Physiology

Lab Practical Cheat Shit

Physiology Lab Practical Cheat Shit

General Senses (Always Blindfold subject)
o Cutaneous Senses
Punctiform distribution of sensory receptors
Materials:
o Blindfold
o 10 by 10mm graphing paper
o Horse hair
o Pin head
o Ice and Hot water
Procedure:
o Place paper on anterior forearm and mentally divide it into 4 boxes
o Randomly touch 15 spots per square with
Horse hair
Cold pin
Warm pin
Needle
240x in total
o Ask if they can feel the sensation and Record where and the # of each
o Repeat for Nape of neck (where there is no hair)
Results:
o Pain > Touch > Cold > Warm receptors
o Volar surface of the forearm has more receptors as compared to neck
o Sensation conscious awareness of stimulus (pressure, texture)
o Perception understanding of sensation (smell)
o Modality allows you to differentiate one sensation from another
o Attributes of Sensation
Contrast
Materials:
o Blindfold
o Beakers with Warm, Cold, and Room temp water
Prodecure:
o Dip the left index finger in warm water and right index finger in cold water
o Record initial sensation
o 20 seconds
o Then place fingers in room temp water and record sensation
Results
o Successive contrast
o The receptors for that particular sensation of the fingers become strongly
stimulated and its threshold of the receptors were decreased, so when you place it
in the room temp water you feel the opposite sensation more.
Summation
Materials
o Blindfold
o Basin with warm water
Procedure
o Dip fingers and then gradually the whole hand into water within 10 seconds
o Rank the degree of sensation felt
Results
o Whole hand > Fingers > Tip of fingers
o Spatial Summation more receptors are being stimulated to cause a more intense
warm
Adaptation
Materials
o Blindfold
o Basin with 38 degree water

Edmund Evangelista Hwang & Kristine Anne Jacoba

o Cork
Procedure 1
o Place whole hand in water for 5 minutes
o Do not move hand
o Record initial sensation and after 5 minutes
Procedure 2
o Place cork on forearm for 2 minutes
o Keep forearm still
o Record initial sensation and after 2 minutes
Results
o Initially very hot, after warm
o Initially corks weight is felt, then not anymore
o Fast adaptation, the receptors become less sensitive
Pressure sense
Materials
o Blindfold
o Bottle with Wet Sand
Procedure
o Dip index finger into sand and subject determines which part of the finger has the
greatest sensation of pressure
Fingertips touch surface of sand
Entire finger immersed but stationary in sand
Entire finger is immersed in sand and moving sideways
Results
o Finger tip
o Lateral sides of finger
o Lateral sides of finger
o Pressure sensation felt deeper in the tissue, force acting on any direction against
resistance
o Touch tactile reception on the superficial skin
Aristotles Experiment
Materials
o Blindfold
o Marble
Procedure
o Place marble in between the Index and Middle fingers and roll it
o Cross the Right Middle finger Over the Right Index finger and roll the marble from
the tips
Results
o Uncrossed = 1 marble
o Crossed = 2
o There are homunculus regions in the brain and by crossing the fingers we distort
the spatial relations of the stimulus and perceive 2 marbles
Synthetic Senses
Two-point discrimination
Materials
o Blindfold
o Double pointed compass
o Ruler
Procedure
o Test on fingertip and nape
o Set the points 2mm apart and increase till two stimuli are noticed (two point
threshold)
o Gentle and simultaneously with equal pressure
o Record distance for 2 trials
Results
o Fingertips are more sensitive than nape of neck
o Threshold is inversely proportional to sensitivity
o Peripheral innervation density is proportional to sensitivity

Edmund Evangelista Hwang & Kristine Anne Jacoba

o Peripheral receptive field is inversely proportional to sensitivity

Stereognosis
Materials
o Blindfold
o 3 different common objects (coin, pen, key)
Procedure
o Place the object in the blindfolded subjects hand for 1 minute and have them
identify it
Results
o Sterognosis Id object without looking (form and texture)
o Graphesthesia figure writing (dorsal column pathway)
o Pressure, tactile, mechanoreceptors, sensory pathway w/ memory of object

