CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Renewable energy resources hold great promise for meeting the energy and development needs of countries
throughout the world. This promise is particularly strong for developing countries where many regions have
not yet committed to fossil fuel dominance. Solar photovoltaic and solar thermal technologies are
particularly advantageous for serving the two billion people in rural areas without grid electricity. Modern
biomass energy is attractive because it uses locally available agricultural wastes. Wind energy and small
hydroelectric resources also are mature technologies well suited to developing countries. Such renewable
resources are far more economical than traditional energy resources, especially where the costs of acquiring,
maintaining, and operating centralized power stations and remediating their pollution can be avoided.
However, a host of economic, social, and legal barriers prevent these renewable resources from reaching
their full potential. This Article explores the legal mechanism for overcoming these bankers and provides
examples of how they have been overcome in industrial, as well as developing countries.
The subject that the present paper addresses is how fossil fuels can be replaced as a source of energy using
renewable solar technologies in the agricultural paradigm, that is in order to abandon the bell shaped
curve and reach, instead, a plateau of production at levels comparable to the present values. In this approach,
called here Solar Power Agriculture, energy, and in particular electric power, produced on agricultural
lands is considered as just another form of agricultural product, to be approached with the same social and
economic approaches which are commonplace for conventional agriculture. These studies arrived to the
conclusion that a fraction of the earths equatorial deserts would be sufficient to provide abundant energy for
humankinds needs. However, large scale renewable energy plants in deserts do not appear to be on the verge
of materializing. The main problem appears to be the need to attract the huge investments needed, both for
the plants and for the related energy vectoring system. Here, a different approach is considered on the basis
of the idea that renewable energy can to make significant inroads in power production only if its introduction
is gradual and it starts from a relatively small scale. This approach leads to the idea of embedding solar
plants within areas used for conventional agriculture. It is an approach, in fact, that has already been tested
for wind energy in countries such as Denmark and Germany. Obviously, the possibility of expanding this
strategy to obtain a significant fraction of the worldwide energy needs depends on a number of factors:
1. Technological factors: can renewable produce enough energy for the needs of humankind without
competing with conventional agriculture implements?

2. Cost: Even when embedded in conventional agricultural production, wont renewable energies remain too
expensive?
3. Public opinion: Can the relatively expensive products for solar energy be made acceptable to the public?
The project will show that the answer to this entire question is, in principle, positive and that the
concept of solar power agriculture has a strong potential in order to speed up and favor the introduction of
solar renewable technologies in the world. The Hybrid Power Sprayer will manage much usage over its
counterpart and also helps farmer to take the initiative to use innovations.

1.1. Power Sprayer

Fig. 1.1.1 Power Sprayer

Power Sprayers are used to spray pesticides and fertilizers in the liquid form at agriculture farm and other
destinations. The Power sprayer mainly consists of two stroke petrol engine. It needs the petrol and oil for its
usage. The Two stroke petrol engine uses the Chemical energy of fuel and converts it into the Mechanical
Energy to spray the pesticides. The overall view of the power sprayer existing in the market is shown in
Figure 1.1.1

1.2. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF POWER SPRAYER

The Technical Specification of the Power Sprayer are as follows
Capacity of Fuel Tank: 1.25 ltr.
Fuel Consumption for 1 hour continuous operation: 1.25 ltr.
Running Cost per hour: Rs. 100-120
Operating Cost: Rs. 1.7-2 [approx]
2

Durability of Engine: 4-5 years

Annual Maintenance Cost: Rs. 500
Weight of Engine: 4kg approx
Speed: 3000rpm

1.3. MAINTENANCE AND CARE OF POWER SPRAYER

Each and every machine requires the maintenance in order to work efficiently. To keep machine work
efficiently, regular checkups and maintenance is required. Some are very sensitive so that they need
necessarily regular maintenance. The Following are the major areas of concern regarding maintenance and
care of conventional power sprayer.

1. Maintenance of air filter

2. Cleaning of whole system required after each 3 hours of the operations
3. Maintenance and adjustment of carburetor as per requirement
4. Cleaning and maintenance of Spark Plug
5. Maintenance of ignition system
6. Always required prevention against corrosion
7. Pipes should be cleaned.

1.4 HYBRID POWER SPRAYER

Fig. 1.4.1: Hybrid Power Sprayer

To overcome the above difficulties in the Existing models and to reduce the operating cost of the Power
Sprayer, a modified model has been designed and introduced for effective operation without fossil fuel. In
this modified model the two stroke petrol engine is replaced by a single motor. This can be operated by the
electrical energy stored in the 12V battery attached in the Unit. The 12V battery can be charged by the Solar
Panels.

