
as
distress,
l\ja
l\
and
x
ObjL*..
The names
(<#)
9
oUt
r*St
Obj^
memory,
x x J
as
^~
Feminine nouns in
(c)
s
definition,
nomina verbi of
9x0x5x0
oUjjju
pUail
x x
feof, OUiJa.ltS
Rem.
-*}Uxot
technical term,
of the second
oW^LLot.
xx
and fourth forms, when
r'
* "
j)
Part Second.
198
9
a literary composition, a
9
136)
f~ijti
an
date,
era,
a chronicle, -m^l^j
Otjl
ckm
or series
Otj^b
oi
jLL~ijl+. irj a
Ul aw ^4##,
'*
OUtj^U>
s ol
al
teacher, Ot^Iwt.
fern,
9*0'
stout camel,
C/^
9
.>
..
or occurrence
OOP
jUc landed
^j^-
(lit.
a warm
9
U^
or inorganic thing,
animal, oUtj*.
termination
fern,
ji
'.
C inanimate
ObU^.
oU L^a.
bath,
9
' s
'
Op
an
S , *
Oljlit
w^a happened or
*
^l
property,
J *****
as
and
some
Many
(A)
s * s
U>b a Pasha,
OtS^l^-w
tent,
*:
awning, a
ff
Jbtj-*
jlwt a
OUU^U^o
o
p-^jW* distresses,
authorities, jtJlwt.
(#)
as
- -
(compare
c-aJI^j
' x
303
'
uLoLeJ,
book,
%<
difficulties;
q/*
' '
c-s
o^b,
Etymology
(j^^U aw
#y0w
Ob^.U
occurred),
* si
derive (according to
'
camels,
f"
<'
Ol^ or Otj^c
iUt j* a caravan of
;
^U~/ ^e
s%
oi
word
also masc.)
is
rem. b)
'
, J J
jy^U
or marriage,
9
<
J *
From
90
a waterwheel, Ob^a*^o
Olw^.
,,t
loaded
< *
301,
9J J
^j^
or
^jt a
wedding
,6t
0+*->)\ a
of forty traditions
collection
is
"Oi
formed oUjujt.
(i)
asOU>l^
entities
Obj.^.^
OxJOx
found, existing)
literary
compositions,
works (from
J^U^
ui
,gv
,c
created)
arranged,
*Zi
s i
>WJ*aa
classified)
304]
*
II.
s
u>
hillock, 0*}L**r*.
w**^*
&'#& fotf,
304.
and
books,
(i)
uJ
bound
as J-*-
OLJS.
and
triliteral roots,
none of
in
which (excepting J**t) does any letter precede the first radical, are
twenty-nine in number. The following is a list of these forms, with
the principal corresponding singulars, and examples.
T>
B
Plur. Fract.
9,3
J*5.
5/JJ
1.
9 *
ilas
^
j,^
as
UUJ
present,
'
i^j
knee,
Hj
w->j
<>
5x
a nation, ^a\
6 '
h$* a form,
9'
jya
t J
^Aib
(for
j^^U*,
fern,
^5^)
s J
^J^-
[**-v^
a dome, w*J>
or >**., 213)
9 * OJ
' J
*jj& a
2.
0'
9 * J
<Haj a
6 '
J3^ ^JJ^
5
all> kidney,
9 *J
courageous,
of J*$l as a superlative
j^\.
234 and
295, b)
as
Ja..)t
{Jj+>J\ tlw largest, j*)\
<j>**aJt fyfe smallest, jJuaJt
L5
x lo*
jx jx
jSo*
j/(/
^0 y^stf (fern, of Jy^t), Jy^t
te greatest, ^^IsuUt
.
LUJt
3.
^j^t
M<? highest,
^jlx)\.
Rem.
Similarly
295, rem.
SlLxJ
b),
(J^t
o^er, another
9,6,
9,3
a)j>
<j?Ji
(for ^j.3,
9,39,0
(for
j^aJ)
AjjX.
of j^t, see
5//
Zjj3 a
(fern,
JSJ
trinket,
^^.
213)
4Jl*5,
rare
as
9 x J
<L*J a foard,
^ali
9,3
(for ,^-).
Part Second-Etymology
200
304
Plur. Fract.
9
II.
Sing.
J***.
ot
1.
J-*it,
bi
j *
o o j
^o
^
2.
u^f)
',
3 s
*-
ptjuj
efawrt has
Rem.
fawe, *-j^
309,
a,
make
all together.
8],
,,
woman), J3J
9
plate,
O^
J^fcli,
* s
Ol$*
9s*
ftfd|
jty* a
tent,
3
bracelet, jy*>
cases, as 0j3
from
oj[*
be contractions from
[Rem.
"
1*5
'
939
(for ij*)
90 3
9 3 3
^j^j
jljl heat,
1.
as
jl$->
#/ a
9
tooth-stick,
Jtf.
9**
in.
c,
9 J J
j)
joo/e
9 * 3
9 *
4.
302,
M0
,jt^j
Oj^)
j)\f~t
J /J
**,
rad.
6ftJ
(for
9*
(of a
j$\.
x 3
^-^J,
[Comp.
SJ
table,
3 s 3
sj\^ a
[Accordingly
A*-^^
**<,
9s*
9*
9*3
JUi, JUi, JUi, derived from verba med.
retiring
without tenwin
and
a#),
ii.
etc.
J^.l
vol.
296)
9 6 3
corroboratives of
and
and superlative
lU^
&
tit
fern,
l%x*,
<&/,
WSfWJ, ^-O^.
^-ot
<
&
o j
Bt*s
3.
humpbacked, w>jla.
^O^l
*"
w>**-*-'
[or
as
having newly
JjU. farrow,]
not bearing
93
J>-].
9
ej*
JuU
S.]
'
[and
Isufc,
90 3
e.g.
III. 5, rem.).
D. G.]
*9*3
&
II.
304]
Plur. Fract,
9J
T
III.
JjtS continued.
Sing.
"
geminatse or verba
tertiae rad.
et
^j
9 '
9 3 3
f>J
I**-*
'
,jUa. a
91
tick,
are
Exceptions
9
-*.La*&.
2Ae
jjUft
[A
rare case
9'
;
w~J a
9''
eye,
'Oi
3 et ^
9339'
>
w^j
sandhill,
9 '
^>i^
s^jo,
^^
'
a-ijjt*
93393'
JU^i j^s
'
; Ju a
tertiae rad.
9 3 3
c^fy,
933
j ^
pillar,
ju*c
j j
J>w; a message, a
9
tfAe
is
9s
3 3
w~o
or ra/,
3 3
fjj^c
jtji
it
93
seat,
| /J
;
9 jI
y&.
rein,
'
w*-^ 5 a #W#
over
6on<?
9 j j
<-
'91'
'9s
9
jt*_
fi i
^)y>
female, as though
9
tooth-stick,
-t)
2.
J**~>
}j.$.
Rem.
9
tree,
91
&\$-~i
9 ' 3
Saturday, j-*w
JL~ a mimosa
9 '
\j*o-
stallion,
J***
fMcifc,
a large bowl or
as *-b>
'
messenger, J*w>.
3 '
3.
tertiae rad.
933
3'
933
JJ5
9b
3'
93
j yet. jealous,
9 ' '
9'
' '
j+e>
'
thin,
3'
white piece of
for
sacrifice,
3 3
qj*>
9b'
as w,4a.
thicket, ^^-t
j-o^
a dromedary,']
3
;
933
7-00/*,
uUL*
lion,
juJ
'Z
ajj*>
a leopard, j^J
9
;
90'
Ja^w D
^Ui a
9 3 3
Ojj
9 J I
juJ a
as jj Ju one
eggs, u*>-
J 2
or
^0^/0,
>
cloth, J*+~>
93 3
9 f'
9 JJ
9 3
J^i
3s
4.
et
93'
a victim
9 ' ' i
a*a.I
'
,>. rough,
a brake
9
3'
933
%++b a hywna, %~o.
9
w.
J J
O^^
26
Part Second.
202
Etymology
304
Plur. Fract.
J J
III.
continued.
J**
Sing.
5.
% J
rare
Jifcti,
as
j**& a merchant,
jaJ
a full-grown
JjU
r,Jj
camel, JjJ.
O O J
Rem.
unless
O
*
[j-4^, jUfe,]
O 0J-,
SO J
j*
sometimes used),
is
O OJ
JuJJ pleasant,
w>U
(for
xJ
5->
Si
fetha, as
IV.
like
rare.
Some-
changed into
is
x J
',
Jul.
1.
foc o/*
2.
Gs
a skin for
Ox x
#
3,13
j)
or pattern,
as <Ug*>
Ox
a to,
Gs
Q ,
milk, jj*>
OxOxx
a time,j*3
^^\
(for
t^t)
OxOx
Sjj*>
s*
;
living,
S^J aw example
a building, j*^
a maxim, j&*-', J
dLft.
Ox
character, j+~
Gs
*JaS
M0tf,
tar, ^o^J
Ox
a^l>
A*Ja.5
as
il*9;
V.
jj~*
j-ij~>,
Forms
w~o).
J
JJ,
full-
xx
grown
^^j
^o-j-
OxOx
fo*^ farm,
Ox
%~6
r,
Ox
[&tf
,
;
Ox
a flock of
sheep, JAj].
JUi.
oox
1.
Ja9
oooej
<
ox
;
asj^*->
sea,
* J J
[Again,
(TabarT,
i.
957,
1.
1) is said to
x 6 x
R.
S.
It
may be
J J
Jju.
J
For, as a rule, just as the form J^jus may be changed into J^--3
x 6 x
x x
6* /"
9J
OJJ
(
eu^Ci\ wJbjc* ^Xfr), so Jjti may be replaced by yj**.]
II.
304]
203
Plur. Fract.
V.
J Us
9
continued.
jla^j
an arrow,
-j
JJ* #
Ox
9*
(rare),
9 *
f\$j
wolf, w*tfi
pti
dish,
occasion,
Ox
**#& a farm, p{~6
/JJ
a scrap of
5*5;
cm
a low-lying,
level
cloth or paper,
9 *
9* J
cUj
district,
&J a
-*
Stj-t,
^Uj
sp^arr,
<>*
9*0
o^o
Rem.
a wind,
~-jj
<z
^o,
a*aj
gazelle,
9*9
Ox
milch-camel, *-UJ
note,
as 4*-aS
^y
^J a
0x0
aX*s
9 x
jtj-
0x0
4^ jU a
Ox
iojj ^ garden, u^^ij
Ox
a foW,
*-t*x3
0*
oLj
dress,
a shadow, J^U
s^aefe,
<5x a
<LUi,
cloth,
9*90
9-\jj
<5x
a piece of
wJtjj
f,
lM
2.
Sing.
j?LJ.
9**9***
3.
JIoa.
9 * *
et
9 * *
;
*''
duij the neck,
9
as ^J*** a hill,
9***
w>^)
b^
JL.
fru
9 * *
J^- a
jU-
it>
he-camel,
O-*^
fern.
J*3
9 J x
J x
4.
as J*)
**~>
OJx
J x
<
a man, JU-j
beast of prey,
cU
*.*-
"
a hywna, *W-.
90/
5.
Ox Ox
Ox
0x
w>Jls
J.ai
m^, w>IJ^
oxj
6.
as
colt,
Ox
s^J^o hard,
rVP e
A*8*
cbj
dates,
L5J*J,
.aA
fern,
5 'J
v^rj
an early born
superlatives
X
a hermaphrodite,
*1>L..
as
^^1
*0l
not
w>U*
difficult,
x J
;
Ox
v*o
w^c>
xOJ
7.
as
v*~>
x
camel's
fern.
J*i,
Ox
cLa.
9
female,
^Ut
Part Second.
204
Etymology
304
Plur. Fract.
V.
continued.
JUs
9
8.
O ^*^^
9
^eni
J- *--*
signification
9 s
long,
Rem.
used
as
From words
tertise rad.
An
9s
yaJo a merchant,
-Usuj
from
"
*'**.
UU^fr
fern.
[Rem.
6.
IV
#00<^,
et
jL^.
^ this form
is
rarely
-*
JjbU drinking,
aa>
The
c\j (for
>l
^tj) a
from
tfAe
~s
^15
a courser ;
}\y-e*.
plural
shepherd,
s
,c
Jlyj
thirsty,
s
;
9 s
sleeping, j*Lj
a companion, w>U^o
ju- (for
^^-^
as
9
j^J
^jU
r*
ut
a weanling, JUai.
a.
9 s
example
9 s
base, js\%
^Jbto]
feeble,
% Ia3.
^su pure,
standing, j^Ls
[wi^g. o
u!/*o
(rarely
fication is ^J-Moi
[Rem.
with
satisfied
vt
thirsty,
H>
jy) j*~$
s
s
90s
9
9
j**> (for j>, j-h^)
Jl^b
11.
sick,
9 s
9 s
^LuJauc
2/
jU
%,
9 s
Jj^b
as
sjAij-A
^J\j-Zt
Si
oW>
9 s
j*\>*,
w>La
angry,
C)lcjJ repentant,
fern.
as
verbal adjectives
i^^-*-**
s
b s
adjectives
.-
^jUo
>#
verbal
^nlkft
10.
9.
$/ / /
&*$***,
0*^**> fem
9
Sing.
JUi
is
rs
^Ui
from
and
few words
and Hafagi's comm.
said to occur in a
l\j~Ljb
II.
304]
Plur. Fract.
V.
JU*
continued.
Sing.
- 3
141
seq.)
#~J
calf,
- J
<?oa
90'
9 'J
'
own
5
- 3
Jui.j or Jl*-; a ewe lamb, Jl^j from Jjj mean, fLcj from
-
*-
Some
Tabari).
that
a shepherd,
c,\j
it is
say that
J bid,
it is
others
JA
vi.
90^
1.
50
90J
50
sea,
9
>jj
l^>)
90
^
...
assimilation
i/fo
or
tooth
3 3
an army, u*>*-
(for
^yu
soul,
# molar
cHj-*
933
gazelle,
an ^> Dv
Si
jj
90
Mtn, j>U.
90'
c*-
33
robe, jjjj
^+& a
JJ
u-^i
9 0'
3 3
>3-j-
90'
J^. a
903
*3-^
SO
^^j^
grinder,
3
jys^j
Jy^
a middle-aged man,
5
as j^*j
J^
9
0^
J*5, Jas
Jjji,
90'
j^x-k)
3J3
bucket,
(for
J^j
of the vowels,
^M,
^J> (comp.
215).
5
Rem.
50
a.
Ja9
933
as
Rem.
b.
syllable is
troop, r^^yi
Jy^ a year,
^ ow;> usually
makes ^~.3 or
^^3,
3 3
f5+wi
rem.
5J
5JJ
0-
2.
and
90'
3 3
0-
C-wO a house,
9--
from y~$.
if
tor,
0'
e. g.
j.ji
cH>3 a
Jj>*" ( or Jj>^)5
0-
50-
i 3
rad.
O^j
50-
f-y**;
0*
0-
O5-0
or
or
^*w an
old
5JJ
tt71
e 2/ e >
0>^
chief,
a doc-
0>*^ (comp.
269,
man, a
0J
or
c).
9
Ja3, J*9
5
;
as *xwt
Jfr
lion, *y~>\
--
w>ju a
scar,
JJ
w>J*^
5
;
ju&
J)
206
304
Plur. Fract.
VI.
J3** continued.
Sing.
fc fcwr, .>>*=>
9
J J
J^X*
I
J>c$
>
tooth,
^JUU a #m<7,
^^
* x
JJ
w>*H
or
&*#,
ox
w~o) canine
(for
#^
mountain-goat,
xx
w>U
J^j a
by assimilation ^^-oc
j>*
blood (for
^j.
9 * *
Rem.
plural
rare; as
is
rad.
form J-a-i
of the
9 x x
JJU
.*
(for
this
J
J>3j~> (or
cut**)J
Ox Ox
3.
Ox Ox
J' '?
OJx
OxO
J J
j^jo
a period of
<ua.
time, *->>**
j9wrs#
of money,
0x0 J
*4j.
3 J
a M#, V3xH**
OJJOxxx
Owij
aa. a casket,
Jj>*.
aw inkhorn, ^53
as SjJlj
or
a %?
JUbtft
or summit,
xx
J J
wiytw
5t^>
^j3.
Ox
4.
J^U,
OJJCxOx
O^x
^ as ^5)3
OJJOx
vel
jjblw
jx
33*3
{$&)
or
O3S3
standing,
witness,
^y^
OU
^^
i)b
J J
#
proud, wicked,
Ox
-i
-^JJ*
vii.
1.
(for
3X0 from
cases are
rom J*
^*
OJJ
Rare
[Rem.
ojj
0x00
.JU>
J J
UP i ^3J^ ^ rom
a stone set
\J*J)
X
(JLo) a W6;
Ox
**-*<P
elegant.]
X
J3.
Ox
^b,
Ox
j-u
et
j^e
9 <xx
5J
JjU> pregnant,
J^Z and J*
304]
II.
Plur. Fract.
9
VII.
Si
Jji continued.
Sing.
Ox
iUU,
2.
fern,
u^u*-
of the preceding
Rem.
in the
syllable of
first
case the
as
damm
for
is
allowable
Anomalous
b.
&m*
of
9-y>.
j must be changed
[Rem.
AaJU mourning,
VIII.
The substitution
a.
5^^
65 J
fi
jU
[^tfula. menstruating,
absent, **+*
is
into
as
from^lo
Jjx from
fasting
0>.,
; etc.
having no weapon.]
KJj>\
JU5.
tertise rad.
et
j
9
fl
^
J
[or
d J
unbeliever,
^U^
v'>> -i"3
sleeping,
>
fd
fU.
IX.
St
JaU.
js\y
o
ignorant,
jU
J *-*--
soldier, %\}b-
^U
#.
a deputy,
<jU. aw offender,
5 j
aiiJ.
9
1.
J.xLj,
verbal
adjectives,
***
^u
j^^
*
[
J^
R.S.]
unbeliever,
conjuror,
djztie (for
ji.
**>&)
5p*w ^ b
;
SjiJa
9
;
as
JUli
(for
a workman,
perfect,
icb
j5U s^'wa,
J^U
^
;
*5lb obedient,
&**).
by usage
pi.
of
208
304
Plur. Fract.
9 x
xx
iUi
IX.
continued.
Sing.
x
Rem.
J^U
-p
>
[2.
9 x
x x
f "" '
t""
0->l- treacherous, du^*- or
Ox
<
J~*$
*$*
as
rare,
Oxx
generous,
0)x
l\j~*
Ox
jlw a
Ox
Oxx x
*.
&oo*,
dttig^
x X x
ZJuca
i-4*.o feeble,
^.w
S.>L.]
X.
O
CO
verbal
J^ti,
from verba
Ox
adjectives,
rad.
tertiae
et
x J
SjJ^)
yo 13 ^
or traditionary,
6 xx J
x x
SL<cJ|
soldier,
reciter, rehearser,
$]}
jl^
x J
oW* a
3U.
sinner,
(for
[And
xxfix
Muslims.
(for
x J
Jxix
ajj^)
(for
Stjj
**.)
x J
jU
as
Ox
x J
first
S.]
xj
An
[Rem.
exception
is
from jO a ybZcon.]
StjJ
D XL &.
1.
aw earring,
k>ji
Oxx
branch, fU cv fc
*jj
wO
Oxx
foar,
0J
Oxx
a rugged
9
2.
0'
place,
a S0 or
Sx
;
tertiae
rad.
3 et ^j
Oxx
&Jo
i^^
^^j a
casket,
tjy>
or
Sjaj
Oxx
* x
9 6*
;
SOJ
yX
shield, <L*jJ.
9* *
*r>
Sj^^ ;
/figf,
Oxx
j>^
As*j>
as
OOJi^S
Q s a
;
.*
as j^j
Oxx
an
ox,
x
;
-**w aw o/d
II.
304]
209
Plur. Fract.
iUi
XL
continued.