Reflexes
o Gag reflex touch uvula with applicator
o Corneal reflex touch cornea with cotton, do not touch eye lashes
o Knee jerk hit patellar tendon, legs must be free so cross legs, test both sides
o Ankle jerk subject stands, rests knee on chair and tap the Achilles tendon
o Plantar reflex stroke the lateral half of the sole of the foot starting from heel to toes
Reflex
Classification
Afferent n.
Center
Efferent n.
Gag
Super/poly
CN IX
Cranial
CN X
Corneal
Super/poly
CN V
Cranial
CN VII
Abdominal
Super/poly
T9-T12
Spinal
T9-T12
Knee Jerk
Deep/mono
Femoral n.
Spinal L2-L4
Femoral n.
Ankle Jerk
Deep/mono
Tibial n.
Spinal S1
Tibial n.
Plantar
Super/poly
Plantar n.
Cranial L4-S3 Plantar n.

Response
Esophagus
Orbicularis
Abdominal ms.
Quadriceps
Triceps surae
Dorsal
interosseous

Blood Experiments
o RBC Count Determination
Materials
Hemocytometer w/ red bead
Microscope
Filter paper
Isotonic Saline solution
Procedure
Swab fingertip with alcohol
Prick finger with lancet
Suck blood to .5 mark and wipe out excess blood with filter paper
Suck isotonic saline solution to 101 mark
Shake pipette in figure 8 motions for 3 mins
Place cover slip on counting chamber
Shake pipette 5 times
Discard first few drops and allow a drop to form at tip
Place drop at edge of cover slip
No fluid in the gutter, which may push up on the cover slip
Count 5 medium squares at corners and 1 in the middle
To avoid double counting, count the ones touching the Upper and Left borders
Results
#RBC = E/80 x 400 x 200 x 10
o E = no. of RBC counted in 5 boxes
o 400 = total of small squares
o 200 = dilution factor of pipette
o 10 = factor of depth
N for male = 4.5 5.5 million per cc / female = 3.5 4.5 million per cc
Errors = over dilution & bubbles = decrease RBC count
o WBC Count Determination
Materials
White bead
Acetic acid hemolyse

Edmund Evangelista Hwang & Kristine Anne Jacoba

Procedure
Suck blood to .5 mark
Suck acetic acid to 11 mark
Count wbc in the 4 corners big squares and get the average
Count upper and left borders
Results
#WBC = L x 20 x 10
o L = average of WBC
o 20 = diluting factor
o 10 depth factor
N = 5k 10k / cu mm
o Bleeding time (platelet factor)
Prick finger = time zero
Every 30 seconds blot blood on absorbent paper till no more blood stain forms
N = 1-3 mins with dukes method of lobe of ear
o Clotting time (clotting)
Prick finger and drop blood onto slide directly = time zero
With a tip of a pin draw it from the center to the sides to find any thread-like strands
Repeat every 10 seconds till thread forms
N = 3 6 mins
o Hemoglobin determination
Sahli hellige hemometer
Prick, suck blood into hemometer pipette to 20 cu mm mark
Wipe off excess blood
5 drobs of HCl into tube
Blow out blood into tube and rinse 2x with HCl solution
Shake tube till mixed
Add water one drop at a time, mixing with stirring rod till the color matches the standard
Read the results on the scale of tube
N = male 14 18 g/dL and female 12 14 g/dL
o Cross matching
2.5 ml of blood into an test tube
Centrifuge for 10-15 mins at 15rpm
Place 1 drop of serum on slide and add 1 drop of RBC suspension from other
Mix and observe for 3-5 mins for agglutination
Cross match with 5 other members
o Blood typing
.3 ml of blood into test tube with saline solution
Place antiserum A into one concave and antiserum B in other
Add 1-2 drops of RBC suspension to each
Mix and observe for 5-20 mins for agglutination / do not use same mixer
o Hematocrit determination
3 ml of blood into wintrobe tube or microhematocrit pipette
Or prick finger and draw blood into pipette
Add clay and centrifuge for 5 mins at 15 rpm
Use chart
Results
Determines the ratio of total cellular elements to fluid in the blood
Isotonic and Isometric contraction
o Dumb bell
P0 = extended elbow in between thigh at mid thigh
Start with 2.5 lbs ask to flex completely = Pf
Rest for 30 seconds. Increase to 5 lbs and repeat
Continue adding weights at 2.5 lb increments to determine RM
RM = repetition maximum = weight or resistance a person can move throughout a joint movement
only once after which one can no loncer repeat the movement.
Record heaviest weight where full flexion and extension was done isotonic contraction; weight
unable to complete range of motion; angle when motion ceased isometric contraction
o Hand grip isometric contraction

