Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Created by
Benny Setiyadi
Herperian
1018011045
1018011063
Perceptor:
Dr. Deddy Zairus, Sp.P
PATIENT STATUS
PATIENT IDENTITY
Initial Name
: Mr. JKY
Sex
: Male
Age
: 33 years old
Nationally
: Indonesia (Javanese)
Marital Status
: Married
Religion
: Islam
Occupation
: Free Lance
Educational Background
: Elementary School
Address
ANAMNESIS
Taken from
: Autoanamnesis
Date
Time
: 13.24
Chief Complain
Additional Complaint : Cough with phlegm, transparant, thick, blood appearance (-), loss of
apetite and loss of wheight.
History of The Present Illness :
Two months ago, patients felt shortness of breath when sleeping every night, and become
heavier over time. The doctor suggest the patient to examine agen to the RS. Abdul Moeloek,
to get the comperhensive treatment.
One month ago, patient feel shortness of breath getting worse; previously when climbing one
flight of stairs, to after take a shower. Patient cant carry the job as a freelance. Another
sypmtoms are, cough with phlegm; transparant, thick, blood appearance (-), loss of apetite
and loss of weight. Patient feel better or decerase in shortness of breath when take a deeep
breath. Patient fell same comfortable when lie down upine, lie down on right side or lie down
on left side.
2
Patient explain us if he had a neoplasm in limphatic system since one year ago. He had six
chemotherapy till July ths year. There are enlargement at some limphatic system (neck,
armpit, foot).
Patient didnt fever, and sweating at night.
Patient never felt the severe shortness of breath before. Patient admited the house enviroment
clean and lot of ventilation. Patien live with one wife and three clindren. They didnt feel the
same symptom as Mr.A feel. Patient deny have previous high blood preassure, diabetes
melitus, and asthma.
Small pox
Chicken pox
Difthery
Pertusis
Measles
Influenza
Tonsilitis
Kholera
Acute Rheumatoid Fever
Pneumonia
Pleuritic
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
Malaria
Disentri
Hepatitis
TifusAbdominalis
Skirofula
Siphilis
Gonore
Hipertension.
Ventrikuli Ulcer
Duodeni Ulcer
Gastritis
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(+)
(-)
(-)
Kidney stone
Hernia
Prostat
Melena
Diabetic
Alergy
Limfoma
Vaskular Disease
Operation
Skin
(-) Boil
(-)
Hair
(-) Nail
(-)
Yellow /Werus
(-) Cyanotic
(-) Others
Head
(-) Trauma
(-)
Headache
(-) Syncope
(-)
Ear
(-) Pain
(-) Tinitus
(-) Secret
Nose
(-) Trauma
(-) Clogging
(-) Pain
(-) Sekret
(-) Epistaksis
Mouth
(-)
Lip
(-)
(-)
Gums
Membrane
Throat
(-) Throat Pain
(-) Protruding
Neck
Cor/ Lung
(-) Chest pain
(+) Dyspneu
(-) Pulse
(-) Hemoptoe
(-) Ortopneu
(-)
Acites
4
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
Nausea
Emesis
Hematemesis
Disfagi
Colic
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
Hemoroid
Diarrhea
Melena
Pale colour of feses
Black colour of feses
Nodul
(-) Dysuria
(-)
Pyuria
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
Kolik
Oliguria
Anuria
Urine retention
Drip urine
Prostat
Urogenital
Stranguria
Polyuria
Polakysuria
Hematuria
Kidney stone
Wet the bed
Katamenis
(-)
Leukorhoe
(-)
Other
(-)
Bleeding
Anestesi
(-)
Hard to bite
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
Parestesi
Weak muscle
Afasia
Amnesis
Others
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
