Tổng Hợp Kiến Thức Anh Văn ^O^

TNG HP KIN THC ANH VN ^o^
i t
Chia lm 5 loi vi cc chc nng s dng khc nhau.
1.
i t nhn xng (Ch ng)

I
we
you
you
he
she
they
it
ng u cu, lm ch ng, quyt nh vic chia ng t
ng sau ng t to be
Ex: The teachers who were invited to the party were George, Bill and I.
Ex: It was she who called you.
ng ng sau cc ph t so snh nh than, as (Li c bn)
ng sau cc ngi s nhiu nh we, you c quyn dng mt danh t s nhiu trc tip ng sau.
Ex: We students are going to have a party (Sinh vin chng ti .....)
You guys (Bn my)
We/ You/ They + all/ both
Ex: We all go to school now
They both bought the ensurance
You all come shopping.

Nhng nu all hoc both i vi cc i t ny dng cu c ng t kp (Future, progressive,
perfect) th all hoc both s ng sau tr ng t
Ex: We will all go to school next week.
They have both gone away.
All v Both cng phi ng sau ng t to be trn tnh t
Ex: We are all ready to go swimming.
Dng he/she thay th cho cc vt nui hoc cc dng nu chng c xem l thn thit, c tnh
cch, thng minh hoc c tnh cm ch , mo, nga, t.
Ex: Go and find the cat if where she stays in.
How's your new car? Terrific, she's running beautifully.
Tn nc c thay th trang trng: she, her
Ex: England is an island country and she's governed by a mornach.
2.
i t nhn xng tn ng
me
it
you
us
him
you
her
them
ng ng sau cc i t v cc gii t lm tn ng : us/ you/ them + all/ both

Ex: They invited us all (all of us) to the party last night.
They asked them both to the party.
ng sau us c th dng mt danh t s nhiu trc tip

Ex: The teacher has made a lot of questions for us students.
3.
Tnh t s hu
my our
your
your
his
her
their
its
ng trc mt danh t v ch s s hu ca ngi hoc vt i vi danh t .
4.
i t s hu
mine
yours
ours
yours
his
hers
theirs
its
Ngi ta dng i t s hu trnh khi phi nhc li tnh t s hu + danh t ni trn.

ng u cu
lm ch ng v quyt nh vic chia ng t.
ng sau cc ph t so snh nh than hoc as

Ex: Your teacher is the same as his teacher. Yours is the same as his.
ng sau ng t to be
ng ng sau mt ng t hnh ng lm tn ng.
Ex: I forgot my homework. I forgot mine
5. i t phn thn
myself
ourselves
yourself
yourselves
himself
herself
themselves
itself
Dng din t ch ng lm mt vic g cho chnh mnh. Trong trng hp ny n ng ngay
ng sau ng t hoc gii t for cui cu.
Ex: I washed myself
He sent the letter to himself.
Dng nhn mnh vo vic ch ng t lm ly vic g, trong trng hp ny n ng ngay sau
ch ng. Trong mt s trng hp n c th ng cui cu, khi ni hi ngng li mt cht.
Ex: I myself believe that the proposal is good.
She prepared the nine-course meal herself.
By + oneself = mt mnh.
Ex: John washed the dishes by himself (alone)
Tn ng
Khng phi bt c ng t no trong ting Anh cng u i hi tn ng ng sau n l mt danh t.
Mt s cc ng t li i hi tn ng sau n phi l mt ng t khc. Chng chia lm hai loi.
6.
ng t nguyn th l tn ng
Bng di y l nhng ng t i hi tn ng sau n l mt ng t nguyn th khc.
agree
attempt
claim
decide
demand
desire
expect
fail
forget
hesitate
hope
intend
learn
need
offer
plan
prepare
pretend
refuse
seem
strive
tend
want
wish
Ex: John expects to begin studying law next semester.
7.
V - ing dng lm tn ng
Bng di y l nhng ng t i hi tn ng theo sau n phi l mt V- ing
admit
appreciate
avoid
can't help
consider
delay
deny
enjoy
finish
mind
miss
postpone
practice
quit
recall
repeat
resent
resist
resume
risk
suggest
Ex: John admitted stealing the jewels.

Lu rng trong bng ny c mu ng t can't help doing/ but do smt: khng th ng c
phi lm g
Ex: With such good oranges, we can't help buying (but buy) two kilos at a time.
Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh cho cc ng t trn y dng lm tn ng phi t not trc
nguyn th hoc verb - ing.
Bng di y l nhng ng t m tn ng sau n c th l mt ng t nguyn th hoc mt Ving m ng ngha khng thay i.
begin
can't stand
continue
dread
hate
like
love
prefer
regret
start
try
Lu rng trong bng ny c mt ng t can't stand to do/doing smt: khng th chu ng

c khi phi lm g.
Ex: He can't stand to wait/ waiting such a long time.
8.
Bn ng t c bit
l nhng ng t m ng ngha ca chng s i khc hon ton khi tn ng sau n l mt

ng t nguyn th hoc V- ing.
1) Stop to do smt: dng li lm g
2) Stop doing smt: dng lm vic g
3) Remember to do smt: Nh s phi lm g

Ex: I remember to send a letter at the post office tomorow morning.
4) Remember doing smt: Nh l lm g
Ex: I remember locking the door because leaving, but now I can't find the key.
c bit n thng c dng vi mu cu: S + still remember + V-ing : Vn cn nh l ...
Ex: I still remember buying the first motorbike
5) Forget to do smt: qun s phi lm g (Gi nguyn 1 ln)
Ex: I forgot to pickup my child after school
6) Forget doing smt: Qun khng lm g (Ch c dng trong cc mu cu ph nh.
c bit n thng c dng vi mu cu S + will never forget + V-ing: s khng bao gi
qun c l ...
Ex: She will never forget meeting the Queen.
7) Regret to do smt: Ly lm tic v phi (thng bo tin xu)
Ex: We regret to inform the passengers that the flight for Washington DC was canceled because of
the bad weather.
8) Regret doing smt: Ly lm tic v
Ex: He regrets leaving school early. It's a big mistake.
9.
Cc ng t ng sau gii t
Tt c cc ng t ng sau gii t u phi dng V-ing

Mt s cc ng t thng i km vi gii t to. Khng c nhm ln gii t ny vi to ca
ng t nguyn th.
Verb + prepositions + V-ing
approve of
be better of
count on
depend on
give up
insist on
keep on
put off
rely on
succeed in
think about
think of
worry about
object to
look forward to
confess to
Ex: Fred confessed to stealing the jewels
Adjective + prepositions +
V-ing
accustomed to
afraid of
capable of
fond
of
intent on
interested
in
successful
in
tired
of
Ex: Mitch is afraid of getting married now.
Noun + prepositions +
V-ing
choice of
excuse
for
intention
of
method
for
possibility of
reason for
(method
of)
Ex: There is no reason for leaving this early.

Khng phi bt c tnh t no cng u i hi sau n l mt gii t + V-ing. Nhng tnh t
bng sau li i hi sau n l mt ng t nguyn th.
anxious
boring
dangerous
hard
eager
easy
good
strange
pleased
prepared
ready
able
usual
common
difficult
Ex: It is dangerous to drive in this weather.

able/ unable to do smt = capable/ incapable of doing smt.
10. Vn cc i t ng trc ng t nguyn th

hoc V-ing dng lm tn ng.
ng trc mt ng t nguyn th lm tn ng th dng ca i t v danh t s l tn ng.
allow
ask
beg
convince
expect
instruct
invite
orde
r
permi
t
persuad
e
prepar
e
promis
e
remin
d
urge
want
S + V + complement form (pronoun/ noun) + [to + verb]

Ex: Joe asked Mary to call him when she woke up.
Ex: We ordered him to appear in court.
Tuy nhin ng trc mt V- ing lm tn ng th dng ca i t v danh t s l s hu.
Subject + verb + possessive form (pronoun/ noun) + V-ing

Ex: We understand your not being able to stay longer.
Ex: We object to their calling at this hour.
Cch vit ESSAY

I. on vn:
1. Thesis statement: ( 1 cu) Cu lun - tm hiu l m on tm tt chnh ca
ton on--> Thng bt u vi nhng cm t sau:
- Firstly, Secondly, Finally...
- First, the reason when I said that is...
- Another reason is...
- In addition...
2. Support sentences: ( 2-3 cu l n)
Cu trin khai --> ci ny th v bin lm. Ty thuc vo chnh ca on m mi
ngi vit gii thch thm cho kin mnh a ra. ( S v d r di phn
essay)
3. Conclusion: (1 cu) Cu kt - Tm li mnh va trnh by ~ thng l a ra
khng nh mt ln na vi la chn hoc kin mnh tn ng!
" With all these reasons, I always think that ....is the best choice for me/ I agree
with...."
II. Essay
Sn vit essay hon ton khng my khc bit vi cch vit on. C 2 kiu
vit essay m c dy l 3-7-7-3 v 3-5-5-5-3!
Tuy nhin theo mnh th mi ngi nn chn kiu 3-5-5-5-3 v kiu 3-7-7-3 kh
pht trin 1 ra ti 1 on di 7 cu c. Mnh chn nhng th n gin nht
vit vo thi!
Kiu vit 3-5-5-5-3 l bi essay s bao gm c 5 on vn nh.
Trong :
1. Introduction paragraph ( 3 cu):
- Thesis statement: Cu lun ( 1 cu)
- Background information: Thng tin b sung ( khong 2 cu l okay)
+ Thc t th cu lun i hi l cu tm gn chnh c essay --> ngha l nhc
li bi l cch d lm nht ~ !!! Tuy nhin sau khi nhc li theo kiu di
y...
VD: When travelling medium distances, some people prefer to fly, others prefer to
take express trains. Which do you prefer? Explain why?
--> When travelling medium distances, I prefer to take express trains.
...th mi ngi b b v ko bit phi lm sao vit tip na. V sau background info
i hi a ra thm l do, nhn xt --> ko bit lm sao tm gn li nhng l do
mnh mun trnh by!
+V th m t ngh mn c th vit theo kiu nh sau ~ a ra 1 nhn xt tng qut
v vn mnh cn gii quyt!
Sau mi vit ra la chn m mnh ng ( aka nhc li bi).
Cht li bng 1 cu theo kiu: Ti chn nh vy/ Ti ngh nh vy v 3 l do sau ( I
said that bcuz of these 3 reasons )
VD: When travelling medium distances, some people prefer to fly, others prefer to
take express trains. Which do you prefer? Explain why?
--> Travelling medium distances is one of my most favourite activities on holiday. In
such ocassion like that, I would prefer to take express trains. I said that bcuz of
these 3 reasons.
Vi tt c nhng bi essay khc mn cng nn chn kiu vit introduction nh vy
>"< ~! Ko bit thy Thn kh tnh ra sao nhng c Sng th chp nhn kiu ny!
Tm li l c dn dt t xa n gn!
2. Supporting Paragraphs ( gm 3 on, mi on 5 cu --> lm theo kiu vit on
nhc trn)
T c qua tt c ti liu v essay m lp mnh photo. V ng php v din t ca