Sing.
90 x
9 x x
waw, ia^w
9x x
>j^ a
9xx
1
aw
j>>3
**^
cM
Oji
ape,
g ,.
9,
Jai,
'
90
n#e, hj
jA a
Cj,,
tom-cat, &kk3,
Sjjjb
^L> a
cocjfc,
&L.
ow& elephant,
6x0
aJU*.
XII.
1.
Ox
6"
*i
J*i
J*i
as jjj
S^J
bull,
^w aw
old man,
s>> .>.
5x0
2.
a cMc?, SjJj
as jJj
cl3
9 xx
3.
9xx
9xJ
JU*,
JU$
a^U
4.
J***
x
<7rea,
9x0
dijt
gazelle,
x J
^6*^U
a youth, a
C
a
*>*-)
X
iUfc.
a**oX
boy,
^'c&, coarse,
J-J**
X
OxO
SljtX
rt..ork.
9x0
all
R. S.]
Jiil.
9
1.
brave, <UaJa.
as j^A-d (for
*"x
Rem.
XIII.
3^*. J
2 X *
5
fo'a,
brother,
Ox
90
Aa*3
^e
Of
/ace, Ao^jt
90x
Ot
a bucket, Jjl
antelope, s^Jo\
9
JO
|
JOC
*!
^bl
(for
9x
J ')
(for L5
Of
^Jj
9 Ox
^Jo an
OS
[j.Ja~
(for
9 J Op
or y.>t)
v^i)
***
hand
w.
xx
Ji^ a
as
claw
(for 'yLX)
a neighbour, 5^.
#e>wA, AjjXi.
5xJ
9x0
It
(for j>)
9x0
j^) a
(for
^U.
27
Part Second.
210
Etymology
304
Plur. Fract.
J oi
XIII.
Jjit continued.
Sing.
6'
Rem.
2.
J i^
^^
eye,
a fountain,
^>*fcl.
not
quadriliterals,
o*-^
',
Jf
^^c an
cloth,
'
^J?^
a^l
Feminine
w^t
a sword,
60 C
lit
a garment, w>$jI or
radicals
***
O**^
J^t
5//
^m^, aw
ngrAtf
G J o
3.
cji!
ojd2s^
t>*^ JU^
oath,
the tongue*,
,jLJ
&J\
wA** an
JUfct
^s-S.
eagle,
84J
rare
as J+*.
uaz\
staff,
di
J*.t
hill,
at
JOi
&*)
time, ^>o;t
o j o
J^j a
^,
x x
La*
o o
yos>)
(for
o j oi
o Io
or foot, J*w;t
j-*j,
J~
well,
o joi
->
i t
5*
Rem.
go
o oi
oi
xx
i^a&S or ya&\)
(for
oo
hand,
left
xj
Jff
as
j->\.
From
radicals mediae
gjoZ oloi
jj}\, jj}\, and,
o i
o
'}
>
x x
iUs, rare
transposition, j^l
fre j^ V^
x xx
4.
as
et
hillock,
m
3^*t),^l
o x *i
o x
TV
a maidservant,
Gtot
oibi
Jijjt,
JfjJl,
(for
a wriine
2l&\ a
o xx
(f r v*-*)
JJjJt,
JOi
the
3uj
nJ
(for
^tt)
neck,
^3j\
x x
;
GJOi
and
tooth, %^~Jt.
xxx
j^\
'
a*!
by
o J oi
o x
$y*l >
i5U a
she-camel,
jrf
OJOii
dialectically, JpjI.
Rem.
Ox
^JjcjI
occurs
Jd
J x
%+~>\
jo^
<}
as
*JL a rib,
J t>
Ox
[If fern.
Mubarrad
50,
1.
seq.
D. G.]
etc.
0?
(XV.
1),
according to "El-
II.
304]
211
Plur. Fract.
XIV.
Jliil
Sing.
xx
1.
<!/
9x0?
S//
S/j
9 x x
and J*5 as ^jJ> a footstep, j*\j$\
JJi a vestige or
9 xx
9x0? f '
S x
9x0?
9 xO?
J^Lbt jixo ra/w, jUxot w>b (for *->#) a door, *->\yi\
rac#,
xx
xO?
w~J) a canine
(for
xx
.xxO?
^>) a
son, |U^t
90
9 x
Jlo*> a foad,
9
Ji.3
aw
Ju^
9
x>
Jx>J
or
%\j\
9x0?
f V>t
jbafrt
w>Ll&I
v*^fc grapes,
9x0?
9
;
9x0?
9 x
x/tp
lU-'t
young of a
bird,
9 xO?
dutiful, j\jj\
9x0?'
9?
xO?
$>-t/il
9x0?
o*-JI
9 xp
thousand,
9x0?
^>-J
a branch, jjUil
a ^rc?
J_>l
armpit,
Wpg
xo
festival, >Uct
j-j jmVws,
ftfc
fo^y, opinion,
arm,
jbt
9 j|
0/ camels, Jbt
^3
well,
0~Ci
jZ>
or tjjl
9 x~>
(for
9x0?
fjto
%l>\
foc&,
^ar, <jt$t
aft
tdftv,
9 x 0?
t>Jt
5 0?"
J x
2.
^lj
m>,*
3^0 a father,
(f r
o ?
JU^t
9J
'-
Jbl
v'
o o
f,f
by transposition, jbt
or,
an
tooth,
w>^
o^l
9xj
/r#sA
w^J*-
dates,
Ox
x 0?
wU3^ time,
0x0?
0U3I
as
9 w?
j*\j\
90x
9x0?
Ox
^x 0?
Rem.
*,,
Ox
9x
3.
J^ti, rare
9
jJblb
9
j3wr<?,
9x0?
9x0?
jl^l
one would
9x0?
witness, jly^l
9x0?
^^L
9
;
jJblw
(as
9 xO?
4.
J***,
verbal adjectives,
not
Part Second.
212
Etymology
304
Plur. Fract.
xO
XIV.
JU*t continued.
rare
5 /f
as UvjJS* noble, sJ)j\
wwo
C*~o or
Cu^,
(for
242),
' o
Rem.
3
x oi
cm enemy, %\j&\
as jjLft
x a
S-
xo
o
#
an
right hand,
yp>
oath, ^Uvjt
f}Hil
colt,
x x
^ie
O^**!*
',
""*?
**
^jLaJ.
heart,
B xv. &Jf.
1.
Quadriliterals, of
as
Ox
a wing,
-k
4-Ujt
x
4s*u*fc.t
*y,
jU*
can
^obtb
r*
'imam
a/i
9,
Oi
Ox
4AI
X
**
x J
Ox
J x
*** a pillar,
v***1* a branch, a
OS
Sju*fcl
Ox
rod, 4~aSI
X
Ox
o
;
verbal
adjectives,
derived
Sj-fct
Ox
uL
Of.
?j>^t)
(for
^JLfr
niggardly,
*a*-wt
stingy,
OxOxO"3x
(for
j>\*\
J-h*-*>
93
9
;
XX
d.s>j\
XX
sand-hill, <L2r>
tongue*,
1^* a cowr
Ox *
XX
--*;
&*
9* %Z
(for io-otl)
x
.
strait,
Ox Og
**>
fowie,
Ox
X
9 *
05
<*wi|
**
xj
Ox
2.
o^-*i
O^
god, aJI
(for a-Jtt)
'
9 x 0g
JlSj
<0I
&>J^I
JUi
xx
9* *
owe
2 p
'J
and
9\
;
<L^jUI
./bo^,
9 '
bi
5^.)
'
ass,
|tji /ooo?,
9*
x
;
OS-
Op"
5-LJt
9*
xx
J Us,
JUi,
j c*), A-ot
^^^J a
S t
3JLfr t
chaste,
c^ar,
x
05
*L.t
X
confidant, 2Ls*J\
0?
;
XIII.
2.]
J
;
,^-j-^
^^ X
^-:,a>.^
a fo#
^^
stuttering, 3ui^\.
[If masc.
rad.
y^^-
mediae
verba
X
temperate,
o
from
stammering,
304]
II.
213
Plur. Fract.
XV.
iJbet continued.
9 0*
Sing.
3.
Jju a s^,
65
Sjj\
AJLaut
9,
(for
Sjjjjl)
#<?ww# o/
9 ,
Sj^l
9
Oi
tower, a^J
-j-j
nW
-ji
a Ai#A /owd,
jcaJ
Oi
as
*i
9 '
9 0*
Oj
bird,
*dyi\
jj a button,
WW
>-
note
oj
Oi
9*
reptile, l^^s^S.
S
4.
9*
side),
Oi
US
$/
,,
^ju
9 *
4**Jt
(for jj>j)
jtj
* s
J$-) w
9
"
or ja$)
wrcc/<?
(% WW
mothers
9 '
t>i
stx
9'
oi
a wc-
jj^i.
oi
(for
**
^3
(for
<5
JU.
* s
di^\
hjj\
provisions,
a cover or &d,
as <>J
>i
Rem.
rarely used in
xvi.
,>t^
a watercourse, Ajjjj
J^U
as
J^U a
2.
J^,
^5U a
jt?o,
signet-ring, ^>\y*-
crucible,
substantives
J^1>
djj^j\.
* *
or ass), ji|>
9
;
or cawsg,
* *
JaIj^
of
9
;
damma,
Jl>
vi^l^
is*
'
v^W- &*
J
a s^/,
JU
Ci^b a motive
J
v^!>***
jiU9
J^*^
vj^
wli fop
of a
as JJjt^J* Touareg,
j\js*. female slaves.
j*ty*.
1.
6
r"
as &la~>
letter is bound),
>u an assembly,
D.G.]
it
in proper names,
j)
Part Second.
214
Etymology
304
Plur. Fract.
XVI.
J*l>* continued.
Sing.
x x
a wave,
earners hump, of
s *
Ja-Ij^i
3.
aw example,
jjblw
verbal adjectives,
J^ti,
xx
a horseman, ^Hjly
*to
*iuU perishing,
as
<l)tyb
tr^^
Ox
^U.
tr*j^
Jxx
i
;
xx
follower, *f\y>
j^^t^j
A*a*,
seashore,
men, rare;
J
jtf
to
x x
tifo
jJbtjw.
applicable
J^-U
x x
w>j^
etc.,
hanging
remaining
X X
behind, ^Ijxi..
X
Ox
4.
J^U,
to females ( 297,
rem.)
5xx
as
XX
i*
Ox
* s
^oSU*.
^oSl*.
menstruating,
X
by
Ox
Jtflb
^x
divorced,
*J)I*
jJblj
XX
5.
x
Ox
aJLcU, substantives
Ox
and
JxxOxx
4-&l^i
verbal adjectives
fern,
3-S-slo a thunderbolt,
joke,
O X
X X
witticism,
j*\y
wp^r
classes,
vulgar,
j&$*
j)
a girl,^^.
XX
5
J
region,
**^
XXIII. rem.)
,
Initial
is
*-\y
(for
changed into
J
4*.U?
/?
ajjU.
**-U a quarter
XX
^^y).
Ox
Rem.
juty
gram, profit,
Ox
district,
4*U common
Ox
5 x
;
XX
o/*^ 5%, a
rarity,
X?
i^li.
^a-otj*.)
(for
5j.sU
J
(for ^o-*!^)
x x
yfowtf,
Ox
&>\yo
4ybU
X X
u^j^
as
as ilotj joining or
xx
Ox^
XX
a guard,
x
<L5I^
05^
A*5jt
an
ounce.
XX
^!iL3)
which
is also
the plural of
304]
II.
<So
Plur. Fract.
XVI.
6.
J*fcty continued.
H*
X
as
x x
x x
y-
(for
xx
J!
xx
f^W
(for
XVII.
4b >r6oa, ^ti^.
&?&s 0/
*UsU,
l&uotf,
X
X
iDu.,
lU\y
X
x x
Sing.
d^>>
*U^L> a caw/,
igt>^).
JUKC
which the third
Fern, quadriliterals, of
>"'
*' i*
treatise, J*>\~>j
J
5x
x x
J^l*.
wages,
&a/, a &ter, a
*~5ULo
s/a>,
ttrcwa*,
JU-
Rem.
^9
a-o3 slaughtered, a
J>^
aw
o/a
woman,
a she-camel
xx
Jx
JjU^
w>>^
>xx
cowrtf,
woman,
9
;
4.l.
3j-
joroo/*,
a wawtf or weed, a
thing,
a second
3/-^.
law, &->\
~\
00/
from 5^]
XXXc
<
[-SA a daughter in
q/* tfrees,
^x x
wife, j->\j*o
05
Attract
x x
^X
as Juil
*5l-o; [J*J,>
X
X
85 x
x x
x x
j$\j-*~
9 x
x x
juLej]
x
^^Oi.
<
jj>>
xxxx9x
J^j jumcj
fl
**
/ree
f* w<?rw
X X
^xx
J
X X
JU-w
XX
^J^^
or plank,
^xx
bucket,
X X X
J #x x
a /ar#0
a foard
J
t
milch-camel,
'
"
a*~o a written
*x
Jx
*)!** or <ULx^.
W0W0, ^o->|/-&
*4>^ a
Jx
"
a^i g
J x
Sx
xxx
9 X
io-j^
victim, f-5bi
x^xx
JjU-*
^Ua
600/;,
t*"
island, j->!>-
Sxx
*x x
aw
SfjJ**.
" x x
*.""
v^b*
fern. gen.
D. G.]
Part Second.
216
Etymology
304
Plur. Fract.
XVIII.
Sing.
o****9 Oj
1.
,jtju*
a worm,
{//
0^3
bird,
^)U*-J
Ox
oW
,/Sre,
lizard,
<^
f small
ar^) a crown,
(f r
oS
Ox
<j!w*
neighbour,
uW^
a yorf,
L5**)
(*"
nQl>
xx
Ox
jW-
?r
xx
or
L5^
f-^J
0*$j3
oW^
door,
*,
J
% * *
9*9*
w>b a
'0
xd
\)j3
fish,
f wood, a branch,
P iece
^j^j,
x x
w>^
as
>
>}* a
Ox
0^*">
Oj*-,
Ox
0^>-
O - x
Ja9
as
OW*
a waW,
j>j>
j3~>
Ox
2.
,jUJ
J*-*
^0
(for
-1
brother, Ol***iOx
xJ
3.
Ja3
Ol^
x*
O x J
a nightingale,
yu
Ox J
O^j*!-
field-rat,
5/J
sj\*yo
bird,
9
%** a
a kind of
x J
OxO
as >^-o
jj*- a buck-hare,
>
Si
o!>**
x 6
4.
^%,
vWi
oW*
meteor,
w>^
x G
J!>* #
jl*-
^her
lj
a^
9
0*$}*
gazelle,
S x
V V*
xd
rare
OOx
as juft
'
*0
a firebrand,
0\fv-
Guttle,
Ocx
yun9
Jb a
#re^s
ostrich,
guest,
Ol*^
9
5
J-^,
yoke,
Sx
x
6.
jtH
rare
as
v**M
root,
O^h^
WJ
5
jl*
<*
0*^
\j\y*o
j+& a bunch of
OW
branch,
mouse,
0*
dates,
*>*3
* .'
O >0
Olr*
90*
a s/aw, 0'***^
^-**-^
* "
OW*^
tfagrfe,
."2
9*6
5.
603/,
6
' *
>
_>o^ a
as
x x
fl
oW3
*
x$
xj
O x
rarely
oxj
O^*^
s/aw0,
Ox
xx
/j
Sx^*x
oW ^
-
v*^ ^^^
II.
304]
217
Plur. Fract.
9x0
o^**
9x0
XVIII.
continued.
3
->x
J>J, rare
j%<^.,
XX
9
J^li, rare
of the
mW,
Ox
ii
Sx
Rem.
<Lc\
C^j3J
jV a
spiritual being
O^f-
5x x
(for 3>-l),
and C
5x0
5 Cx
Sl^-ot,
xx
Ohj^9
&%+* B
tpftj cat,
9x0
9^0
^SaZ*
9x0
O^***X
d^afe,
chamceleon,
Ox
as Ja5l-
ma^e
o/"
Ox
J-j-^,
a wood-pigeon,
Obj^ O^;^
9x
10.
ZX+^j a sor#
as
xJ
9xxx
5x0
a bustard,
rare
9x0
<jU*
as o'****
5x
5x0
rar e
0>**>
Ot^**-]
/<wra&,
diminutives,
9x0
nightingale,
9.
not
**g**,
J-*-**,
9x0
J x
as J>jj^.
J/J/J
xJ
8.
9x0
'
a eunuch, ^L-a*..
gelding,
[7.
Sing.
'
^jtj**J.
o^.
xix.
50x
1.
90
^jt jii^
juft
oW*
'>
O^i
5x
a bunch of
3-i5
9xx
2.
Ja3
9
3.
as
rare
j Uai
.*>i
;
as
slave,
Jj a ***
5x x
JiH>
of a
of a wing*%
*!*>$
;]
<jW^3
wolf,
Ar water,
etc.,
fij
O^j9x0j
x x
J**-, a
toi6,
0^>
jtfrj
x->
Jl5j
lane,
strait,
&\3j
9
H J
O^^f
x
xJ
town,
9xx
JUi,
5
jX> a
oW-
X0J
dates, ol***
9xx
,jU*
[v*** grain,
roof,
90x
5
d^oj.
feather,
UUL< a
a sfew, O^ J^ jir^
9
9*0*
wing-feather,
9
as
OxOJ
90x
9x0x9 Ox
50x
Jjt*,
xO
6raw,
9 x J
oW*
pW^
jl***
aw un ~
28
Part Second.
218
Etymology
304
Plur. Fract.
XIX.
o^**
continued.
4.
J-oii
as sJu^j
ijUc *
1
rod,
9
^)Lj.3
5.
a fo# or
^*o
O^*-
child,
a Christian
w^Jbtj
,jLs>
1*
oU-^
'
O^
oW^j
n<for,
^HjLi a horseman,
or recluse,
ascetic
J *
^'^Ui
fern.
deaf,
jtgtoS
w^b
as
oW*>
V^
^L*>J;
a youth,
shepherd, oW^j-
ctj
JxdS
J**t,
a companion, ^jIa^o
w-s-lo
jLc.
6.
or
v**** a tw W
sand-hill,
J-J*. a friend,
'6 3
^^^9
s b J
jjloXb
Sing.
<
<
'
ml,
Oi
lt*-^ blind,
The forms
Ol)^
eye,
*
'
^> O^*^
***1
c***^ white,
oW*.
and ^tiUi
)*$***
oi
J *
o!/-**-
(for 0***tt)
Rem.
as j^-t
some
are, as
of the
Oxj
Ob^'
instead of
unweaned foals of
9
UJ"
O !/**
D
XX.
oi
j *
we
find ^)tj<--
Cii
and
^j\jy*,
j^\, and
^l^..]
tffcui.
9
1.
J-ji,
signification,
rational
beings, which
ilwjj
poor, l\js*
tertise rad.
f /*
j~*\ a
^;
et
commander
or chief, 1\ja\
ob^J*
Utt'tfy,
9
;
iUp*
'
as j-j*3
f
v~&j a chief
;
j&Si** wise,
304]
Plur. Fract.
XX.
i*k*j continued.
Sing.
f.
a philosopher
x x J
*s
a physician, iUX-
or sage,
* j
2.
a jtKxtf,
r*
^U
as
It^xw
xx J
*&, riU
*xx J
Jjli
i%^
JJbU. ignorant,
Rem.
iS'^f. liberal,
c//l
prisoner,
a deputy, a
and
XXI.
x"
l\^\\
J*~$
^xx
caliph, usually
^^);
x//J
sam, i^JU5
JUg>
makes \J&%.
9
j
j^wt a
9 x
loving, l\}>j].
[j>$>j
ila^^w
liberal,
xxxx
a*aw)
^ (from
.a...