Ataksia
Hipo/hiper-estesi
Tick
Vertigo
Disartri
(-)
Convultion
(-)
Syncope
Extremities
(-) Edema
(-)
Deformitas
(-)
Cyanotic
Weight
Average weight (kg) : 65 kg
Height (cm)
: 172 cm
Present Weight
: 77 kg
(-) steady
(+) down
(-) up
THE HISTORY OF LIFE
Birth place
(+) in home
(-) matrinity
Helped by:
(+) Traditional matrinity
(-) Doctor
(-) Nurse
(-) Others
(-) DPT
(-) BCG
(-) Campak
Food History
Frequency/day
: 3x/day
Amount/day
: 1 place/eat (health)
Variation/day
Appetite
: Decrease
Educational
(+) SD
(-) SMP
(-) SMA
(-)SMK
Problem
Financial
: low
Works
:-
Family
: normal
Others
:-
Body Check Up
General Check Up
Height
: 172 cm
Weight
: 65 kg
Blood Pressure
: 120/80mmHg
Pulse
Temperature
: 36.5 0C
Breath (Frequence&type)
Nutrition Condition
: Normal,
Consciousness
: Compos Mentis
Cyanotic
: (-)
General Edema
: normal
: normal
Mobility
: Active
Mentality Aspects
Behavior
: Normal
Nature of Feeling
: Normal
: Normal
Skin
Color
: Olive
Keloid
: (-)
Pigmentasi
: (-)
Hair Growth
: Normal
Arteries
: Touchable
Touch temperature
: Afrebris
Humid/dry
: Dry
Sweat
: Normal
Turgor
: Normal
Icterus
: Normal
Fat Layers
: Enough
Efloresensi
: (-)
Edema
: (-)
7
Others
: (-)
Lymphatic Gland
Submandibula
: enlargement (+)
Neck
: enlargement (+)
Supraclavicula
: enlargement (+)
Armpit
: enlargement (+)
Head
Face Expression
: Normal
Face Symmetric
: Symmetric
Hair
: Bald
Temporal artery
: Normal
Eye
Exopthalmus
: (-)
Enopthalmus
: (-)
Palpebra
: edema (-)/(-)
Lens
: Clear/Clear
Conjunctiva
: Anemis -/-
Visus
: Normal
Sklera
: Icteric -/-
Ear
Deafnes
: (-)
Foramen
: (-)
: (-)
Serumen
: (-)
Bleeding
: (-)
Liquid
: (-)
Mouth
Lip
: (-)
Tonsil
: (-)
Palatal
: Normal
Halibsts
: No
Teeth
: (-)
Trismus
: (-)
Farings
: Unhiperemis
Liquid Layers
: (-)
Tongue
: Normal
Neck
JVP
: Normal
Tiroid Gland
: no enlargement
Limfe Gland
: enlargement (+)
Chest
Shape
: Simetric
Artery
: Normal
Breast
: Normal
Lung
Inspection
Palpation
Percussion
: Left : flatness
Right : resonance
Cor
Inspection
Palpation
Percussion
Artery
Temporalic artery
: No aberration
Caritic artery
: No aberration
Brachial artery
: No aberration
Radial artery
: No aberration
Femoral artery
: No aberration
Poplitea artery
: No aberration
: No aberration
Stomach
Inspection
: convex
Palpation
: Stomach Wall
Heart
: Hepatomegali (-)
Limfe
: Splenomegali (-)
Kidney
: Ballotement (-)
Percussion
Auscultation
: no indication
Penis
: no indication
Testis
: no indication
10
Movement Joint
Arm
Right
Left
Muscle
Normal
Normal
Tones
Normal
Normal
Mass
Normal
Normal
Joint
Normal
Normal
Movement
Normal
Normal
Strength
Normal
Normal
: not found
: (-)
Muscle (tones&mass)
: Normal
Joint
: Normal
Movement
: Normal
Strength/Power
: Normal
Edema
Others
: (-)
Reflexs
Right
Left
Tendon Reflex
Normal
Normal
Bisep
Normal
Normal
Trisep
Normal
Normal
Pattela
Normal
Normal
Achiles
Normal
Normal
Cremaster
Normal
Normal
Skin Reflex
Normal
Normal
Patologic Reflex
Not Found
Not Found
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Laboratory
Hematology (5-6-2014)
Haemoglobin
: 13,5 gr/dL
Hematocrit
: 42 %
LED
: 19 mm/jam
Leucocyte
: 10.500/uL
Variety count
Basophils
: 0%
Eusinophils
: 0%
Bands
: 4%
Segmens
: 60%
Lymphocytes
: 32%
Monocytes
:4%
Trombocyte
: 200.000/uL
12
Radiology
31-7-2014 PA chest radiograph, pleura effusion
13
Basic Diagnose
-
FNAB Cytology:
14