CHAPTER 2
LITRATURE REVIEW

Sh. Nassehzadeh Tabriz, E. Behboodi, F.Q. Alice [1] Towards Renewability By Applying Solar
Energy Technologies For Improved Life Cycle,
Energy crisis is one of the biggest issues of this era with limited and continuously depleting
conventional sources for energy and power generation such as fossil fuels. Alternate sources must be
targeted to meet the continuously increasing power requirements of the globe. Solar energy as one of the
renewable one is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In other words by using
renewable source of energy, termination of fossil fuel source and their harms to the environment will be
prohibited. This precious resource is a free, inexhaustible resource, yet harnessing it is a relatively new idea.
According to the point that solar energy is the energy derived from the sun through the form of solar
radiation, in this paper an attempt is made to explore the application of active solar techniques including the
use of photovoltaic and solar hot water systems to harness the energy.
Utility-scale solar photovoltaic technologies convert energy from sunlight directly into electricity,
using large arrays of solar panels. Solar photovoltaic technologies convert solar energy into useful energy
forms by directly absorbing solar photons - particles of light that act as individual units of energy - and either
converting part of the energy to electricity as in a photovoltaic cell or storing part of the energy in a chemical
reaction as in the conversion of water to hydrogen and oxygen. Solar cells are devices that convert sunlight
directly into electricity. Solar cells are made of layers of semiconductor materials similar to those used in
computer chips. When sunlight is absorbed by these materials, the solar energy knocks electrons loose from
their atoms, allowing the electrons to flow through the material to produce electricity. Traditional solar cells
are made from silicon, are usually flat-plate, and generally are the most efficient. Second-generation solar
cells are called thin-film solar cells because they are made from amorphous silicon or nonsilicon materials.

Philippe

Drobinski,

[2]

WIND AND

SOLAR

RENEWABLE

ENERGY POTENTIAL

RESOURCES ESTIMATION
Reviewable energy and farming are a winning combination. Wind, solar and biomass energy can be
harvested forever, providing farmers with a long-term source of income. Renewable energy can be used on
5

the farm to replace other fuels or even sold as a cash crop. It is one of the most promising and important
opportunities for value-added products in agriculture. It has been said that anything that can be generated
from a barrel of oil can be generated from biomass. They type of renewable energy technology used in
agriculture depends on the type of energy required, access to the renewable energy source and the design of
agricultural facilities and processes. Solar energy can be used in agriculture in a number of ways, saving
money, increasing self-reliance, and reducing pollution. Solar energy can cut a farms electricity and heating
bills. Solar heat collectors can be used to dry crops and warm homes, livestock buildings, and greenhouses.
Solar water heaters can provide hot water for diary operations, pen cleaning, and homes. Photovoltaics (solar
electric panels) can power farm operations and remote water pumps, light, and electric fences. Building and
barns can be renovated to capture natural day light, instead of using electric light, solar power is often less
expensive than extensive power lines, making the farm more economical and efficient.
K. Branker, M. J.M. Pathak, J. M. Pearce [4], A Review of Solar Photovoltaic

Levelized Cost of

Electricity
As the solar photovoltaic (PV) matures, the economic feasibility of PV projects are
increasingly being evaluated using the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) generation in order to be
compared to other electricity generation technologies. Unfortunately, there is lack of clarity of reporting
assumptions, justifications and degree of completeness in LCOE calculations, which produces widely
varying and contradictory results. This paper reviews the methodology of properly calculating the LCOE for
solar PV, correcting the misconceptions made in the assumptions found throughout the literature. Then a
template is provided for better reporting of LCOE results for PV needed to influence policy mandates or
make invest decisions. A numerical example is provided with variable ranges to test sensitivity, allowing for
conclusions to be drawn on the most important variables. Grid parity is considered when the LCOE of solar
PV is comparable with grid electrical prices of conventional technologies and is the industry target for costeffectiveness. Given the state of the art in the technology and favorable financing terms it is clear that PV
has already obtained grid parity in specific locations and as installed costs continue to decline, grid
electricity prices continue to escalate, and industry experience increases, PV will become an increasingly
economically advantageous source of electricity over expanding geographical regions... as the braid is pulled
in tension, the diameter reduces. This inherent conformability of braids offers a simple and efficient
alternative for the manufacture of complex shapes.

Denis

Shepard,

Michael

Agnew,

Luke

Dant,
6

[11]

Selecting

Nozzles

for

Fungicides

SprayApplications, June 2006

Fungicide spray applications are a key part of a superintendents turf management program. Fungicide
selection, application timing, application water volume and application equipment are important for effective
disease control. Chemical companies have developed products that are active at lower rates for longer periods,
are safer for the environment and come in formulations that are easier to apply. Even when these products are
applied at the proper interval, disease control can be compromised if fungicides are not applied uniformly over
the turf grass in the proper water volume.
Research conducted in the early 1980s suggests that a general guideline for fungicide applications is a
minimum of 44 gallons/acre (411.6 liters/hectare) for contact fungicides and 88 gallons/acre (823.1
liters/hectare) for products that are acropetal penetrants or have a systemic mode of action (1).

Recent

research at the University of Maryland demonstrated that 50 gallons/acre (467.7 liters/hectare) worked fine
for

the contact fungicide Daconil

Ultrex

(chlorothalonil) and the acropetal penetrant Banner Maxx

(propiconazole) (2). This may suggest that the new micro emulsion formulations do not require the additional
water that older EC or wet table powder formulations needed 25 years ago. Sprayer technology also has
improved over the past several years. Computerized systems now take the guesswork out of speed and spray
volume considerations. Sprayer and chemical improvements can be negated if the chemicals are not properly
applied to the turf. Even though nozzles are a small part of the overall operation, they are the last piece of
equipment through which sprays pass before contact with the turf. Several nozzle types are available from
various manufacturers, and choosing the right nozzle for various applications will improve product
performance.