h th rt xn, nhiu t mi na...nhng y li chnh l vn khin cho n kh hc
thuc theo =)) !!
Tt nht l mi ngi nn t vit li bi essay theo ca mnh c th nh c
v trnh by di nhng mu cu n gin nht!
Vi 3 on th nh nhng t ni thng dng nh sau: ( ty chn xi cho cu
m u on)
VD:
+ Firstly, travelling by train show you how beautiful the scenery is!
+ Secondly, I always feel comfortable on train
+ Finally, with medium distances, buying a train ticket is cheaper than an air-ticket!
Sau khi vit ra dc 3 ny nhp th tip tc dng cho mi on. Ci ny th...ty
thuc tr tng tng ca mi ngi.
Ngh bng ting Vit trc ri dch sang ting Anh cho nn hy c ngh ra cu g
tht n gin thi. Ko qun so snh vi vic i bng my bay tng tnh thuyt
phc ^^ ~
VD:
+ Firstly, travelling by train show you how beautiful the scenery is! When you're on
plain, you just can see the sky. But looking over the train window, you can see the
whole new world. It's really an amazing experience.
Kiu nh vy >"< !!! V lm ti vs 3 on khc, v mi ngi u c ti liu ri nn
khi vit essay ca mnh c th nht v bin i cu sao cho n gin d hiu hn!
V mn ch nn nh thi, ng c hc thuc lng lm g...v hc thuc lng xong
ng nh t mch 1 pht...th m sau cng qun tt lun!
Bh cng nh 3 cu m u trc v n qan trng, pht trin th gch u dng
thi!
3. Summary Paragraph ( 3 cu l okay)
L thuyt th phi nhn mnh li ln nht ca c essay, a ra kin hoc gii
php g . Nhng m lng nhng lm =-=!
Cho nn cch tt nht l c vit 3 cu.
+ Conclusion - Tm gn li ca c essay! ( gn nh chp li ci cu m u )
Thng xi nhng t nh: Overall, all in all, In conclusion, to summarize...( v 1 c
s na c Sng cho chp nhng t nh mt ri, ko nh ht dc ;___;)
+ Personal idea: C th a ra kin tri ngc ri sau khng nh li d sao la
chn cng ko thay i >"<
VD: Overall, travelling by train is really interesting and economical! However, I can
deny that taking a fly is faster than going by train. But if I have to choose, I still
think that travelling by train is my best choice.
Account for
i hi cu tr li a ra c l do cho ch bi lun.
Analyse
i hi cu tr li chia cc , khi nim ca vn nghin cu mi nhn t bao gm trong
vn . Bi lun dng ny cn tnh khoa hc v sp xp lgic.
Compare
i hi bi vit a ra c cc lun im v ch ra im khc bit, im ging nhau. Bi vit
phi mang tnh khch quan, cng bng.
Consider
i hi ngi vit phi a ra c suy ngh ca mnh v ch v trnh by trong bi vit.
Contrast
i hi bi vit ch ra c s i lp, khc nhau gia hai lun im.
Criticise
i hi bi vit ch ra c im yu, li sai v c im ph hp ca vn a ra. Bi vit cn
cn i, cng bng.
Define
Yu cu bi vit gii thch c ngha r rng ca mt khi nim. Cu trc bi vit bao gm
phn nh ngha v phn m rng.
Describe
i hi bi vit m t c mi mt ca vn a ra.
Discuss
i hi bi vit gii thch c mt ti, khi nim ri a ra nhng thng tin chi tit, v d,
kin phn i v ng h. Vic a ra nhng kin tri ngc ri i n kt lun l rt quan
trng.
Elucidate
Yu cu bi vit gii thch ngha c th ca ci g , lm n tr nn r rng, d hiu.
Evaluate/Assess
Yu cu bi vit nh ra v gii thch mt vn c ngha, c tm quan trng v gi tr nh th
no. S nh gi cn c da trn vic phn tch nhng v d, dn chng.
Explain
Yu cu bi vit a ra s gii thch chi tit, chnh xc mt tng, quy tc, hoc nhng l do
cho mt tnh hung, thi .
Explore
i hi bi vit xem xt k lng mt ch v vic xem xt cn da trn nhiu kha cnh,
nhiu cch nhn khc nhau.
Illustrate
Yu cu bi vit ch yu bao gm nhng v d chng minh, gii thch cho ch th ca cu
hi.
Justify
i hi bi vit a ra l do cho lun im tranh ci, cho lp trng, quan im, i khi quan
im tranh ci l nhng lun im tiu cc.
Prove/Disprove
Yu cu bi vit m t nhng quan im tranh lun logic km theo dn chng chng minh hoc
phn i
State
i hi bi vit th hin nhng lun im lin quan mt cch ngn gn, r rng khng cn tranh
lun di dng hoc i vo tiu tit.
Summarise/Outline
Yu cu bi vit tng kt c mi thng tin hin c v ti nhng ch gm nhng lun im
chnh, khng nn a chi tit qu. bi dng ny thng cn bi vit ngn gn, sc tch.
To what extent is X true?

i hi cu tr li gii thch, ch ra c khi no vn X ng, khi no sai. Nhng gii thch
trn y cho mi t ch mang tnh ch dn, bn cn t vo vn cnh chung ca bi lun
hiu c chun xc yu cu bi lun a ra. Hy c k bi ch ng vi vng rt ra kt
lun bi cn g da vo nhng t c bn trn. tham kho thm nhng kin thc b ch gip
bn hon thnh tt mt bi essay, hy truy cp cng o to trc tuyn
I . Th HT
a ,Th HT c s dng din t hnh ng lp i lp li hoc din t mt thi quen.
Cch dng ny thng i vi cc trng t ch tn xut nh :
- always, usually , often, sometime, selldom , rarely , never .
- every morning , every day , every month/year...
- once/ twice/three times , a/per day , a week....
b, ngoi ra THT cng c dng ni v tng lai( khi ni v thi gian biu v chng
trnh n nh )
cch dng ny ta c th dng mt s trng t ch thi gian tng lai
eg ;- Tomorrow is Friday
- the train leaves the station from Ha Noi to Viet Tri at 3p.m to 5 p.m
II. Th HTTD
a,Dng din t hnh ng ang xy ra thi im ni . Vi cch dng ny ta s c trng
t nhn bit nh :now
Ngoi ra cch s dng ny cn c th i vi cc ng t mnh lnh nh :
- Look ! , listen !, Be quiet !, Becareful !, Don't make noise !, Keep silent!....
b, THTTD cn dng din t hnh ng xy ra xung quanh thi im ni . Vi cch dng
ny cng c nhng trng t nhn bit nh :
- at the moment , at the present , to day ,...
Note ;
1.THTTD cn c cch dng din t d nh tng lai.
eg: I am having a test to morrow
2. THTTD cn c dng din t s phn nn v mt vic g lin tc xy ra quanh thi
im ni . Cch dng ny s dng vi always.
eg : Nam is always going to school late.
- They are talking in class.
3. THTTD i khi cng i km vi cc tnh hung khc nhau ;
eg1: A: Where 's Mai ?
B :She is in her room .
eg2 : It's 9 o'clock in the morning . I am staying at home .
eg3: It's lovely day.The sun is shining and the birds are singing
III, TTL.
1. TTL c dng mt hnh ng s vic xy ra trong tng li Cch dng ny thng
i vi cc trng t ch t/g nh:
- tomorrow , next day/week/ year/ century....
2. TTL cn dng d a ra cc d on v cc s vic trong tng lai vi nhng ng t(
du hiu nhn bit )
- think , besure, believe , expect , wonder, suppse...
eg: A: She is working very hard .
B: I think she will pass the exam easily
- you must meet Lan . I'm sure you will like her
3. Th tng lai n cn c s dng trong cu iu kin loi 1cng vi th HT

eg: If the weather is fine , we will go for a picnic .
Note : trong trng hp ny nhn ra c th ca cu th phi da vo v trc hoc v sau