B
x x
,x
m~>
oW-*^
l\*y*.;
cU*Jrf 6rave,
j^li
5 x x
as
restrictions
learned, ilAc
JSU
same
'
o,
successor,
HjJX,
but mostly-
1,
iZj>\
j
;
et
^J
4-*^-,
J^J^d a friend,
as
/r^wc?,
J*^,
light, easy,
Oi
lUybt
jujlw strong,
.xx
stammering, i^t^\
3x
<~x
wretched,
j^^iw
i\Jo\
~,
lUol
*Lj^t
X
lu&wl
and
3
~'
ot
.-i
A~il
^^X ncA,
X
a friend, a wUi
3
^y*-*
similarly,
Wx
;
,j^o
i<^
^^x
*x
stuttering,
liberal,
(j^
for
or sam,
iLa^wl
3
;
Ol**)
Oi
^x
^j
,j-Jb (for
Oi
ot
*IjlwI
relative,
iUall, iSCu.1)
(for
r"
0#J)
(for
v*^* a
i^Lu
iL.l,
<*>
,j-J
llSjusl
*Ujl
"
j^jJL?
jmows,
2\^j*>,
*WX
220
304
Plur. Fracf.
J&
9+9'9'J'0
XXII.
1-
J^>
J***> J**>
Sing.
verbal adjectives, denoting injuries,
J**^
body or mind
defects, etc., of
'
wounded,
, b s
bitten by
a prisoner,
'0
^5j
J /
JU*-, or J^-t,
u4j*f
2.
0^***>
The
Rem.
9 *
vt
C-^o
'
Sij-* drowned,
pain, ^y*t*3
J * 6
w^w,
or
*->j**\,
mangy, scabby,
\J=>y>.
0^^
'
^jA
9
broken, ^j*~a
J5{e> poor,
^iL*-*
verbal adjectives
angry, ^j**^
viz.,
silly,
*f a fool,
*~>ja.
scorpion,
j*~*
age,
"
a snake, stung by a
9
Ot
{j~>\
(for
^^3
slain,
'
4 *d
'
j*~>\
^jj
\j*-j**-
J^3
as
as
hungry,
plural
^JUJ
is
^J%~a
^j^
Ob*** drunken,
',
'
^~&
lazy,
oW***
{J!j~*.
two words;
<
xxiii. juS.
1.
*}Ia9
l\su9
2.
as lljJ^
desert,
i^**, ^5^*5
j^j
3.
*
[
its
(J>*3
virgin, )\j&-
as
i> a judicial
S'^Ui, AjjAas,
SjJjis
an
Jbu*
contrary .JLo^.J
itja*-o
jt?/am or desert,
jis^a
oL3.
WW prominent
old hag,
^.
>
*ijj>*>
^Us
as 3*}U~/
opinion,
l>^ a ctok,
jUy
in order that it
may resemble
goblin,
4j* the
(jj-^^j'^)
II.
304]
221
Plur. Fract.
XXIII.
JU*
continued.
Sing.
0/J(/
xx
the cross-handle of
9' it
f*
the
2y>p
collar-bone,
JJtp
*jG-
bucket, JJt/s.
Rem. JUi stands in the nom. and genit. for iJlxs and
x x Ox
."
^JUj (both with the art. ^UiJI). The accus., however, is
'
x x
always
with the
^i,
xx
JUt
XXIV.
4/
l^Ui
jj^ULo
xOx
2.
xxx
*x
a
a
'A***
^tJ^
virgin,
xxx
XXX
a
desert,
l>^ a
complaint,
tj>*-
^ prominent
dite,
9x0
a*U3
X X
cock,
^U^.
9x0
;
0x
J^
ft
hackles of a
ftfo
*ij*
XX
*.
^Ufr.
XX
In
Rem.
nos. 1, 2,
and
the forms
4,
JUi
XXX
and .JUi are
interchangeable.
5.
xOl
xO
;
XXX
^jU&.
4.
ij>*3
"it"'
/I
^^3
dfaV,
^^-
opinion,
j^>ft>
XXX
3.
a plain or
xxx
a judicial
^>3
as
^}%*-
sweetmeat,
xJ
xx
l\j**~o
x&x
^**, ^**
^W*.
desert,
JyJ,
Jjfct
9 0s
same way
as i\jjs>
In the
r,
^JtJ)
J&.
K/
1.
(ace.
^Ut) and
(ace.
xx
JU
makes
night,
x xOx
art. .JUAJI.
JxOx
0^**>
x Ox
fem
xxx
drunken, ijl*
JxOx
^^L^
xx
J
;
(J^W*
xxx
xxx
9
...
fc
>*-t
xf
a prisoner, jL*\ j a
;
as
11
o!/*-*
XXX
xO x
j^l^ 0^^*
,jl^-fc. perplexed,
jealous,
<jL-o angry,
tey, ^Jl
x
hungry,
xxx
v^)W*
^[f*
J
Olh*-*
xxx
^ broken, jj^L^b
Part Second.
222
Etymology
304
"[
Plwr. Fract.
XXIV. j^Us
continued.
Sing.
0%
unmarried,
^bl
5J/
(for^o-ol)
9v)t
t
an orphan, ^AZ-t
jtx+l
6.
b
a
a swollen
as ix*- having
^W-j
*.^ en j)m,
belly,
000
9 J
9
;
btj^.].
j^Lfc.
j*iS
000
Rem.
Instead of
and even
7.
fern,
^m/
aJj #
x x
blfcuo
<$
*5
x x x
t*J
a-mU
or calamity,
bliftA.
Rem.
b^b
aJsuo
**
[Luc
evening,
We write
XVII.),
(see
**
et
0t
[In
form ,J5Us
as ^btj^-
a yowT^
S^bt
gazelle,
00%
conjunction with
tf
^]
LjULfc,
for
and
above,
the
sake
^J^z
of
*
^
haS
( j$5jJ) *>**
r
of the
Many
etc.
to prevent
etc.,
(for 4~Ja.)
000
riding,
*Ja.
90
as
bUj
subjects,
m*
blc *].
9'
8.
'
x xx
aw animal for
et
4*fc)
bUw
nature, disposition,
(Jul
btu
,/afe,
has only
io^
a sm,
/j
^L*^ ^>j
# present, bt jJk
*j!**a
90
t*i
jJU3
6,
^Uis.
iL*s,
5
or
^{~*
and
find, in nos. 5
{Jj^L,, iJjC*-,
00
L5*U*->
only
as
^U*;
we
^Ui
Sjt/A
conformity
304]-
II.
Plur. Fract.
XXIV.
continued.
^U*
Sing.
* , *
9* *3
clothes,
Ox *J
**
9 0*
kind called cA*^,
t
the
^\Ju plants of
^UL5
choice
of
anything, CtSJ.
Rem.
\S\jJf. for
9.
Ox
X -
aj^I*.
an
^l^j
et
as
tjljj
* * *
a corner, bt^j.
is
etc.
"
'
is
* * *
^jLaJ from
.^tj-tfu
a Christian.]
JLoJ(rare).
J*J, Jjti
*
^"
2.
JU3
3.
JtftU
as iU3
w~J^
jj
^y.
>
a pilgrim, *ra**m
(fogr,
ass, ***..
yi a
Ox
9.L
as
1^*5 a
s/a0, ju*fc
.
mill,
Ox
Ox
9
as juft
cattle, j-jif
XXVI.
(|Tjj),
Anomalous
b.
[Rem.
tertise rad.
4>
3u^\j
Here .JUi
a.
bljj for
1.
Ox
0>
intestine, bi>-
Rem.
as
caw2^/ wstfd in
JjUs
(&**.), etc.
&UU, from
ijjlj
XXV.
^U.1
is
j^
(f r
JJ^)
soldier,
*
aiyU(rare).
Jjtf, Jjis
as
9 x
fttfo),
Jjo a husband,
J J
&>&
9
;
y*-
9x
a wild
an uncle (by
Ziyi* ;^c>
0*
%&*
ass,
9x I J
mothers
9'
J J
3J^a*J
9'
[h^. a
9x
2J^* (comp.
side),
a Aaw, S,yLo
J J
thread, AJ0y>>
9 x x
240, rem.
otU
9
;
9x
the father s
c)
J**3 a
9'
stallion,
90 *
J J
fodder, ii>U].
jio
Part Second.
224
Etymology
304
Plur. Fract.
&&
XXVII.
1.
Sing.
(rare).
xx
Sftx
J*5
Jjii,
as ^^j
J^li
Ox
t"
as w*.lo
[Ja*j a
stallion,
Ox
S x
(also 5JU^-)]
x x
b '
<i
SjLj
bull,
fix
2.
"
Oftx
a caw^Z, aJUa.
j^3 wafc,
# companion, ajULo
J^c*.
3;l$
5 x x
a)U*i
j^-- # sfowe,
more common]
(also [the
JbULi).
XXVIII.
Jii(rare).
1.
m' '
as aX.
n'w^,
6xx
"
%'
circle, JiX.
Oxx
J^ti, as JJbU drinking for the first time (of camels), J^J
2.
^Jlb
wJJa
seeking,
^^U. a
xx
a guardian, a
keeper, uj*-
jcotj
as
Ox
##
drinking,
an
driver,
importer, wnU..
SftxSx
SftxSx
Rem.
v^W-
^ri^
Oxx
>
w*)^
a merchant,
n<&r,
^w
(rare).
Ox
J^li
/3^'wgr
follower,
* *
*i
%p
J*3
^U a
an attendant,
XXIX.
servant, j*j>a.
0/
ft
j.a+3
v^J
6
5
j-oU a
Sftx
traveller, j&~*
rules
5
;
j..U
SftxSx
w**-o
w^tj
ft
helper, j*aJ
J*\~*
w^-L^ a companion,
The above
a.
w>>
Oftx
[jj\j
visitor, jjj].
certain forms of the pluralis fractus and of the singular, are subject
The dictionaries also give various forms
to many exceptions*
[Many
ft
XXIX.
as
plur.
fracta,
but
call
them
quasi-plurals
(**jjJ1
J xft
alwl),
,xx
making a
ftx
distinction
real
Sftx
ft
form a nomen
ft
collectives
unitatis, as ^U*J.
The forms
ft
u ..aJI
x
Oi
collectives (il~>t
^x 2
S x x
J-j*i, ^Juii
*lo-*t),
which
Sftx
II.
304]
o x
sfow, SjuA*
and
J^j a
Ox
chief,
^^
Ox
and
are
& >.
man, a
a sword,
ufcy*
^xJdxOx
O x -
HA*,
^--J a he-goat,
"
T" * t '
>
-iw an
OOx
l^i**
wim^,
OOx
,xx
^x
JJu a
man,
ofoZ
te3yfiU
jufc
oW
->~Jj <*
OOx
OOx
Jfcx
SUfc
I^^juLo, of
and
ju
x J
OOx
i^x
and
&>.),
2f
a hycena, <Uyq*
* "
mountain-goat, <U^o
* x x x
for instance,
//
Jt^-o
225
Fractus.
aXxslc (as
Adj.Plur.
necessary to notice
it
OxJOx
Ox Ox
rarely <UbuLo
<&
Odx
no^
o/i<sr
,xx
Muhammadan)
x
wto? ass,
tjj-oc*;
/jP
^ar^e, s^ow^,
Jx
"'
Rem.
Many
6.
not from the singular forms in actual use, but from others, which
9
E. g.
poet,
Ox
^xxJ
lUxw,) from an obsolete J*** 0**w); and J^U,
X
XX
JJUU perishing,
^J&*,)
(as
pi.
9^9'
Ox
0* x J
j^U,
Rem.
also
c.
table
it is
Ox
Oc
0'
Cxx.
SjUj;
OOx
jue a
s/awe, jus,.
J x
bull,
Ox
J J
0^
)\\, S^j,
e.
g.
j*~> a
sea,
oW'
JhA
xOP
_,
(^iXJUb).
may have
,Jl*i,
^^
pi.
ii
x 0
<}
or
tc
Sjufel,
;>j,
x
ju*,
OJf
,JL
juftl,
ul
(besides jut, O'***^ *!****> i^***^ *jl*, Sjujco, ib^oto, see rem. a);
x
w^-lo a
companion,
and a
w>la -o,
Or one
a>^3,
OxOfOxxxOxOJ
A->U. o
w>U>.o l,
sing,
may have
several plurales
e.g.
jdblw one
to/to is
The forms
XXVII.
JUJ
w.
5J$*$
JJ
* x 0*>
present,
XXVI.
Ox x
and
^jLa^o
2x
to
reinforce
the collective
meaning
29
Part Second.
226
Etymology
J
?y
an
eye-witness,
witness,
x
.-.
3*
'
%m
j^,
jl^,
jj^jJfcl*,
Oi
9 *
-9
305
>y^>, 3^*1
J^^
4 ** +
In such
3ju.
^J^J^, >U^,
worshipping,
serving,
cases, if the
For example,
(I)
an
a
evidential
example,
j j
*oi
sit
9
\
Owl.
O^o
is
has jdbtyw.
a verse of poetry ;
plur. fract.
'90*
, x
of
Again, #> signifies (1) an eye, (2) a fountain, (3) peculiar nature
or essence, (4) a distinguished man; its plur. fract. in the first
:
sense
13
9 3 Oi
9
9 "Oi
&$*', v>-^t, or ^Lftl
is
ISC-
&t&\
in
/f
9b*
means:
valley, (3)
sense
xO
JJ
9*0
9 J Oi
0-k^> or
0>^>
is
J
9JJ
^ULj;
in the third,
305.
The forms
O^j
in the second,
the
fract. in
its plur.
first
Oi
9 *
iifcut, or
0>tu,
9 J Ot
*0
0>^ or O-^'j
and
O^W-
fifth,
adjectives,
which consist of four or more consonants, are exhibited, along with the
corresponding singulars, in the following table.
Plur. Fract.
I.
JJUi
X
1.
j*U3,
J*UU).
X
X
(J*lil,
X
Sing.
and adjectives
Quadriliteral substantives
(3
a fox, ^Jbu
9
JO J
t>?^ o
J)
^w
bridge, jJL5
X
S
ta&&
2.
(in
xx
w*J^ a
a Jin of a
xx
fish,
&>cms,
obUj
X
**
^Alp
*j^* a
j
* *
6/0/
^sS^s
J^J^fc.
a streamlet, a column or
a book), J^tjc..
0x0
prefixing
xx Ox
x x
v>^
9 *
**
wJju
j
^*Aj> a dirham,
.
dju&j
X X
star,
xOx
9 *
*^*&y a
c^U-o
frog,
of a lion, CHJ/J
**
9*0
* *
c jJua
as
!,
O,
or ^0
as
f-t-o},
finger,
x f
*Aot
6x
;
by
* if
[4X0JI
Mg
#wg?
305]
II.
Plur. Fract,
I.
J*U5, Jclli)
Jjlii (Jwrf,
0/ a finger, J^OI]
J
cont.
m<7.
^jXJI
x*
r,
^lit, compare
perience,
304,
w^U^
no.
XXIIL, rem.)
^.X^.o a claw or
x x
9
<
;
talon,
Ua.o
a quarter of a town, Ji
dwells,
iJ^Aa*
X
xx
i,
em e%#,
trial,
ex-
*^JlaL*
jp/ac#
t*
9 x
*Agi means of
x x
[f^j-o suckling,
*~b\j*c].
XX
Rem.
In the
a.
^,
fract.
plur.
the
is
(5),
B
*&-
X
Jxx
J
;
Jj-U
ul
&
or
(for
2uj**3
clil
viper,
x
of the form
from
J^U^
X
as
elif
J xx
(J^li,
aw open
the
triliterals (^JjIxj), or in
but
240),
nomen
9
it
remains unchanged;
e.g.
XX
9 x
i*
x x
whereas -iJL**
9 x
is
XXX
retained, as
XXX
xxx
x x
ft
^nyU
J
XX
?-;L^;
x x
-U-o, AcwL.c,
agentis
x x
a bowcase, ^jULo
X X
9x
Jxx
9 X x x
is
usually
xx
cj\Jlc
x x
xx
Jxx
9x
Jxx
xxx
(.>),
^.ao
e.g.
xx
xx
9x X X
candlestick,
a lighthouse, a minaret,
The changing
of
the^
into
XX
^tu, and
J
is
SjUo a
X X
^X
usually j^U*.
J
XX
see 309,
b,
y],
xf
a plur. J^lit
9 x
Jj^.1
Jxft*
;
e.g.
^^Ajt a shackle or
fetter,
Etymology
Part Second.
228
305
Plur. Fract.
I.
JJlii (J*tft,
x
J xO
vo^bt
;^o$j\
JWu)4oat
JU65,
Sing.
x
Ox
jx
grandees, nobles.
II.
J**uJ, Je^tji).
J*ftlii,
as
sultan,
,j-Jslw
X
devil,
sj*j0%~i
flowers, >i$\+>
X
XXX
00
xx
JP
**Ll* and
^^UU]
0x0
JUj #
xx
o"
&
ra<7^, J*!;t
^.bt
*
[This
it
o3
;
^*>\
4~Ut
o c
may be
A-
xx
ox
(for
i^>oO
or
^01,
->
^Ia>..>
j-j-oUl
O
;
v^W^J
^Ut
M# m^r^
an
ostrich's nest,
xg
ii
|S
[4*.t
^w!
tent-rope,
human
x x
x x
being,
XXX
also the irregular plurals
^5o{,
j op
a joom zw
Z
j o
xc
Op
3j>gt
&>>Ut) ^ w/sA,
(for
#03/,
jJjaLo accursed,
#>
Ox
;
x f
. l l.*.
C x
>
^jt/j)
x x
jLafct
,t
'J
&
rem.)
(for
303, /,
ij^jfbU**
^jltf
i^-jft^L*
desert,
*Jjl3
0x6 ^
a measure,
[)jo
x x
six
^o-JU**
x
x x
(compare
9Mjli
J
f~lj\y*
xx
*Ujj
#x
w*^
shower of rain,
x x
^^t^*)
xx
J-oU-3
statue,
chronicle,
xx
(for
wA?'te
fe/tf, i^fbtfL*
X
XX
oj
jjUalw
^t>>
,>*->
X X
w^>S a ^tf##
a cMr, i^L)^
j^wj^a
**3Ui
X
W
x x
ti
bubble,
O*^lo
^)
j,
o
wolf, >*a*\j~t
X
xx
(I,
x x
a^U* &
x o
^>UwX a
Sx 5j
xx
s *
O^*** a
not included), of
(5
a litera productions
letter is
^ULj
jV
0,
^ ne ^ w0
XXX
and ^ly*.]
latter
words have
305]
II.
Plur. Fract.
II.
JJU3
j-^lit,
xx
fo queen-bee (rex
x x
u-^wol^
buffalo,
The
a.
where a quinqueliteral
exist
j*~*\y}.
is
form
sing,
is
OxO
xx
9'0
"
from
bridges,
O
x x
with her,
fawn
clever,
her,
license,
Ox
xg
6.
and !j~obj
J^tji,
xx
ot^
anc^ Obi'*
office
register,
an
or bureau,
vestibule or apartment,
O^b'
as
from singular
Ox
xx
->x
J
Ox
J
x x
or jl/*w, curds, J^jlw, J-J;l>w
JO?
if
closet;
J
xxOxO
^^^Uj and ^^waLo jt/
Ox
xx
jijlr*
off,
and
05
Ox Ox
xx
xxj
hojSj.l, i>$t>>,
r.
forms jlo,
Ox
of poems, a public
collection
make j-Jlo,
fi
XX
as j-olio =j^clio,
a dust-storm.
xx
used, chiefly
jtL>3
Ox
i^)\yi\
jw
account-book,
9 '
;
OxO
Ox
and
is
JjUxo
=j-Mtf?Ut, plur. of V
jtaftt
Rem.
t *
JxxJ
xx
and ^JyJUx*
JJU*
Conversely,
instead of J*JUs
>oUt
plur. of
J
i**
x x
^Jilia.,0
by poetical
'
jJbU^
'
^jjJL having a
^I^ai.)