Ricardo F. Ogre, [12] Development of low volume sprayer nozzles for GA 3 Application, Ontario
International Development Agency, ISSN 1923-6654.

In hybrid rice seed production, Gibberellin acid (GA3), a growth hormone, is normally applied to the
7

mother rice plant (A-line) in order to facilitate panicle exertion and increase its chance to receive pollens
from the father plant (R-line) thus enhancing seed setting. Filipino hybrid rice seed producers are using
either the battery-operated ultra-low volume (ULV) sprayer or the imported lever operated knapsack (LOK)
sprayer in the application of GA3. The former is being recommended by agricultural technicians however it
is relatively expensive hence not all of the farmers are using it. The latter, which most of the farmers are
using, requires a lot of water to use hence taking a lot time and efforts in carrying out the operation.
Unfortunately, no available sprayer nozzles could be found in the market that could satisfy the requirement.
It could be fitted easily on the lance of farmers sprayers. Field test results showed that the number of tank
loads per hectare was reduced from 10-13 in the accompanying nozzle of a farmers LOK knapsack
sprayer to 2-4 in the developed LV nozzle. This resulted to savings in time and cost of the GA3.
The idea of coming up with a low cost and efficient alternative to GA3 application was focused
on providing the farmers knapsack sprayers with a LV nozzle. The design of the LV nozzle developed by
the Cotton Research and Development Institute [15] was adopted as benchmark design with some
modifications done so as to satisfy the following design criteria:
(a) Low discharge; capable of reducing the spray volume applied by at least 50% as compared to the nozzle
used by the hybrid rice seed producers in applying the GA3;
(b) Fine mist to ensure that more droplets are produced per unit volume of liquid to effect a more efficient
GA3 application;
(c) Simple design to ensure that it could easily and locally be fabricated as well as easily be operated
and maintained by farmers;
(d) Corrosion resistant, to ensure that the parts would last longer even when used in applying
corrosive chemicals such as insecticides and herbicides;
(e) Low cost, to ensure that it is affordable to farmers.

Dibyajyoti Bhattachari, [13] Some Issues on Fertilizer Consumption in Northeast India,

Economic Reforms and Development In North East India, eds. Sengupta and Roy, Mittal
Publications, pp. 41-46, (2003).

From a nation dependent on food imports to feed its population, India today is not only self-sufficient
in grain production, but also has a substantial reserve. This gain has been accomplished through the
extensification of land under agriculture, as well as the intensification of agricultural inputs, i.e. fertilizers,
pesticides and irrigation. The fertilizer industry in India has grown tremendously in the last 30 years. The
Government is keen to see that fertilizer reaches the farmers in the remote and hilly areas. However, the
amount of fertilizers used in the agricultural fields of northeast for both kharif and rabi crops is much less
compared to the other zones of the country. Variation to a larger extent is noted in the consumption of
fertilizers even in the northeastern states. The present paper looks forward towards the various statistical
aspects of fertilizer consumption, reasons for such low ebb and tries to bring out the fact hidden behind
figures.
Agriculture has been the most crucial sector of the Indian economy. Agriculture and allied activities
make the single largest contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), accounting for almost 27 % of the
total. Agriculture provides employment to around 65 % of the total work force. Agricultural growth is
also an important factor in containing inflation, raising agricultural wages and for employment generation.
Hence, increase in agricultural production is a key to economic development for India. Maintaining of soil
fertility is an important step in creating a sustainable agriculture. Before stating how soil fertility can be
maintained, let us look at the causes, which lead to the decline of soil fertility.
In natural ecosystems soil minerals basically stay in place. Trees uptake minerals pass the minerals to
the leaves, and the leaves fall back to the earth where the process starts all over again. It may be pointed out
that agricultural systems differ from the natural forest systems, where the nutrients are completely
recycled. In agricultural systems the nutrients in the form of grains, straw and other produce are taken away
from the farm. Farmers remove the crops before the minerals can be replaced in the soil. There are some
natural ways to lessen the mineral loss, but there is no way to stop it from happening completely. So, minerals
must be replaced from outside.

