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Content
1 Introduction _ ___________________________________________________________________4
1.1 Salzgitter Mannesmann Stainless Tubes_________________________________________4
1.2 DMV 347 HFG _______________________________________________________________5
1.3 Trend _______________________________________________________________________5
1.4 Specifications (Standards)_ ____________________________________________________6
1.5 Available Sizes_ ______________________________________________________________6
1.6 Special Features______________________________________________________________6
2 Material Properties_ _____________________________________________________________8
2.1 Microstructure _______________________________________________________________8
2.2 Material properties according to ASME________________________________________ 10
2.2.1 Chemical composition __________________________________________________ 10
2.2.2 Mechanical properties __________________________________________________ 10
2.3 Material properties according to VdTV_ ______________________________________ 12
2.3.1 Chemical composition __________________________________________________ 12
2.3.2 Tensile properties_______________________________________________________ 13
2.3.3 Creep strength_________________________________________________________ 14
2.3.4 Impact resistance ______________________________________________________ 16
2.3.5 Physical properties_ ____________________________________________________ 16
2.4 Corrosion resistance_ _______________________________________________________ 18
2.4.1 Effect of grain refinement _______________________________________________ 18
2.4.2 Effect of service temperature and pressure_________________________________ 19
3 Fabrication ___________________________________________________________________ 21
3.1 Tube bending ______________________________________________________________ 21
3.2 Welding ___________________________________________________________________ 21
4 References ___________________________________________________________________ 22
1 Introduction
1 Introduction
2 Material Properties
2.1 Microstructure
The steel grade DMV 347 HFG is a 18Cr-8Ni
austenitic stainless steel stabilised by niobium (content in the range of 8 x C up to 1.0
wt.-%). Differences in the material properties
and especially in steam-side corrosion resistance compared to the coarser grained steel
DMV 347 H are mainly achieved by changing
the heat treatment conditions. In this way,
the amount, size and distribution of the niobium carbonitride precipitates are changed,
resulting in a fine-grained microstructure.
Furthermore, the material properties are
also influenced by additional precipitation of
niobium carbonitrides during service, as a
residual amount of niobium remains dissolved in the austenitic matrix after the final
heat treatment.
As previously mentioned, the production of
boiler tubes is divided into three main processing steps which are responsible for the
development of the microstructure. A first
thermal treatment is performed during the
hot extrusion of the material. This is followed
by cold deformation to produce the final dimensions of the tube (cold pilgering or cold
drawing). A final heat treatment is carried
out at the end of the process. The process
to produce a fine-grained material is mainly
characterised by the fact that the first heat
treatment temperature is at least 50C (90F)
higher than that of the final heat treatment.
During the first heat treatment, the so-called
softening, dissolution of the niobium carbonitrides, takes place. The microstructure is
8
retained by quenching. During cold deformation, dislocations and twin boundaries are
formed which can act as nucleation sites
for precipitation during the final heat treatment. This last processing step is commonly
known as solution annealing. Due to the
higher solubility of niobium at the first heat
treatment temperature, a certain amount
of NbC will precipitate during solution
annealing. The precipitation of niobium
carbonitrides takes place at the numerous
nucleation sites created in the material by
cold deformation. Thus, small (diameter less
than 0.1 m according to [1]) and uniformly
distributed precipitates are formed. These
precipitates restrict the grain size during
recrystallisation to between No. 7 to 10 according to ASTM E112. In the conventional
treatment without softening, an austenite
grain size of about 3 or 4 after thermal treatment is formed at the same final treatment
temperature [1]. Although nearly the same
volume fraction of niobium carbonitrides is
present, the different size and distribution of
these precipitates significantly influence the
microstructure.
The fully austenitic microstructure of DMV
347 HFG in as-delivered condition is shown
in Figure 1 in two different magnifications.
2 Material Properties
[wt-%]
min.
max.
C
0.06
0.10
Si
0.75
Mn
2.00
P
0.04
S
0.03
Cr
17.0
20.0
Ni
9.0
13.0
Nb + Ta
8xC
1.00
ksi
30
80
-
MPa 1)
205
550
-
%
35
calculated values
Table 2: Mechanical property requirements in solution-annealed condition according to ASME Code Case 2159-2.