'
J***** =j-U5
SjJsui
(pi.
^^oU. a
x x
JJUs
plur.
"*
"
a spring,
p>^
^^Uj
apum),
jy^^J hemorrhoids,
j
Rem.
jo,
t^tjl]
J
w>j~ju
stall,
Ox
.ajU>
2uj\
cont.
J^V')
229
Sing.
JjLai.
fl
and
Jxx
Compare
284,
rem.
230
Part Second.
Plw.
Fract.
Etymology
liHis.
III.
1.
305
Sing.
5^
J^jJsu a
Sxxx
JJj^Usu
X
and SijUaj
X
Sxxx
metropolitan bishop
SxJftx
^U^-p <m interpreter,
when they
are words
* x
J)*$~c
of foreign origin,
x x
"x
especially
litera productionis
S x
and
a great
many
letters.
E.g.
J^xx
x
t
an
angel, a5*}L*
Sxxx
Zj
aJLS'^-o
ft^J
(comes,
Sxxx
a king of
%J0i
Umu#1
S x
Sxxx
Jxx
.A
x & x
J^ xP
and
bishop, oUK**t
Sx_ x
4*5L>t
xx
Byzantine emperor, S^-oL*J
fo
Sx
XX
Pharaoh, Aiftly
Sxxx
and AijUo
S^X*
iJ
Sxxx
^jJ^
Moor, ajjUu*
Masmuda,
Sxxx
a-jJLy-*.
SxxxJixJ
ljul a
.
Sj^%c
.J^
^^
xO
From \j~s
man
(Cossar,
03-*^-*
(WIS)
J^x
OjUo
x0x
^tj^
a native of
a descendant of el-Muhalleb,
Ox
(Pers.
^^-euS
J
;
'
_0xxxSjx
S^Ulj ^*y+*AA
Bagdad
S
;
Sxxx
<
**** heretic,
Sx
Kato-ap)
stocking or &?&
(c7rio-K07ro9)
w^>-
Sxxx
4
a nobleman
a patriarch or archbishop
)j-bu
5J
^^S
w^Sa),
(Pers.
Yemen, aajLj
xx
xx
6 x
el-
<L~UJi
Ko/xrjs),
(irarptdpx'rj's),
Sx
jjlpauo
XX
not a
(ixryrpoTroXiTrjs),
XX
xx
2.
(<iAoo-o<os)
xx
Jy~X+9
x x
4i-**iU
philosopher,
TraTpiKio?),
I^ali!) a
Syr.
SxxxSJ^Gx-
disciple,
T&Sfi,
(Heb.
xx
jj,
of
II.
305]
231
Plur. Fract.
9/
xx
ajJUi continued.
III.
Sing.
*
r*
and
j^, a
or
gt^-rf
like,
OxxxOxxx
an equal,
xx
irregular ij^t^#, 4*-*!^/, and ^l^-*
#
and 5j*>L*
has, besides
the
Jlj-^l,
x x
(for
x x
5^
3iwll,
^^l^w).
Rem. a. This form is also found, though rarely, in quadriwhich have a litera productionis before the last radical B
literals
5
xx
Ox
a deacon (Syr.
^U-i
J_-lL),
XX
* X
Rem. 6.
more
five or
letters (exclusive of 5
xx
x
Jjjtji
xx
i**^*
*^ X
x x
a quince,
J Ox.
3^~JJ13 a sor 0/
x J
6 c
iiU^urft
a nightingale, ^bL*
J^JU<
letters of prolongation),
xx
woman, jola^
ca&e,
Ox
pillar,
v>
^nj-^a^a.
0X
(compare
Rem.
264, rem.
The forms
Zazy
jfatf,
XX
&jj* a
burnt
XXX
x 2
^*l>U>t
^^
j^-J^JLS,
ca^o,
(for .-w^llS), or
2 '
XX
from
4j.>Lc
*5
Here
JU>Uo.
oo/acotikos),
"
'llah
but
XX
0X
also
JxOx
E.g. >yfii*
x
r~^*-~*
may
fract. of
and the
is
spider,
oZc?
J ^
ju& 'Abdu
dXll
b).
0*3
c.
x
2/ie
(^aJt
plur.
^HfrCb.
particular, forms
JliS, J*frUt
XX
0JO*
J>-Jt,
of
Jpbl
5
;
XV.
rarely V. Jlii,
Kg. XIII.
J
or secondary
the plur.,
more
^jlii, O-Jlii.
camel,
of
make
iJUif
4J& <%,
4-^>l
*Jot,
t^jbl)
XV.
*^ a
'
x J
jl^-rf
^&\
ones people or
2ri6e,
5J0fJxtOx
W6,
Jclil,
X
JO*
JaJbjt,
Of
fowwf,
and XIV.
Ox
JaJbj
In
plural).
benefit,
2j6 a
JaAljt
JO*
*JLo
OxOpjxfsxx
bracelet, Sjyi\,
she-
0x
j~*\
',
)&* a
6x0$
pfoce,
Xol,
Part Second.
232
Am*
J^lSt
6 J
jJite
nail,
Ox
J3l*.
JUjfc.,
a
ox
O*^^-
OW*^j
Oxx
as
a drink,
w*!/-*'
XV.
Again,
XX
Oxx
~s
OUot
ea#-e,
XX
!*
ftj
OLUpI.
joay, 4-Jatt,
ai/fc,
Ox
Ol may
O^**
^Uafc
Ox
pluralis sanus in
0<;'-,tfu*
w>Ufc an
og
Ob^wl
* oZ
<L>j\,
q , oZ
,x
^Ua.
^jlL.,
trees),
x x
+0JJ+
intestine, Olf"6
owjjxxoxj
x j
j-j-<a*
jjl-
Ox an
XVIII. XIX.
oox
',
Oxx
jJa. she-camels having
x
Oxx
J
V. J^a. a he-camel,
JuJU*-t
$*a*.\,
J x x
camels, j\xj\,
305
x oc
XIV. ^su
^UiM, j**U*t
neither
9+9
+%
^Ut
O x 6
Jl^il,
*>
vessel, *LJt,
jJbj
<i
(for .ytjt)
/ J
x
*Z
^o-jfcUt
*>
*UI
,>^Ut;
Etymology
x J
also be derived
Oxx
j^xx
III. Jjiij-XVII. JjUj, and a few other forms; as ^k**. a he-camel,
OJx
Ox
* x
Ox
Ox
Oxx
Oxx
w*J^ rt ^#> V^**'
JU*., O^U*. J^j a man. JU-;,
O'NjUfc.j
x
*
s
9JJ
XX
Ob^
Oxx
CwJ
roaeZ, J>jJ,
Ox
jUa'
'
"1
OJJOxJx
rt
Ol5p*
Ot^ji
Ox
pi.
jutj^, Otjulj^.;
foe>,
OIajLJ
-yjLJ,
Oxx
jb
house,
Oxx
xxOxxx
JjtJ,
"x
J^xxOx^xxOx
a she-camel,
.
ijje
jj-c*.,
an iron
fix
OU.1^0]
diU
x JO?
Cxfc
OUiot)
Sometimes there
etc.
is
Ox
<
a party or
a5^3 a on<i,
3jujc-
<
OJOxJOx
jj>,
E|
OJJOxJJ
slaughter,
OtjJ^k.
.xxx
Ox
,xxx
houses, families
a she-camel for
4.a .*...>
OU^J,
j^J-**
OxJOxJJOx
;
5/J
O3-0,
house,
xJJ
OJ J
Ox
sec,
as
Such secondary
plurals can be properly used only when the objects denoted are at
least nine in number, or when their number is indefinite.
Rem.
great
d.
many
dL
^e
as
a follower of es-afi%
J^tJli
Sqfi'ites ;
->
\^yo
Jii
li
(J^x5l)f),
a Sufi, ^Li^aJI
^e
s^c^
JSx0 xOx
0/ the $ufls; AjJtjjj^l,
II.
306]
j
233
a oxi x
4jj-ojJt,
the partisans
Sometimes
is
5.1
J^li and
the
1/ S<i
%*
jj
(cattle)
)Ioa,
on
live
Ox x
S)l^,
who
as 5jjU those
*x
the
dJU*) pedestrians;
IZ.jjl.*);
spectators;
SjUsu
a caravan
together,
j^w-
[ajI^
cferers].
Rem.
The
e.
some nouns
plural of
<
fil
P o
x x
aa^
2
*U
%>,
oUw
XX
i>w
Heb.
l\y>\
x
;
Cwl
tfAe
anus, dUwt
<
motJier,
Ox
5U a
for
Sa*J,
U)
*x
XXX
a woman, ^UJ,
#* fWX,
a
t>
,-xOxOOx*
'
O x
<x
0i
OUtj^s
anomalous, or derived
...
is
SI
1 x
JUi
268.
i5
See
s/iee/?
#} n^X);
'
O^J
^0
human
being (Heb.
h^K
for
J^K
Aram. XgOtf
l#-*)).
collectively,
X
J0 X
Ox
slaves,
For
i.e.
several individuals
6
fr*****
oW
mm
in
who
are
SJ
oW^
3f0*0
general.
The
30
234
Part Second.
We
Rem.
Etymology
u ..*aJl
246 and
292,
Jo*J
a.
A third
collectives.
fracti those
(generic nouns), as
l\+~i\
307
nouns
on
bees,
styled abstract,
formed
class of collectives is
JS&
and
differ
307.
an army ;
The
pluralis sanus
l[+~\ in
of the forms
fracti
number
2/ie
246).
named
[yjjl camels,
sheep].
plural),
Ixfcj,
(3 to 10),
and
it
is
if
one of
limitation as to number.
4.
I.
308.
(1)
Undefined
and adjectives
substantives
(Norn.),
(Gen.),
and
\1 or
1 (Ace,
Ace.)*.
*
(2)
viz.
noun may be
J^,
viz.
(Gen.,
"
^y**c,
indeclinable.
..
of,
the
established in,
C^o^c,
is
<
o x
>
o^uU j*s.,
Hi
or possessed
Diptotes are
the
or
declinable,
1 (Nom.) and 1
declinable
in
are,
^jSioZc,
whilst
II.
308]
common
The
(3)
0*03
The vowel w
H
is
J^U,
to
equivalent
and
J/
I al//j
and jjXol
j*s.
^jSi^Zc
to
/*e
*OiO 3 * *
and
(a) <UlJt
^Ac
is
drawn along or
Ail^^t^-U,
the sign
tfAe
of objectivity.
si</w
S/4
as
a noun
that
is
*<
Jlg
J^-j,
tJie
an d found
O^y^i
^
attracted
of annexation ;
JtjJt
pluralis
termed ^^iaJI
i is
3 * *
0*3
j o /-o^ j x ^
oJjaa^JI^U, ^e
is
being
*
designated w*cudl,
is
the vowel
/ks
j^Jt,
the vowel a
* 6*
j 3 -
t^-o-U ^s..
lid/
and the
/?
voice),
* *&
5 ** * 3
yLc\ &+*, possessed of (the nominal character)
is
(6)
in the singular
bliLJI
^e
v>jj-3,
x
because
it
corresponds to the j of
s *
and
(d)
0*3
uayd\
^jj^XJ, the
:
(a) of
of an indeclinable noun,
case
3*
the indefinite,
**
cjSLti\,
0**
as ajj***^
^JJ**
nunation of compensation.
3 0*3 3
ii
p-jjJt
C-Jtb
31 ^>*-, at the
for^jlS jjUJt
it
is
time
when
the genitive
on,
*3
*0
may
03 Oi*
+#* ^r-^3
30
when
This last
"330*
*>*
iae
proposition, as in jj^Ja-J
0*
CH>^>
0*
be of three kinds
word, as
*3
j*)\
(c)
duy^j, I passed
jj*.\
the
t
and
Ow
^^X^c;
0*
0-
03 &
J^ or^lS^^A^
(y) of
compensation for a
letter, as
in the
in jlj*., plural of 4Jjl>, for ^j\^. in the nominative or
\j\ft*
genitive.
* o *
* The form
v>j
is
ta*o&**o><>*oZ*ot
I
j^j^^.\, at eve
* *
(a bird) rose
236
Part Second.
gender;
viz.
Etymology
Ol
Oi
(Nom.) and
(Nom.) and
Ot-
,j->_ (Gen.,
(Gen., Ace.).
(4)
308
Ace.)*;
Theplurales
fracti are either diptotes or triptotes, exactly like the singular (see
The following is the paradigm of the declension of undefined
309, a).
308]
II.
238
Part Second.Etymology
308
309]
II.
239
Masc.
Fern.
Plur. fract.
(of jJte poor)
N.
G. Ac.
iSjii
...
Aja*
...
Rem.
flexional
AaJU mourning)
(of
.
^jy>
r-^y
a.
There are two words in Arabic, in which the final
vowel of the singular affects the last vowel of the radical
o
P J
viz.
Nom.
^i
^Ae
{j**\
Ace.
524,
^o*Ut,
son, for
t^ot
or
fj+\t
^Jj\
5j"*ti
^o-^^
p*t,
Loijt
J ''
a man, and
jj*t
Gen.
i.
P^
JO
jj-t,
Sing.
[According to
I|j-l
or
or
mouth
is
also
L*-5,
^oi,
as
Op,
A*i C^tj,
<t*i
j^-o <suLJ
Rem.
b.
I.
f?j-\
180.
and 4i
IJdb.
D. G.]
that of the other Semitic Languages see Comp. Gr. p. 139 seqq.
309.
a.
(a)
The
(/?)
w*5U^
j)
viz.
first
and second
syllables
and
JJU*
radical
etc.
letters)
(I.
as
and
II.
*&\y.
hemza preceded by
elif
memduda
Hii
viz.
(.11),
(XX.) and
friends (compare
men,
^Ct
fract.
and of
of j^.1,
its
&p\
JU3
(XXIII. ),
as j\js- virgins,
^^-j*?-
wounded
viz.
b,
and
'I
(3
and of
fern.
its
fern.
c,
/?).
J ' i
^^S,' first ;
another ;
other,
ij>*>',
of *U***.,
fract.
Various
elif
memduda
C Compare
a, /?
*a,
fern,
iU-cu, iUZj,
l\sC=>,
j^.1,
of
radical,
rem.
and
(*1 )
i^>
adjectives
\^>
l\jjs>
hemza preceded
a virgin,
at
ii
>
white
.>
296).
c, /?.
as %\js from
299,
(compare
\j3
rem.
Rem.
and
c,
301,
which the
fern, is
wonderful ;
;
r*s
^i
j*>*-\ red.
and
O x
J*ojl
as
2345), of
and 296)
v**i^ more
as
J*it,
Op
iUil, are
f.
dX*j\ poor, needy,
of this form are usually
t
f.
wife,
Substantives
Jj^t a
11
c, /?.
radical
is
^ar<?,
maksura
e.g.
y and
a,
p'iUi ( 295, b,
regarded as triptote,
elif
maksura ({-)
213).
Compare
295, a).
(l
viz.
as
triptote
2, rem.).]
e).
(/?)
(y)
(comp. XIV.
Rem.
w-Jjt
and ^_,
of Jjt,
(a)
is
b.
fract.
wise men,
etc., // together.
[(e)
as
(XXIV.)
*-**- 1,
by
^Us
309
/?).
Ji'j pl ur
^,
c,
&&L
as
si
W
plnr.
&*i\ (XXL)
a and
b,
(y)
Etymology
Part Second.
240
J ,
e.g.
{.
J s
bi
Jj^-t, JuU.
is
admissible
&
A. Nouns Subst.
The Noun.
II.
300]
241
Adj.Diptotes.
J -it
Rem.
a.
Some good
iLojl,
Rem.
irregular.
Adjectives of the
b.
a serpent
>j-*/l
a fitter (properly
e.g. ^oA>t
land (prop.
j * oS
mottled),
j * o p
^Jflui
of land
tract
without herbage.
(&)
295, a)
as 0\j~>>
&%x3
fern, is
companion.
''
Adjectives
a.
is
^-1*3
o^*^> t
as
fern,
*->L<>J^
to
o j
of the form
Rem.
drunken.
l^m
f-
But
Q%*i
295, rem. a)
okr*>
as
*j\jj* } naked.
SxOxSxxOx
The
f.
principal examples in the language are: ^jUt having a large fat tail
xO
a sheep)
(of
5
xO
forenoon
(,-a-cJI)
fljUdL* Ao
to
exposed
^^
withered;
dry,
a *
5 x
x o x
ignorant;
and <jl.^o
^la^o
x
stupid,
<
stiflingly hot
jU*w
'
cows) out of greed, mean, vile; ^U^-o stupid, stolid; ^jtoju a boon
9
Some
the form
x
^^*s, 0^**>
J
jjUaw-w,
x xx
or
jjUa^w
or
x
as
>
6.
and
^*^i
so
Jx
x J
so,
such
(c)
JO
x x /)
4jujI
jx
x x
Jbio iUl^j
6 ^s more than 5
it
an(*
Ox
^l^^o
one,
makes
w.
^^o,
irregularly j)
/^ double of 4
"'?
name
as
or ,jl.^o.
and such a
J^-t^J
3L^
e.g.
** jd
yj** j**^'
***"'
o/^.
as iUj and
x o x
x J
()
* f +
xOS
Rem.
CW O ^
xx
uW
^Ij^S.
have also
of these, however,
O^**
,jl.^o
^0
Mtm
333)
three.
31
309
o>-cuj
*j
declined without
is
tenwm
with
j*
tenwm
form)
(e.g.
J&\
red)
(e.g. j-**-\
when
af'al,
it is
an
adjective,
o^ W
3/& l^wl
an
J**'
*Xx*
4a*JJ ^jjj
*~e\p
t>
Etymology
Part Second.
242
say ^JjaJJ
which
dsuo
*n)
an
is
of Talha and
oi
'isba' is
fa
la
and
But
'if'al.
if
we
af'al,
word
The diminutives
[(0)
of all
diptote nouns, as
letters,
Jjl>
viz.
elif
as
memduda (compare
^^^
CjU
John,
Isaac,
e'lif
a,
or 2b.>U
^^ Sulma.
(y)
Gatafan
(a
tribe),
o-o-^ 'Othman,
l
^>->Xw
Jka*~>t
and
foreign
l5
333), as
<bjJ Lot.
Noah,
(/?)
/?)
(a)
b,
proper names
Many
c.
JUi
A#]
I,
*.>
Solomon, o!/**
ijlyj*, as
common nouns
as ,jUl*
Imran ('Amram),
JUi and
The Noun.
II.
309]
Nouns
A.
Subst.
Adj.Diptotes.
cfc
(8)
*
^Lw
*
3 3
AhmM,
as
d *
j^> Sammar,
3 3
0*
/OJ
Tadmur
*i
Yubnd,
>oUj
Tumddir,
Yurdmil.
J*\rt
Common nouns
'(c)
than three
when used
letters,
names
as proper
w^JU a
e.g.
more
scorpion,
J x
0|ic 'Akrab
nine
as
man's name).
(a
()
J/ if
Dor ib, jLo*-t
w>o
Jerusalem,
j*c^3
243
Katdda
tenwln, as
their
(a
woman),
(a
x*
J x
(men).
Ol^pt
oUpl
ace.
gen.
Oe-
c,
Ot keep
,, ,
** *
ace.
Oli^c gen.
Ols^c.
3_,
(77)
letters,
or,
though
* 3
jUw
Zehieb,
e.g.
3 * *
3/33
But
names which
fem. proper
may
name
be either diptote
(6)
preferred)
as
90
0*
js-z or js-}
common
is
of a par-
consist of only
3d
*0*
Tyre, w*^J
3 * *
jyo
Da'd.
* 3
3*3
3*3
3 *
'Omar,j*j Zufar,^**.
3*3
Gu&m, J^j
the
3*3
planet Saturn,
9*
* *
JUi
^3
the
the sun,
*{%o Saldh
(a
Katdm,
name
**
* *
of Mekka).
These
latter,
3 * *
Haddm,
*-.\jj
however, have
Part Second.