ca cu xc nh y l cu iu kin loi 1 . V trong cu loi ny th thng v ngay sau If
s chia th HT , v cn li s chia th TL .
IV, Th TLG
1.Th TLG c s dng din t mt hnh ng xy ra trong tng lai m c quyt
nh t trc , hoc c k hoch t trc .
eg: She's bought a planticket. Sheis going to fly to Lon don .
Vi cch dng ny khng c u hiu nhn bit m ta phi da vo cu trc mang ngha
nh th no, nu khng th ta s dng TL
Note : Vic phn bit cc th TL, th HTTD , th TLG i khi l rt kh khn khi c ba u
mang ngha tng lai v c th mang cc trng t t/g ch tng lai nh trn ta ni.
+ Nhng lu l th TL ch dng khi hnh ng trong tng lai khng c quyt
dnh hay c k hoch t trc m c quyt nh ngay lc
eg : A; Would you like to have a drink?
B: I willl have mineral water
+ Cn i vi th TLG th hnh ng s xy ra trong tng lai ny c quyt nh t
trc. Hoc n cn c s dng din t nhng hnh ng sp xy ra trong tng m
hin tng ca n xut hin hin ti.
eg: There are black clounds in the sky. Its going to rain
+ Vi th HTTD ta ch dng khi ni vic g c b tr , thu xp lm( din t mt s
vic s xy ra trong tng lai gn )
eg: I'm visiting my grand mother tomorrow.
V, Th Tng lai tip din
i vi th ny th phn bit bn phi da vo cch s dng ca n v phi dch cu vn ra
Tuy nhin bn c th lu mt s im nh sau :
1.Th TLTD thng i vi thi gian c th trong tng lai
eg: At 10p.m tomorrow , I will be learning math information technology
2.Th TLTD cn c dng din t hnh ng hay s vic s xy rav ko di trong mt
khong thi gian no trong tng lai .( thng i vi trng t all morning/day/ moth.....)
eg:I will be staying at home all mning .
VI , Th tng lai hon thnh
i vi th ny c cch dng l
1.Th TLHT dng din t hnh ng hon tt trc mt thi im trong tng lai .
-Cch dng ny thng i vi gii t by +1 mc thi gian ( by 5p.m/by October/ by at the end
of November / by the time ... )
eg: I will have finished this exercire by 5.pm .
2.th tng lai hon thnh din t mt hnh ng s c hon tt trc mt hnh ng
khc trong tng lai .
- cch dng ny thng i vi ( when, before , after , as soon as ....) nhng vn i hi ta phi
dch ngha nhn din y l hnh ng s xy ra trong tng lai .
eg: I will have cooked dinner before my mother comes back home .
Note : trong trng hp ny th ch c mt v l TLHT cn v kia mc d mang ngha tng lai
nhng n khng c s dng th tng lai .
VII, Th qu kh n
1.i vi th ny th thng i km vi cc cm trng t hoc trng ng ch thi gian nh :
yesterday, last ..., ago, two day / year/ ..+ago , number +year(s)+ago hoc l nm c th nh in
1996/1678/2008...
2. Dng th hin mong c hin ti
wish+ mnh dng qu kh
3. dng trong cu iu kin loi II
If+ M qu kh , would +V
4. dng vi cng thc
Would you mind if I + M qu kh
Would rather + M qu kh
VIII, Qu kh tip din
1.Thng din t hnh ng xy ra ti mt thi im nht nh trong qu kh
thng i vi
at+ 8a.m/3p.m/5a.m...+yesterday/ last...
" at this/that time + yesterday/last...
2. Dng din t hnh ng ang xy ra gia 2 thi im gii hn v thi gian trong qu
kh , thng i vi :
between ...and ...last.../yesterday...
from....to... ( from Monday to saturday)
All ... ( all yesterday, all lastweek..)
The whole of ...( the whole of yesterday )
eg : From 7.pm to 9p.m I was waching TV
3.Dng vi when ( din t hnh ng ang xy ra trong qu kh th hnh ng khc xy
n )
Note : hnh ng xy n dng th QK .
eg: When I came home , my parent was having a dinner .
4.Din t 2 hay nhiu hnh ng xy ra song song trong qu kh
thng i vi while /as..
eg :My father was reading news paper while my mother was cooking dinner.
IX ,Th qu kh hon thnh
1.Dng din t mt hnh ng hon tt ti mt thi im trong qu kh hoc trc
hnh ng khc trong qu kh
- Cch dng ny thng kt hp vi cc lin t nh ( after , before. when ,until , as soon as ,
by ..)
eg : By 10 p.m yesterday I had finished my home work
eg : She went to England after she had studied English.
Note : Hai hnh ng xy ra trong qu kh , hnh ng no xy ra trc th dng qu kh hon
thnh , hnh ng xy ra sau th dng th QK .
2.Dng vi gii t "for" ( din t hnh ng xy ra nhng cha hon tt trong qu kh
th mt hnh dng khc xy n )
eg : By August last year he had worked in that factory for ten year .
X , Th qu kh hon thnh tip din
1. Din t hnh ng ko di trong qu kh dn khi c hnh ng th hai xy ra . i vi
"for" + time , before..
eg: When I left last job , I had been working there for four years.
Eg : Before I came , they have been talking with each other.
Khi s dng cc th ny c when ta phi thn trng v dch cu vn hay da vo mnh sau
ngc nh ng cc th
1. FORGET, REMEMBER
+ V-ing : Nh (qun) chuyn lm.
I remember meeting you somewhere last year. (Ti nh gp bn u hi nm ngai )
+ To inf : Nh (qun ) lm chuyn g .
Don't forget to buy me a book : ng qun mua cho ti quyn sch nh (cha mua )
2. REGRET
+ V-ing : Hi hn chuyn lm.
I regret lending him the book : Ti hi hn cho anh ta mn quyn sch.
+ To inf : Ly lm tic ......
I regret to tell you that ...( Ti ly lm tic ni vi bn rng ...)- cha ni - by gi mi ni.
3. TRY
+ V-ing : Ngha l th
I try eating the cake he makes ( ti th n ci bnh anh ta lm )
+ To inf : c gng ...
I try to avoid meeting him (ti c gng trnh gp anh ta )
4. NEED
+ Need nu l ng t c bit th i vi BARE INF
I needn't buy it ( need m c th thm not vo l ng t c bit )
+ Need l ng t thng th p dng cng thc sau :
_Nu ch t l ngi th dng to inf
I need to buy it (ngha ch ng )
_Nu ch t l vt th i vi V-ing hoc to be P.P
The house needs repairing (cn nh cn c sa cha ) NEED + V-ing (mang ngha ch ng)
The house needs to be repaired
NEED + to be PII (mang ngha b ng)
5. MEAN
Mean + to inf : D nh
I mean to go out (Ti d nh i chi )
Mean + V-ing :Mang ngha
Failure on the exam means having to learn one more year.( Thi rt ngha l phi hc thm mt nm na)
6. SUGGEST
S + suggest + S + (should) do: Gi ai nn lm g (mnh khng tham gia cng)
Lan has toothache. (Lan b au rng) => Ba suggested Lan should go to dentist (Ba gi Lan n nha s)
S + suggest + Ving: Gi ai cng lm g (mnh cng tham gia)
I suggested playing soccer
(Ti gi chi bng v ti cng tham gia chi)
Lan suggested going shopping
(Lan gi i mua sm v Lan cng i mua sm)
7. GO ON
Go on + V-ing : Ch s lin tc ca hnh ng.
My father went on working until he he was nearly 70.
Go on + to inf : Tip tc lm iu g sau khi hon tt 1 cng vic.
Go on to paint the windows when you have repaired the door.
- make arrangements for : sp t, dn xp

- make a change / changes : i mi
- make a choice: chn la
- make a comment / comments (on) : bnh lun, ch gii
- make a contribution to : gp phn vo
- make a decision : quyt nh
- make an effort : n lc
- make friends : lm bn, kt bn.
- make an improvement : ci thin
- make a mistake : phm sai lm, nhm ln
- make a phone call : gi in thoi
- make progress : tin b
- make noise : lm n
- make a journey/ a trip / journeys : i du hnh
- make a promise : ha
- make an inquiry / inquiries : i hi, yu cu, hi bit
- make a remark : bnh lun, nhn xt.
- make a speech : c din vn
- make a fuss of / over someone : l v quan tm
- make a fuss / kick up a fuss (about something) : cn nhn tc gin, phn nn (v
ci g )
- make a plan / plans : tr hoch, ln k hoch
- make a demand / demands (on) : i hi
- make an exception: to ngoi l, cho php mt ngoi l
- make a wish: c
- make cng thng dng vi ngha: lm, to ra, ch to ra; nh khi ta ni "make a
bicycle" (ch to ra chic xe p), "make a cake" (nng, lm ra ci bnh), ...
DNG 1 : CHUYN I T HIN TI HON THNH SANG QU

KH N ( V NGC LI )
Dng ny c cc mu sau y , cng thc th khng c nn mnh ch a ra
cc v d trong c cc ch t mu l nhng du hiu nhn dng ra
cng thc.
1. This is the first time I have seen him (y l ln u ti thy anh ta )
=>I have never seen him before. ( ti cha bao gi thy anh ta trc y )
This is my second visit to Hungary
=>This is the second time I have visited Hungary
Mu ny c dng :
y l ln u tin/./ ... lm chuyn
=> ...cha bao gi lm chuyn trc y.
The first time : ln u tin
Never ...before : cha bao gi trc y
2. I started / begun studying English 3 years ago. (ti bt u hc TA cch
y 3 nm )
=> I have studied English for 3 years. ( ti hc TA c 3 nm )
Mu ny c dng :
...bt u lm g cch y + khong thi gian
=> .. lm chuyn for + khong thi gian
Nu khng c ago m c when + mnh th gi nguyn mnh ch i
when thnh since thi
3. I last saw him when I was a student.( ln cui cng ti thy anh ta l khi
ti l SV )
=> I haven't seen him since I was a student.( ti khng thy anh ta t khi
ti l SV )
Mu ny c dng :
Ln cui cng lm chuyn l khi ....
=> ..khng lm chuyn t khi ....
Last : ln cui
Since : t khi
4. The last time she went out with him was two years ago.(ln cui c ta i
chi vi anh ta cch y 2 nm )
=> She hasn't gone out with him for two years.( c ta khng i chi vi
anh ta 2 nm nay )
Tng t mu 3 nhng khc phn sau thi
5. It's ten years since I last met him.( 10 nm t khi ti gp anh ta ln cui
)
=> I haven't met him for ten years . ( ti khng gp anh ta 10 nm ri )
Mu ny c dng : Its + ktg + since I last + QK
I havent + PII + for + ktg
..khong thi gian t khi lm g ln cui
=> ..khng lm vic c + khong thi gian
6. When did you buy it ? ( bn mua n khi no ?

=> How long have you bought ? ( bn mua n c bao lu ? )
Mu ny c dng :
when : th dng qu kh n
How long : th dng hin ti hon thnh
7. we havent been swimming for ages.
=> Its ages since we went swimming
DNG 2 : BIN I QUA LI GIA : ENOUGH , TOO....TO , SO....THAT ,
SUCH....THAT
Trc khi i c th vo cch bin i cc bn cng nn n li cng thc ca 4
cu trc trn:
TOO...TO (qu....n ni khng th.)
CC DNG THNG GP V TOO...TO , SO..THAT, SUCH..THAT ,
ENOUGH :
1) I T SO ..THAT SANG SUCH ....THAT :
N + BE + SO + ADJ + THAT + CLAUSE

=> I T + BE ......
Cch lm :
Thm such ( a,an) em tnh t xung ,em danh t xung ,t that tr i vit
li ht
=> I T + BE SUCH ( A,AN ) ADJ + N + THAT CLAUSE
The book is so interesting that I have read it many times.
It is .....
=> It is such an interesting book that I have read it many times.
Nu danh t l s t hoc khng m c th khng c a, an
2) I T SO ..THAT SANG TOO...TO :
c dng :
S + BE +SO + ADJ + THAT + CLAUSE
=> S + BE + TOO....
Cch lm :
Thm tnh t vo , b can't ,couldn't ly t ng t tr i
Nu ch t 2 cu khc nhau th thm phn for sb
Nu tc t cu sau ging ch t cu u th b tc t i
=> S + BE + TOO + adj +( FOR SB ) TO INF ...
The water is so hot that I can't drink it.
=> The water is too.....
=> The water is too hot for me to drink.
- Nu i nguc li t TOO...TO sang SO ..THAT th thng sai nht l vic
qun thm tc t vo v chia sai th
3) I T TOO...TO .. SANG ENOUGH :
thng c dng :
S + BE + TOO + ADJ + TO INF......
=> S + BE NOT .....
Cch lm :
- Dng tnh t phn ngha + enough
- Vit li ht phn sau
He is too weak to run fast

=> He isn't ....
=> He isn't strong enough to run fast.
Ghi ch :Trong tt c cc cu trc trn nu ch BE l V th ADV s thay cho
ADJ
4) I T Although / though => despite / in spite of
Nguyn tc chung cn nh l :
Although/ though + mnh
Despite / in spite of + cm t
Cc cng thc bin i t mnh sang cm t nh sau:
a) Nu ch t 2 mnh ging nhau:
- B ch t ,ng t thm ING .
Although Tom got up late, he got to school on time.
=> Despite / in spite of getting up late, Tom got to school on time.
b) Nu ch t l danh t + be + tnh t
- em tnh t t troc danh t ,b to be
Although the rain is heavy,.......
=> Despite / in spite of the heavy rain, ......
c) Nu ch t l i t + be + tnh t :
- i i t thnh s hu ,i tnh t thnh danh t ,b be
Although He was sick,........
=> Despite / in spite of his sickness,.......
d) Nu ch t l i t + ng t + trng t
- i i t thnh s hu, ng t thnh danh t ,trng t thnh tnh t t
trc danh t
Although He behaved impolitely,.....
=> Despite / in spite of his impolite behavior ,.........
5) Nu cu c dng : there be + danh t
- Th b there be
Although there was an accident ,.....
=> Despite / in spite of an accident,......
Cng thc ny cng p dng cho bin i t BECAUSE -> BECAUSE OF
5) CHUYN I QUA LI GIA SO SNH HN / BNG / NHT
lm c phn ny cc bn phi nm vng cng thc ca cc dng so
snh tnh t /trng t.
Cc dng thng cho l :
a) A hn B ==== > B khng bng A
Nguyn tc :
Nu cho so snh hn th ta i thnh so snh bng + ph nh
v d :
Tom is taller than Mary : Tom cao hn Mary
Mary is.....
=> Mary is not tall as Tom : Mary khng cao bng Tom
b) khng ai ... bng A ==== > A l ...nht
Nguyn tc :
So snh bng => so snh nht
v d :
No one in the class is as tall as Tom: khng ai trong lp cao bng Tom
=> Tom is .....
=> Tom is the tallest in the class. Tom cao nht lp
6) CHUYN I CU TNG THUT SANG CU TRC SUGGEST
Trong chng tnh lp 9 cc em c cu trc suggest vi 2 cng thc nhng
thng hay nhm khng bit khi no dng vi Ving v khi no dng vi
mnh
Suggest + Ving => cu ngh c ngi ni cng lm
V d:
Mary suggested going to the cinema. Mary ngh i xem phim ( c y cng
i cng vi ngi nghe )
Suggest that S (should ) + Bare inf. => cu ngh ch c S lm ( ngi ni
khng lm)
V d:
Mary suggested Tom (should) go to the cinema. Mary ngh Tom nn i
xem phim ( c y khng i cng vi ngi Tom )
What about + Ving => cu r c ngi ni cng lm
V d:
What about going to the cinema? Cng i xem phim nh ( c y cng i cng
vi ngi nghe )
Why dont we + Bare inf. => cu r c ngi ni cng lm
Lets + Bare inf. => cu r c ngi ni cng lm
Why dont you + Bare inf. => cu ngh ch c you lm ( ngi ni khng
lm)
Cch bin i t Although / though => despite / in spite of
Nguyn tc chung cn nh l :
Although/ though + mnh