Differential Diagnose
-
Parapneumonic effusion
Effusion Pleura secondary to malignancy
Laboratory
o Ureum Creatinin
o Electrolite
o GDS
o Lipid Profile
o Uric Acid
o Albumin
Rivalta test
Sitology
Treatment Plan
(1) General Treatment
-
Bed Rest
Nutrition (high calory, high protein)
Medicamentosa
o IVFD RL gtt XX/minute
o Ceprofloxacin 200 mg/ 12 hours
o Ranitidin 2x1 amp
o Metylprednisolon 3 x 8 mg
o Ambroxol 3 x 1 tab
o Lasix 2 x 1 amp
o Spironolacton 25 mg 1-0-0
o Etambutol 1500 mg
Non Medicamentosa
o Therapeutic thoracentesis
o Activity adjustment
Prognose
Quo ad Vitam
: Dubia ad bonam
Quo ad Functonam
: Dubia ad bonam
Quo ad Sanationam
: Dubia ad bonam
II. CASE ANALYSIS
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A man identivied as Mr.A 53 years old, come to the hospital with shortness of breath
since 2 month ago, after take a shower. Shortness of breath is getting worse; previously when
climbing one flight of stairs. Because that symptom, Mr.A can do regular job as a truck
driver. He also felt cough with phlegm, transparant, thick, blood appearance (-), loss of
apetite and loss of wheight, night shivering. Patient didnt felt fever, and sweating at night.
Patient is a active smoker that have been smoke for 34 years; 16 to 32 cigarrets each
day. The Brinkman index (BI), which is defined as numbers of cigarette smoked per day
times smoking years, was calculated by summing separate BIs in three age periods. The
intepretation are:
-
Mild
: <200
Medium
: 200-600
Severe
: >600
Tn.A Brinkman Indeks is ((16+32)/2) x 34 = 816, classified by severe; so he have higher risk
of COPD.
Symtoms of Pulmonary Tuberculosa infection are respiratory symtoms like cough,
cough with phelgm, shortness of breath, and chest pain. The patient had three of four
symptom; cough, cough with phelgm, shortness of breath.
Another sistemic symptom of Pulmonary Tuberculosa are fever, night sweating, loss
of apetite and loss of wheight. The patient had three symptom loss of apetite and loss of
wheight from 89 to 72 kg, and shivering
Sign of Tuberculosa are bronchial sound, decrease in vesicular sound, and rhonci.
Sign of effusion pleural are inspection asimetric rigt and left side, palpation vokal fremitus
decrease, percussion flatness and auscultation vesicular decrease. Mr.A show sign of pleural
effusion like fremitus decrease in rigt side, and vesicular sound decrease.
Laboratory of Tuberculosa are Microscopic BTA, Rontgen Thorax in active present
are cavitas, nodule, and effusion in unilateral or bilateral. In inactive are fibrotic, calsification
and schware (tickness in pleura). Mr.A microscopy BTA negatif/negatif negatif, but cannot
eliminate possibility infected to Tuberculosa. Rontgen PA chest radiograph show pleural
effusion sinistra, suspect TB. Another test is used is FNAB Cytology show Chronic
Inflamation Cell, usually occurs in TB.
From the sign, symptom and laboratory we can diagnose Mr.A had pleural effusion
due to Tuberculosa.
Treatment is given a high calory high protein diet plan. Antituberculosa drug should
be given in case of Infection of Pulmonary Tuberculosa. Mr.A is given 2 RHZE/4RH or
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4RHZE or AR3H3. He is 72 kg (more than 60 kg), so given dose Rifampicin 600 mg,
Isonoazid 300 mg, Pirazinamid 1500 mg and Etambutol 1500 mg.