244
Etymology
^%o^^Se> Zafdr
as
jUa-
the
war,
j*\jo
Words
a.
309
x2
J Us,
Rem.
of the
a year of famine.
jb\j\
last letter is
r,
who
Rem.
and
**!*
b.
JUi
JUi.
improbe
^aCOvilis!
f.
w>U- C
f.
J~J b
sceleste !
J Li b
f.
c.
l**-J*o ( 264),
the
word
first
class called
is
J/
xx
and
ace.
i//J/
Oj^o.,
JOJ/
all,
xx
J^^-olj, gen.
ftffl*.
o
Rem.
J*S
x j
s^Ss^
and the
j//i/
O^-oj-o*.,
<^XJju,
viXJju, J-^-ctj*.
xx
acc.
Ofrxo^rw,
etc.
O^-o*-,
"
we may
say
xx
and
gen.
acc.
xx
w^ in
all
w^
w^^
Ox
(like
(like
is
ou^^w, ou^Lii,
(Fdik
i.
5),
Ox
w^
^ juu,
Ox
or
^jju
of men ending
OxxOxOxJ
aj^j-*, *iyl-
letter of the
names
OxxO
Oxx
Ox
O^-a*.,
or
O^o^*a.)
[The kunya
Ox
J J x
xOxxOx
JOxxOx
<
OxjOx
O^e^o*.)
^ J^w xJOJJxOj^o*.,
Ox
\^J*** admits of three
w^>
i^ ***-
Ox
x J
forms, for
xj
nom.
xJ03
jt
>*l
1.
Jj
Sur. cxi.,
^j^ft
w^
xxo/
ii.
421,
1.
y*
$j\ tju
jgjOJxxJ
and O^*** J^
and Baidawi
CjxJO
jls.
10.
C&
*sjU*.
D. G.]
Rem.
when they
[as is always
the dual or plural], are
are employed in
jJ
with tenwln
declined
naturally
f*
<CUaJ ^n^j-*^
/
J
Ox
u^S'^-i. o j$}
s~
x x
>oW
[|l^-j
10
as
its
Adam and
pecidiar
aj^a^wj
vetkSj
'
*
and
There
a^klij.
jU-jj
'
*
*
j-<rC-3
_*
Eve]
> any
an>
J s
J* and
each
a
x o
o i ,
so jlo^.1^
is,
*-*J
period has
245
Adj.Diptotes.
d.
the case
&
A. Nouns Subst
The Noun.
II.
309]
Vj
o!/*^
however, a doubt as
''i*
Rem.
is
The
e.
<o
6*
*>
<J>j-aJI
why
a noun
*6s
Si
name; ^Lio^l
its
being
viz.
>
an
d^Jbdl
Jx
>*M
rt
adjective;
its
being a proper
JOx
being a foreign
its
word ; w^^JJI to
to
o*
feeing
j
to
a compound of
the class
^-^i
or meaning
/te
w*Jl3t
x j 0x>
^^
(2
xx
O^b
^jUsjLa^Jt
x
x
l_5aJ'^)
x x
xx
*>
form
J*^
*-^H
^
ending in
**
j^U
/OxJOxjjOx^
/ x
dJ3\
C/->J
j-U
U*a
*i3
^ J 0-
ul
w*bj^Jt
dJ^
being a plural of a
its
form which
" "
J^cU-ft)
^t
j^>^t
is
**.o
^js-
x X x
xx
Ox
or^&Uai, which
which
^c,
is
ite
JjuOt
J#
is
^}s-\slc
or
xOx
Ox
Jxx
0/
ite
resembling
in
JWxxflx
(1) a^oJjJI
Hassan,
derive
if
it
+ the termination
we
from y~*,
J xx Ox
as siUbu.
derive this
J 5
meaning, as ili;
(/?)
(2) ^L^JbUi
JO//
UaAJ
*s)
but
if
we
+ w-^JBI,
* /
5 x
radical u**.
,jll..
M/
fxx
^jUJk.
it is triptote,
x xOx
(3) a*^JjOI
Jx
,jt_, as
inform and
^i^
tfi
Part Second.
246
Etymology
[310
as
* '0*
ivl
as
OJ>
*MJ^
>jJI, as
names
in
a.
c,
(7) <Ljloj)\
which
is
310.
Nouns ending
first
in
or t
for
o*
jXai.
or
j-
and those in
declension,
fern.
Jjtst.
^
,
Z+iuo^S +
(8)
//
&%s&,
(9) ILsuo^S
Jjjut* from
is
At* Xx)\
(6)
Petrus.
u*j^}
&U*"'j or r*t
(4) <u*Jjdt
-q.
J/
c,
213 and
and t
for
'
l^ which
,
309, a, y
b, f$
c, /?),
retain in the
E.g.
is
and l^-os
^j-uj
for
j^j^o and
311.
^^
Nouns ending
218),
in the ace.
D >!;
for
U^o j*3
ace.
1*^*3
for
^5*-j>
and L-j
in
for
^-
or
j_
^-
167, 6, ft
or
and the
(see the
same
(according to
^y*t;, ace.
acc.
^5^,
t^j-^J.
for
L^tj
for
166, a).
Jjuo for
^>*^,
^>*3 {\j&\
~w (verbal
adj.) for
ace.
^a-w,
ace.
1jJa>
acc.
L>JJt*
^J
Ww
^-
for
for
^^J
Cjte
^^^o,
(^^3),
(verbal adj.)
312.
to end in
^j
for
&
II.
314]
of the second,
and substitute
according to
311, the
They moreover
^-).
(for
same termination
retain,
in
a^U.,
E.g.
plur.
jt^., for
\S^y^
i&l^
*"
nom.
^y**o, plur.
^U*
and gen.
^U^o),
acc.
(instead of
L5
^ULo
j\*>~a, for
ace.
^U*),
(instead of
^jU^o.
II.
313.
f r
become defined
Undefined nouns
by prefixing the
1.
Ox
article
2.
I
;
(a)
a pronominal
by adding a noun
by adding
suffix.
[Rem.
in themselves definite
309,
b, v,
vol.
3
ii.
78)
if,
therefore, they
x 0+
noun
defined
is
c,
rem.
d),
Jy^t
means
w/
defining),
an
314.
If
article,
the following
cases arise.
If it belongs to the first declension, it loses the tenwin.
(a)
Nom.
3 J i s
3**0*
J^jJt
o-^M
i^j^l
El-Hasan,
the city,
o-^-N
alJ^i
'
tiLaJLj\
**
**
the
Gen.
man.
j4-j#
X
* 3
ACC.
& *
J-jJI
Rem.
The
* 0*
O-^
final
Jx
//
'0'
AijJ^t
3**030'
rt
;.
n^
the chaste
) t
{woman),
36*
iUxa^jJt
the men.
JWif
*
'
oi
JU-pt
yt
JW-jJ'
Part Second.
248
Etymology
Norn.
it
assumes the
ter-
j^^^t
i\>yJ\
y4*$\
[315
the nobles.
Gen.
*y<)\
gb^-Jt
jJ^>^t
Acc.
>y~>*$\
eb^-Jt
jJ^^)t
(c)
oUJiyjt
c%JLLoJt
oU^JI
the darknesses.
the creatures.
Norn.
oCubl
Gen. Acc.
Rem.
a.
when the
the
Nouns ending
^yt
as
^;
original
acc. ^j+jjJsAS,
315.
If a
noun
from
^L
^ eat">
0^4J^'
O^r^-^-
in
w^
\J^,f^\ ^l0se
article is prefixed; as
b.
oUo^jf
ol^JUUJf
Rem.
The
^& I;,
^yU^Jt from
,jU*o, l5-h>^I
from
in the genitive is
314).
Norn.
w>U>
vej^
Gen.
<ti)\
w>U>
Acc.
<8i\
w>Ub
the lowest
part of the
earth,
the
U^J^
J 6
--<<
OlS^Xa^oJ!
the
v*^^
->*.*!
.*
wonders of creation.
x
J G x 0>o
men of the
A-UjUoJt
cM-^t
x x
.>
J^>
everyday.
m< .
Gen.
Oll^U^Jt
w*5U~c-
^j J>
Acc.
Obyo^oJI
*
^U^
>3J
JUg
city.
&jjJ\ JU.j
u*>j^ JA-I
Norn.
3ujj^\
J-i-'t
J>
JU.j
II.
315]
5 P
Rem.
The words
a.
of Def. Nouns.
a father,
w>t
5
o x
~-t
a father-
brother, J9^.
249
and
in-law,
Gen.
^1,
^t,
^^o*-,
^yf,
bt,
U.I,
Ci.,
La;
Ace.
for
etc.
yl,
for
etc.*
S\,
in the ace.
^5,
used instead of
15
makes
or o^i,
either
J X
Nom.
Gen.
j^\
lit.
J>,
first
when
* The same
Gr. p. 142 seq.
is
is
XX
Ace.
^oi,
J,
b.
which
^3,
or:
Rem.
ft!)3),
Oxx
oy
^t
in a genealogical series
Comp. C
see
as
dialectically, as
xx
//
Jx
x x
x J
x xOA>
"
x x OiO
f.
wrong
where we
Some
obt.
Comp.
X
XX
vol.
ii.
rem.
a],
some lexicographers a
as in the verse
xxx
Ox
UJb
jJ>
xx
xx
j>,a>,
*
X
)l
.-i, veWfo/
*^x
w
jjl
whilst
a*jb and
xf
xOaO
UUjU
39, a,
aj\ for
'
of the
and
find <aub
J xg
>!,
Ubl
x
xxxx
UlZjU stands by
first
Ox
xxxx
Comp.
Part Second.
250
j^m
Etymology
jJU.
jAJto- ijj,
Muhammad,
Muhammad.
On
c.
the
we may
The form
except at the beginning of a sentence.
the Kor'an (Sur. lxvi. 12) and often in old Mss.]
The dual
Norn.
ljuft
j\kX~J\
?U.
jjUt^aJt aDI
Gen.
^>~$
to
tffo
in
when
use,
occurs in
C-.-J1
O-
^t
AaJJa
,jj1j
'Abu Bekr)
'ibn
^jj
315
(b)
b.
21,
Rem.
etc.)
from
the
/^ learned
'ibn
Kassum
Ace.
^>\
^^jU.
Rem.
If
an
lif
I saw
C-utj
the
jJujl^J / passed by
19 and
20, c)
the
as
Ojj*
(c)
Nom.
The
O-
j:>>a-
drawing
their swords.
Gen.
wjU^t
Acc.
^iJULoJI
^j
tit*
C^t;
St
I saw
to
c).
j
Co
^j$a U> we
were
II.
316]
<
Rem.
<ft x
<
acc
>
(^or
0>J
*
ft
<aM
final
^akAo
20,
c).
Regarding
the
aOt
otiosum which
as
j_ and
and the
O-srf)>
and
if
damma,
V n
is
often,
jl, see
7,
a.
316.
If a
suffix is
pronominal
Triptotes
(a)
and the
'
and
plur.
Ajusa
Ais book;
OUAI?
and
its
darkness, ly3UJJ
&yJ
sj
sons,
w>L& a
as
1st p.
book,
oW^
darkness;
(b)
ajuU
to its
^_
sing.
tow
(see
185, rem. a, and 317), the final vowels of the sing., plur. fractus,
*
and
^*$& m#
fract.
plur.
OU,
plur.
sanus of
If the
(c)
as icjU
my
^J^
of
^U^. my
from
book,
gardens, from
4-i..
noun ends
its original
If the
(<tf)
in
this letter is
3,
form
of)
noun ends
*-
changed into
(or rather,
when
as |LJ
a favour
or benefit,
^JH+su.
when
ft
as ioju
w#
L5*^>*
resumes
w>U^
it
it
has
damma
it
suffix
o^LJ,
his
remains unchanged,
<
as acc. d*LJ.
9 t
Rem.
9 t
-!
and
Part Second.
252
Etymology
o ,
^.,
"
"
"g
,-iA
but
XX
ace.
more
^JA makes
i
usually,
nom.
Jy, oy
gen. *U$,
x
t3
and
|x**x
j
.-JL
_:
is
j3
ace.
"
oli
,*)li,
X
X
ii
or ,Ua
but
ai, 4i;
X
<jui
[ 31.7
^-OA
->xx
^Ui;
X
^-oi;
X
.
si
js-
)y>\, $jt
'
,-jt, l*>\,
i)^Ii or >^JUa;
nom.
Jbt, dbt
APPENDIX.
The Pronominal
The pronominal
317.
Suffixes,
suffixes
1st p. sing.,
which
Rem.
is
The
a.
^-, and
not
,>.
the 1st
suffix of
p. sing. _,
when ^ attached
Word ending in
maksura
elif
or in the diphthongs
(^
),
Ox
to a
^_,
j_,
the
of
form
original
^;
and when
ends in
it
from
^>A; ^UUafcGZ
xxxxjray
aJaa.
fract. of
^U^
AXXX
JL*^
from
,>o*}L
x x
Zove,
^bUw*,, from
slaves, for
xxxj
^ U^,
JL
X
xOxxJ
^^c^
^jAisucuo ray
changed
XXX
for ^gt^A,
IjUa.,
plur.
xxj
<jU^,
my
^JUwo,
i'i
is
from
^^JLyO (^^q.L.c)
xJOjxOJ
*
sanus
*t
6xJ
^^^
^0
my
.l> . o
(t*^
or j_, the
E.g. j^t^A
for
sins,
ray
j_
XXX
WJ
into ^,
vi
XX
plur.
x x
of^L**;
X
xOxxJ
OxxJ
(^^w^), from &***$,
x
or ,-^L~o
xOxxOJ
x J
L-S-*^
"*
genit. dual of
xOxxOJ
The Noun.
II.
318]
From words
316, rem.
Rem.
into
^j
like
^>A,
^I^A, i^Ui.
[^> a
On
little
w>l,
b.
rem.
185,
c),
so
^Xj and
suffix
.J
the vocative
ii.
Rem.
the
as
38, rem.
^.]
l><5
sometimes shortened
is
c.
in
o,
jb^3
it is
my
attached
peojrte
l^A, ^Jb,
<t*Z>jl.
U^jU^, ^o^jU^
older form]
[Rem.
d.
ii
185, rem.
b,
^_, or
is
The
E.g. <u\Ss
^j\&,
[which
is
the
etc.
arise,
and'l^ylS
B.
1.
^_,
his murderers,
du)o\.9
318.
[Com p.
of the change of
or^^U^),
'
' S *
If
in
13
of his book,
is
b.]
What
damma
see
>*>
my Lord !
w>j
an ^
t>*> J<P>
f-\, j**-,
used dialectically
is
^>A, ^5,
vol.
253
Ly a ftJft.>A),
instead of
B.
the heart
of them
both.]
The Numerals.
254
Part Second.
Rem.
For
a.
Etymology
rem.
( 6,
of this
a).
view
and
is
Arab
14,
and that
c),
for
^juj.
9 J J
the fraction
&>, jw,
C*w
Oju> (compare
* J
tive
319
lexicographers, for
The correctness
we may
>L?$3, aj*}U,
o*
ft %f i <
for dJloJ, S-mLoj
^ju,
sixth,
^jl*,
adj.
sixth.
Rem.
we compare
If
b.
cognate languages,
it is
Qft^W,
the Heb.
(for
Wy
in -|fety
>fijjpi
rnnN)- The
Aram.
may
becoming
as in tfiPft, snow,
-
as in
n^l)
_
rwe,
as
Heb.
it
in
v v
a contraction for
is
=pnt)j
T
Heb.
(H
exchanging with ^,
single, sole.
##, HB^.
T
The daghesh
indicates
CH^K)
-
'
&}$
o^- The
'
J?^, and
a l so pronounced
D^Hfe^
(
_
fern.
= ITIIK
(HPIK)
fern, is ihit
tWl^l
}Hfi,
Tift? which
gjf,
but the
in the
and compare the ^th. sedestu and sessw, for sedsu). The
Jewish Aram, form ft$ (D^)j Uttfe?) is identical with the Arabic;
rem.
a,
whilst in the Syriac ]A- or "|A^1 the original doubling has left its
trace in the hard sound of the
319.
when the
The
(compare D*fi$).
cardinal
objects
JU-j
J^p
Zj***, ten
men
(lit.,
E.g. c>j*
JU->,
Rem.
a.
The cause
of this
phenomenon, which
also occurs in
The Noun.
II.
321]
B.
255
wJLj,
xftc
etc., fern.,
etc.,
*.jj\,
and
5/1^
9++t&
is
We may
implied j>\A).
literally,
a part or
320.
[Comp.
The
vol.
They
The
ii.
is
expressed by
few
J
years.
as j^wl
The
J s
<buu some
99, rem.]
s*0
in the genit.
oU^>
ace.
''
,0
or
LjUj
0^*3
O^
stands for
(according to 311).
with them, as
See
ft
,0
etc.
321.
jx)\
portion)',
<-
ft
'o.'ft
use of JJLAj belongs to post-classical times
months.
j-+-*$\
jj
S^J
men,
*t>*
JLs&\
o.
An
6.
oioto j o
h^t^\
Rem.
^o
the
^jLaaj
ft
d.5*$3
JU^, of
three
men
(lit.,
of men, a triad)
or they
precede them, in which case the numeral governs the other substantive
in the genitive of the plural, as
JU-j aj^U,
Rem.
ace.
a.
three
men
4jU a hundred
(lit.,
a triad of
(see 325).
.yOj
b.
If the numerals
Rem.
c.
article,
they of
314, a).
j)
256
Part Second.
Etymology
j^j
315, b)
^JJa-o^JI ^^-o, or
322
simply ^jUUsO^..
0^0
Rem.
d.
b).
20.
Part Second.
258
Etymology
Rem.
in
is
uuj
case
this
325
excess,
(lit.,
0x6
surplus), as )3J-**3
**-*jH
are
also used.
325.
&U
600.
a5U
200.
oU5U
700.
a5U
800. J*
400.
#U 1HS
#U ajjt
500.
asu ,1U.
900.
300.
Rem.
a.
*
PlX/!!D>
,0't.
9>*
'
'
,?
t":
me'e*,
^O
a5U
..."
6/
IhA
we
Assyr. mS)
OP
For
Ox
we
ill>
a5U
Ox
aLc
900 are :
to
2u*.
xx
is
.0
The
xJOx
plur. is
O^**6
^U;
Olio, or
Ox x
| J
year),
D. G.]
article, .JU-M)
are rare.
Ox
The strange
spelling of
a5U seems
to be
of
bungling on the part of the oldest writers of the Kor'an. The was
probably meant to indicate the vowel of the second syllable, but
I
(5).
Ox
J)
Rem.
b.
4jIoJUj
i.e.
a5Lo.3UJ,
we
find often in
is
a5U
manu-
a5U ^U-3.]
is
very rarely
[in poetry].
Ox
Rem.
c.
a5U
genit. sing.; as
4w
jU,
&w
"
U5U, i^w
ijl^JLj.
it
in the
II.
327]
326.
1000.
are
259
260
2.
328.
Masc.
The
:-
328
The Noun.
II.
330]
Rem.
the art.
b.
<jtf
Rem.
Jtf,
x
*U~/)
Ox
OL
loU>) and
(ace.
Qui
etc.
ijl5,
ijlif,
X
X
And
iJ&\.
^^X
c.
261
jJIj, ,yU)t
art. /jl5,
^^
B.
ace.
329.
The
Masc.
j-uft
ajlj
S^ft
axjIj fourteenth.
etc.
These numerals are not declined, when they are unif defined by the article, they remain unchanged,
Rem.
and even
x x x
x Ox
say j-&
^>la*Jt
when
XXX
^$t-
andj-c
^yuH we may
defined, as %LsX
Ml
^U*ji
Bx
and jJLs
case
For j^ft
S^c- 33UM.
asJJLft *JUM,
which
aj^I- eleventh.
ZjJLs.
etc.
defined
Fern.