Despite / in spite of + cm t
Cc cng thc bin i t mnh sang cm t nh sau:

1) Nu ch t 2 mnh ging nhau:
- B ch t ,ng t thm ING .
Although Tom got up late, he got to school on time.
=> Despite / in spite of getting up late, Tom got to school on time.
2) Nu ch t l danh t + be + tnh t
- em tnh t t trc danh t, b to be
Although the rain is heavy,.......
=> Despite / in spite of the heavy rain, ......
3) Nu ch t l i t + be + tnh t :
- i i t thnh s hu ,i tnh t thnh danh t ,b be
Although He was sick,........

=> Despite / in spite of his sickness,.......
4) Nu ch t l i t + ng t + trng t
- i i t thnh s hu, ng t thnh danh t ,trng t thnh tnh t t trc danh t
Although He behaved impolitely,.....

=> Despite / in spite of his impolite behavior ,.........
5) Nu cu c dng : there be + danh t

- Th b there be
Although there was an accident ,.....
=> Despite / in spite of an accident,......
6) Nu cu c dng : It (be) + tnh t v thi tit
i tnh t thnh danh t thm the pha trc.
Although it was rainy, .....

=> Despite / in spite of the rain, .
Cc tnh t v danh t thng gp trong mu ny l:
Foggy => fog ( sng m )
Snowy => snow (tuyt)
Rainy => rain (ma)
Stormy => storm ( bo)
7) Nu cu c dng: Danh t + (be) + p.p ( cu b ng)
=> i p.p thnh danh t, thm the pha trc v of pha sau, danh t cu trn em xung sau
of
Although television was invented, .....

=> Despite / in spite of the invention of television, .
8 ) Phng php cui cng cng l phng php d nht : thm the fact that trc mnh .
1. Transform to passive voice
This transformation requires using a sentence with an action verb and a direct object.
The sentence may be any of the following patterns:
NP1 + V-tr + NP2 The dog ate the bone.

NP1 + V-tr + NP2 + NP3 Joe gave Mary a ring.
NP1 + V-tr + NP2 + Adj We consider Joe intelligent.
NP1 + V-tr + NP2 + NP2 The people made Olaf king.
To create the transformation,
1. make the direct object into the subject,
2. add the "be" auxiliary and the -en ending to the main verb, and
3. place the original doer of the action into a prepositional phrase beginning with by.
Examples
NOTE: Do not change verb tense when transforming sentences from active to passive.
ate = was eaten gave = was given consider = is considered made = was made
2. Transform to the expletive there is / there are
This transformation requires using a sentence with a verb of being as the main verb.
The sentence pattern must be
NP1 + V-be + ADV/TP. A fly is on the wall.
Two dogs were at the park.
1. place there at the beginning of the sentence and
2. reverse positions of the subject and verb.
Examples
NOTE: Do not change verb tense when creating the there is / there are transformation.
is = there is were = there were
3. Transform to cleft
This transformation allows the writer to emphasize a the sentence subject or object.
This transformation may be used with any of the sentence patterns.

There are two ways to create this transformation.
Method #1
1. Begin the sentence with It and the appropriate number and tense of the verb of
being,
2. focus on either the subject or direct object, and
3. create a second half for the sentence that begins with who, whom, or that.
Examples
In the above example, the first cleft transformation emphasizes the subject, dog, using
three words to refer to the dog: it, dog, and that.
The second cleft transformation emphasizes the direct object, bone, using three words
to refer to the bone: it, bone, and that.
In the above example, the first cleft transformation emphasizes the direct object, Joe,
using three words to refer to Joe: it, Joe, and whom.
The second cleft transformation emphasizes the subject we, using three words to refer
to us it, we, and who.
Method #2
1. Begin the sentence with What,
2. follow with the subject and verb, and
3. insert the appropriate tense of the verb of being and follow with the direct object.
Examples
In the above example, the cleft transformation emphasizes the direct object, bone,
using two words to refer to bone: what and bone.
This cleft transformation emphasizes the direct object, ring, , using two words to refer to
the ring: what and ring.
NOTE: Do not change verb tense when creating the cleft transformation.
PAST TENSE: The dog ate the bone.
It was the dog who ate the bone.
It was the bone that the dog ate.
What the dog ate was the bone.
PRESENT TENSE: We consider Joe intelligent.
It is Joe whom we consider intelligent.
PAST TENSE: Joe gave Mary a ring.
What Joe gave Mary was a ring.
4. Transform to negative
To create the negative transformation
A. with a verb of being as the main verb: Add not to the verb.
Example
B. with an action or linking verb that has an auxiliary verb (have or be): Add not to the
verb
Example - action verb
Example - linking verb
C. with an action or linking verb that does not have an auxiliary verb: Add not and the
appropriate number and tense of do.
5. Transform to interrogative with yes-no answer

To transform sentences into the interrogative with yes-no answer,
A. with a verb of being as the main verb: Transpose the position of the subject and the
verb
B. with an action or linking verb that has an auxiliary verb (have or be): Transpose the
position of the subject and the auxiliary verb
C.. with an action or linking verb that does not have an auxiliary verb: Add the
appropriate
number and tense of do
Example - Action verb
Example - Linking verb
6. Transform to interrogative
This transformation provides questions that will produce more than a yes/no answer.
It may be used with any of the sentence patterns.

1. placean interrogative word at the beginning of the sentence,
2. reverse positions of the subject and verb, and
3. add do/does/did if needed (action or linking verb without auxiliary verb).
Interrogative words:
how when where why what which who whom
Example - verb of being
Example - action verb with auxiliary verb
Example - linking verb with auxiliary verb
Example - action verb without auxiliary verb
Example - linking verb without auxiliary verb
NOTE: Sentences using which or whose to create the interrogative may not require
adding do/does/did or transposing the positions of the subject and verb.
7. Transform to emphasis / emphatic

This transformation may be used
with all sentence patterns except the verb-of-being patterns.
with action or linking verbs that do not have auxiliary verbs
To make the emphatic transformation, place do, does, or did in front of the verb, as
tense and
number dictate.
Examples
8. Transform to imperative
This transformation creates a command.
It may be used with all sentence patterns.
To make the imperative transformation, replace the sentence subject with you
UNDERSTOOD
and change the verb form to its infinitive form without to.
Examples:
NOTE: There is only one tense, simple present, for the imperative transformation.
9. Transform to exclamatory
This transformation creates a surprise statement.
It may be used with all sentence patterns.
To make the exclamatory transformation,
place what or how at the beginning of the sentence
rearrange words in the sentence as needed
place an exclamation point at the end of the sentence
Examples
In many cases, more than one transformation may be performed at a time on a given
sentence.
Example - passive and interrogative
Example - passive, negative, and interrogative yes-no
Example - cleft, emphasis, and interrogative yes-no
Phng php ny p dng c cho mi cu m khgn cn phn tch xem n thuc mu ny, tuy
nhin phng php ny khng c khuyn khch s dng v suy cho cng nhng bin i trn
y l rn luyn cho cc em cch s dng cc cu trc cu, do nu cu no cng thm the fact
that ri vit li ht th cc em s khng nng cao c trnh . Phng php ny ch p dng khi
gp cu qu phc tp m khng c cch no bin i. Mt trng hp khc m cc em c th s
dng na l : trong lc i thi gp cu kh m mnh qun cch bin i .
Although he behaved impolitely,.....

=> Despite / in spite of the fact that he behaved impolitely,.....
He is too young to go to school (n qu tr n ni khng th i hc c )

The exercise is too difficult for me to do.(bi tp qu kh n ni ti khng
th no lm c )
CNG THC : ________________________________
[TOO + adj/adv + (for sb) TO inf.]
-------------------------------3 NGUYN TC CN NH KHI NI CU DNG TOO...TO
Cng ging nh enough, too...to c cc nguyn tc sau
-1)Nguyn tc th nht :
Nu trc tnh t ,trng t c :too ,so ,very , quite ,extremely... th phi b.

- 2) Nguyn tc th hai:
Nu ch t hai cu ging nhau th b phn for sb
3) Nguyn tc th ba:
Nu ch t cu u v tc t cu sau l mt th phi b tc t cu sau
ex:
He is so weak .He can't run.
-> He is too weak to run.
The coffee was very hot .I could drink it.
-> The coffee was too hot for me to drink.
( B it v it cng ng ngha vi coffee )
ENOUGH
()
Enough c hai cng thc c bn :
1) adj/adv + enough (for sb) to inf
2) enough + N (for sb ) to inf
Cc bn lu s khc nhau gia 2 cng thc ny l : tnh t ,trng t th
ng trc enough cn danh t th ng sau enough
ex:
he is strong enough to lift the box.(anh ta khe nhc ci hp)
strong l tnh t nn ng trc enough
He doesn't drive carefully enough to pass the driving test
carefully l trng t nn ng trc enough
I don't have enough money to buy a car.(ti khng c tin mua xe hi)
Money l danh t nn ng sau enough
*Nu ch t thc hin c 2 hnh ng (ng t chnh v to inf ) l mt th
khng c phn (for sb),cn nu l hai i tng khc nhau th i tng thc
hin hnh ng to inf s c th hin trong phn for sb
ex:
I study well enough to pass the exam.(ti hc gii thi u)
trong cu ny ngi thc hin hnh ng study l ti v ngi pass the exam
(thi u) cng l ti nn khng c phn for sb .
The exercise is not easy for me to do.(bi tp khng d ti c th lm
c )
Ch t ca is not easy l the exercise ,trong khi i tng thc hin hnh
ng do l ti khng ging nhau nn phi c phn for me