B. Sinha, D. Choudhary, S. Roy, Traditional Practices in Pesticide Management: Some

Examples in North East India Regional seminar on the Role of biodiversity and environmental
strategies in North East India, 2004
Crop damages caused by pests contribute substantially to economic loss in agriculture. The
9

conventional approach to pest control has been the use of chemical pesticides or adopting integrated pest
management approaches. In the rural areas of north-east India, particularly the uplands, agricultural extension
and supportive delivery systems are practically nonexistent. Even where such services are available, the rural
poor normally do not have the means to access these services. In the absence of these facilities and supportive
delivery systems the rural upland farmer is largely dependent on traditional practices of pest management
based on empirical experience. Documentation of such practices reveals an interesting insight and
understanding of plant resources as well as the ecological principle of food-web linkages by the
communities. This presentation highlights a few of these practices.
The present trend in world population growth reflects the need of constant increase in food grain
production. A major obstacle in this effort is the loss of around 45% of potential yield of food grains due to
pests, diseases and weeds before and after harvesting (Singh & Chauhan, 2001). As of now the most
common solution to this problem is the use of chemical pesticides, though, of late a comparatively better
approach called Integrated Pest Management has been developed and employed. The use of these chemicals
(pesticides) in modern farming practices for higher yield has been viewed as an integral part of the success of
the agricultural sector. However, most of the pesticides may affect non-target organisms and contaminate soil
and water (Chandra, 2003). In the recent years there has been a growing concern that pesticides constitute a
potential risk to the wellbeing of the nature and natural resources including man.

CHAPTER 3
CONSTRUCTION
The Hybrid Power Sprayer mainly consist of following parts
1. Solar Panel
10

2. Battery
3. D.C. Pump
4. Storage Tank
5. Spraying Arrangement
6. Frame and Other equipments

3.1 SOLAR PANEL

A Solar Panel is a packaged, connected assembly of the photovoltaic cells. The solar panel can
be used as component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply the Electricity in commercial as
well as residential applications. Each panel is rated by its DC output power under a standard testing
condition. As single solar panel can produce a limited power, so most of installation consist of multiple
panels.

Fig. 3.1.1: Solar Panel

Solar Panels use light energy [ Photon ] from the sun to generate electricity through
Photovoltaic Effect. The majority of modules uses wafer based crystalline silicon cells or thin film cells
based on cadmium telluride or silicon. The electric connections are made in series to achieve the desired
output voltage or in parallel to achieve desire current parameter.
There are three types of solar panels.
1. Monocrystaline
2. Polycrystalline
3. Amorphous

11

Fig.3.1.2 Monocrystalline

Fig 3.1.3 Polycrystalline

Fig 3.1.3 Amorphous

Crystalline technologies are currently predominant in the market. There are two types of crystalline
technologies, monocrystalline and polycrystalline. Monocrystalline cells are cut from large single crystals or
12

from cylindrical blocks (ingots) of crystalline silicon. They are more efficient (12-16%) but more costly. The
polycrystalline cells, as the name suggests, are produced from square blocks (cast ingots ) of polycrystalline
silicon. They are having slightly lower efficiency (11-13%), but are less costly.

3.2 BATTERY
The battery supplies current to operate the centrifugal pump when we start to spray the fertilizer. It
is also act as a voltage stabilizer by supplying current for the lights, radio, and other equipments when the
alternators not handling the load. The battery is an electrochemical device. This means it uses chemicals to
produce the electricity. The amount of electricity produced is limited. As the chemicals in the battery are
used up battery runs down or discharged. It can be recharged by supplying it with electric current from
battery charger, or from vehicle alternator. The used up chemicals are then returned to their original
condition, so the battery becomes recharged.

Fig. 3.2.1: Battery

The Chemical in battery are sponge load, lead oxide and sulphuric acid. These three substances are made to
produce a flow of current.
There are two types of batteries.
1. Primary Batteries
13

The primary batteries are designed to be used once and discarded.

2. Secondary Batteries
Secondary batteries are designed to be recharged and use multiple times.
We are using 6V batteries which are generally available.

3.3 D.C. Pump

A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to create flow by
addition of energy to a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to move liquids through piping.

Fig no.3.3.1 D.C. Pump

The fluids enter the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and are accelerated by the
impeller, flowing radially outward into a diffuser or volume chamber, from where it exists into the
downstream piping.

14

3.4 STORAGE TANK

A storage tank is a container, usually for holding liquids, sometimes for compressed gases (gas
tank). The term can be used for reservoirs (artificial lakes and ponds), and for manufactured containers. The
usage of the word tank for reservoirs is common or universal in Indian English, American English and
moderately common in British English. In other countries, the term tends to refer only to artificial
containers.
We are using a 4 litre capacity storage tank to store the liquid.

3.5 SPRAYING ARRANGEMENT

One of the more common forms of pesticide application, especially in conventional agriculture, is the
use of mechanical sprayers. A hydraulic sprayer consists of a tank, a pump, a lance (for single nozzles) or
boom, and a nozzle (or multiple nozzles). Sprayers convert a pesticide formulation, often containing a
mixture of water (or another liquid chemical carrier, such as fertilizer) and chemical, into droplets, which can
be large rain-type drops or tiny almost-invisible particles.
Fig. 3.5.1: Spraying arrangement

This conversion is accomplished by forcing the spray mixture through a spray nozzle under
pressure. The size of droplets can be altered through the use of different nozzle sizes, or by altering the
15

pressure under which it is forced, or a combination of both. Large droplets have the advantage of being less
susceptible to spray drift, but require more water per unit of land covered. Due to static electricity, small
droplets are able to maximize contact with a target organism, but very still wind conditions are required.