^2\*'
j-&t
wJUM, S*c
ii)U)l
in
OX
is
nom. and
the
genit.,
The
as
Ojj*^
twentieth,
Ox
^jJju\
the twentieth.
are united by
xOx
(gen.
x
;
as
>^
03J**3
compound
xJOx
O^J-^J ^3^*),
fern.
9x
03j**c,3 *^**-
If a
;
as
Part Second.
262
JO
Etymology
331
b>o.
^jUJt
ijjj-l*)lj
CrtJ****h
(ace.
the
ijptiiJf)
twenty-first,
f-JJpt
jj^j-tAJtj a twenty-fourth.
[Rem.
\Jj,jJS*&
2/*e ,/rs
o/* /ie
article,
twenties, the
B
331.
The numeral
vol.
ii.
rose
C O***^ U^^Ij,
life twice, i.e.
nomen
is
also
as 5^o once,
S^d
^t
(&)
0*h*
nomen
verbi
j^l^ ^U5
as
JJlS,
an(i O-a-^W*-'-
thrice;
nomen
By
0++&\ twot
as
and thou
hast given us
twice,
Ot^o wJJ,
or j\j*o stJJ,
etc.
again ;
332.
It
O-s^^
OU3.S wJJ,
By
(a)
Com p.
3.
<m<#
D. G.]
108.
or
^3^,
j^stf, second,
third time,
etc.,
are
form of a verb
(in
U)U eU.
i*0
is
J/
understood)
accus.,
(i.e.
*U.
or
liltf
(i.e.
IW*
i*0
jj-^iJf *U.), or
aio
tfe
third time.
333.
The
by repeating the
J ' J
or
J S
fji^y
c&wtf
^r^
6?/
three
//
Jx
J//
Jx
xJ x
//
'i'
three
and four
^0 x
AJUU
to 10
J x
x J
and cbj,
[;
S^SjM
x J
J x
J l*j
J
marry what
at a time.
Jx x
3 x J
j^yo
xO x
0-*J
^Lo
2Uj,
of the forms
J x
(for
is
The
adjectives
multiplicative
fix
335.
^^a^
Numeral
fivefold,
e.g.
triangular;
triple,
etc.
pentagonal ;
adjectives,
made
is
number
expressing the
^1*$
The
as
Single or
of
parts of
^Uj
biliteral ;
336.
which a whole
^^Vj
^-^ij quadriliteral,
' >
^wUfc
quinqueliteral,
etc.
fractions, from
tfttrtti
9 3J
up to a
Ox
foftf,
i /t(
are expressed by
OJ
JJ
as w-Jj, *Jb,
words of the forms Jj*3, J*s, and J**$, pi. J Us
x
0,
J
J J
X
X 0*
|A
Ia
7
7
or w^Jj, pi. C/^Lm, a third; ^ju, ^ju*, or er*>ju, pi. ^tjwl,
x
Ox*
0.}
a mom; 0+3> t>^ or O*-*^ pi- O^j', #w eighth. [The form JUiU
I
Ox
jf
0x6
is
with
<5
}J
Jj, jj;
and
^, js.
Ox0
tenth. jILjlc, together
or j~*x.
x
ii.
5 *
*t>^,
simple
x J
u***)
334.
uix
6#s
/iii/0
|V-UM ^ra
and
wJJl* tjlU.
lj*U., or
263
etc.
the 'people
wJjlo,
0**^
E.g. \J~\
, 6
Numerals. Distributive,
B. The
The Noun.
II.
336]
%^j
Part Second.
264
to
The
less frequently
fractions above
ouaj,
uLo
CHJ**
li^
OJjOj
-*- fl
337
^
f
(vulg. uou), or
<
'
-S
^4
&*(/* is
fi " **
pi-
^itoil.
by a circumlocution
e.g.
J
Mr^
porfc ow
00
9IJ/
o/*
twenty, $
oLaJ
00
00
OOJ
jf* Tstj**
D. G.]
i .
6,
OjxOOi-xOfjxIx
'
Abu
00
uLaJ,
Etymology
etc.*]
00 J
Rem.
<*
in the
]A^oZ a
e.g.
third,
Mh>
a fourth,
fifth.
337.
The
period, at the
recurs, is
<
0x0*
etc.)
as
UU,
Oirf
338.
w-%tf is
w*,
fortw
C.
article),
Synonymous with
We
treat
of the
inter-
1.
339.
0<<
the Article.
-
simple
or compound.
*
The Noun.
II.
340]
340.
C.
1.
Fern.
li
Sing,
^(k'**'L5^);
Dual. Norn.
Gen. Ace.
(oti)
o-*S (v>)
.1
Plur.
comm.
gen.
^t,
O^
(0).
o*3
(o*3).
~A
x l
^t, or ^J$\
6 *^l
~,
or
Rem.
a.
The w
In
scriptio plena.
jjjt,
the
in
this
^Jjt
and
^l
is
always
of Jj$1, first, in
fern,
^t.
is
used to indicate
short,
3 being merely
which the w
is
The 3 may
long.
and
P i.
The diminutive
Rem.
b.
u3
,yy.
t,
Rem.
c.
monosyllable,
q
of
1$
Closely connected in
viz.
commonly used
^$ (= Heb.
fXtt
is L>3,
its
f.
tJ
origin
Phoen.
du. ^Ij3,
with
and JX>
It
is
1^
is
this)
f.
^U3
another
which
is
thus declined.
Part Second.
266
The u
Etymology
and O^Jjl
in jJ$t
OM
\j*W
2
3>>
formed as
t>*Jt,
much
so
O^J
if
pounds
&*$&!
>>
\mr
etc
_,
or many,
is
^js)
compounded
Comp. Vol.
tj.
By adding
S
of
ii.
i)
44,
and
thus, so
e,
rem.
d.]
By
(b)
342.
(/?)
to several
is
usually
*i)
to a single
(i),
appended
number
woman,
ni)\h;
women, ^>ly
^)\$
to several
may
sex and
also be
is
used
mm,j&\$
and
in fact
and
spoken to
these
so
and the
like
as,
so,
U^
6 *^l.
(a)
y
this
341
demonstrative pronoun
341.
when
^jt and
as in
sAortf,
plural of j3,
3$)
always
d.
[Rem.
and
3*>
is
distant object.
Masc.
Sing.
Du. Norn.
Gen. Ace.
I)t3
Fern.
(MS*)
iUli
iJUU.
*U>5
UJ.
that.
iX5t$
i)^,
is
k&).
itf^f or iXS^I.
a mispronunciation for
*)Uy]
The Noun,
II.
343]
Rem.
~J
Rem.
343.
nominal
sAor^ in
jfyy and
340, rem. a,
of
Jt*
JCy
is
Sing.
Du. Norn.
^Uo.
a.
comm.
iUj
is
Some
Rem.
iLU (iUU).
that
itfll
second n
Fern.
ItflS
Plur.
stead.
Masc.
The
i)C5, etc.
f.
a).
Rem.
lAS^l
In the dual,
*iUt3,
the
Some grammarians
and
>iX)$,
two distant
,*)!$
more remote.
c.
The
sition yj (which,
suffixes of the
syllable
Jx
Rem.
Rem.
c).
suffix,
rem.
-.
is
The diminutive
b.
By
1.
and ^jt
rtjl,
6,
The u
a.
C.
d.
See
The diminutive
of
is
iUUS,
f.
iUlJj.
[A com-
268
pound
of j)
and
344
manner*.']
344.
The
particle
and
to the
is
called
It is prefixed
*y
jo
by the Arabs
to *iU>).
before Jli in
Before
t it is
full, i)!3li.
usually
The Noun.
II.
345]
C.
1.
269
has been said, the latter to what has been done, as IjJd refers to
quantity (comp. Hariri, Durrat, ed. Thorb. p. 99). D. G.]
ox
345.
The
instrument of definition,
j^\^
and lam,
the elif
t*JJ^)t
prosthetic
(J^yt
which
I,
x0/ jx
is
and
c,
i&
oLj^jCM
by the Arabs
Jl called
article
'i
the
i\*\
composed of
is
prefixed
3>*A,
19 a, and rem./).
[It is
Though
it
still
it
x ,xOx
o^t now,
to-day,
etc.
O/tf
U m
J *
X>/
<M
d x
man m
a.
than
better
0/
6.
woman ;
Ox
Rem.
//OP
<
^LJt
as
j*$,
iUAl
J J &
perdition, Ja-jJI
to
fi
if
indicating a particu-
Ox
UujjO >o^Ut,
or simply
elif as
of the article,
was
it
an integral part
o x eo
Ox
Rem.
Ox
x x
ii.
But some-
(comp. Vol.
J /
jl^jJI vo*j).J
oZ
I,
x
)
j-qj*.
J x
f Ox
for j+***)\
242, footnote).
It
is
xOx
fix
where
has),
OxxOx
4**JI =
grateful for
what
J x x
6J0
fix
<uu ^JJt
X
is
\
tO
^or^xx*&1
people of
a?
J /
401 J^-^
whom is
xjxjj
;
^.
<U<3
the Apostle
/
xj
of God, where
xx 0/0
(^5-^/21 ^o^afcJb
x o
wJl
x0/
/O
J>^
i
(j
^o
Slj^t
u,.j;aJt
rO
*t
J x
0/
Tii
aM
X
t>*
x
>>*)'
x
fi
<>/*
^
fix
J^jJt = O-i^'
X
tfAow art
270
whose sentence
is
^>y
for example, in
346
Compare,
^JJI.
that for
who and
which.
Rem.
d.
is
Jt
art.
for
.J-|,
Comp. Gr.
p.
114)] identical
7H-
ex>
still is)
jr*~~*\
lm.tj ^^^wcb
^tjj ^6
and
stone
2.
77><?
a*
^^J
and
Conjunctive (Relative)
Interrogative Pronouns.
(a)
346.
wi
is
casts (standing)
<* .
are
O-*
(2)
U that which,
^t
(3)
o
whatever.
tit
(4) tj-^M
whoever ;
<w
^r#
w&>, whosoever ;
'**
Rem.
Si
Oii
Lo,
^j}\,
<ul,
^a,
also interrogatives,
351 and
which
and
,2ti
*&
foil.).
stratives.
347.
demonstrative letter
pronoun
15,
or ^3
(see
340, rem.
is
compounded of the
When
used substantively,
it
has
347]
II.
The Noun. C.
U,
v>,
and
he who,
viz.
it
adjectively,
that
It is declined as follows
case.
Masc.
wlx
Sing.
Gen. Ace.
Plur.
(J}\
J*\ (cJI
^JJt,
cJt
(O^
^&S
o-}JJUl (ChjJJJt).
o*UUt (o*0l).
$*
[^M]
JF&
[Cu$$f Nom.,
^tj&f
^^Jl
^t
,<fW or Jjj0l+.
.
crfjfii
0j&)
or
all
J^^l.
and
^jjjli\.
of the article
^)-
";
(otflfol)
f$S\
)!
agrees in
Fern.
JJI
chJJI (^Jjf
Rem.
it
and
ut*
j^JJt
Du. Norn.
which, whoever,
gender, number,
Relative
2.
is
The
,JI or jJUt.
*J
Rem.
6.
The
grammarians, used
and
ace.
This
tribe of
\jjj>)\ in
)3^
a*
D.G.]
Comp.
340,
rem.
a.
Part Second.-Etymology
272
347
fix
Even the
^j
^JJI
sing.
Jul-'
ought properly to be
ic2
Si x
3JJI.
is
The
of
which
i.i*a
ace.
fix
Rem.
^JJt was
c.
strative pron.,
and has
coram.
fern. !)J*?>n,
..
_
f^H
T _
its
(=
Hebrew
precise
equivalent in n?7Pl>
J3t).
p. 117.
ds
Rem.
Si
St
du. <j\iMS,
fi
From ^JJt
d.
SisSt
w/2
^
J
i/i
Oj*W
pi.
fi
St
"St *
J^&\
demon-
',
/u/ fixuj *
forms bJJUt, UJJt,
5
The
OUJUt.
Rem.
e.
of Tayyi'
(?J),
It
employ
(Heb.
^oAjuc 3$ O-* ^5 w a *^
*
x x
(LiU^
se 0
wor&
^-3U&); di;U Ut
earnest on the bone which I
rhyme
tf
what
is
OJ
x x
in
which I
am
for
meditating),
for
x
J Ox x
J
Oxx
J x
C-j^l? j$j C^a. y$ lj+43
Him
whose residence
and
more usual
mV
^i^
me, for
am gnawing
za).
as
that which
jSi-o
^c
wi
'
we H
'which
[sU~M
in lieaven, 'Aganl
is
an d
H=
^JJt
J
6x0
OxxOCx
33 ^=uJJ ^a*.*.'^ /
suffices
ej
^jJt
is
-ffith.
^ w enough for me of
fix
I)
Aram. H, ^,
is
LjU^ U
is
JR,
xi.
^
25,
18.
^ wo/
by
D. G.] or
349]
II.
The Noun.
C. 2. Relative
Part Second.
274
350.
Etymology
x
to
whosoever, U->t
compound admits
which, whatsoever.
of being declined
^ wfo, s^ who,
part of the
first
It
Only the
ace.
350
0^> U^'.
(b)
351.
O-*!'
vii
how much
\^\s or C>A>],
(b)
is
many\ which
[or
Rem.
The interrogative
may be*
tions into j*, and is then united in writing both with those
prepositions with which such a union is usual, and with those with
which it is not, (though, in the latter case, it is better to keep them
apart)
*
^,
e.g.
48 <*
Jj,
^5,
JJ*,
xx
J^
(for
8
^ ^*-)-
j-U,
J ^,
^),
Ji
Ji^t,
^U,
is
transferred from^e to the preceding syllable (as bima, Hid ma, etc.);
whence
it
happens that
j^ and j
are
sometimes shortened in
x
lo^
(lit.,
Aram.
tJie
like
of what
^D3 2
(/
This
[see
( fi/
is
the
worth of what
Comp. Gr.
/
and
Heb. HJIS^
In
HIED
wAai 2Am
p. 125].
?),
x x
of^^a, for^o^ or
Similarly
we
*-x
l*i
what
<taif> Aa2
Zamahsari, Faik,
as
ii.
when one
159
calls it
J x 6 t *x
may
be retained.
Comp.
i.
364.
D. G.]
353]
II.
fi
The Noun. C.
x J
says U*^i
x
2.
Relative
JO
Ojboi I went
Ox
,
a kindness.
is
*Jt
x~
v>-.l
x
so,
to which
you
mig^tf do
Aim
,
w>
tfAatf
wJI
and
house of) so
to (the
rejoin
J^
The
arrive
and
like ?]
x
352.
of gender, number,
and
case,
only when
stands alone
distinctions
;
as
if
one
should say Some one is come, or 7" have seen some one, and another
should ask Who 1 Whom 1 In this case its declension is as follows
:
Masc.
Sing.
Nom.
Fern.
276
it
w>li^
^
to&tcA
lO
or fountain
occurrence, as aJibt
ivii-
In the
be masc. or
may
it
and
17)
1.
D. G.]
vs. 2).
fern.
Oiri^ or
m
Sing, masc, nom. ^$\ or ^t, gen.
i
Ji
or ^j\, ace.
^t
g en
acc
^t and
OiJc
g en acc
-
acc
if
v>rf'
s&e.
nom. 0^'> S en
fern.,
in 352, it
fern. xjt.
0*iS
wf
0^>
L1
Oi
oW>
it
masc, nom.
it
wi
vt
St
In
of rare
is
86,
U
&A whatever morsel (el-Mubarrad
, a I
Plur.
Ml
^j\
fi
w>U^ ^t
ace.
^cf,
o^o /D<3 i J
^t
w>U^
ft&rt) ? gen.
gmV?
(lit.
Hi
353
it
fem
>V
is
slurred (v&jjJt).
Rem.
With
a.
/jf
ll*
Lo^-jt,
'J
j^A what
for
is
^1
Se-
for U^->l,
*o
the suffixes
&
J^u ^t
^t, as
and
so in [the interrogative
- ot
wAa
2Aow say
efostf
for .*
and] the
^1.
5 *
Rem.
Instead of
b.
^1
with
noun
[a following
in the genitive
,i
as
\j\
yb
js\
*iLJt
^^t
and
Lo-*1,
,it
which example
Lo-jt
c.
which
is
dearer
to
sometimes used
you, he or I? in
From ^t
yt
what
or
O-i^
and
\=> (
Rem.
art.
^1,
d.
Rem.
indefinite i+j\ is
ii.
34,
from
Ml
p.
^\^>,
e,
t^j2>, {j*>
rem.
d).
or
^l^
&>, \J\>
The Noun.
II.
353*]
C.
[3.
Ox
353*.
The
277
3.
and
have passed
of
with
the
sense
somebody,
p. 125)*,
something, but are never thus employed unless with a qualificative
into
1.
Gr.
indefinites (Comp.
9x
complement
(aa-o),
complement
is
13
This
348).
Bj^y*
something which
have,
a qualificative clause, as
here, or
The
2.
indefinite
88,
ii.
(Vol.
conditional clauses as
x
jo 5
>o
as &**-> jJt
nouns,
it
pronoun
masdar or
equivalent to the
4jjJua^JI
Comp. Vol.
or ^LJUpt
gives
whatever ;
and
noun,
(Vol.
it
ii.
ii.
reference to time
6), or in
ii.
(Vol.
ii.
7)
84,
rem. a and b)
s a
it
J*
136
a,
rem.
e)
and JjU
is
36, rem. e)
36,
(ibid,
it
(see
is
hinders
rem. d)
rem./) and
an indefinite
called
xx
ju&uAJ 3ju>&
ii.
in apposition to
(Vol.
<L*ly^t
serves to
it
an example
U D
361 near
Ox
r\
signification, as the
a t x
added to C*J;
use in
tt
^>l,
its
if
l*^! wherever,
e.g.
appended to
it is
a clause
introduce
ti
is
hence
if
is
and
their regimen
used to
is
, o *
Uy*
172, rem. a.
infinitive,
U (Vol.
"...
aJ^JI
x.2 >o
Ct
ii.
as the original,
whence the
Part Second.
278
x<
then called
5jl>oJI
manner
also
it is
ii.
(Vol.
c/M
xPO
*>
or Sj^lpt
(Vol.
ii.
xJ
"
O*^
a5^i
fern.
0*>
309,
b,
8,
is
In like
rem. /).
70,
and
84, rem. a)
in other cases
^ oUU>
as LS^C]
^^ x
b),
o,
may 6W
C*al,
rj
and
Sctta, so
JxxJdJxOxxx
&^U ^{ji}
and
or
xx
JI/0
N.;
^
xC
*n)I
and
so."
J
./
M.
so,
x JJ
fib
ii.
rem.
'J
L>^
iU.
iJ^Jd
and
*>
^^
as
354
90, rem.).]
3.
*
Etymology
their saying
^^,
Syr.
fem.
J/ /J/
JOx
Heb. 0/3.
A-i_L\3,
i
XX J
employed, as ^/^ii\
thing,
and
*x
jj-iaJI
XX
fem.
its
tf
CsA;
rod!?
one.
3ujb,
Oi
lU^t
qa
On
THE PARTICLES.
III.
0x
354.
ff
pi.
'
tJjLH*, [or
xg
Sl^t,
xxg
pi.
Otj.it])
Prepositions,
viz.,
jections.
The
A.
Prepositions.
W X
355.
M0
prepositions are
called
by the Arabs
rtxxOx
attractives,
the
are also
X
The
<
SiLi^l
i.e.
named
J
J J
*ijj,
^Jt/*-,
tf* particles
J J
JjJ^-,
jfi
x Ox
or SjUJI),
/iK
5xx
jUJt
O0
j*Jt
They
of depression, and
The Particles.
III.
356]
itself, is
^^AaUt
The Prepositions.
A.
(i),
and because
separable prepositions,
and inseparable,
279
many
prepositions with
They
i.e.
i.e.
following noun.
356.
its
The
vowel.