*Khi ch t v tc t ca ng t chnh v tc t ca to inf l mt th tc t
c hiu nghm ,khng vit ra
ex:
The exercise is not easy for me to do it.(sai)
The exercise is not easy for me to do.(ng)
Tc t ca do l it cng ng ngha vi ch t The exercise nn khng vit ra.
Tm li cc bn cn nh 3 nguyn tc sau y
3 NGUYN TC CN NH KHI NI CU DNG ENOUGH:
1)Nguyn tc th nht:
Nu trc tnh t ,trng t c : too, so, very, quite ,extremely... Trc danh t
c many, much, a lot of, lots of th phi b.
He is very intelligent.He can do it.
->He is very intelligent enough to do it (sai)
->He is intelligent enough to do it.(ng)
He has a lot of money .He can buy a car.
->He has enough a lot of money to buy a car.(sai)
->He has enough money to buy a car.(ng)
2) Nguyn tc th hai:
Nu ch t hai cu ging nhau th b phn for sb
ex:
Tom is strong. He can lift the box.
->Tom is strong enough for him to lift the box.(sai)
->Tom is strong enough to lift the box.(ng)
The weather is fine. Mary and her little brother can go to school.
->The weather is fine enough to go to school.(sai)
->The weather is fine enough for Mary and her little brother to go to school.
(ng)
Tuy nhin nu ch t cu sau c chung chung th cng c th b i.
ex:
The sun is not warm .We can't live on it.
->The sun is not warm enough to live on.(we y ch chung chung, mi
ngi)
3)Nguyn tc th ba:
Nu ch t cu u v tc t cu sau l mt th phi b tc t cu sau
ex:
The water is quite warm .I can drink it.
->The water is warm enough for me to drink it.(sai)
->The water is warm enough for me to drink .(ng)
SO ...THAT (QU ....N NI )

CNG THC :
SO + ADJ/ADV + THAT + clause
- Cch ni cu dng so...that
+ Trc adj/adv nu c too, so, very,quite...th b
+ Nu c a lot of ,lots of th phi i thnh much,many
+ Sau that vit li ton b mnh
ex:
He is very strong .He can lift the box.
-> He is so strong that he can lift the box.
He ate a lot of food. He became ill.
-> He ate so much food that he became ill.
He bought lots of books .He didn't know where to put them.
->He bought so many books that he didn't know where to put them.
SUCH...THAT(qu... n ni )
Cng thc :
SUCH( a/an) + adj + N + THAT + clause
-Cch ni cu dng such..that
+ Trc adj/adv nu c too, so, very, quite...th b
+ Nu danh t l s t hoc khng m c th khng dng (a/an)
+ Nu sau adj khng c danh t th ly danh t u cu vo ri th i t
vo ch t .
ex:
He is a very lazy boy. No one likes him.
->He is such a lazy boy that no one likes him.
The coffee is too hot .I can't drink it.
Sau ch hot khng c danh t nn phi em coffee vo, coffee khng m
c nn khng dng a/an.
->It is such hot coffee that I can't drink it.
Her voice is very soft .Everyone likes her.
->She has such a soft voice that everyone likes her.
+ Nu trc danh t c much, many th phi i thnh a lot of.
ex:
He bought many books. He didn't know where to put them.

-> He bought such a lot of books that he didn't know where to put them.
SENTENCE BUILDING
Pattern 1: S + BE + ADJECTIVE + TO + V
Ex: I / happy / meet / you / here.
I am happy to meet you here.
Practice test
1. You / free / do what / like.
.. .
2. She / foolish / say those words.
.. .
3. Im willing / take / medicine.
...................................... .
4. The patient was wise / obey /doctors orders.
.
5. The nurse / careful / give / right medicine
.

Practice test
You are free to do what you like.
She was foolish to say those words.
I'm willing to take the medicine.
The patient was wise to obey doctor's orders.
The nurse is careful to give the right medicine!
Practice test
You are free to do what you like. OK
She was foolish to say those words. OK
I'm willing to take the medicine. OK (the/my)
The patient was wise to obey doctor's orders. OK-cn thm THE trc
dotor's orders
The nurse is careful to give the right medicine!
the right medicine-c 'the' ngha l 'right medicine' xc nh,ngha l
vic 'give' nn l xy ra ri, nn chia IS-->WAS th hay hn. Nu
mun dng IS ni mt s tht chung chung hin ti n th nn b
THE i, ch cn 'right medicine' l danh t chung chung th hp vi th
hin ti n hn.
Pattern 2: IT + BE + ADJECTIVE + TO + V
Ex: It / exciting / hear / she has won / gold medal.
It is exciting to hear that she has won a gold medal.

Practice test
1. It / merry / hear / you have passed / important exam.
.
2. It / frightening / know / he / a criminal.
.
3. It / hard / believe / some parents / maltreat / children.
. .
4. It / encouraging / see more / more young people are going / university.
.
5. It / sad / find / more / more couples / getting divorced.
.
1. It is merry to hear ( that) you have passed the important exam.

That cng ok phi ko thy! Nn dng 'that' cho an ton, k c nhng cu bn di
2. It is frightening to know he is a criminal. OK
3. It is hard to believe some parents maltreat their children. OK
4. It is encouraging to see more and more young people are going to university. OK
5. It is sad to find more and more couples are getting divoiced. OK
Cu ny getting divoiced ky ky! Hin ti tip din dng y cho sinh ng em, n gn nh
hoc thay th cho ci th di ngong Hin ti hon thnh tip din.
Pattern 3: IT + BE + ADJECTIVE + FOR (PRO)NOUN-SB + TO V

Ex: It / not easy / the patient / recover / her illness.
It was not easy for the patient to recover from her illness.
Practice test
1. It / important / him / do / exercise / in the morning.
.
2. It / difficult / Morton / give other / the dog.
.
3. It / possible / him / experiment / a dog.
.
4. It / exciting / him / watch / dog wake up / wave / tail.
.. .
5. It / necessary / him / try / experiment / himself.
.
6. It / difficult / her / translate this text / English.
.
7. It / convenient / me / meet you / Sunday.
................. .
8. It / not possible / us / smoke / class.
.
9. It / interesting / them / play / guitar.
.
10. It / good / children / take exercise.
.
1. It is important for him to do his ( or a ) exercise in the morning. Nn

'exercise' l danh t khng m c: do/take exercise-tp th dc.
2. It is difficult for Morton to give orther the day (? Thy gii thch cho
em cm orther day ti sao khng l the orther day ) L 'dog' ch em:
'... give others the dog-cho ngi khc con ch.'
3. It is impossible for him to experiment with (or on ) a dog. Nn gi
nguyn 'possible'.
4. It is exciting for him to watch his ( or a/the) dog wake up and wave
its tail. Con ch nn l xc nh.
5. It is necessary for him to try to experiment by himself. Nn dng
'try' vi ngha 'th' hn l ngha 'c gng' y. Nn dng: try the
experiment on hoc try experimenting on.
6. It is difficult for her to translate this text into English. OK [or may be:
translate this text in English (into Vietnamese)]
7. It is convenient for me to meet you on Sunday. OK
8. It is impossible for us to smoke in a (or that)class. Nn gi nguyn
'not possible'. Lp hc nn l xc nh, khng nn dng 'a'-khng phi
lp hc no cng cm ht thuc-->'the/our'.
9. It is interesting for them to play the guitar. OK
10. It is good for (the) children to take exercise. OK
Pattern 4: HOW LONG DOES/DID/WILL IT TAKE SB TO V ?

[(Ai ) Mt bao lu lm g]
Ex: How long / it take / you / to school ?
How long does it take you to go to school ?
Practice test
1. How long / it take / her / choose things last week ?
2. How long / it take him / walk / school every day ?
3. How long / it take her / cook / vegetable yesterday ?
4. How long / it take them / do / test / last Thursday ?
5. How long/ it take you / ride / school every day ?
Em cm n thy, sai nhu w. Hi hi em lic qua nn nhn nhm t. Thy c th k ra

1 s danh t khng m c thng gp c ko thy cng nhiu cng t thy .
Cng c nhng loi 'thng gp' cng nhiu lm, nn lm nhiu bi tp c tham
kho t in v tch ly chng th hay hn l a ra mt 'ng' nhi nht u cho
ht , cha k n mt s va dng nh khng m c v va nh m c. T
EXERCISE y c vn to tt g u: u tin em hc n vi ngha l 'bi tp'm c, sau , v d nh trong cu ny, li bit thm n cn c ngha 's tp
luyn (th dc)'-thng l khng m c.
1. How long did it take her to choose things last week? OK
2. How long does it take him to walk to school every day? OK
3. How long did it take her to cook the vegetable yesterday? OK
4. How long did it take them to do the test last Thursday? OK
5. How long does it take you to ride to school every day? OK
Pattern 5: IT TAKES/TOOK/WILL TAKE SB TIME TO DO STH

[(Ai ) Mt bao lu lm g]
Ex: It / take / her / 20 minutes / do / homework.
It took her 20 minutes to do her homework.
Practice test
1. It / take / them / an hour / do exercise in the morning.
.
2. It took / Lan fours years / learn / speak English / school.
.
3. It take / him three hours / write / report last night.
.............................................. .
4. It take / them two hours / get / department store last Sunday.
.
5. It take / Nam / few minutes / choose a shirt last Sunday.
.
Pattern 6: S + BE(V-seem/look/ ) + ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH + TO V

[...... (c th) lm g]
Ex: The / car / cheap enough / buy.
The car is cheap enough to buy.
Practice test
1. The patient / feel / well enough / eat some soup.
.
2. Black / feel / strong enough / walk around / room.

.
3. The nurse / kind enough / help him walk.
.
4. Pasteur / patient enough / keep searching / a cure.
.
5. She / sick enough / go / the doctor.
.
Pattern 7: S + BE + TOO + ADJECTIVE (+FOR SB) + TO V
(...qu...khng th...)
Ex: The / house / too expensive / him / buy.
The house was too expensive for him to buy.
Practice test
1. The beds / too hard / be comfortable.
.
2. He / too weak / do this heavy work.
.
3. She / too tired / review / lessons.
... .
4. Bacteria / too tiny / be / see / the nakes eyes.
.
5. The boy / too frightened / take / injection.
.
V.
1. It takes them an hour to do exercise in the morning. OK
2. It took Lan fours years to learn to speak English at school. OK
3. It took him three hours to write the report last night. OK
4. It took them two hours to get to the department store last night?Sunday.
5. It took Nam few minutes to choose a shirt last Sunday. OK
VI.
1. The patient feel well enough to eat soup. ? Feel link verb cm thy => good. Thy gii thch
gim em vi. Vy em nn bit, WELL, ngoi l trng t, cn l mt tnh t ng hong-mang
ngha 'khe'. Chia 'feel' qu kh nh, chia nguyn th nh ny cng cha chun u. Cu no
cm nhn s vic xy ra mt ln ri th cn chia qu kh n, thng xy ra th chia hin ti.
2. Black feels strong enough to walk around the (his) room. Cu ny cng nn chia 'feel' th
qu kh. Nu c thi gian th hay hn, nhng khng c th c cm nhn nh , nh gi cu 1.
3. The nurse is kind enough to help him walk. Cng nn chia qu kh.
4. Pasteur is patient enough to keep searching a cure. Cng nn QK.
5. She is sick enough to go to the doctor. OK
VII
1. The beds are too hard to be comfortable. OK
2. He is too weak to do this heavy work. OK
3. She is too tired to reviews her lessons. Nn chia qu kh th hay hn
Dng the c c khng thy. cng c
4. Bacteria is[are] too tiny to be seen by[with] the nakes eyes. bacteria l mt danh t s nhiu
, khng hn l tn ring u .
5. The boy is too frightened to take an injection. Nn chia qu kh th hay hn
Take an injection = V h thy. ng vy, kiu nh ny c nhiu ch: take
exercise/medicine/care/a bath/...
Tip tc i thy. OK, ch vi ting
Cc cu trn khng c thi gian c th chia ng th mong mun, hy luyn k nng cm
nhn nh-tp trung vo hai th HT v QK. Luyn xong kh nng ny l ln c mt cht .
Lu c nhng cu m chia mt trong hai th u c. Nhm nht mt cht l bnh thng
thi .
Pattern 8: BY + V_ING/HAND/BUS/
[BY + ... ch cch thc hnh ng/phng tin hnh ng]
Ex: This dress may / made / hand.