1)
10
Temperature
F
C 1)
-20 to 100
200
300
400
500
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
1300
1350
20
18.1
16.9
15.9
15.2
14.6
14.4
14.1
13.9
13.8
13.6
13.4
13.3
13.1
13.0
12.8
12.6
9.7
7.3
5.4
4.0
20
20
19.9
19.3
19.1
19.0
18.9
18.8
18.6
18.3
18.1
17.9
17.7
17.5
16.6
12.8
9.7
7.3
5.4
4.0
-29 to 38
93
149
204
260
316
343
371
399
427
454
482
510
538
566
593
621
649
677
704
732
137.9
124.8
116.5
109.6
104.8
100.7
99.3
97.2
95.8
95.1
93.8
92.4
91.7
90.3
89.6
88.3
86.9
66.9
50.3
37.2
27.6
2)
137.9
137.9
137.2
133.1
131.7
131.0
130.3
129.6
128.2
126.2
124.8
123.4
122
120.7
114.5
88.3
66.9
50.3
37.2
27.6
1)
calculated values
slightly greater deformation acceptable
Table 3: Maximum allowable stresses at elevated temperatures according to ASME Code Case 2159-2.
11
2 Material Properties
20
15
10
5
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Heat
analysis
Product
analysis
[wt-%]
min.
max.
min.
max.
C
0.06
0.10
0.05
0.11
Si
0.75
0.80
12
Mn
2.00
2.04
P
0.040
0.045
S
0.030
0.035
Cr
17.0
20.0
16.8
20.2
Ni
9.0
13.0
8.9
13.1
Nb + Ta
8xC
1.00
8xC
1.05
MPa
205
240
550-750
-
ksi 1)
29.7
34.8
78.8-109
-
%
35
1)
calculated values
Table 5:Tensile properties at room temperature according to the VdTV material data sheet 547 (03.2007).
Temperature
C
F 1)
1 % proof strength
MPa
ksi 1)
Tensile strength
MPa
ksi 1)
100
200
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
182
163
152
148
143
139
136
134
131
126
122
117
217
198
187
173
173
164
161
159
156
151
147
142
475
430
420
420
420
410
400
390
380
325
310
270
212
392
572
662
752
842
932
1022
1112
1202
1292
1382
26.4
23.6
22.0
21.5
20.7
20.2
19.7
19.4
19.0
18.3
17.7
17.0
31.5
28.7
27.1
25.1
25.1
23.8
23.3
23.1
22.6
21.9
21.3
20.6
68.9
62.4
60.9
60.9
60.9
59.5
58.0
56.6
55.1
47.1
45.0
39.2
1)
calculated values
Table 6: Minimum proof strength and tensile strength at elevated temperatures according
to the VdTV material data sheet 547 (03.2007).
13
2 Material Properties
Stress (MPa)
600
Tensile strength
500
400
300
1 % proof strength
200
100
0
0
200
400
600
800
Temperature [C]
Figure 3: Minimum proof strength and tensile strength at
elevated temperatures according to the VdTV material data
sheet 547 (03.2007).
Temperature
C
F 1)
10,000 h
MPa
ksi 1)
100,000 h
MPa
ksi 1)
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
710
720
730
740
750
215
197
182
168
155
142
130
119
108
99
90
81
74
66
59
53
159
145
134
120
109
100
90
81
72
65
58
51
46
40
34
30
1112
1130
1148
1166
1184
1202
1220
1238
1256
1274
1292
1310
1328
1346
1364
1382
31.2
28.6
26.4
24.4
22.5
20.6
18.9
17.3
15.7
14.4
13.1
11.7
10.7
9.6
8.6
7.7
23.1
21.0
19.4
17.4
15.8
14.5
13.1
11.7
10.4
9.4
8.4
7.4
6.7
5.8
4.9
4.4
calculated values
Table 7: Average creep strength values for 10,000 h and 100,000 h according to the VdTV material data sheet 547 (03.2007).
1)
Stress (MPa)
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
200
400
600
800
Temperature [C]
Figure 4: Creep strength for 10,000 and 100,000 h in
comparison to 0.2% proof strength at elevated temperatures.
15
2 Material Properties
Modulus of elasticity
103 MPa
103 ksi 1)
20
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
750
200
190
185
175
170
160
155
145
140
68
212
392
572
752
932
1112
1292
1382
29.0
27.6
26.8
25.4
24.7
23.2
22.5
21.0
20.3
calculated values
Table 8: Modulus of elasticity according to the VdTV
material data sheet 547 (03.2007).
1)
200
400
600
800
Temperature [C]
Figure 5: Modulus of elasticity according to the VdTV
material data sheet 547 (03.2007).
16
Coefficient
of thermal expansion
10-6 / K
10-6 / F 1)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
750
16.3
16.9
17.3
17.8
18.2
18.5
18.7
18.8
212
392
572
752
932
1112
1292
1382
9.1
9.4
9.6
9.9
10.1
10.3
10.4
10.4
1)
calculated values
Table 9: Coefficient of thermal expansion (reference
temperature 20C (68F)) according to the VdTV material
data sheet 547 (03.2007).