^*
(a)
They
are
[^b, without, is a
ba).
Vol.
ii.
56,
rem.
compound
O by, in swearing, as
(c)
J
A:
loJb,
<uitf
God !*
by
**"
The damma
a.
^b,
tjJb,
rem.
185,
b,
is
and
God !
Rem.
after
317, rem.
The kesra
b.
Q
3d
pers.
See
changed
by
c.
^oJb
of the prep.
first
*
of
rem.
(=
b.
or^.
^)
especially in use at
some word, as
O*^
onlyj^yj
to us.
him,^S3 to you,
Except the
the 1st pers. sing., which absorbs the vowel of the prepoto me.
was
[O
poetic form
sition
Comp.
^).
Ice).
Rem.
d,
to (sign of
(d)
c.]
(b)
-33th.
OW-
it is
Mekka.
remnants of words.
It seems to be the
D. G.]
of
aDI ^>-jt,
(Vol.
ii.
remnant
0^5 ?) and
Vol.
ii.
62,
235) to be also
280
"
Rem.
c.
as,
i),
like
(Heb.
Aram.
357
which js commonly
3),
reckoned a preposition, is really not so. It is a formally undeveloped noun, which occurs only as the governing word in the
genitive connection, but runs in this position through all the
relations of case (similitudo, instar).
357.
The separable
first class,
all biliteral
which are
Those of the
358.
The
(a)
JUo (Heb.
(b)
^^al
up
till,
dialectic variety is
^*
(c)
*>,
to,
first class
are
-*?).
^^.
over, above,
upon, against,
to,
on account
of,
notwith-
(e)
0^>
(/)
0*> (W,
(9)
or
CM-*.
-*
among, about.
lS^ (W),
O^X
w 'ith
after, for,
0*>
(Heb.
(lM*)>
D#,
Syr.
O** (&*),
^Ol)
*>>
^,
*>,
dialectically
<*>
*-,
which
v>*
(ft
*X9m
'(9?M,
j
(i)
and
Q/
^W>
iEth.
>
Ju*, or Jco,
ji, as
^-So,
g^o; see
/row a
347, rem. e
(compounded of i>*
Ezra
and comp.
T'jD,
v. 12).
Karer
J^
a.
The Prepositions.
A.
^y
^)
and
3d
317, rem.
combines with
into
See
^y.
Rem.
The
o.
The
c.
into
^c, and
Rem.
^JU
, ,
6>o
assimilated to the
etc.
359.
UJt L5^.
*b
c\+Xz for
[Comp.
as
Caj
*!**.,
behind, after
^a
and C
orw
;
against,
^> below,
is
among
(J*3)
dimin.
(fiTTl
!),
opposite
class
are
^UI
jju q/fcr
C^ J
>
(*7SJ2l),
dimin.
*UJ> or dUJ,
to;
for ;
JUJt y>
,o,
,j-o between,
which
sbiO
J-, for
p. 24, note.]
b*
under, beneath
(also jUft,
of,
JU
or
JUX*,
w.
is
and Jl
^s. into Jft
instead
the ^j
If
etc.].
jUc
^ ^,
or
,>o^
into J^*,
*UJJ,
L,
doubled in connection
U-, for
When
c.
^jjJ, is
^^,
0+*> U* v>**,
^5 B
with
),
a.
^) of ^fc,
j* in pronunciation,
b,
^_ (orig. ^
^Js., ^jjj
J^JJ,
pers.
and
suffixes their
^ jj (compare ^tf
The damma
tj-j jJ.
J,
usually becomes
or a^.
^Jt, ^jic,
aJJ, <uXft,
S*
In the wasl
*x*.
original
281
OJ
J J
Rem.
as
forms are
J*
The Particles.
III.
359]
[*]*?)$?)
*
J~3
[J**'
63/07*0 (of
^]> u*^
time,
7M),
"It;
36
Part Second.
282
Etymology
These are
dj3 behind,
06
etc.
The Adverbs.
B.
360.
beyond;
360
all,
0*
accusatives of nouns
after,
The
of
the
in the accusative.
361.
The
t,
^lyAlw^t
interrogative,
dialectically, for
for
^JJt
6tO >o
(a)
tjt,
example
is this
|"l)
in
who
he
U*
JO -
the particle
^J/*-,
[comp.
21, d].
nonne
for
Ul
of questioning
The form
occurs
^JJI
it is
IJJb,
followed
byj*\ or^t.]
[Rem.
is
followed by another
elif
two hemzas, as
some do not do
it is
When
this.
with hemza, an
is
C-Jttt, also
tj^t, *ii5t.]
cr>
an abbreviation of
sJ$*, in the
Out >o
[and
is
(c)
^-JUt,
#0
la that corresponds
GW, /
&*|D,
to,
\2*Q&, end),
of amplification].
>U*'n) A&tj 6y
JO *
This
may
be
or is the complement
wi7 certainly do
(it)
(a)
of,
w>t^^O)
an
oath, as
The
III.
362]
The Adverbs.
B.
Particles.
xW x J
way for
(y)
'/'
me
^JjJj
<
X X
(if)
ij/ *xx
jjO/.'vO/
tO
p
ijlla^-tJI ^Is^J'n)
honour,
aOU
Jj3
x
x
J X
vl*^
complement of lau
x
jt>*^)\
honour ;
283
**$ the
and
lau-la
^/
not), as
^y^
J^
<#'
the
2*s
ty
J*) the
[(ju>Qf)
J~>j2\
x
X
x
X
(8)
inchoative or inceptive
as <uM
0-^^*;j^-^
Lord
Jx
la,
affirmative
prefixed to a
***j jwl
God;
^J*$
Uftll v>J
jx
xO-o
distinguishing
i3
which
la,
jxAx
we were
but verily
(c) js?A\
careless
prefixed to the
is
,jt), [in
xx
iail. lyJx. 1J
^^Aj
order to
J
J^
of their
^j\
Xxx6xx0xj0x
U^
studies.
362.
verily thy
jo^tf
xxOxx
it
distinguish
0\
the resurrection
more feared in
^j
the
verily ye are
day of
J<)
5 x
aSjUJI [or
Jju$f
XX
or]
^*v^ j^**^
<
xD9
noun
la,
ii.
<jlj
36.]
following.
o
Ot/
JDt
jjj
i.
yes,
ft
to
thee,
J^i
yes,
o x
^s, (/ will).
J**.t
xx
xx
90x
Joj jA3
has come
jc5 2/^'<i
certainly;
xp
J-^-t
(a)
But
(he has)
X X
ft
Ao?4 wi'ft
...
in reply to
w-Jbju <*i>w
U D
an interrogation,
it is
go
better
ft
to use
(b)
xx
jl
ft
and
W~j
Cx
1h*
L$Lj
ft
and
in the sense of lo
lit
see
behold
3J
is
used after
Uu
OOxxOx
x
,
while,
ft
and
is
x/
while
Zeid was
standing, behold, he
saw 'Amr;
Part Second.
284
Ojb
U-W
3 I j~~*Jt
i x
t3t,
that
13],
lo,
jo*
called
to say 'ida
is
13 1,
or 4*5U*a)I
is
362
j2 ^
//J//
J te
^iU
Etymology
Zeid was at
B wM#
the door
as
U*U
3x
oUb
juj
[(c)
JI3
(<#)
oM>
or i)t3]
It
is
out,
and
us.
See
367,
b.
&$.
nonne?
*^l
Compounded
of
[It is
N/H)-
went
t3j
(e)
lo,
x x
tfcft.]
W> wg ^
or
x x
w<?
W ^^^ I
361, a) and
oi
or
ojj
*9
w<?
wow
....
H),
(ol$) Oi
(Heb.
surely.]
[(/)
aofM
S)f
syn. of
&.]
^
interrogative,
j*\,
(#/)
an?
....
j>\
Dtf
(Heb.
Compounded
XX
XX
(h)
x
U^,^,
U*,^a,
are^et,
^Ut
[(i)
[(k)
XX
XX
or
^tftt
oi nt> svn
In later times
it is
corroborative,
oi
Kl. Schr.
i.
of
and
XX
and l^- or ^**~.
361,
(w)
JH
Hiin
[oi
^ &*%, wow
surely.]
f ^i frequent in the
Koran and
in old poems.
ii.
U as
448)/]
x
writy, called
Oi
c, ),
Dialectic varieties
not.
5
[(f)
XX
#&
3t
j x
5 x
jo*>
o>
oj
Syr.
_.-]).
noun
or
The
III.
362]
pronominal
suffix,
j~i
dttl
God
is
inceptive or inchoative la
jm a&I f} } whence
18
in the
compound
(n)
\j\
^>\
sing.
flfo
pronoun of
its
used as well as
The
^j\
suffix a
36#,
the fact).
,jl
introduces
great.
it is
is
285
Ul as well as U>l].
frequently followed by
is
verily
^jt,
pi.
The Adverbs.
B.
Particles.
c, 8),
proper place).
la that
said to occur
is
for <J^-
<j>yJ
Compounded
of
and U.
it
^y\ whence
(o)
[where
?]
With the
how ? [when ?
it
is
signification of
a conjunction.]
(p)
(q)
^t
This formula
aDI
The
when
if)
J^>
72, 7ltf
to occur.
said
is
aOt
^1,
^t
<M
From
yes,
by
^1, and
<OtM^
^1
Dialectically also
^bl.
It
is
a conjunction
whenever.]
Ch' where?
(Heb. |$t in
variety ^yb
O^' when?
it signifies
(s)
is
dialectic
yes,
God !
I.
is,
{$&,
^<^y>
^\
o-* whence?
o-l
^31 whither?
1*jj\
wherever
JX, it**).
way
Phcen. 73).
rather,
[When
not
it is
so,
on
the
contrary,
but (Heb.
it is
conjunction.]
(u)
j^jXj yes,
A.
Part Second.Etymology
286
J '
J**
362
^k
am I
Zeid did
not your
^Aj
They
said,
Joj
^sb^i
U~^]
Ljo [and
(v)
Lord?
o**
between, among).
(w)
(x)
sometimes j-j.,
j-j*.,
D>
T
'
y^s.
(y)
there (Heb.
$,
(lit.
awe? enough).
da. jJ&
really
now
t%
OU
come;
lie
5**^ c*u,
o^>
he
mark the
It also serves to
dead.
is
/ was
was
and
hale
and
he is
well,
and
o *
j>i
it
Imperfect
j *a*
^>^M\
used J-jiSXU
to
(aa)
two acceptations*].
its
jsi
djt
j^,
jot*
&
j ,oi,
o x
Ja
te
and a negative,
&
the
said to be
is
<j!
and
1.
I have
see
[or in
him?]f.
an interroga-
in pause iai.
may be used
2
98,
1.
4.
for
R.
jj^l
S.l
its
vulgar use
The Particles.
III.
362]
\S> thus
[(bb)
iuj^>
likewise
not at
repelling or averting
despised
as
pjpt
*^ t^^' ^ij
mV
used
*$,
(a) as
*Jj*~
the particle
of
or
a prohibitive particle
(like
me ; by no means.
(dd)
and
by no means,
all,
JO
OlJ *>
*$&
(cc)
287
The Adverbs.
B.
X7T
the Aram.
(ne),
]])
'
(and), not
It thus
(if)
X7
o^
yet.
(/?)
as
combines
and ^X.
~
is
placed only
jS
io
^yA U#
1st pers.
<^uf
it is
[When
,>) is
a conjunction.]
O not
(gg)
that
a contraction for
J>J,
),
yet,
<jt
*^
(i.e.
o'
0&
it
w^ mi
be
[(H)
*$ and
(kk)
U, negative of the
ii.
169).]
and of the
perfect, not.
(II)
^JU when?
Heb. VlD.
[It is also
used as a conjunction,
367, q.]
(mm) j^o
^> ^
j^A
thus
agreeable), affirming
Zeid
stood
any
up? ^xj
i - '
J/
it is
j>\*,
j^u
and
yes, (he
has
not).
Other
Part Second.
288
interrogative, ww-m
Ja,
(00)
*$a
(pp)
(*n)I)
wow^ ?
La
(rr)
The form Jt
utrum ?
of
Compounded
Ja
also occurs.
and ^.
342344).
La and
(also
363.
prepositions
J La,
and ^)UyA.
"
mostly
in
negative
ju^], jju
phrases;
cM
u0j
w^o. y>
c^^
(also
[w~>
3/0M ; j->, in j*
The
accusative
0-*> above;
m^
while ago
wz7/
after
ratf
do
an adjective
common examples
\*-f**r-
right;
\jt^ much,
Mo'all
p. 41.
R.
S.]
Jtfjtfl
*>),
only this ;
is
decidedly]
whither,
**>a-*].
jta. ^ri/,
together, of
^r^ wwcA,
[Uut
^-jX3
two or more
to
Ij^l,
^W^ wow, a
&Jt
<*Jj*il
^)
extremely, placed
else,
it,
J-i,
joined to the
u*^
negative, as
^i
[yet,
c-sa*J,
' *
364.
kw
o *
whence,
j*j
E.g.
afterwards;
Jy
and u^j^)
/ f0t# w^^r
,j*&,
%** where,
v>*> before;
;
363
(57?)
Jliin)
"
Etymology
W-jU-
outside,
^ ^A
\j1^j
L*^>
by day;
en-Nahhas on 'Imrulkais
U^j one
tomorrow;
To the same
UU^o
o/rata's
p-<7:
(Aram.
289
The Adverbs.
B.
Particles.
\js>
yom),
The
III.
364]
JUft)
adverbs
etc.
together;
xOx
[(a)
O**- w^ft
(b)
(lit.,
x5 J
lo-ij [often,
(c)
which
quantity of that
x
xO
361, b)
U-J-*
'n),
^)
above
U-j~>,
Ut
and U-w
^).
mos certainly
lit.,
^r^
**-j,
(i)
JxOx
afott*?,
sense = 1$
in
tent to
;&ry a/o^.
HT? DID?
,
*j).]t
i.
suffixes,
as
*7H*
but in
(
xxxxx
*L~
^Lc
^^ri/ morning
of
uu
see
and evening ;
my
next-
xxxxxx
OUw oU m
a conjecture of Fleischer's,
381, footnote.]
compounded
'
It is
Cw
{j*j*?.
i.
etymologically =
may
w.
and
it,
6 x
^a jufc.^
neighbour ;
Kl. Schr.
synonym ju
[Here too
Kl. Schr.
wo avoiding of
A^
s*
c].
lit.,
84, rem.
5JlaL
[(A)
oJoor
sSJs> howl*
(g)
lit.,
ii.
m f& end.
xa
especially, particularly ;
XX
X
J^j
[comp. Vol.
whilst, during.
lit.,
(/)
all,
= Heb. y\)
(e)
(w>j
the
lit.,
x x x
woj, U^j,
(d)
(also jbjx.
of *$
449
13
*^
and
seq.)
it is
seems to be
D. G.]
37
Part Second.
290
The
sundry parties.
Etymology
rale is that
made
are
365
one, they
" " * "
x x x
and become
j&:
x Ox
x x
D. G.]
Rem.
mark
In
a.
u~*\,
X
yesterday,
Heb.
the kesra
fc^ftX,
is
not the
...
oi **>
Some
of the
Arabs used
o j
Ox
Rem.
seem to
at
o j
Ci
xx
/ and
C*J, utinam, would that
^J* or J^x), perhaps,
be, not nouns in the accusative, but verbs.
They are
construed with the accusative, and take pronominal suffixes; as
b.
X Ox
j^J would
that
3 XX
0--
(rarely ^^IJ),
X 3 XX
^JUU), etc.
(rarely .yJUJ),
'
genitive.
O^
C.
365.
x Ox
Ml
^J,
etc.
.3x3x3^3
The
The
JO
^ (uUa*
co-ordinative,
x
sbiO
Ojja-
Qju^ conditional
[or
ac-
call,
J
x xOx
oLblydl]
inseparable.
*-*/*-),
and
xx
^j\, ^jjt)
Conjunctions.
(6)
^&,
O-*;-
366.
Dialectically, however,
(a)
perhaps
xx
^i
3 XX
(iEth. fl):
JO
w,
Heb. Aram.
),
!)).
JO x
v~?p ^b^,
particle of
classification
or
The
III.
367]
Particles.
The Conjunctions.
C.
291
is
in time, or that
it is
and
connected with
It
effect.
may
by some internal
it
be rendered and
link,
and
so,
more usually
is
(jU
such as
thereupon,
[Rem.
interrogative particle
This
J.
may be
6$.
(c)
^5
may be
preceded by the
nonne igitur ?]
? *$J\
j *
0>o
li
of command, which
preceded by ^ or
3
o,
therefore let
3 *
be
may
it
an
it
When
^J l^^aJ^Ji
believe in me.
is
%36s
^j \y^c^^,
Or
let
is
usually dropped, as
the kesr
(/?)
u>
10
a *
^LoUt ^JJI
the
li
^U j*kJ
repent, that
God may
forgive
c),
356,
used
it
This latter
thee.
is
is
done
&*)
or
367.
(a)
}]
when,
1.
10,
or a verbal proposition.
[Compound
wi after
O when.
e.g.
and prefixed
U $t
either to a nominal
whenever.]
Hamdsa
74,
1.
9,
Tabarl
i.
852,
D. G.]
by
292
(b)
\>[
dition, in
367
when, usually denoting future time and implying a conwhich case it is always prefixed to a verbal proposition.
Aram.
which occurs,
for example,
Compare Heb.
on that day.
j*&
>*
-33th.
JHK,
lit (
$t,
Bibl.
Ttf
oq^H,.. when?
H,: now,
and *TX
[Compound
Utjt whenever.]
[(c)
Ul, followed by
(df)
j^Jt
^ 0>^*^ ^^j^U^
worked on
it
is
Like
CU5U3
belonged to poor
Used twice
also occurs.
O^
&
as
Further:
Ul
men who
or oftener,
dialectic
>*$ that, in
were, as if;
*$\
a*
(see 14, b)
*$
l^LJ
8c.
and
'iU)
">2
in
Heb. and on in
3*ui*30/O
ykjh
direct quotations {f
g.
O i
and
ix.lv
Compounds
<>s.
ne).
lo-;t
it
e.g.
o'
variety
The form
the sea.
as for, as regards ;
o,
Gr., ,jt
f.
&\
JO
OS
3*
h&3
as^C^ O'
^t
Take
her.
conditional
q\ [and Ut,
(f)
*
0^3
O^j
although
(etsi),
361,
o%
if>
an(i
verily
if,
if indeed;
Aram.
compounded of ol an d
(fi)
if,
dialectically
,...,
^jtj, to distinguish
to
*0>O
DN- ^',
o>.)
tO*
from oi3 an ^
Heb.
it
c),
particle] (hj>
jtf
,jt
9
.1
compounded with
JEth. >*o*J
'ema;
<
*$> ( a )
it
particle), unless,
The Particles.
III.
367]
Aram. tfW, $1
or
O'
(9)
and
of ^jt
compounded
^'^r
^^ (quod).
It is followed
The
See
See
^UJt
*t
at
(i)
an
366,
Ut
suffix
at
o^
e.
j\ or (vel, sive).
e. Si
Compounds
362, m.
(A)
v^jj
y ...
^t,
0/0 J
because.
M],
by a noun or pronominal
or fact).
K?~DK,
U3t.
Heb.
293
The Conjunctions.
C.
6),
j<,
.{
o|.
c-s^i),
interval.
is
3l
more
special, e.g.
Dubyan and of
(J^lj^t^J
^yW^
the subdivision
**i****>
Fazara.]
Hudeifa of
the tribe
Connected with
it
is
of
the
^5^
(k)
till,
position, 358,
b.
[On
its
I#
* *o
(m)
^*
0*
(0*^
52,
rem. c]
^j/*'}
a particle assigning
ii.
'
[(/)
Compounds
^j)
in order that,
%+*
0*S.