This dress may be made by hand.
You can / progress / your English / practising it every day.
You can make progress in your English by practising it every day.
Practice test
1. He / go / the airport / taxi last night.
.
2. Passengers can call/ stewardess / pushing a button.
.
3. Pilots / landing instructions/ radio.
.
4. The workers / to work / bus.
.
5. The goods / transported / ship yesterday.
.
6. He / could / more money / working overtime.
.
7. They made him / go / sleep / giving / a special drink.
.
8. We could help her / explaining / lesson / her.
.
9. He helped / friend / get higher marks / telling him / be more careful.
.
10. We could help him / translate / text / lending / our dictionary.
.. .
1. He went to the airport by a taxi last night.
2. Passengers can call the stewardess by pushing a button. => Tui ngh nn dung
mo t a s hp l hn: Bm chung th mt ngi phc v no s ln ch
khng xc nh l c Marry hay Carol g .
3. Pilots are landing by radio. => Tui ghi l: Pilots received landing instructions
by radio. (Thng th ci ny tui dng via. Nhng ti yu cu bi tp l dng by.)
QK hay HT u ok phi khng thy. => Tui ngh ci ny dng th hin ti ch
mt s tht. Ni chung ht cho tt c cc phi cng trong tt c cc trng hp:
Lin lc gia trm kim sat v phi cng thng qua radio. Dng th qu kh khng
hp l lm.
4. The workers go to work by bus. OK
5. The goods were transported by a ship yesterday. => Ch ny ng. Tui ngh l
dung by bus l c ri nhng t nhin thy phi l by a ship mi ng.
6. He could earn more money by working overtime. OK
7. They made him go to sleep by giving a special drink. OK
T give nhiu ngha qu thy cho em my ngha hay dng nh.
8. We could help her by explaining the lesson to her. OK
9. He helped his friend get higher marks by telling him to be more careful.
10. We could help him translate this (the ) text by lending (him) our dictionary.
Cu 9 v 10 qun mt ci help ri. Hnh nh help someone do something l gip
ngi khc lm g m ngi c gip khng c nhng tay vo. V d nh:
Nng Bch Tuyt gip cc ch ln dn dp nh ca. C mt mnh nng Bch
Tuyt lm thi, my ch ln khng c gp tay vo vic ny. => Tui ngh trn nn
ghi l: help his friend to get higher marks v help him to translate
(Khng chc nha. i thy nha)
4. It is exciting for him to watch his ( or a/the) dog wake up and wave its tail.
=> Ci ny thy ln phi khng thy: his ri sao cn dung the trc dog na thy.
Em lai b trng hp ca thy l n ch = the dog v pha sau l its tail. Vy
ng ra phi ghi l: It is exciting for him to watch his dog wakes up and waves its
tail.
Em , du ngoc n c dng theo 2 ngha:
1. c hoc khng c t trong ngoc

2. t trong ngoc c th thay th cho t trc ngoc.
Ngoc n ny l ca RecoverMyself, bn cn dng c ch OR m em.
Cu ny l cu n m em, sau cc ng t ch nhn thc nh
SEE/WATCH/HEAR/FEEL/...c th dng ng t nguyn th ch (watch sb do/doing
something), nh ra cha nh? Cn cu ca em ngh l cu phc ri, sau WATCH c dng THAT
khng, ngha c n khng??
Vy ng ra phi ghi l: It is exciting for him to watch THAT his dog wakes up
and waves its tail.
8. It is impossible for us to smoke in a (or that)class
=> Cu ny em khng dung mo t g ht trc class c khng thy? D class
m c nhng t nhin em thy in class nghe cng quen quen. Vi li cho em
hi thm, mnh ni l: I stay at home and read book (khng c mo t trc
book ) c khng thy? Ci ny em cng thy quen.
Dng IN CLASS cng c. T CLASS cn c ngha v thi gian, l tit dy/hc--> in class
= during the class.
Thng thng th, Danh t m m c th:
Cn c A/AN/THE pha trc, hoc c S/ES pha sau, t khi ng mt mnh, nh t BOOK ca
em pha trn
V d:
+Chung chung, khng xc nh: A BOOK hoc BOOKS
+ xc nh: THE BOOK hoc THE BOOKS
, em hiu ri. Cm n thy. Ti em cng dng his dog, khng nh l ci

khng cho his. T nhin thy c mo t trong bi ca bn v na nn khng hiu.
Watch, ng t gic quan, hm ba mi c bi ca thy xong m khng .
Nu thm that trc cm his dog th cu nhn ky ky.
D, in class l ni khang thi gian hc trong lp. Em cm n thy.
Pattern 4:
4. How long did it take them to do the test last Thursday?
=> Dng last Thursday vi li on the last Thursday cng nh nhau phi khng
thy?
on the last Thursday: dng nh ny th LAST mang ngha l 'cui cng' .
last Thursday = on Thursday last week
Pattern 5:
2. It took Lan fours years to learn to speak English at school
=> Em cha hiu ca thy thm s sau four l sao.
Khng phi mnh thm u, li sa m, nhn li xem. Mnh xem li thy c bi vng S v
gch ngang n, nhng nhiu khi gch ngang khng thm xut hin mi bun ch, chc ch phi
to to mi hin c gch ngang.
4. It took them two hours to get the department store last night?Sunday. OK
=> Em ngh l get into the department
Cu ny vo EDIT xem th thy c c gch ngang night? m li khng hin ra nh.
ng ri, lc xem bi c ngh n thm gii t sau GET, nhng li qun mt. Cm n nh, thm
to th hay hn into .
Mt 2 ting ti c hay vo c bch ha tng hp?
Sa lun cu ny cho d theo di nh!
Pattern 6:
Thy, bi tp phn 6 ny em ngh ngai cu 4 v ng Pasteur ra th my ci kia
chia hin ti cng khng sao. V d nh l:
-
The patient feels well enough to eat some soup. Ly trng hp bc s hi

y t tnh trng ca bnh nhn quyt nh vic la chn thc n cho ph
hp (Nu khe ri th khng truyn nc bin na m cho n thc n mm,
d nut nh soup hoc cho; khe hn th cho n cm. i lai vy.) Y t
nhn bnh nhn v quay sang tr li cho bc s l: Bnh nhn khe c
th n sp ri. Hp l thy
Em ngh l dng hin ti cng c l v bng trc quan, ngi ni nhn mt

ngi no ri ni ra nhn xt ca mnh lun, vn cn ang hin ti.
Khng c du hiu v thi gian xut hin nn phi cm nhn theo cch dng th thi m:
Qu kh n: xy ra ri, mt ln.
Hin ti tip din: ANG xy ra ti/xung quanh thi im ni; hnh ng tm thi, mau kt
thc.
Hin ti n: THNG xy ra lu di, s tht.
Hy cm nhn v phn tch, tnh hung c th xy ra 2-3 trng hp, nhng nn chn trng
hp no hp l hn. Mnh cng ch dng t NN khi sa my cu ny phi khng?
Em lm tip, cm nh n kh qu thy . Uhm, dch ngha xem l /ANG/THNG/S
1. He went to the airport by taxi last night. OK
2. Passengers can call the stewardess by pushing a button. OK
3. Pilots are landing by radio. Cu ny phi thm ng t vo mi ng ngha, m em thiu g
sau 'landing' ri.
Pilots get (nhn) landing instructions by radio.
QK hay HT u ok phi khng thy. Cu ny din t s tht, nn dng HT thi; pilots l danh
t s nhiu ni chung chung hp vi HT , nu l 'the pilots' th cng c th ngha n QK.
4. The workers go to work by bus. OK
5. The goods were transported by ship yesterday. OK
6. He could earn more money by working overtime. OK
7. They made him go to sleep by giving a special drink. OK
T give nhiu ngha qu thy cho em my ngha hay dng nh. Nh ngha c bn v suy lun
thi (give sb sth; give sth to sb). Cc ngha khc, nht l cm ng t, th chu kh lm bi tp
v tra t in l s quen dn thi.
8. We could help her by explaining the lesson to her. OK
9. He helped his friend get higher marks by telling him to be more careful. OK
10. We could help him translate this (the ) text by lending (him) our dictionary. OK Cho 'him' ra
ngoi ngoc cho cu trc nh.
Em cm n thy.
Mong bi mi t thy. Ngy mai nh , em QUOTE/COPY phn bi tp v lm lun bn di
cho tin theo di nh, cho ch to hn mt cht na nhe.
1. He went to the airport by taxi last night. OK => Gi em mi nh ra s khc

nhau gia by voi on: by taxi/ by bus/ by car vi li on my car. => Cau ny
khng cn mo t ng trc taxi.
2. Passengers can call the stewardess by pushing a button. OK => Thy, thy thy
l gii trn ca em hp l khng: Tui ngh nn dung mo t a s hp l hn:
Bm chung th mt ngi phc v no s ln ch khng xc nh l c Marry
hay Carol g
10. We could help him translate this (the ) text by lending (him) our dictionary. OK
Cho 'him' ra ngoi ngoc cho cu trc nh.
Thy cho em hi s khc nhau gia: help someone to Verb vi li help
someone Verbbare.
1. He went to the airport by taxi last night. OK => Gi em mi nh ra s khc
nhau gia by voi on: by taxi/ by bus/ by car vi li on my car. => Cau ny
khng cn mo t ng trc taxi.
2. Passengers can call the stewardess by pushing a button. OK => Thy, thy thy
l gii trn ca em hp l khng: Tui ngh nn dung mo t a s hp l hn:
Bm chung th mt ngi phc v no s ln ch khng xc nh l c Marry
hay Carol g
Cng c nhng mang chung chung, s tht l: trn bt c my bay/tu
thy no, hnh khch ch cn nhn nt l ...; (tuy nhin, liu c phi u l nhn
nt khng, hay cn gi qua loa/rung chung m /i gi trc tip?)
Dng 'the' c l ngi ni v nghe ang cp n mt my bay/tu thy c
th, nn 'stewardess' cng phi c th, hay y chnh l li hng dn v thng bo
ca ban iu hnh.
Th nh, tnh hung c th c 2-3 nhng nn chn cch no cho hp tnh hp l
thi, khng mun ni l c 2 cch u c. OK?
10. We could help him translate this (the ) text by lending (him) our dictionary. OK
Cho 'him' ra ngoi ngoc cho cu trc nh.
Thy cho em hi s khc nhau gia: help someone to Verb vi li help
someone Verbbare.
Cng khng cn thit phi phn bit u, nhng khi vit mt on vn chng hn, nu c s
dng cu trc t 2 ln tr ln, th ch nn trung thnh theo mt trong 2 kh nng thi.
Nu nht nh cn phn bit, th xem th:
+ help sb do sth: gip ai nhng t bn thn ngi c gip cng tham gia vo qu
trnh hnh ng (gip 1 phn).
+ help sb to do sth: gip ai lm ton b cng vic, ngi c gip khng tham gia vo
qu trnh hnh ng.
Pattern 9: TO INDICATING PURPOSE
[ 'TO V' ch mc ch]