Edmund Evangelista Hwang & Kristine Anne Jacoba

Use other hand, grip for 10 minutes or as long as possible

Will not finish 10 min because of lactic acid build up and ms fatigue
Heart Experiments
o ECG
Materials
ECG machine
Lead Cables
Electrode plates with rubber straps
ECG paste/alcohol
General Directions
Standard leads: I (RA-LA) , II (RA-LF), III (LA-
LF) - bipolar
Augmented Leads: aVR, aVL, aVF unipolar
Precordial Leads: V1-V6 unipolar
o V1 -4ICS Right Parasternal border
o V2- 4ICS Left Parasternal border
o V3 bet V2 and V4
o V4 5ICS Left Midclavicular line
o V5 - 5ICS Left anterior axillary line
o V6 - 5ICS Left Midaxillary line

Wilsons Central Terminal indifferent electrode
Characteristics

P wave
<.12 sec
Atrial depolarization
QRS complex
<.10
ventricular contraction atrial relaxation
T wave

ventricular relaxation
PR Segment

Electrical impulse delay at AV node
PR Interval
.12-.20
Ventricular filling
QT Interval
<.36-.44
ventricular contraction and relaxation
RR Interval

One full cardiac cycle

Heart rate - 1500/ # of small squares bet RR
Mean electrical axis plot amplitude of QRS in Lead I ( x axis) and AVF (y axis) N -30 - +90 or
100
Carotid Massage and Eyeball pressure both decrease heart rate
o Heart Sounds
Stethoscope & watch with second hand
Make sure that curves of the ear pieces are facing backward. Listen and determine heart rate
Aortic: 2 ICS RPSB
Pulmonic: 2 ICS LPSB
Tricuspid: 4 ICS LPSB
Mitral: 5 ICS LMCL
S1 closure of AV valves - systole isovolumetric contraction
S2 closure of SL valves diastole - isovolumetric relaxation
S3 normal in children increased volume in ventricles | S4 stiff valves
o Arterial Pulses
Palpate Right radial artery and Left carotid artery. Heart rate for 1 minute
Listen at aortic area, palpate R radial artery
Heart sound coincides with S2
Blood Pressure
o Sphygmomanometer
Cuff
Manometer
Bulb and neeadle valve
o Stethoscope
Bell low frequency
Diaphragm high frequency
Ear piece