3.6 FRAME AND OTHER EQUIPMENTS

A frame is a structural system that supports other components of a physical construction. It gives the
stability to the sprayer and all assembly is mounted on the frame.
A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. The valve is controlled by an electric
current through a solenoid: in the case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or off; in the case of a
three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet ports. Multiple solenoid valves can be
placed together on a manifold.

Fig 3.6.1: Solenoid Valve

Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in fluidics. Their tasks are to shut off,
release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found in many application areas. Solenoids offer fast and
16

safe switching, high reliability, long service life, good medium compatibility of the materials used, low
control power and compact design.

CHAPTER 4
WORKING

The solar radiations can be converted into the electric energy by using the semiconductor device
called as Photovoltaic Cells (PV Cells). Solar Panels use light energy [Photon] from the sun to generate
electricity through Photovoltaic Effect. Solar cells produce direct current electricity from sun light, which
can be used to power equipment or to recharge a battery.
The Solar Panel is connected to the batteries i.e. two 6V batteries. Batteries are connected to store the
electricity. The electric current is stored in the form of chemical energy in the batteries. These batteries are
charged with the electric current that is produced by the solar panel. These batteries are connected in series.
The storage tank is provided to store the liquid that will be used for the spraying purposes. 12V D.C.
Pump is fitted below the storage tank. The power is supplied to the DC pump by batteries. After the DC
Pump Solenoid Valve is provided. Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in fluidics.
Then it is connected to Nozzle Arrangement by means of pipes.
When we switch on the pump and the solenoid valve, Liquid is starts to flow as soon as we push the
limiting switch and flow is generated. The flow of water goes pass from the nozzle assembly to produce
spray. The spray type can be changed by adjusting the nozzle.

17

CHAPTER 5
SPECIFICATION

SR.

COMPONENTS

NOS

NOTATIONS

SPECIFICATIONS

MATERIALS /

NO
OTHER

1.

SOLAR PANEL

W,V

5Watt, 12Volts

Polycrystalline
Structure

2.

BATTERY

V,A

6Volts, 4.5A

Rechargeable
Type

3.

DC PUMP

4.

SOLENOID

A, RPM

7A, 2800RPM

DC Type

VALVE

5.

STORAGE TANK

4L

PVC Tank

6.

FRAME

MS Flat

Table No. 5.1: Specification of parts

CHAPTER 6
DESIGN AND CALCULATION

18

1. FORCE REQUIRED FOR PUMPING OF WATER AT 10 FEET

F = 50N

2. AMOUNT OF WATER DISCHARGED

2.1 PRESSURE REQUIRED FOR FLOW WATER

F
A

P: Pressure required to pump water.

F: Force required to pump.
A: Area of outlet of nozzle.

50

0.01935 2
4

P = 1.7 bar

2.2 BERNOULLIS EQUATION

Pressure Head = Kinetic Head

P1
V2
2
g 2 g

1.7 10 5 V22

1000
219

V2 = 18.43 m/s
2.3 DISCHARGE THROUGH NOZZLE

Q = A*V

0.027 2 18.43
4

Q = 6.33 ltr/min
As discharge is 6.33 ltr/min, We took pump with capacity of 7 ltr./min.

The pump having specifications as follows

DC Pump
Discharge: 7 ltr/min
Speed: 2800 rpm
Current: 7A
Voltage: 12V
Power = VxA
Power = 12x7
Power = 84 Watts.
3. BATTERIES
Generally 6V batteries are available in market
Voltage required for D.C. Pump = Voltage produced by batteries.
20

12V = n x 6V
n=2
Therefore 2 batteries are required for running the pump.

4. SOLAR PANEL
In order to charge 12V output batteries, 12 Volts Solar panel is necessary so we choose
Polycrystalline structure solar panel suitable for 12V charging.

CHAPTER 7
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

By doing the various Experiments on the Hybrid Power Sprayer following results are

obtained.

6.1 CHARGING TIME

Charging is to be done by using a solar panel. Battery can be charged continuously during
usage in the farm, as solar panel is on the sprayers. It gives the continuous backup of 4-5 hours.

21

Note: During Rainy Season or cloudy conditions, charging of batteries can be done by electrical devices.

1. Charging Time: 6 to 8 hrs.(Depending on condition of weather) for solar panel

6 to 7 hours on electricity
2. Required Voltage: 12V
3. Backup: 3 to 5 hrs
4. When Radiation is more = Less charging time
5. When Radiation is less = More charging time
6. Charging Cost : Nil on solar panel
Rs. 10-12 on electricity

6.2 TIME TAKEN FOR DISCHARGE FULL TANK

The tank of the Hybrid Power Sprayer is filled with the water and then switch on the pump
and by using the sprayer we get following results.

CASE 1: Nozzle is set for Sprinkle type flow.

When nozzle is set for sprinkle type of flow, the time required to discharge the 4 ltr. Capacity tank
is given below.
Time taken to discharge 4 ltr. Water = 4 minutes and 30 sec.

CASE 1: Nozzle is set for Jet type flow

When nozzle is set for sprinkle type of flow, the time required to discharge the 4 ltr. Capacity tank
is given below.
Time taken to discharge 4 ltr. Water = 3 minutes and 15 sec.
22

6.3 READINGS FOR VARIOUS PESTICIDES

We use three commonly used pesticides used in agriculture practices. The three pesticides are
as follows
1. Profenofos
2. Choloropyrifos
3. Bioinsecticides

Get following results by using above pesticides and insecticides.

