PP - IGC2 - Element 8 - Sample 2nd Edn v.1.0

IGC2 - Element 8 - Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control
March 2012
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NEBOSH
International
General Certificate
Copyright RMS
IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 1
860400
RMS Publishing
Victoria House, Lower High Street, Stourbridge DY8 1TA
RMS Publishing.
Second Edition March 2012.
All rights reserved. No part of this presentation may be stored in a retrieval system, reproduced, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
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Whilst every effort is made to ensure the completeness and accuracy of the information contained herein, ACT can bear no liability for any
omission or error.
Issued to:
Single Licence
Licence No: 860400
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Unit IGC2
Control of
international
workplace risks
NEBOSH
International
General Certificate
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Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control
Learning outcomes
Element 8
8.1
8.2
Physical and
psychological health
hazards and risk control
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8.3
8.4
Outline the health effects associated with exposure

to noise and appropriate control measures
Outline the health effects associated with exposure
to vibration and appropriate control measures
Outline the principle health effects associated with
heat, ionising and non-ionising radiation and basic
protection techniques
Outline the causes and effects of stress at work and
appropriate control measures
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Sample of PowerPoint presentation for NEBOSH International General Certificate
March 2012
Contents
Contents
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
Noise
Vibration
Radiation
Stress
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
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Noise
Vibration
Radiation
Stress
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Noise
Physical and psychological effects on hearing of exposure to
noise
The meaning of common sound measurement terms
Acceptable and unacceptable levels of noise and
assessment
Basic noise control measures
Personal hearing protection
The role of health surveillance
Occupations with potential noise exposure problems

Noise
Physical and psychological effects on hearing of

exposure to noise
The ear has 3 basic regions:
Outer
Middle
Inner
Source: www.echalk.co.uk
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Noise

Noise

exposure to noise

exposure to noise
Physical effects of noise
Psychological effects of noise

Noise is often linked with adverse psychological effects such
as:
- Stress
- Sleep disturbance
- Aggressive behaviour
Frequently cited as the cause of conflict between workers:
- Noisy office environment
Excessive noise over long

periods can cause damage to:
- Hairs (nerves) in the cochlea
Results in:
- Noise induced hearing loss
(deafness)
- Temporary threshold shift
(TTS)
- Permanent threshold shift
(PTS)
- Tinnitus ringing in the ears
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Source: Australia, SafeWork SA
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March 2012

Noise

Noise
Sound power and pressure

For noise to occur power must be available
It is the sound power of a source (measured in Watts) that
causes the sound pressure (measured in Pascals) to occur at
a specific point
Intensity and frequency

The amplitude of a sound wave represents the intensity of the
sound pressure
When measuring the amplitude of sound there are two main
parameters of interest:
- Root mean square (rms) and peak level
Rms sound pressure is used for the majority of noise
measurements
Sound waves travel through air at the 'speed of sound' which
is approximately equal to 344 m/s
A sound can have a frequency or pitch, which is measured in
cycles per second (Hz)
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Noise

Noise
Intensity and frequency

Rms and peak levels of a sound wave
The decibel scale

The ear can detect pressures over a very wide range, from 20
Pa to 20 Pa (Pascals)
The decibel (dB) is used to measure noise
A decibel is a unit of sound pressure (intensity) measured on
a logarithmic scale from a base level taken to be the threshold
of hearing (0dB)
Typical noise levels include:
Source
dB
Source
dB
Night club
110
Radio in average room
70
Smoke detector at 1 metre
105
Library
30
Machine Shop
90
Threshold of hearing
Source: RMS
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Noise

Noise

assessment
The decibel scale

Weighting scales - the terms dB(A) and dB(C)
Sound level meters use weighting scales or filters
Most widely used is the A scale
Measurements made on this scale are expressed as dB(A) or
referred to as 'A weighted
The C scale is used to determine peak sound pressure levels
Has a broader spectrum than that of the A weighted scale
Measurements made on this scale are expressed as dB(C)
The range of frequencies that we encounter is often divided
into octave bands
Acceptable and unacceptable levels of noise

Article 16 of the ILO
Occupational Safety and
Health Convention C155
Noise in the workplace is a
likely hazard related to
machinery and work
processes
It is an example of a
physical agent risk that
should be controlled
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March 2012

Noise

Noise

assessment

assessment
Action and limit values approach

Lower exposure action values
Upper exposure action values
Exposure limit values
Action and limit values approach

Noise hazard sign/Mandatory hearing protection sign
Lower exposure
action values
Upper exposure
action values
Exposure limit
values
Daily or weekly personal noise

exposure (A-weighted)
80 dB
85 dB
87 dB
Peak sound pressure (Cweighted)
135 dB
137 dB
140 dB
Source: UK, Control of Noise at Work Regulations
Source: RMS
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Source: Key Signs
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Noise