Treatment of pleural effusion is therapeutic thoracentesis.
17
III. REFERENCE
A. Definition
The pleural space lies between the lung and the chest wall and normally contains a very thin
layer of fluid, which serves as a coupling system. A pleural effusion is present when there is
an excess quantity of fluid in the pleural space.
B. Etiology
Pleural fluid accumulates when pleural fluid formation exceeds pleural fluid absorption.
Normally, fluid enters the pleural space from the capillaries in the parietal pleura and is
removed via the lymphatics in the parietal pleura. Fluid also can enter the pleural space from
the interstitial spaces of the lung via the visceral pleura or from the peritoneal cavity via small
holes in the diaphragm. The lymphatics have the capacity to absorb 20 times more fluid than
is formed normally. Accordingly, a pleural effusion may develop when there is excess pleural
fluid formation (from the interstitial spaces of the lung, the parietal pleura, or the peritoneal
cavity) or when there is decreased fluid removal by the lymphatics.
Diagnostic Approach
When a patient is found to have a pleural effusion, an effort should be made to determine the
cause.
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Transudative and exudative pleural effusions are distinguished by measuring the lactate
dehydrogenase (LDH) and protein levels in the pleural fluid.
Exudative pleural effusions meet at least one of the following criteria, whereas transudative
pleural effusions meet none:
1. Pleural fluid protein/serum protein >0.5
2. Pleural fluid LDH/serum LDH >0.6
3. Pleural fluid LDH more than two-thirds normal upper limit for serum
If a patient has an exudative pleural effusion, the following tests on the pleural fluid should
be obtained: description of the appearance of the fluid, glucose level, differential cell count,
microbiologic studies, and cytology.
Differential Diagnose Transudative and Exudative Pleural Effusion
Transudative Pleural Effusions
1. Congestive heart failure
5. Peritoneal dialysis
2. Cirrhosis
3. Pulmonary embolization
7. Myxedema
4. Nephrotic syndrome
8. Urinothorax
a. Metastatic disease
7. Asbestos exposure
b. Mesothelioma
8. Sarcoidosis
2. Infectious diseases
9. Uremia
a. Bacterial infections
b. Tuberculosis
c. Fungal infections
d. Viral infections
a. Nitrofurantoin
e. Parasitic infections
b. Dantrolene
3. Pulmonary embolization
c. Methysergide
4. Gastrointestinal disease
d. Bromocriptine
a. Esophageal perforation
e. Procarbazine
b. Pancreatic disease
f. Amiodarone
20
c. Intraabdominal abscesses
g. Dasatinib
d. Diaphragmatic hernia
16. Hemothorax
a. Rheumatoid pleuritis
c. Drug-induced lupus
20. Chylothorax
d. Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy
e. Sjgren's syndrome
f. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's)
g. Churg-Strauss syndrome
1. Effusion due to heart failure
The most common cause of pleural effusion is left-ventricular failure. The effusion occurs
because the increased amounts of fluid in the lung interstitial spaces exit in part across the
visceral pleura; this overwhelms the capacity of the lymphatics in the parietal pleura to
remove fluid. In patients with heart failure, a diagnostic thoracentesis should be performed
if the effusions are not bilateral and comparable in size, if the patient is febrile, or if the
patient has pleuritic chest pain to verify that the patient has a transudative effusion.
Otherwise the patients heart failure is treated. If the effusion persists despite therapy, a
diagnostic thoracentesis should be performed. A pleural fluid N-terminal pro-brain
natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) >1500 pg/mL is virtually diagnostic of an effusion
secondary to congestive heart failure.
2. Hepatic hydrothorax
Pleural effusions occur in ~5% of patients with cirrhosis and ascites. The predominant
mechanism is the direct movement of peritoneal fluid through small openings in the
diaphragm into the pleural space. The effusion is usually right-sided and frequently is large
enough to produce severe dyspnea.