Temperature
C
F 1)
Thermal conductivity
W / (mK) Btu / (ft h F) 1)
20
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
750
14.1
15.4
16.9
18.3
19.7
21.2
22.6
23.8
24.6
68
212
392
572
752
932
1112
1292
1382
8.47
8.90
9.77
10.5
11.4
12.3
13.1
13.8
14.2
calculated values
Table 10: Thermal conductivity according to the VdTV
material data sheet 547 (03.2007).
1)
20
30
19
25
20
18
15
17
10
16
15
0
0
200
400
600
800
Temperature [C]
Figure 6: Coefficient of thermal expansion (reference
temperature 20C (68F)) according to the VdTV material
data sheet 547 (03.2007).
200
400
600
800
Temperature [C]
Figure 7: Thermal conductivity according to the VdTV
material data sheet 547 (03.2007).
17
2 Material Properties
18
2 Material Properties
20
3 Fabrication
Norm
Radius to wall
thickness ratio
>20%
2,5
In order to maintain high corrosion resistance, a new solution-annealing is recommended, even after a small degree of cold
deformation.
3.2 Welding
The weld joint is considered to be one of the
weakest areas in a fabricated component.
Therefore it is necessary to consider the
characteristics of the weld material to avoid
failures. Weldability is usually characterised
by the resistance to hot cracking and the
mechanical properties of the welded joints.
The selection of filler material becomes
an important factor for good properties of
Additional solution
annealing temperature
1180-1250C
(2156-2282 F)
4 References
[1] TERANISHI, H.; SAWARAGI, Y.; KUBOTA, M.; HAYASE, Y.: Fine-grained TP347H
steel tubing with high elevated-temperature strength and corrosion resistance for boiler
applications. The Sumitomo Search, No. 38, (1989), p. 63-74.
[2] ERNEMAN, J.; SCHWIND, M.; ANDRN, H.-O.; NILSSON, J.-O.; WILSON, A.; GREN,
J.: The evolution of primary and secondary niobium carbonitrides in AISI 347 stainless steel
during manufacturing and long-term ageing. Acta Materialia, Vol. 54, (2006), p. 67-76.
[3] LAHA, K.; KYONO, J.; SASAKI, T.; KISHIMOTO, S.; SHINYA, N.: Improved creep
strength and creep ductility of type 347 austenitic stainless steel through the self-healing
effect of boron for creep cavitation. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 36A,
(2005), p. 399-409.
[4] JENKINSON, E.A.; DAY, M.F.; SMITH, A.I.; HOPKIN, L.M.T.: The long-time creep
properties of an 18%Cr-12%Ni-1%Nb steel steampipe and superheater tube. Journal of The
Iron and Steel Institute, (1962), p. 1011-1024.
[5] VISWANATHAN, R.; SARVER, J.; TANZOSH, J.M.: Boiler materials for ultra-supercritical
coal power plants steamside oxidation. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,
Vol. 15, (2006), No. 3, p. 255-274.
[6] KOWAKA, M.; NAGATA, S.: Effect of grain size on oxidation of austenitic stainless steels
in steam. Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals, Vol. 36, (1972), p. 486-492.
[7] TRINDADE, V. B.; KRUPP, U.; HANJARI, B. Z.; YANG, S.; CHRIST, H. J.: Effect of
alloy grain size on the high-temperature oxidation behavior of the austenitic steel TP 347.
Materials Research, Vol. 8, (2005), No. 4, p. 371-375.
22
[8] HUGHES, A.; DOOLEY, B.; PATERSON, S.: Oxide exfoliation of 347HFG in high
temperature boilers. Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd Operating pressure
equipment 7, p. 1-8.
[9] HANSSON, A.N.; MONTGOMERY, M.: Steam oxidation of TP 347H FG in power plants.
Materials Science Forum, Vol. 522-523, (2006), p. 181-188.
[10] JIANMIN, J.; MONTGOMERY, M.; LARSEN, O.H.; JENSEN, S.A.: Investigation on steam
oxidation behaviour of TP347 HFG. Part 1: Exposure at 256 bar. Materials and Corrosion, Vol.
56, (2005), No. 7, p. 459-467.
[11] JIANMIN, J.; MONTGOMERY, M.; LARSEN, O.H.; JENSEN, S.A.: Investigation on steam
oxidation behaviour of TP347 HFG. Part 2: Exposure at 91 bar. Materials and Corrosion, Vol.
56, (2005), No. 8, p. 542-549.
[12] MIURA, M; OGAWA, K.; Weldability of high corrosion resistant stainless steels. The
Sumitomo Search, No. 34, (1987), p. 29-38.
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