Noise

assessment

assessment
The need for assessment of exposure to noise

In conducting the assessment the employer should assess
the level of noise the workers are exposed to by:
- Observation
- Reference to information on expected levels for work
conditions and equipment
- If necessary by measurement of the level of noise to
which their workers may be exposed

Noise measurement

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Noise

assessment
Sound pressure level meters are used to measure the:
Sound pressure level (Lp) - the intensity of sound at a given
moment in time at a given position
Equivalent continuous sound level (Leq) - an average
measure of intensity of sound over a reference period
Daily personal exposure level, dB(A), LEP,d or LAep,8h - this is
equivalent to the Leq over an 8-hour working day
Peak pressure level, Lpeak or LC,peak - this is the peak level of
the sound pressure wave with no time constant applied
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Noise

Consideration should be made to:
Other working methods
Choice of appropriate work equipment
Design and layout of workplaces, work stations and rest
facilities
Suitable and sufficient information and training for workers
Reduction of noise by technical means
Appropriate maintenance programmes for work equipment
Limitation of the duration and intensity of exposure to noise
Appropriate work schedules with adequate rest periods
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Noise

Noise can be controlled at
different points in the
following chain:
- The source
- The path
- The receiver
March 2012

Noise
Main methods of noise

control:
- Isolation
- Absorption
- Insulation
- Damping
- Silencing
Basic layout of the main control methods
Source: RMS
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Noise

Noise
Other specialist control methods include:

Force reduction - reduce impacts by using rubber pads or
lower drop heights
Air exhaust and jet silencers - proprietary silencers can be
used
Active - equal but opposite phase noise can cancel a
problem noise
Purpose
Protect the user from the adverse effects on hearing caused
by exposure to high levels of noise
All hearing protection must be capable of reducing exposure
to below the acceptable noise level set Nationally by the
competent authority
For example, 85dB (A) averaged over 8 hours
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Noise

Application and limitations of various types
Earmuffs:
Application:
Limitations:
These completely cover the ear and

are:
Banded.
Helmet mounted.
Communication muffs.
Worn on the outside of the ear so

less chance of infection.
Clearly visible therefore easy to
monitor.
Can be integrated into other forms
of personal protective equipment
(PPE), for example, head
protection.
Can be uncomfortable when worn

for long periods.
Incompatibility with other forms of
PPE.
Effectiveness may be
compromised by for example, long
hair, spectacles etc.
Requires correct storage facilities
and regular maintenance.
Ear plugs:
Application:
Limitations:
These are inserted in the ear canal

and are:
Pre-moulded.
User formable.
Custom moulded.
Banded plugs.
Easy to use and store - but must

be inserted correctly.
Available in many materials and
designs, disposable.
Relatively lightweight and
comfortable. Can be worn for long
periods.
They are subject to hygiene

problems unless care is taken to
keep them clean.
Correct size may be required.
Should be determined by a
competent person.
Interferes with communication.
Worn inside the ear, difficult to
monitor.
Part only of the complete

Element 8 - Physical and
psychological health hazards
and risk control
Source: RMS
Copyright RMS
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Copyright RMS
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IGC2 - Element 8 - Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control

Outline the health effects associated with exposure

Sample of PowerPoint presentation for NEBOSH International General Certificate

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control

Physical and psychological effects on hearing of

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control

Physical and psychological effects on hearing of

Physical and psychological effects on hearing of

Physical effects of noise

Psychological effects of noise

Excessive noise over long

Source: Australia, SafeWork SA

Sample of PowerPoint presentation for NEBOSH International General Certificate

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control

The meaning of common sound measurement terms

The meaning of common sound measurement terms

Sound power and pressure

Intensity and frequency

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control

The meaning of common sound measurement terms

The meaning of common sound measurement terms

Intensity and frequency

The decibel scale

Radio in average room

Smoke detector at 1 metre

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control

The meaning of common sound measurement terms

Acceptable and unacceptable levels of noise and

The decibel scale

Acceptable and unacceptable levels of noise

Sample of PowerPoint presentation for NEBOSH International General Certificate

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control

Acceptable and unacceptable levels of noise and

Acceptable and unacceptable levels of noise and

Action and limit values approach

Action and limit values approach

Daily or weekly personal noise

Peak sound pressure (Cweighted)

Source: Key Signs

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control

Acceptable and unacceptable levels of noise and

Acceptable and unacceptable levels of noise and

The need for assessment of exposure to noise

The need for assessment of exposure to noise

Source: Australia, SafeWork SA

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control

Acceptable and unacceptable levels of noise and

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control

Basic noise control measures

Sample of PowerPoint presentation for NEBOSH International General Certificate

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control

Basic noise control measures

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control

Basic noise control measures