Ex: They travel / train / see more / the country.
They travelled by train to see more the country.
Practice test
1. I / stay / late / do my homework.
.
2. She / to the doctor / have / medical examination.
.
3. We / hard / earn more money.
.
4. He got / at five / do morning exercise.
.
5. She / to the library / borrow books.
.
Pattern 10: CONNECTED STATEMENTS WITH SO AND TOO

[- Dng lin kt tng ng-cng vy, gia hai cu khng nh.]
[- u nm cu sau, too hay ng cui cu v c du phy pha trc, so
ng u cu v c hin tng o ng.]
Ex: I might be / doctor / my brother , too.
I might be a doctor and my brother might be, too.
Practice test
1. He / like / read about rockets / so / his children.
.
2. The space craft / destroyed / its instruments / , too.
.
3. The pilot / safe / so are / passengers.
.
4. The pilot / warn / us / the stewardess did, too.
.
5. The pilot / come aboad / so has / co-pilot.
.
Pattern 11: CONNECTED STATEMENTS WITH EITHER AND
NEITHER
[- Dng lin kt tng ng-cng vy, gia hai ph nh. ]
[- u nm cu sau, either hay ng cui cu v c du phy pha trc,
neither ng u cu v c hin tng o ng. ]
Ex: We didnt / part in / meeting / they / , either.
We didnt take part in the meeting and they didnt, either.
He / not a scientist / neither / his wife.
He wasnt a scientist and neither was his wife.
Practice test
1. I dont know / about rockets / you, either.
.
2. My family / not fly much / neither / I.
.
3. The pilot didnt talk / the passengers / the stewardess / , either.
.
4. Those buses arent going / the airport / neither / those taxis.
.
5. The time / arrival hasnt / announced / time / departure / , either.
.
Practice test
1. I dont know / about rockets / you, either.
--> I dont know about rockets and you don't, either. OK
2. My family / not fly much / neither / I.
--> My family do not fly much and neither do I. Nn danh t
'family' mang ngha tp hp, s t thi (do-->does). Khi no thc s
c cp n tt c cc thnh vin, mi nn chia s nhiu.
3. The pilot didnt talk / the passengers / the stewardess didn't,
either.
--> The pilot didnt talk to the passengers and the stewardess
didnt, either. Vn cn tr ng t sau 'stewardess' nh.
4. Those buses arent going / the airport / neither / those taxis.
--> Those buses arent going to the airport and neither doARE those
taxis. Pha cu trc dng 'kiu' ng t g th cu sau dng theo
nh. Neither dng trong cu khng nh, nhng mang ph nh.
do --> ARE.
5. The time / arrival hasnt / announced / time / departure / , either.
OF
--> The time OF arrival hasnt been announced and the

time OF departure hasn't, either.
Thy sa gip em nh!
IX
1. I stayed up late to do ( so as to, in order to do my home work. Thy i
late (adj) chm, tr. Lately gn y?? ng vy , nhng 'late' va l adj
va l adv.
2. She went to the doctor to have the medical examination. OK, khng
nht thit dng 'the'.
3. We work hard to earn more money. OK
4. He got up at five a.m to do morning exersice. C 'morning' ri, khng
cn 'a.m'.
5. She goes to the library to borrow books. OK
X.
1. He likes reading about rockets, so do his children. Dng AND lin kt
2 mnh nh.
2. The space craft was destroyed and its instruments were , too. Hix hix
khng bit xi were hay did. Em nghi to be lm tr ng t ok thy nhi.
OK, vi b ng th nhn vo 'BE' dn u cm, nhn PII li ra ng t
thng th qu kh th hng.
3. The pilot is safe, so are the passengers. Dng AND lin kt 2 mnh
nh. Vn vit ch c phi vn ni u.
4. The pilot warned us and the stawardess did , too. OK
5. The pilot has come aboad, so has co-pilot. Dng AND lin kt 2 mnh
nh. thiu 'the' trc 'co-pilot' .
XI.
1. I don't know about rockets and you don't , either. OK
2. My family don't fly very much and neither do i. OK, xem thm gi bi
trn nh.
Liu c th b and thm du phy khng thy. Hai mnh khng nn ni
bng du phy u.
3. The pilot didn't talk about the passengers and the stewardess din't ,
either. about--> to hay hn, chnh t ka.
4. Those buses aren't going to the airport and neither aren't those taxis.
aren't --> are, xem thm bi trn nh.
5. The time of arrival hasn't been announced and the time of departure
hasn't, either. OK
Em mong bi v topic ca thy.
Pattern 12: S + WOULD RATHER + V + THAN + (V)

[Thch lm g hn; tng ng: prefer + V_ing... + to + V_ing]
Ex: She / rather read / history book / a novel.
She'd rather read his story book than (read) a novel.
Practice test
1. He / rather go / a pleasure trip / car / by plane.
.
2. She / rather travel / plane / by ship.

.
3. They / rather go / school / foot / by bus.
.
4. He / rather spend / holidays / a farm / at seaside.
.
5. We / rather have meals / home / at restaurant.
... .
Pattern 13: BOTH AND

[cln/v; c hai] Xem bi ging trn din n:
www.englishtime.us/forum/default.aspx
Ex: Black / both / good student / a good friend.

Black is both a good student and a good friend.
Practice test
1. He / both clever / hard working.
.
2. They like / both tea / coffee.
.
3. She / both / skilful dancer / a good singer.
.
4. He / both / lazy / naughty.
.
5. They / like / films / plays.
.
Pattern 14: NOT ONLY BUT ALSO

[Khng nhng m cn ] Xem bi ging trn din n:
www.englishtime.us/forum/default.aspx
Ex: They / going / plant not only vegetables / also flowers.

They are going to plant not only vegetable but also flowers.
Practice test
1. We / only speak English / also sing English songs / our club.
.
2. The students / only play football / also practise judo.
.
3. The teacher / only give / us / test / also explained / lesson.

.
4. He / only plant / trees / also water / them.
.
5. You / only sweep / floor / also clean / windows.
.
XII
1. He would rather go to ON a pleasure trip
by car than by plance.
2. She would rather travel by plance than by
ship. OK
3. They would rather go to school on foot
than by bus. OK
4. He would rather spend onHIS holidays
atON a farm than at THE seaside.
5. We would rather have (OUR) meals at
home than at A restaurant.
XIII
1. He is both clever and hard - working. OK
2. They like both tea and coffee. OK
3. She is both a skillful dancer and a good
singer. OK
4. He is both lazy and naughty. OK
5. They like both films and plays. OK
XIV
1. We not only speak English but also sing
English songs IN OUR CLUB.
2. The teacher not only plays foot ball but
also pratises Jodo. Xem li nh, nhm ch

ng ri
3. The teacher not only givedGAVE us to
testS but also explained the lesson.
4. He not only plants trees but also waters
them. OK
5. You not only sweep the floor but also clean
the windows. OK
hix em lm vi khng kp sot sai nhiu. Khng sao, nhng QUOTE/COPY c yu cu
ca bi v lm bn di tng cu th d theo di hn.
2. It is difficult for Morton to give orther the day (? Thy gii thch cho em cm orther day ti
sao khng l the orther day ) L 'dog' ch em: '... give others the dog-cho ngi khc con
ch.' thy i, other hay others vy thy
others m, l i t mang ngha chung chung l nhng ngi

khc, other ng mt mt mnh (khng 'the', khng 's') hay l
tnh t em , lc c danh t pha sau n.
Vy thy i. sao sau others li i vi 1 Noun. em ngh la others luon ng vai tr l ch t m
thy. thy m x cu ny chi tit dm em nha.
others khng phi lun ng vai tr lm ch t u. n gin l, danh t/i t lm c ch

ng v lm c c tn ng qu bnh thng.
C chi phi m x u, ko li cht c ngi ln ch , n l nh n: OTHERS v N sau n
(the dog) c lp vi nhau ch, c phi 2 danh t ghp u, c THE chia tch 2 ci m, v
'others' l i t sao ghp c vi danh t pha sau!!! Tm li, c OTHERS (i t) v THE
DOG (danh t) l 2 TN NG (gin tip v trc tip) ca GIVE, theo mu: GIVE SB STH.
em cm n
Pattern 15: CONSTRUCTIONS WITH PAST CONTINUOUS AND PAST

SIMPLE
[ Mt hnh ng ang xy ra th mt hnh ng khc xen vo trong qu kh ]
[ H ang xy ra-QK tip din, H xen vo-QK; 2 hnh ng AN XEN]

[ Lin t hay dng l WHEN(/WHILE) ]
Ex: When / the bell / ring / he / having lunch.
When the bell rang he was having lunch.
Practice test
1. I / listening / classical music / when / friend arrived.
.
2. They / working / the garden / when / rain.
.
3. When / telephone / ring / I / reading / novel.
.
4. We / watching television / when / father / call / up.
.
5. It / raining / when we / get / school.
.
Pattern 16: CONSTRUCTIONS WITH PAST CONTINUOUS

[ Hai hnh ng ang xy ra SONG SONG trong qu kh ]
[ C hai hnh ng u chia th qu kh tip din]
[ Lin t hay dng l WHILE(/WHEN)]
Ex: My sister / washingl / dishes / while I / work / in / garden.
My sister was washing the dishes while I was working in the garden.
Practice test
1. While / Tom / play / tennis / Ann / take / shower.
.
2. While / father / mending / roof / mother / cooking lunch.
.
3. While we / reading / novel / she / listening / radio.
.
4. They / swimming / river / while we / playing / football.
... .
5. He / sneeze / while he / riding / bicycle.
.. .
Pattern 17: CONSTRUCTIONS WITH PAST PERFECT AND PAST
SIMPLE
[ Mt hnh ng xy ra v hon tt trc mt hnh ng khc trong qu kh ]
[ H xy ra trc-QK hon thnh, H xy ra sau-QK; 2 hnh ng TRCSAU]
[ Lin t hay dng l BEFORE/AFTER(/WHEN) ]
Ex: After / I / have some dry biscuits / I / have / drink.
After I had had some dry biscuits, I had a drink.
Practice test
1. We / understand / it / after / teacher / explain / it / us.
.. .
2. Before / I / start / to paint / I / mix / colours.
.. .
3. father / tell / me / he / give up / smoke.
.. .
4. He / be / late / because / he / have / accident.
.. .
5. A man / be attcked / by bandits / lie bleeding / road.
.. .
6. meeting / start / when / I / enter.
.. .
7. I / not / yet / do / half / work / when / he / come in.
.. .
8. They / eat / everything / by the time / I / arrive / party.
.. .
9. When / I / find / purse / someone / take / money / it.
.. .
10. By the time / I / get into town / shops / close.
.. .
11. When / they / get / to / station / train / leave.
.. .
12. police / pay / attention / Clare / complaint / because / she / phone / them / so
many / time / before.
. .
13. I / go / post office / ask about / package / but / they / say that / it / not / arrive /
yet.
.
14. By the time / you / get / letter / she / arrive / Paris.
.
15. When / I / look / new dress / half / hour / I / ask / how much / it / cost.
... .
XV
1. I was listening to classical music, when my friend arrived. OK, khng nht thit dng
du phy u, nn dng khi mnh ph ng trc thi.
2. They were working in the garden, when it rained.OK, tng t nh trn.
3. When the telephone rang, i was reading a novel. The ko c ng khng thy? OK
4. We were watching television,when my/OUR farther called US up.
call up Ngha l g v y thy? up. gi tn/gi in, nh thc/gi dy
5. It was raining, when we got to school. OK, ch du phy.
1. While Tom was playing tennis, Ann was taking a shower. OK
2. While my father was mending the roof, my mother was cooking lunch. OK
3. While WE were reading a novel, she was listening to THE radio. OK
4. TheY were swimming across/IN the river, while we were playing football. OK, ch du
phy
5. He sneezed, while he was riding byHIS bicycle. Ride ng mt mnh-ni ng t mang
ngha ci ng vt-nga, dng HIS nh, n l ngoi ng t. Ch du phy
Cu ny em ngh khng nn chia 2 v Ving Cng c th xy ra hai trng hp:
- Sneeze l hnh ng ngn, nn c th dng nh cch ca

em v hai hnh ng AN XEN:
Anh ta ht hi mt ci trong khi ang i xe p.
(He sneezed while(/when) he was riding his bicycle.)

