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I. I NTRODUCTION
The rapid evolution of the communication industry has
tremendously increased the demand for low-cost and low
power fully integrated RF transceivers at GHz operation. Of the various wireless communication standards
developed, IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee were tailored towards
low data rate and low power wireless solutions with
emphasis on sensor network applications. Frequency synthesizers play an important role in communication and
timing sytems. Most of the work published so far in the
literature have demonstrated the improvements in phase
noise, spur-suppression, settling time, tuning range and
programmability of the dividers [1],[2] and the design of
low voltage frequency synthesizers [3], and specifically
low voltage prescalers are very challenging. This paper
emphasize on the design of a low voltage PLL synthesizer
with an improved CML 2/3 prescaler, a novel-bit-cell for
the counters and a proposed gain boosting charge pump
which is integrated with a direct conversion transmitter,
low-IF receiver [4] and an energy harvesting circuit.
II. PLL S YNTHESIZER A RCHITECTURE
The implemented PLL design shown in Fig.1 has an
improved programmable divider, a novel bit-cell for the
programamble (P ) and Swallow (S) counters and a pro-
Charge
Pump
REF
REF
1 MHz
Loop filter
UP
PFD
FD
DN
C1
R2
II+
QQ-VCO Q+
Vctrl
R3
C3
Buffer
C2
Fully programmable divider
(2400-2485)
P-counter
6-bit
1MHz output
Fig. 1.
47/48
Prescaler
Vdc
II+
QQ+
To TX & RX (offset
by 2 MHz)
CLK+
CLK-
S-counter
6-bit
PI
CML
latch
CML
latch
CLK
CLK
E-TSPC
2
TSPC
8
47/48
CLR
CLK
fclk
LD
fin
PR
PI
(MC)
M6
M4
M3
M12 M13
D
M8
M9
M15
D
M17
M18
M5
CLK
CLK
M14
mod
mod
Modulus control
M2
M1
Control
Logic
mod
(a)
DFF
D
CLK
M11
M10
M7
CLK
M16
M8
Vbias
M19
M14
Vp
M20 V
b
I CP
M4
M3
M12
M 20
Rout
M13
M 15
discharging
M6
VDD
M 18
M 10
M9
Rout
M21
Vq
DNB
M2
M1
M5
Fig. 3.
UP
charging
UPB
M19
Vy
Vy
DN
M 17
M 16
Vb
Vx
M 22
M21
Vx
Vbias
M 22
TABLE I
P ERFORMANCE O F PLL S YNTHESIZERS AT 2.4 GH Z
(b)
(a)
Fig. 4.
200 ps
Design Parameters
Process (m)
Channel Spacing
Tuning Range (GHz)
Loop filter
Phase Noise (dBc/Hz)
[1]
0.18
5 MHz
2.4-2.48
on-chip
-108.55
@ 1 MHz offset @
Reference Spurs (dBc)
-40.84
Power Consumption
7.95 mW
[3]
This work
0.18
0.18
1 MHz
2.4-2.64
2.17-2.48
on-chip
on-chip
-110.5
-112.77
1 MHz offset @ 1 MHz offset
-39.5
-46.2
14.4 mW
1.85 mW
37.9 mV
20 mV
IV. C ONCLUSION
500 ns
869.7 ns
(a)
(b)
(a)
Fig. 6.
(b)