3. Parapneumonic effusion
Parapneumonic effusions are associated with bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess, or
bronchiectasis and are probably the most common cause of exudative pleural effusion in
21
the United States. Empyema refers to a grossly purulent effusion. Patients with aerobic
bacterial pneumonia and pleural effusion present with an acute febrile illness consisting of
chest pain, sputum production, and leukocytosis. Patients with anaerobic infections present
with a subacute illness with weight loss, a brisk leukocytosis, mild anemia, and a history
of some factor that predisposes them to aspiration. The possibility of a parapneumonic
effusion should be considered whenever a patient with bacterial pneumonia is initially
evaluated. The presence of free pleural fluid can be demonstrated with a lateral decubitus
radiograph, computed tomography (CT) of the chest, or ultrasound. If the free fluid
separates the lung from the chest wall by >10 mm, a therapeutic thoracentesis should be
performed. Factors indicating the likely need for a procedure more invasive than a
thoracentesis (in increasing order of importance) include the following:
Loculated pleural fluid
Pleural fluid pH <7.20
Pleural fluid glucose <3.3 mmol/L (<60 mg/dL)
Positive Gram stain or culture of the pleural fluid
Presence of gross pus in the pleural space
If the fluid recurs after the initial therapeutic thoracentesis and if any of these
characteristics are present, a repeat thoracentesis should be performed. If the fluid cannot
be completely removed with the therapeutic thoracentesis, consideration should be given
to inserting a chest tube and instilling a fibrinolytic agent (e.g., tissue plasminogen
activator, 10 mg) or performing a thoracoscopy with the breakdown of adhesions.
Decortication should be considered when these measures are ineffective.
4. Effusion secondary to malignancy
Malignant pleural effusions secondary to metastatic disease are the second most common
type of exudative pleural effusion. The three tumors that cause ~75% of all malignant
pleural effusions are lung carcinoma, breast carcinoma, and lymphoma. Most patients
complain of dyspnea, which is frequently out of proportion to the size of the effusion. The
pleural fluid is an exudate, and its glucose level may be reduced if the tumor burden in the
pleural space is high. The diagnosis usually is made via cytology of the pleural fluid. If the
initial cytologic examination is negative, thoracoscopy is the best next procedure if
malignancy is strongly suspected. At the time of thoracoscopy, a procedure such as pleural
abrasion should be performed to effect a pleurodesis. An alternative to thoracoscopy is CTor ultrasound-guided needle biopsy of pleural thickening or nodules. Patients with a
malignant pleural effusion are treated symptomatically for the most part, since the
22
presence of the effusion indicates disseminated disease and most malignancies associated
with pleural effusion are not curable with chemotherapy. The only symptom that can be
attributed to the effusion itself is dyspnea. If the patients lifestyle is compromised by
dyspnea and if the dyspnea is relieved with a therapeutic thoracentesis, one of the
following procedures should be considered: (1) insertion of a small indwelling catheter or
(2) tube thoracostomy with the instillation of a sclerosing agent such as doxycycline, 500
mg.
5. Mesothelioma
Malignant mesotheliomas are primary tumors that arise from the mesothelial cells that line
the pleural cavities; most are related to asbestos exposure. Patients with mesothelioma
present with chest pain and shortness of breath. The chest radiograph reveals a pleural
effusion, generalized pleural thickening, and a shrunken hemithorax. Thoracoscopy or
open pleural biopsy is usually necessary to establish the diagnosis. Chest pain should be
treated with opiates, and shortness of breath with oxygen and/or opiates.
6. Effusion secondary to pulmonary embolization
The diagnosis most commonly overlooked in the differential diagnosis of a patient with an
undiagnosed pleural effusion is pulmonary embolism. Dyspnea is the most common
symptom. The pleural fluid is almost always an exudate. The diagnosis is established by
spiral CT scan or pulmonary arteriography. Treatment of a patient with a pleural effusion
secondary to pulmonary embolism is the same as it is for any patient with pulmonary
emboli. If the pleural effusion increases in size after anticoagulation, the patient probably
has recurrent emboli or another complication, such as a hemothorax or a pleural infection.