Pesticides

Applications

Density

Pump

Exit Velocity

Discharge (Q)
Profenofos

Control of
insects & mites
on cotton,
soybean, maize,

1455 Kg/cubic

6.59 ltr/min

15.55 m/sec

6.73 ltr/min

15.86 m/sec

7.07 ltr/min

18.39 m/sec

meter

tobacco etc.
Cloropyrifos

Cotton, corn,
almonds, fruit
trees including
oranges,

1398 Kg/cubic
meter

bananas, apples.
Bioinsecticides Plant agent,
seeds treatment
& soil
amendments.

1030 Kg/cubic
meter

23

Table No. 6.3.1 : Readings for various pesticides

CHAPTER 8
COMPARISION

Conventional Power Sprayer

Hybrid Power Sprayer

Two stroke petrol engine

DC Pump running by solar power.

Cost of a unit is Rs. 5000 approx

Cost of unit is Rs. 7000 approx.

24

Operating cost is Rs. 100/hour approx.

Operating cost is zero.

Effective Periodic Maintenance is necessary.

Less Maintenance is required.

Table No. 8.1: Comparison

CHAPTER 9
ADVANTAGE

1. Uses clean and alternative source of energy

As the Hybrid Power Sprayer uses solar power as source of energy, it is the clean source
of energy and also the alternative energy resource . The solar power is primary source to charge
the batteries and electricity can also be used to recharge the batteries.

2. No fossil fuels required

The Hybrid powered sprayer does not use any type of fossil fuel for its operation. This
helps us to reduce the use of fossil fuel and to use non-conventional source of energy. That helps
us to save our fossil fuel.

25

3. No costly maintenance
The Hybrid powered sprayer uses solar energy based equipment as medium for spraying
while the conventional power sprayer uses 2 stroke petrol engine. The 2 stroke engine required
regular periodic maintenance. But hybrid powered sprayer does not required such kind of the
maintenance.

4. Minimum running cost

The hybrid powered sprayer uses solar power as well as electricity to spray the insecticides or
pesticides. While the conventional power sprayer uses petrol operated assembly to spray
insecticides. So it costs more running cost than hybrid power sprayer.

5. Subsidy
The government can give this implement on subsidy to the farmers which can help to reduce
the Maximum Retail Price of the equipment. This will be an innovative step in farming sectors.

6. Awareness
This implement will help us to reach to the grassroots level people and help to aware them
how we can use the sustainable solar energy in agriculture field. The more awareness more will be
the benefit.

26

CHAPTER 10
FUTURE SCOPE
Regarding the future development of hybrid power sprayer, the hybrid power sprayer basically
designed by us to use the sustainable solar energy in agriculture field and to lower use of fossils fuel. Some
futuristic scope that we vision are as follows

1. The PV technology that used in the Hybrid Power Sprayer can be used for all type of
spraying purposes.
2. The rural areas not getting electricity properly so when sprayer is not in use for spraying
purpose can be used for lighting or other household purpose.
3. The mobile charger can be employed to sprayer which can charge mobiles during load
shading.
4. Further development can be achieved by researching on better means to use the sprayer.

27

CHAPTER 11
COST ESTIMATION
Sr. No.

Parts of Sprayer

Cost of Part

Solar Panel

Rs. 1500

Battery

Rs. 500

Pump

Rs. 1200

Solenoid Valve

Rs. 500

Limit Switch

Rs. 150

Nozzle Assembly

Rs. 800

Frame, Cushioning, Tank

Rs. 2000

Other

Rs. 1000

Total

Rs. 7650

28

Table No. 11.1: Cost Estimation

CHAPTER 12
CONCLUSION
The Hybrid Power Sprayer model was developed based on the Photovoltaic Technology. It is used to
spray pesticides, fungicides, and fertilizers etc. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The Model is running successfully that means it can be an alternative for the power sprayers.
2. As operating and maintenance cost is low, so farmers can use this there production cost will be
reduced.
3. The farming community will accept this proved implement.
4. The PV Technology can be extended to use it in every type of spraying.
5. The Hybrid Power Sprayer has high initial cost but more economical.
6. This hybrid powered sprayers can be used for other purposes also.
7. This implement will help to aware usage of alternative energy device.
8. This implement is total ecofriendly device.