Edmund Evangelista Hwang & Kristine Anne Jacoba

Palpatory
Place cuff 2 cm above cubital fossa
Dont let subj see manometer
Palpate subjects radial pulse using 2nd and 3rd fingertips
Inflate up to when pulse can no longer be felt
Slowly release pressure by deflating the bag
Systolic the first pulse reading
Diastolic is unread bec of laminar flow
Eliminates error of having Auscultatory gap korotkoff sounds fade and return atherosclerosis
o Auscultatory
Let rest for 5 minutes
Put the stethoscope on the cubital fossa approximately over the artery
Inflate bag at pressure higher than palpatory reading
Deflate at rate of 2-4 mmHg per pulse
First tapping sounds systolic N:100-120
Last tapping sound before silence Diastolic N: 80-90
Tapping sounds korotkoff sounds
1 clear tapping, 2 murmur like, 3 loud tapping, 4 thumping/ muting, 5 silence
o BP = CO x TPR; Physical = arterial compliance and blood volume (CO = HR x SV)
o Posture
Change in CO -> felt by carotid sinus or aortic arch ->CN IX->Medulla -> CNX->change in TPR->change
in venous return->change in HR and SV -> change in BP
Standing to lying decrease BP
Lying to standing increase BP
o Exercise
Treadmill:speed 4:5minutes, handgrip:5 minutes, stationary bike:resistance 2:15 minutes
Measure before, during(immediately after exercise) and after exercise(15 minutes after), allow 30
minutes rest between to types of exercise
Increase BP and HR during exercise
Decrease BP and HR after exercise
Isometric: increase TPR : Increase systolic and Diastolic
Isotonic: increase systolic only
+sympathetic ->increase HR and force of contraction->increase SV and CO
o Cold Pressor
Pain perception scale, Bucket of ice cold water (0-5 degrees C), BP set
Let rest for 5 minutes
Record BP opposite of immersed hand, before, at 30 sec of immersion and at 60 sec of immersion.
Remove hand and take BP every minute for 4 minutes after removal
Systolic doesnt change because of pain -> vasoconstriction
Hyporeactor- 0-10; normoreactor 10-20; hyperreactor >20
Hyperemia is a compensatory mechanism after vasoconstriction in cold water, vasodilation will
happen.
o Hyperventilation
Ask to hyperventilate for 30 sec record BP at last 5 sec and 5 min after
Inspiration-> increases blood in atrium->increases SV->increasesCO->increases BP
Respiratory Experiments
o Respiratory Control and Movements

Procedure
Longest apnea
Largest Lung Volume
Quality of Air
Hyperventilate for 30 sec
1
Residual volume
Dec CO2
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Inc O2
End of maximal forced
3
Residual Volume
Dec C02
expiration
Dec 02
End of deepest inspiration
2
Total Lung Capacity
No change
End of Inspiration post
4
Functional Residual Capacity Inc C02
rebreathing
Tidal Volume
Dec 02
Pneumograph, kymograph, timer
Place pneumograph around subjects chest and connect to the recording tambour.
Keep side arm of the connecting T tube open while making adjustments.
o

Edmund Evangelista Hwang & Kristine Anne Jacoba

Adjust the pneumograph to make sure that the kymograph stylus moves up and down as the chest
expands and deflates. Close the side arm when ready to record.
Record the movements for 1 min Use slow speed drum Observe the degree of chest movements.
N 12-20 rpm
Respiratory Apnea
Determine how long breath can be held

Procedure
Hyperventilate for 30 sec

Longest apnea
1

End of maximal forced

3
expiration
End of deepest inspiration
2
End of Inspiration post
4
rebreathing
Primary drive to breathe is pCO2

Largest Lung Volume

Residual volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Residual Volume
Total Lung Capacity
Functional Residual Capacity
Tidal Volume

Quality of Air
Dec CO2
Inc O2
Dec C02
Dec 02
No change
Inc C02
Dec 02

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate

Peak Flow meter
Blow as hard as possible, one quick sharp blast, repeat 3 x
Maximum flow at the onset of expiration can be reduced by asthma

Physical Examination
Sites of PE: Supra scapular, interscapular, infrascapular, base of lungs
Inspection: deformities in thoracic cage and vertebral column, observe chest expansion/excursion
determine RR
Palpate: test tactile fremitus (feel vibrations while saying tres tres or ninety nine)
Percussion: hit finger at interphalangeal joint (resonant hollow air filled; hyperresonant more
than normal air; dull solid bones or fluid filled muscles)
Auscultate: breath sounds and vocal fremitus

Edmund Evangelista Hwang & Kristine Anne Jacoba

Adventitious sounds : crackles/rales- pneumonia, fibrosis, CHF, bronchitis; wheezes

narrow airways asthma, COPD, Bronchitis
Egophony, vocal resonance is lost over pleural fluid (e->a shift is present) due to lung
consolidation
Static Lung Volumes
Spirometer make sure pointer is at zero, use a sterile mouthpiece. DO NOT INHALE FROM
SPIROMETER
Do procedures 2x and take average
Tidal Volme Normal inspiration and expiration
TV + Expiratory Reserve Volume N inspiration and maximal expiration
Vital Capacity take deepest possible inspiration and maximal forced expiration