7. Tuberculous pleuritis
In many parts of the world, the most common cause of an exudative pleural effusion is
tuberculosis (TB). Tuberculous pleural effusions usually are associated with primary TB
and are thought to be due primarily to a hypersensitivity reaction to tuberculous protein in
the pleural space. Patients with tuberculous pleuritis present with fever, weight loss,
dyspnea, and/or pleuritic chest pain. The pleural fluid is an exudate with predominantly
small lymphocytes. The diagnosis is established by demonstrating high levels of TB
markers in the pleural fluid (adenosine deaminase >40 IU/L or interferon >140 pg/mL).
Alternatively, the diagnosis can be established by culture of the pleural fluid, needle
23
24
10. Hemothorax
When a diagnostic thoracentesis reveals bloody pleural fluid, a hematocrit should be
obtained on the pleural fluid. If the hematocrit is more than one-half of that in the
peripheral blood, the patient is considered to have a hemothorax. Most hemothoraxes are
the result of trauma; other causes include rupture of a blood vessel or tumor. Most
patients with hemothorax should be treated with tube thoracostomy, which allows
continuous quantification of bleeding. If the bleeding emanates from a laceration of the
pleura, apposition of the two pleural surfaces is likely to stop the bleeding. If the pleural
hemorrhage exceeds 200 mL/h, consideration should be given to thoracoscopy or
thoracotomy.
11. Miscellaneous causes of pleural effusion.
There are many other causes of pleural effusion. Key features of some of these conditions
are as follows: If the pleural fluid amylase level is elevated, the diagnosis of esophageal
rupture or pancreatic disease is likely. If the patient is febrile, has predominantly
polymorphonuclear cells in the pleural fluid, and has no pulmonary parenchymal
abnormalities, an intraabdominal abscess should be considered. The diagnosis of an
asbestos pleural effusion is one of exclusion. Benign ovarian tumors can produce ascites
and a pleural effusion (Meigs syndrome), as can the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.
Several drugs can cause pleural effusion; the associated fluid is usually eosinophilic.
Pleural effusions commonly occur after coronary artery bypass surgery. Effusions
occurring within the first weeks are typically left-sided and bloody, with large numbers of
eosinophils, and respond to one or two therapeutic thoracenteses. Effusions occurring
after the first few weeks are typically left-sided and clear yellow, with predominantly
small lymphocytes, and tend to recur. Other medical manipulations that induce pleural
effusions include abdominal surgery; radiation therapy; liver, lung, or heart
transplantation; and the intravascular insertion of central lines.
C. Therapy
1. Medicamentosa
Pharmacologic management of pleural effusion depends on the conditions etiology. For
example, medical management includes nitrates and diuretics for congestive heart failure
and pulmonary edema, antibiotics for parapneumonic effusion and empyema, and
anticoagulation for pulmonary embolism. In patients with parapneumonic effusions,
25
Traditionally, large-bore chest tubes (20-36F) have been used to drain thick pleural fluid
and to break up loculations in empyemas. However, such tubes are not always well
tolerated by patients and are difficult to direct correctly into the pleural space. However,
small-bore tubes (7-14F) inserted at the bedside or under radiographic guidance have been
shown to provide adequate drainage, even when empyema is present. These tubes cause
less discomfort and are more likely to be placed successfully within a pocket of pleural
fluid. Using 20-cm water suction and flushing the tube with normal saline every 6-8 hours
may prevent occlusion of small-bore catheters.
REFERENCE
Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, and Loscalzo J. 2012. Harrisons
Principles of Internal Medicine 18th Edition. United States : McGraw-Hill eBooks.
Maskell NA and Butland RJA.2011. BTS guidelines for the investigation of a unilateral
pleural effusion in adults. thorax.bmj.com on July 16, 2011.
Rahman NM and Munawar M. 2009. Investigation of the patient with pleural effusion. Clin
Med 2009;9:1748.
27