29

REFERENCES
1. Sh. Nassehzadeh Tabriz, E. Behboodi, F.Q. Aliyev, TOWARDS RENEWABILITY BY APPLYING
SOLAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVED LIFE CYCLE, 2-IJTPE-Issue11-Vol4-No2Jun2012 Page no.7-12
2. Philippe Drobinski, WIND AND SOLAR RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL RESOURCES
ESTIMATION

3. Chikaire, J. Nnadi, F.N., Nwakwasi, R.N., Anyoha, N.O, Aja O.O., Onoh, P.A.,
And Nwachukwu C.A., SOLAR ENERGY APPLICATIONS FOR AGRICULTURE, Journal of
Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Volume 2, September 2010.
4. Igor Tyukhov, Advanced Solar Energy and Education Technology, Transection in Solar Energy, ISSN
1985-9406 Online Publication , June 2010
5. Ugo Bardi, Solar Power Agriculture : New Paradigm For Energy Production, Renewables 2004
Conference, Evora, Portugal , June 2004

6. K. Branker, M. J.M. Pathak, J. M. Pearce, A Review of Solar Photovoltaic Levelized Cost of

Electricity, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 15, pp.4470-4482 (2011).
7. Richard L. Oitinger, Rebecca Williams, Renewable Energy Resources for Development,
Heinonline . 32 Envtl . L . 332 2002 ,Page No. 331-339
30

8. Ravi Prasad, Making India A Solar Energy Economy-Prospects and Challenges

9. Tarujyoti Buragohain, Impact of Solar Energy in rural Development in India, International Journal
of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 3, No. 4, August 2012
10. Robert Grasso, Pat Hopkins, Nozzles-Sizing and Selection
11. Denis Shepard, Michael Agnew, Luke Dant, Selecting Nozzles For Fungicides Spray Applications,
June 2006

12. Ricardo F. Orge, Development of low volume sprayer nozzles for GA3 Application, Ontario
International Development Agency, ISSN 1923-6654.

13. Dibyajyoti Bhattachari, Some Issues on Fertilizer Consumption in Northeast India, Economic
Reforms and Development In North East India, eds. Sengupta and Roy, Mittal Publications,
pp. 41-46, (2003).

14. B. Sinha, D. Choudhary, S. Roy, Traditional Practises in Pesticide Management: Some Examples in
North East India Regional seminar on the Role of biodiversity and environmental strategies in North
East India, 2004

31

ANNEXURE-1
HYBRID POWER SPRAYER

Saurabh Nimbarte1, Aniruddha Sarode2, Jayant Wasamwar3,

Kaustubh Balpande4, Ajinkya Ujjankar5, Abhishek Bhagwani6, Prashant Girsawade7

Final year Bachelor of Engineering Students

Department of Mechanical Engineering
B.C.Y.R.CS Umrer college of Engineering, Umrer, Dist Nagpur, Maharashtra
1

itechidiot@gmail.com,2anisarode1989@gmail.com, 3mr.jayant.w@gmail.com

ABSTRACTEnergy is one of the major sectors for establishing growth and development any country. To fulfill
the energy demand is major challenge for everyone in society. Applications of Non-Conventional Energy are
the only alternate solution for conventional energy demand. Nowadays usage of alternative sources of energy
rises as public aware about Energy Crisis. Agriculture Sector has a large number of applications which uses
Solar Energy. Solar Energy plays an important role in each and every aspect of agriculture. The solar cookers
and solar pumps are used at various villages. This Solar Energy can be also used for spraying purposes,
using Hybrid Powered Sprayers. This paper is about a Revolutionary Agriculture Implement which uses
alternate sources of energy.
Key words: Energy; Non-Conventional Energy; Energy Crisis; Agriculture Sector; Revolutionary
Agriculture Implement

1. INTRODUCTION
32

Renewable energy resources hold great promise for meeting the energy and development
needs of countries throughout the world. This promise is particularly strong for developing countries
where many regions have not yet committed to fossil fuel dominance. Solar photovoltaic and solar
thermal technologies are particularly advantageous for serving the two billion people in rural areas
without grid electricity. Modern biomass energy is attractive because it uses locally available
agricultural wastes.
The subject that the present paper addresses is how fossil fuels can be replaced as a source of energy
using renewable solar technologies in the agricultural paradigm, that is in order to abandon the bell
shaped curve and reach, instead, a plateau of production at levels comparable to the present values. In this
approach, called here Solar Power Agriculture, energy, and in particular electric power, produced on
agricultural lands is considered as just another form of agricultural product, to be approached with the same
social and economic approaches which are commonplace for conventional agriculture. Obviously, the
possibility of expanding this strategy to obtain a significant fraction of the worldwide energy needs depends
on a number of factors:
1. Technological factors: can renewable produce enough energy for the needs of humankind without
competing with conventional agriculture implements?
2. Cost: Even when embedded in conventional agricultural production, wont renewable energies
remain too expensive?
3. Public opinion: Can the relatively expensive products for solar energy be made acceptable to the
public?
The project will show that the answer to this entire question is, in principle, positive and that the
concept of solar power agriculture has a strong potential in order to speed up and favor the introduction of
solar renewable technologies in the world.
The Hybrid Power Sprayer will manage much usage over its counterpart and also helps farmer to take the
initiative to use innovations.