Air in pleural cavity

Vibration

Percussion note

Breath sounds

decreased

Hyperresonant

Decreased

Fluid in pleural cavity

decreased

Dull

Decreased

Solidification of lung segment

Increased

Dull

Decreased

Expiratory reserve volume (1.1L) vol of air that can

be expired by forceful expiration after the end of TV
Inspiratory reserve volume (3L) vol of air that can be
inspired over and above the normal TV
Vital capacity (4.6L) total vol of exhaled air from a maximal
inspiration to a maximal exhalation
Total lung capacity (5.8L) maximum vol lungs
Residual volume (1.2L) vol of air remaining in the
lungs after ERV; prevents the lungs from totally
collapsing
Minimal air the amount of air left in the lungs after
collapsing
Respiratory minute volume (6L/min) vol of
air that leaves and enters the lungs per minute
Alveolar ventilation (4.2L/min) amount of
fresh inspired air available for gas exchange;
dont consider physiological dead space
FEV1 is the fraction of vital capacity expired
during the 1st second of a forced expiration
FVC is the total amount of air that you can forcibly blow out
decreased FEV1/FVC ratio - Obstructive lung disease
normal or increased FEV1/FVC ratio - Restrictive lung disease

Kidney Function Test
o 24 hour inut and output
empty bladder and discard first voided urine, mark as hour zero
Note time of each void, volume, color, transparency. Note activity.
Take 30ml samples. Last sample should coincide with 24th hr.
Determine sp. Gr.
Freshly voided urine is colorless
Blirubin, biliverdin and urochrome give urine color
Filtration glomerulus, Reabsorption PCT and Nephron loop, Secretion
Obligatory reabsorption regardless of volume 2/3 will be reabsorbed
Urge 200 cc
Oliguria <600 cc; anuria <200 cc
Input maybe higher than output bec. of water loss aside from urination
Color increases with sp. Gr; decreased vol - increased sp. gr.
o Dilution Test
Eat but do not drink any other liquid aside from 150 cc of WATER
Empty bladder

Edmund Evangelista Hwang & Kristine Anne Jacoba

Drink 1500 ml of plain water within 30 minutes

Collect 8 samples urine every 30 minutes
1.5 L of H2O intake -> dec plasma osmolarity (ECF->ICF)->swelling of osmoreceptors ->dec impulse
to Post Pit and Hypothalamus -> dec ADH ->dec H2O permeability of dCT and CT -> dec H2O
reabsorption -> inc vol; dec color and sp.gr.
H20 diuresis
o Concentration Test
Eat supper no extra fluids, only 1 glass of water.
Empty bladder before sleep and discard
Collect 30 ml samples upon waking up, one hour after and one hour after breakfast
Facultative reabsorption reabsorption as needed by body
o Effects of different fluids
Eat but do not drink any fluid aside from 150 cc of WATER
Empty bladder and discard
Drink 500 ml of assigned fluid
Collect 3 samples every 30 min
Pressure diuresis
Buko Juice
Decreasing vol, col and sp. gr
Osmotic diuresis
Black coffee, plain tea, Mt. Dew, Decreasing vol, col and sp. gr
Reg Cola, unsweetened Choco,
very sweet juice
Transport maximum limit at which a solute can be filtered and transported by the glomerulus,
excess will lead to spillage of solute in urine
C= UV/P (C-clearance; U-conc in urine; V-volume of urine; P conc in plasma)
Urine excretion = Filtration(glomerulus) + Secretion(PCT, nephron loop) Reabsorption(DCT)
Osmotic pressure at BC =0
Special Senses
o Visual Acuity Far Vision
Snellens chart, eye occluder
Subj at 20 feet, experimenter beside subj
Instruct subj to read aloud
VA = row where subj can read 50% plus one letter
If unable to read bring progressively closer to chart
NUMERATOR testing distance of subj to chart; DENOMINATOR distance a normal person can read
the letter size
Repeat in other eye, then repeat if with glasses.
If poorer than 20/20, do pinhole test. Vision should improve if an error of refraction. It will reduce
aberrant light
Emmetropic vision ability to focus distant light ray to a point on the retina (20/20 vision)
o Visual Acuity Near Vision
Jaeger chart 13 inches away
Test each eye separately, repeat if with glasses
Near vision: pupillary constriction, ocular convergence and increase convexity of lens
o Near point of Distinct Vision
Jaeger chart 13 inches away, bring closer until he is unable to read letters
Children front of nose; Young adult 10cm; Adult <60 80 cm
Accomodation = Parasympathetic Innervation Ciliary Muscle Contraction Zonular suspensory
ligaments Relax Increase AP diameter of lens INCREASED FOCAL POWER (better NEAR
focus)
o Accomodation Reflex
DO NOT USE PENLIGHT
Ask to fix gaze on a distant obj then to near obj
Measure changes in size of pupil
CN II and CN III
Reflex = accommodation, pupillary constriction, convergence of eyeball
o Color blindness
Dvorine or Ishihara
Ask to ID figures or trace paths
Sex linked
o Holmgren-type color vision test