,0,
=
[o' j] an(* O' J** are very often used in the sense of but
D. .]
294
9*
1J (also
(n)
(o)
is
[UJ
[as, since
(quoniam),]
y\
D. G.]
ji,
368
S>*
<
Compounds:
^,jj>
0' *
(p)
ma
(ic^jjJt U,
Perfect.
^y* and
[(q)
The
D.
368.
Some
tones.
ft
The
^j\,
of those most
C without the
Ut
dli
iEth.
>
(*jt),
ajl
oofrae
to
wp)
(tjl,
in use are
*Z
ojt,
<oj, l^j,
in
lyjt
01
b,
I
or
(6
.j|),
0I3I
Zil
cowe om
u*
w como/
it
'
ZZ
^1, *}U,
with
up
^^U, and
!i^***
^^U
come Aere
come Aere
to us,
J OJ
c^t call)
(Heb.
[Heb.
ww
,~U
or
,-*.
*^***-
make
-iO,
come
or
jl, jt, jl
^1
hip
woe/ (Aram.
(3
0*0
oi
it!];
juJl vJUl),
or
o *&,*
.Ujt (Ujl)
(otjl),
TiarX ^Uy^.
sense of pj-*\
from
(see 344)
j&
rr?n];
t-
prayer
C^Ly**. or
UtJ,
tj,
Aram.
HX/H,
t;it'
Ow
(D.P
Interjections.
commonly
!
1^1, or
article;
<o
(dU);
I0 /
w^ew, wAewever.]
bl (La),
fi
//)
,*
,1
362,
j^^i* (
D/H)
*+
'
w*db (c^Jb)
as
UJt
^Xa
The
III.
368]
The
D.
Particles.
295
Interjections.
capital!
f-\, f-\
alone
aj t
mentioned
*^U
aj!
^js-
mules,
go on
~Jb,
^J
l->jk
^a,
animals
a*,
!
in
s\*>
too
up
give
be
may
driving horses,
making camels B
in
',
' "
stop
<*-,
Here
e.g.
words imitative of
(/?)
up!
say on
in calling a dog,
*fij
Sit,
- "
kneel, ?u>t or
give
proceed !
to domestic
camels,
3*
131,
dl
uti
\^>\be silent
ml
uil
calls
(a)
ot,
silence
let
il
ol
mi
^Us
cries
O^*.
in driving
and sounds
e.g. g
(the
made by
or
*a *A
(the
sound of a
Rem.
o/*
falling stone),
a.
is
GW/
brother!
my
^b
has a feminine
ct
(laughter), cl
^Jo
JU (the splash of a
i\
sin
lyjt
s^
Jo
frog), etc.
as 401
J>*/4
Apostle
x GA>x
^^s> ^>jb
iZi
lyL>t,
is
feminine nouns.
Rem.
b.
follows
1j
[and
oh /] not unfrequently
w^Jt]
elif
added, as
t>
as
the
tjuj
dU^o
t^,
or
otjuj
is
tlie
grief!
0A Zeidf j^S
tj,
Believers I
changed into
xxJx
Instead of 1
0A my
1^,
Commander of
xJx
also be used.
^j**
we sometimes
t^
find
1,
noun
If the
and a simple
J
or dU*j*o
tj
' '
^_,
tj
as
^u1
may
1^,
or
J)
Part Second.
296
Rem.
woe
From
g.
to thee
!)
^j
which
(to
may be appended,
suffixes
368]
as ^Ljj
Juj ?-!>
6 s
*>
^j,
expression
a**})
or a**})
^j
is
Jjj
The
aJ
Ox
Rarer
nouns are
interjectional
and
uO>
B
whence we can
<
Etymology
jj.
Rem.
d.
[Many
verbal force
and are
called therefore
JUi^t
OU
use, a certain
by origin or
interjections have,
^l^wt, that
give here
is,
they are
some
ni
of the
an Imperative;
like
aJ *
J *
it
J '
j-JUb,
Gothic
(compare the
^>o^U
fern.
^yb
2nd
pers.,
3x
l^jjfc.
l^U
m.
it is
f.
as
)$\*',
follows
as
<uU&
2x
L^^'
etc -^ an(*
second
w*i
tjl^St
^ L^^i
(like *-**)>
etc
^jU,
take,
^),
dual
read
my
*
e*c
as
and
'l~ *
$U
f.
^W*i
m. *U,
sing.
' i
Jtt
Gb,
plur.,
suffixes of the
**
^U,
and
Or a hemza may be
take her 1
is
***
U5U,
book.
x
u ke
^tj),
PAEADIGMS
OF THE
VEBB S
w.
38
298
FIRST
TABLE
I.
ACTIVE.
Perfect.
Indie.
Sing. 3. m.
f.
/JO/
0/
/JO/
JlS
cJ&
JO*
2.
J^a5
ci3
if*
jjoi
1. c.
m.
3.
f.
2.
c.
CJJ>
f.
m.
2.
&3
C&3
c4^
^JU3
S JO//
f.
i. c.
m.
f.
JO/
JO/
$3
Plur. 3. m. IjJUS
Sing.
/j/
m. cJjtf
f.
Dual.
Sub}.
JJO/
JJ
o^
ul3
J31S
IJblS
OR SIMPLE FORM
,joi
299
PASSIVE.
II.
Perfect.
Imperfect.
Indie.
x
Smg.
m.
3.
i x x
xxOj
Ox
xxOj
0x0 J
JxOj
.>
J/4J
m. cJj;*
XX
II.
J
x xo j
5 x xO J
xx
8J
v^X:5
Oxl
0^
J^a5
9
f.
I.
Energ.
s , a )
wJUS
'
2.
JlS
o
f.
Jussive.
Subj.
L5'
XX o|
OxOp
xOJ
XxOj
xxOj
xxOx
x xftx
XxOj
x x
uJ
x x 0
xxoi
1. c.
X
x
Dual.
3.
Ml
xxOj
xxOJ
wl
xxOJ
0J
Ml
xx
J x
m. 'fcs
f.
UJU5
X
JO
2. c.
xOJ
UUUS
!yU>
JxOJ
Plur.
3.
m. t^JUS
x
f.
JxOj
w y ^ vy
^ * v*
OxOx
OxOJ
OxOx
xOxOx
ul
UUI
J^iu
Jj&>
Perf., Impf.,
Per/.
^
x
(2.
m.
J x
6w
C^^i)
x
(2.
m.
CUfe^)
Ox
J>&*
and Imper.
Imperf.
m. u~^-
^>Uii
J^3
3.
xOxOj
0&3
xO
Sing.
Hi
jj^JjS?
x
1. c.
Ox Ox
JxOj
m. ^c^US
f.
t/j
o?
OJ
2.
f.
^J^-S-o
Act.,
300
TABLE
ir.
Active Perf.
Jl3
in.
IV.
III.
DERIVED FORMS
VI.
301
IX.
302
TABLE
FORM OF THE
FIRST
V.a.
Active.
Imperfect.
Perfect.
Indie.
Sing.
ft
2.
jx
j *
St
3 x
a J*
Si
J-
s>
j*
Si
Si
ft
ft
s s
o*
o j
s>
m. Co***
* *
f.
Cojuo
1. C.
COJc
Ml
J'
Hi
J/
3.
m.
\j**
2. c.
Wo***
s>
j*
Plur. 3. m.
Ijjlo
,
f.
2.
* *
>
O^^o^
j*
s i/
mi
2 J*
5 JX
Ml
i j,
S>
A J/
Ml
<
'***!
Uju>
Ml->
& if
x -
f.
S w j/
w jx
Dual.
s>
Ojk
f.
Energ. n.
I.
Energ.
o j o*
*M
m.
3.
Jussive.
Siihj.
ft
Ml
->X
Ml
J X
OS****
x
Os
, S 1
ft
ftx
mi
Ox
xft J
o>**-
,
i j,
J ft-
ft
m.^o*x*
x
J ftx
mi
xft J
ftx
o>**+>
ft
1. c.
J ftx
Si
iV.
^.
iV.
F<?r^.
m.
En.
.x
Sing.
m.
2.
iJL*t
ftJ
^j^t
JJ
En. n.
I.
d x J
J OJ
jU
0*3
f.
ft
Imperative.
Simple.
Sing.
j s
Si
lb***
OJ
ft
x J
ftj
O****'
j * j
ft
fcU
Dual.
2. c.
[tjj^t]
o^^'
3
j j a j
Plur. 2.
m. [Ijjj^t]
x
i.
ft
J ftj
O****'
j j
ft
o^J^'
W
ft
oj
0>***'
O^^*
303
Imperfect.
Indie
Sing.
x o
x j
Hi
*J
xl
m. O^juo
'
Hi
/J
f.
Ojju>
l^*^
1. C.
O>juo
Jcot
O^
c^
2 /J
3.
m.
5 /J
tfju>
2. c.
l*OJ^
2 ^j
i ^
Plur. 3. m.
- j
Hi
S/J
Hi
S/J
U*3
2. J
i,J
2 xj
2 xj
\jj*o
x
OJ
Hi
^ 0J
o>^
f.
OJO
4. J
m.^jjuo
*
f.
S XJ
Hi
Ijl*
f.
2.
II.
OjCO
f.
Dual.
#n.
.Efo. I.
m.
3.
2.
Jussive.
Subj.
t*
tjJ^>
x
b^NftJ
OJ
OJ
/0
hi
x OJ
CP^^
'
1. c.
2 xj
OJ
XJ
Hi
Iojl*
V
Perf
Perf.,
4"
J X
Sing. m. >>Xo-,
1)
f.
Imperf., Jussive,
Jussive.
Imperf.
Imperat.
a
Sing.
or
3.m.
a
;>>,
>i,
or
>i
jj3, Jj, or
j
2.
((2.m.
(/ tc
S//
<i
//
/ J
>
JA*!, Juo, or
>i
J*
304
TABLE
Y.b.
IV.
III.
Active Perf.
*j
^Ui
VI.
U3
ax
ju*1
JJu\
x Ox
jx
J^J
xx o
iWj
or
a
or *1j
Imperat.
ixo
ju>t
x.
VIII.
VII.
S/l
>U
or
Imperf.
3iU^!
J*-*}
or jLoIj
Ox
0?
3jU
jjuat
2
0^0
3jW>
JJ&I
0x0
3J^-t
3Ju*t
viz t
or jc*l
or ju*1
or
a
N. Ag.
>>W*
J^C
>^U
Ox
0x0
5J //
,)**
>lj^l
^l^
OxxxJ
02xJ
OjU^
or S^l^o
>
Jx xx
Uj
Imperf.
# xJ
xj
j/tj
U~>
JM!
or
>.>l-
***
Act.
jjuo
Pass.
>**
V. Act.
ij
Pass.
at
J*t
J-^'
iixOJ
^^
jcIt
cixxOJ
J^
>UX>
xxx
SxOJ
3>U^
Ji^
Ox
or
)W^
Imperf.
irregularity
SxxOJ
Ju^o
JiI
2i-0
3 x.x
xx
II.
a xx.
2 x J
Perf.
fi
Jx xxJ
or >U-
jIjlo^w!
$-c*
xj
0x0
jlju*l
J^f
or >U-
N. Pat.
0x0
J^UJI
X X
*^
jOj
xx
Ox
>U3
or
5
Passive Perf.
JUI~
iU^*
or
JU^O
or ^U^o
N. Verbi.
JJU*
e.g.
305
TABLE
VI.
II.
i.
Active Perf.
"
j~>\
y\
III.
ute-
jj\
jj\
>.
jj\j
jj\3 or
jj\
j^^-i r
\}*t
or
jjt^J
VI.
V.
j3\
IV.
>.*>
Imperf.
j-^W
j^^i
j^3-i
j^l#
j^^i
j^+i
Imperat.
j~ot
y^t
jJI
j^l
j.51
^0
N.Ag.
At
Al
..
jJU
*|
*.
At
..
306
TABLE
VERBUM
VII.
III.
II.
.-
x C
Active Perf.
c o x
Imperf.
J?
c o s
Jul* j
J >/J
<^>*!
><Aj
>^^
JU
Imperat.
o o
a j
>A{
^x
a o
Of
B
N. Ag.
J5L,
^U
^b
g J
six
10
N. Verbi.
Ox
9f
S x x J
JtjX
Passive Perf.
UlJ
Jw
, ol
fj
joj
J*x J
Imperf.
it
6 J
C
o
o x
ipx j
N. Pat.
J>%*
V.
VI.
xtxx
>*
* *
Active Perf.
jf$3
j^i^J
Imperf.
W///
j*%Zj
J*?&+i
jH$
j>H$
Imperat.
Sl// J
j&U
N. Ag.
li
VIII.
x o
x xO
J*%*
X.
x
*" xx
^t
x x J
spte*
0^0
J^tt
J$5
Passive Perf.
J2L5
J&5
Imperf.
J^-i
J>?&k
JtiiJ*
j&&
N. Verbi.
VII.
Ofoeo
-x j
9 r>*
J
J**)"*
^al
'A*
0J
jox
o j
a
j
N. Pat.
oj
o j
307
TABLE
VIII.
VERBUM
TERTLffl RAD.
HEMZAT^l.
in.
Active Perf. 3
308
TABLE
IX.
3 ET ^.
i.
Active Perf.
*3
j*?3
* *
J * 6 *
f " *
A3
&
< *
4*
jay
Imperf.
js>
Imperat.
Oj3
js-3
N. Verbi.
HO
JUj
5 x
3->
Sjoi
j^j
fr*
Imperf.
js>^j
^jy.
{fa
N. Pat.
>}*y*
^3jy*
Passive Per/,
JO
, oi
jMJt
^-r^yi
J-*^
**+i
Imperat.
w*.jt
j~j\
Jowt
^t^/l
j
vis
Imperf.
^~Jt
v**^>*
j-^>*
J^
N. Verbi.
wA^
iWl
J 1*31
j^t
j~i$\
jupt
j~J\
Imperf.
w^->J
J-*^
****^
>~^
1/0 4
S / fij
N. Pat.
w^>
j~>5*
jju.0
6 x
t/t
0^0
Gx
^wt
>
0'
.<Mii>w
*-**..$
o x o x
js>^
wj
N. Ag.
Passive Perf.
xOx
t
jy****
xx o*
Active Perf.
J
>3>3*
VIII.
IV.
JG
?*5*
J X
J x
6x
S x
>
Ox
Ox
309
TABLE
X.
310
TABLE XL
Sing.
3.
m.
jL
f.
2.
ft
ft
f.
1. c.
Dual.
3.
m.
tjL>
f.
UjL/
2. c.
U3j~>
Plur. 3. m.
IjjC
^.
311
TABLE
VERBA
XII.
&
RAD. 3 ET
MEDLffi!
Sing.
Imperfect.
Subj.
Jussive.
J-J
JUj
JUj
Jlaj
cJL3
JU5
J
X XJ
0/j
2/ ^j
x x j
m.
szS*
JU3
JUu
Ji5
^>J15J
v>JU3
f.
cis
o*iUu
^Uu
jud
^la
3.
m.
/J
J
f.
2.
Energ. n.
Indie.
Jx
Energ.
i.
v>JISj
o-^
xj
tfxJ
x xj
Ox /J
JUD
Ji3
J>JUu
oJ^
xj
,,i
,**
CJLd
1. C.
Dual.
3.
m.
f.
2. c.
J13I
%3
UL3
U&
/J
J X J
O-^
CP^
Ml
Plur.
3.m. I^Ls
^)Uu
J,
/J
/J
x * xJ
L>^*i
O^J
m.
^3
0>JU5
f.
&6
,>U3
^>U5
^>Uj
o^^
U3
JUL*
JUL
JiJ
^Ui
2.
^Uj
t>JUu
c^5x
f.
1. c.
./j
om
/j
x x
- J
I^Uj
x x
xJ
x j
xj
s J
o-JUu
t^JU3
xO
vt
0^**i
Ch*^J
*x
J X
f.
SJyU
9 x
xj
^JUu
xxx
wl
X x J
xx
O-^
312
TABLE
VERBA
XIII.
MEDLffl RAD. 3
ET
&
Active Perf.
IV.
VII.
VIII.
x.
3. s.
m.
JUfl
JUJt
JUSt
^Uwt
2. s.
m. cJLSt
cJUtJI
cJUSt
c^Al^t
J^Lj
J^J
J^J
^o*^l
Jil
J-uJI
Jjtft
jt&~\
JJU
JU-u
J12U
SSlij
JLiJt
Just
Imperf.
Imperat.
N. Kg.
N. Verbi.
61
a*
63
<
J-j*^>t
J*^l
^o**^'
Imperf.
JUL*
J^
J^J
->*
N. Pat.
JUU
JU-u
J12U
III.
v.
II.
Active Perf.
Imperf.
J^S
\}$H
Ox
J-JM
Passive Perf.
N. Verbi. J^j*3
j~j
j**~
6
Os
*
'IX. Perf.
XI.
%yJS
3V3l
j-w
jjL
0"
VI.
J^so j+~3
xo *^ &$U*
yt
JjU
Old//
9d//
SjjL**
J|>>
j-*~3
svtJJ
JjU3
j^tli
* J
--
vl
J J
OJ
OJ
* *
Jb^
s
J J
^Hj-**5
jj^w
Imperf.
>jm^
N. Verbi. jb>wt
jf>~i
jtj>.J>~>l
j-j~j
/ ,
j^S^
Jj>$
J^>
//j
Jj>J
313
TABLE
XIV.
MEDICI RAD.
FETHAm
314
TABLE
XV.
VERBUM
MEDI2E RAD.
TERTIxE RAD. ^,
FETHAm
315
TABLE
XVI.
&
ET
/(/
Sing. 3. m.
^y6j
L5^
xo
xox
xox
o *
//
ox
xox
<f
<o "
s /
/0/
t>
Ox
L5-*x*
xo
o x
xOx
xOx
xOx
O-a^J3
^^ojj
^ojj
o-t^y
/jf
3 x xo
W*^
O^-^J
Cwwtfj
1. C.
LT^
x
3.
m.
f.
k~j
2. c.
U~o>
Plur. 3. m.
xOx
0#?J
x x
//
O^s-f;
x x
Ox
x x
ui
xOp
xOx
oW^H
xOx
xOx
xOx
c>*^hJ
x Ox
xOx
xOx
hi
O * ^} O^^H
1
xOx
x Ox
U*-)
xO"
vi
xO
Ox
O"*-^'"'
t>*^P
Chj^P
^) U <wop
Ox
xOx
xOx
2 x xOx
L5*^
LT^H
*-^H
v>-^P
u^tj
0x0
f.
x x
xOx
Ox
iV. Fr6*.
Sing. m.
xOx
Ox
Chj-^xH
1. c.
Ox
j*~?bj
a j
f.
\$*oj
m.
L*p
x
f.
o-*y
xOx
x x
j x
xOx
Uj
x
2.
En. n.
S///
m.
f.
Dual.
I.
xOx
*j
f.
2.
En.
Jussive.
Sub}.
xOx
O**^
316
TABLE
XVII.
3 ET ^.
Pe
317
TABLE
XVIII.
The Derived
ii.
*t
IV.
V.
x o
5xx
xxx
^31
^^xaj
^Uj
Oj
a XXX
L5^
L5^*^
x3
Imperf.
N. Ag. m.
VI.
XXX
xx
lT* 1*^
xxx
^51
^oaj
^Uj
ulxxj
xxj
ijoIaLo
Imperat.
ET ^.
Forms.
III.
Active Perf.
^AA4
9x
Si
^^Ua4
SxulxxJ
xxj
0/
iLxoliLo
f.
Ox
N. Verbi.
^L3t
Passive Perf.
c-A*
Imperf.
^oaj
u*i
L5^
LTf**
XJ
IXXJ
L5^5
LT* *^
1
L^ *^
SLailxd
SwAfcU
SloU&e
XXJ
X
1
N. Pat. m.
f.
iV/
VII. Act.
Pass.
VIII. Act.
Pass.
X. Act.
Camforfoge
PRINTED BY
J.
AND
C.
F.
CLAY,
PJ