33

1.1 Introduction to Power Sprayer

Figure 1: Conventional Power Sprayer

Power Sprayers are used to spray pesticides and fertilizers in the liquid form at agriculture farm and
other destinations. The Power sprayer mainly consists of two stroke petrol engine. It needs the petrol and oil
for its usage. The Two stroke petrol engine uses the Chemical energy of fuel and converts it into the
Mechanical Energy to spray the pesticides. The overall view of the power sprayer existing in the market is
shown in Figure 1

Technical Specifications
Capacity of Fuel Tank: 1.25 ltr.
Fuel Consumption for 1 hour continuous operation: 1.25 ltr.
Running Cost per hour: Rs. 100-120
Operating Cost: Rs. 1.7-2 [approx.]
Durability of Engine: 4-5 years
Annual Maintenance Cost: Rs. 500
Weight of Engine: 4kg approx.
Speed: 3000rpm
Maintenance and Care
Each and every machine requires the maintenance in order to work efficiently. To keep machine work
34

efficiently, regular checkups and maintenance is required. Some major areas are as follows.

Maintenance of air filter

Cleaning of whole system required after each 3 hours of the operations
Maintenance and adjustment of carburetor as per requirement
Cleaning and maintenance of Spark Plug
Maintenance of ignition system
Always required prevention against corrosion
Pipes should be cleaned.

2. Hybrid Power Sprayers

2.1 Introduction
To overcome the above difficulties in the Existing models and to reduce the operating cost of the Power
Sprayer, a modified model has been designed & introduced for effective operation without fossil fuel. In this
modified model 2 stroke petrol engine is replaced by a single motor. This can be operated by the electrical
energy stored in the 12V battery attached in the Unit which can be charged by the Solar Panels:

2.2 Specification of Parts

4.2.1 Specification of DC Pump

35

1. Weight: 0.75kg [approx.]

2. Operating Power: 84watts
3. Operating Voltage: 12volts
4. Operating current: 7amp
5. Speed: 2800rpm
6. Discharge: 7 lt/min

4.2.2 Specification of Batteries

1. Weight: 2kg approx.
2. Power: 84watt
3. Current: 7Amp
4. Voltage: 12volts

4.2.3Specification of Solar Panel

1. Weight: 0.75kg
2. Voltage: 12volt
3. Power Output: 5watts

3. Working
Solar Radiation can be directly converted into electricity by using semiconductor device called as
Photovoltaic (PV) Cells. When Sunlight falls upon the Solar cell a part of the light is absorbed and it is
converted into Electrical Energy by means of Electron Movements. This Solar Panel is connected to 12V
lead acid battery for storing the

electrical energy. A 12V DC motor is connected to these lead acid battery to convert the electrical
energy into mechanical energy.Battery can be charged continuously during discharge itself, by attaching
the panel on the sprayers. Without panel on the sprayers, discharge can be done for a minimum period of
4 to 5 hours. By changing the battery, discharge can be continued for further more hours. Charging can
36

be done by separate Solar Banal attachment. Note: During Rainy Season charging can be done by
electrical devices.

4. Advantages
1. It uses clean and alternative source of energy.
2. No fossil fuels are required.
3. No costly maintenance.
4. Minimum Running cost
5. It may be subsidized by govt. as per renewable energy resources policy.
6. It helps farmers to get aware about usage of Alternative Energy Implements

5. Conclusions
The Hybrid Power Sprayer model was developed based on the Photovoltaic Technology. It is used to
spray pesticides, fungicides, and fertilizers etc. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) The Model is running successfully that means it can be an alternative for the power sprayers.
(2)As operating and maintenance cost is low, so farmers can use this there production cost will be
reduced.
(3) This hybrid powered sprayers can be used for other purposes also.

(4)This implement will help to aware usage of alternative energy devices.

6. References
1. Sh. Nassehzadeh Tabriz, E. Behboodi, F.Q. Aliyev, Towards renewability by applying solar energy
technologies for improved life cycle, 2-IJTPE-Issue11-Vol4-No2-Jun2012 Page no.7-12
2. Philippe Drobinski, Wind and solar renewable energy potential resources estimation
3. Chikaire, J. Nnadi, F.N., Nwakwasi, R.N., Anyoha, N.O, Aja O.O., Onoh, P.A.,
37

And Nwachukwu C.A., SOLAR ENERGY APPLICATIONS FOR AGRICULTURE, Journal of

Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Volume 2, September 2010.
4. Igor Tyukhov, Advanced Solar Energy and Education Technology, Transection in Solar Energy, ISSN
1985-9406 Online Publication, June 2010
5. Ugo Bardi, Solar Power Agriculture : New Paradigm For Energy Production, Renewables 2004
Conference, Evora, Portugal , June 2004
6.

K. Branker, M. J.M. Pathak, J. M. Pearce, A Review of Solar Photovoltaic Levelized Cost of

Electricity, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 15, pp.4470-4482 (2011).

7. Richard L. Oitinger, Rebecca Williams, Renewable Energy Resources for Development,Heinonline.

32 Envtl. L. 332 2002 ,Page No. 331-339
8. Ravi Prasad, Making India A Solar Energy Economy-Prospects and Challenges
9. Tarujyoti Buragohain,Impact of Solar Energy in rural Development in India, International Journal
of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 3, No. 4, August 2012
10. Robert Grisso,Pat Hipkins, Nozzles-Sizing and Selection

38

ANNEXURE-2
PROJECT PHOTOS

Figure: Hybrid Power Sprayer

39

40