Edmund Evangelista Hwang & Kristine Anne Jacoba

Holmgren type color vision test kit, watch

Match 24 loose threads within 3 minutes
Note time of hesitation and errors
Cones = color vision
Color anomaly inability to distinguish certain colors common: red and green
Blind Spot
Blind spot test paper, chin rest, pencil or stick
Use R half for R eye and L half for L eye
Wrap pencil or stick with white paper, leave a dark tip
Subj is 25 cm away. Cover with window, have subj fix gaze on dot
Move from center to periphery slowly
Mark where tip disappears and reappears
Repeat at various angles and in other eye
X/Y = 15.3 mm / (7+250)
X- actual blind spot; Y largest horizontal diameter mapped out; 250 mm distance from paper to
subj; 7 from ant surface from cornea; 15.3 nodal point from lens to retina
N = 1.5 2 mm
Depth Perception
Depth Perception Kit, ruler or tape measure
Place chair 2.5 m away
At the beginning of each trial have subj let go of strings and look away from the arrows while you
misalign pointers
Have subj sit, keep pointers at eye level and try to line up
Trial A; Left eye only B: R eye only C: both eyes
Record distance bet two arrows
Repeat with white bg and black bg
Stereopsis binocular depth perception due to disparity of retinal images that are formed by 2 eyes

Interposition - the covered object is judged as being farther away

Atmospheric perspective - microscopic particles make distant objects look hazy
Linear perspective - parallel lines converge with distance
Texture gradient - from a slant texture becomes denser
Relative size: Perception of smaller object is farther
Relative height: points nearer the horizon as more distant
Motion parallax -more distant objects appear to move in a slower pace

Special Senses
o Taste
Materials
Gauze
Sugar in solution and crystal form
Watch
Procedure
Stick out tongue and hold position
Dry with gauze
Place crystal and solution one at a time
Time how long it takes for the subject to taste
3 trials
Results
Sugar solution will have a faster time because it mixes quickly with the moist surface of the
tongue to reach more taste receptors
Taste = sensation produced by adequate stimulus
Flavor = perception that combines taste, smell, temperature, and texture
CN VII, IX, X used
o Smell
Materials
Blindfold
Test substance (coffee, mint, garlic)
Procedure
Occlude one nostril and place the test substance near the unconcluded nostril
Id smell

Edmund Evangelista Hwang & Kristine Anne Jacoba

 Repeat with other nostril

Results
Volatile, water and lipid soluable
Posterior 1/3 of the nose, near the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone in the olfactory
epitheliums mucosa
Alcohol will stimulate pain receptors by the trigeminal n.
Sniffing increases the delivery of volatile substance to increase the # of activated stimuli
Adaptation
blindfold, iodine, cotton plug one nostril
Inhale through nostril and exhale through mouth
Adaptation is due to inactivation of Na channels. Strong feedback is due to granule cells
The REST is pretty new. So just go off memory. Edmund Hwang
Sorry we werent able to finish. Kristine Jacoba

Edmund Evangelista Hwang & Kristine Anne Jacoba