- Tuy nhin, ht mt ci th khng b ni , vy chia tip
din mang ngha SONG SONG:
Anh ta ht hi lin tc trong khi ang i xe p.
(He was sneezing while he was riding his bicycle.)
By the time: trc khi, trc thi im
By the time + clause1, clause2 hay th Tng lai hon
thnh/Qu kh hon thnh
S+V+O+C: b ng tn ng thng l N/Adj. L mt cu , ni
chung l khng c, tuy nhin c nhiu trng phi phn tch cu
cng nh mi quan h gia cc thnh phn cu, nn nu em c

cu no cn phn tch v vn ny th mang ln y mnh m
x cho. V d: He told me that... th ngi ta khng coi thatclause ang b ngha cho 'me', m coi that-clause l tn ng cho
'told' m thi, song song vi tn ng 'me'.
They considered Liz Quinn an excellent teacher. S+V+O+C
They considered Liz Quinn to be an excellent teacher. cu
ny ngi ta c th coi 'mnh ng t nguyn th' l Object
Complement.
CONSIDER
1. think about [intransitive and transitive]
to think about something
carefully, especially before making a choice or decision
consider doing something

I seriously considered resigning (=almost actually resigned).
consider the possibility of (doing) something

Have you considered the possibility of retraining?
consider whether (to do something)

We are considering whether to change our advice to tourists.
consider where/how/why etc

We're still considering where to move to.
We will have to consider your offer carefully.
be considering your position formal (=be deciding whether or not to leave your
job)
2. opinion [transitive] to think of someone or something in a particular way or to

have a particular opinion
consider (that)
The local authority considered that the school did not meet requirements.
consider somebody/something (to be) something

further increase in interest rates is now considered unlikely.
Liz Quinn was considered an excellent teacher.
They consider themselves to be Europeans.
I consider it a great honour to be invited.
consider it necessary/important etc to do something

I did not consider it necessary to report the incident.
consider somebody/something to do something

The campaign was considered to have failed.
consider yourself lucky/fortunate (=believe you are lucky etc)

Consider yourself lucky you weren't in the car at the time.
consider yourself (to be) something (=think of yourself as a particular type

of person)
They consider themselves to be middle class.
XVII
1. We understood it after our ( the) teacher had explained it

to meUS. OK
2. Before i started to paint, i had mixed MY/THE colours. OK
3. My father told me that he had given up smoking. OK
4. He was late because he had had an accident. OK
5. A man WHO had been attacked by bandits who laid
bleeding on the road. Sai nghia mt!
=> A man had been attacked by bandits lying bleeding on
the road. Vn ging cu trn.
* hoc
Having been attacked by bandits, A man laid bleeding on
the road. OK, hi o
6. The meeting had started when i entered. OK
7. I hadn't yet done half (of) the work, when he came. OK,
khng cn du phy nh
8. They had eatingEATEN everything by the time ( , )i arrived
at the party.
Du phy ko thy?No comma
9. When i found aMY purSe, someone had taken money
inOUT OF it.
Hy vong em nht c th con nguyn. Nht c v ri, ly
tin ra khi v, ri li v cho ngi nh mt ghen!
10. By the time i got into (the) town, the shops had closed.
OK
11. When they got to the station, the train had left. OK
12. The police paid NO attention to Clare's complaint
because she had phoned them so many times before. OK, c
NO vo nghia mi hay, coi nh thiu NO, khng v g.
13. I wenT to the post office to ask about (for) my (the)
package but they said that it hadn't arrived yet. OK
14. By the time you got the/HER letter, she had arrived in
Paris. OK
15. When i HAD looked at aTHE new dress for half of theAN
hour, i aSked how much it costed.
Cu ny ko xi QKHT. C xi ch: Sau khi ngm ngha ci vy
n na ting, th mi hi gi. T WHEN chi phi h, ngi ta
c dng m, mc d AFTER l chun khng cn chinh.
Pattern 18: THE PRESENT PERFECT (CONTINUOUS) TENSE

[ Du hiu: for, since, already, yet, just, ever, never, recently, so far, up to now,
before, for the past/last, times, ]
Ex: My uncle / worked / this paper mill / 20 years.
My uncle has worked in this paper mill for 20 years.
They / been waiting / bus / thirty minutes.
They have been waiting for the bus for thirty minutes.
Practice test
1. My uncle / work / the Beer factory / since 1972.
.
2. The pupils / plant potatoes / since / last Saturday.
.
3. We / made / relief map / since / week.
.
4. Lan / already / visit / Uncle Ho / mausoleum / Huong hasnt.
.
5. They / alredy / see / royal tombs / Hue.
................. .
6. He / been talking / teacher / one hour.
.
7. The teacher / been explaining / difficult lesson.
.
8. They / been planting / potatoes / the school garden.
.
9. Quang / been looking / words / dictionary.
.
10. Eric / been studying / mathematics.
.
Thy b n v y m vn post bi , em cm ng qu !i khi, cao th khng bng tranh th
m
1. My uncle has worked at the Beer factory since 1972. OK
Thy i ci v at, in trc a im ny lm sao xc nh cho chnh xc. In a im ln, at
a im nh. Nhng in the garden ?? Nhiu khi l xc nh c, nu khng, gp ci no
xo ci thi.
2. The pupils have planted (the) potatoes since last on saturday. OK
3. We have made a ( the )relief map since last week. OK
4. Lan has already visited the uncle HoS Mausoleum, but Huong hasn't. OK
5. They have already seen the royal tombs in Hue. OK
6. He has been talking TO the ( his ) teacher for one hour. OK
7. The teacher has been explaining the/a difficult lesson. OK
8. They have been planting (the) potatoes in the school garden. OK
9. Quang has been looking up this ( the ) words in his dictionary.
* ..........by his dictionary . cng ok ng ko thy. Khng n lm
10. Eric has been studying mathematics. OK
Thy i thy ch em dng half + N bi trc em sai ht.
half +of + the noun. C th b the sao em tng ch all thui. C th b OF ch, n cng
ging nh ALL m.
15)
______ goods were sent to the exhibition.
a. a great deal of
b. a large number of
c. much
d. most of
Cu ny kim tra th sinh v kin thc dng cc ch ch nh lng nh : most, much,
many, a lot of, a number of ....mun lm c cc em phi hiu r cng thc dng ca
tng nhm, hm nay hc ngc nh: hc trc cng thc ri lm bi sau
Cu trc cn nh :
y l nhng t ch nh lng nh: some (mt vi), all (tt c), most (hu ht), a lot
of ( nhiu), a number of ( mt s) ....
Ta c th chia t ch nh lng ra lm 2 nhm
NHM 1 : Bao gm nhng ch sau:
SOME, ALL, MOST, MANY, MUCH, HALF...
Nhm ny c th i vi N m c th c OF hoc khng c OF
Cng thc nh sau:
C OF C THE KHNG OF KHNG THE
Tc l khi ta thy danh t pha sau c THE (hoc s hu hay mt ch nh t :this,
that ...)th ta phi dng vi OF
V d:
Most of books (sai) => c of m trc danh t books khng c the hay g c
Most the books (sai) => khng c of m trc danh t books li c the
Most of the books (ng) => c of c the
Ghi ch :
- Ring i vi ch ALL c th lc b OF
V d:
All of the books
= all the books ( lc b of)
- Nu pha sau l i t (them, it....) th phi dng OF m khng c the
V d:
Most them (sai)
Most the them (sai)
Most of them (ng)
NHM 2 : Bao gm nhng ch sau (u c ngha l: nhiu)
A great/good deal of
A large number of
A lot of
Lots of
CNG THC:
LUN LUN I VI DANH T ( DANH T khng c "the" )
V d:
A large number of the books are....(sai) => d ch "the"
I eat a large number of (sai) => khng c danh t pha sau
A large number of books are..(ng)
Ring A lot of v a great deal th c cng thc ring l :

C OF C NOUN KHNG OF KHNG NOUN
V d:
I read a lot of. (sai) => c of m khng c danh t
I read a lot of books. (ng) =>c of c danh t
I read a lot .(ng) => khng of th khng c danh t
Tr li bi lm nh:
______ goods were sent to the exhibition.
a. a great deal of
b. a large number of
c. much
d. many of
Cc em thy danh t pha sau l goods ( c s) nn bit l danh t s nhiu nn loi
c a v c ( gp ch deal l dng cho danh t khng m c nh, much cng
vy ), tip theo xt cu d : many thuc nhm 1 ( c of c the khng of khng the) nhn
ln cu trc goods khng c g c nn loi lun cu d. Cn li cu b a large number
of thuc nhm 2 ( c of c N - N khng c the ) => ng vn phm.
Kinh nghim cn nh :
Deal, much : i vi danh t khng m c s t
Many, a number : i vi danh t m c s nhiu
Pattern 19: COMPARISION OF SUPERIORITY (SO SNH HN)

Ex: Winter / cold / than Autumn.
Winter is colder than Autumn.
Your house / more expensive / mine.
You house is more expensive than mine.
He / speak / more / clear / she.
He speaks more clearly than she.
They / work / fast / than our students.
They work faster than our students.

Practice test
1. These exercises / more interesting / those ?
. .
2. My book / thick / than yours.
. .
3. He / work / hard / than Mary.
. .
4. He / speak / English / good / than this student.
.
5. This / room / clean / than / one.
. .
6. He / swim / farther / any other students.
. .
7. January / long / than February.
. .
8. French / more difficult / English.
. .
9. My mother / walk / more / slow / father.
. .
10. He / understand / lesson / faster / rest / class.
.
Pattern 20: COMPARISION OF EQUALITY (SO SNH NGANG BNG)
Ex: My brother / as old / her sister.
My brother is as old as his sister.
He / learn / lessons / as / careful / his brother.
He learns the lessons as carefully as his brother (does).
Practice test
1. She / as clever / her sister.
.
2. Rob / not / speak / English / as / good / Liz.
.
3. He / talk / as / slow / I.
.
4. This radio / as expensive / that one.
.
5. desk / as / clean / that one.
.
6. She / work / English / as hard / her sister.

.
7. The boy / speak / as / clear / the girl.
.
8. This book / as / interesting / one.
.. .
9. room / as / small / mine.
. .
10. child / write / English / well / as / his friends.
.
Pattern 21: SUPERLATIVE OF SUPERIORITY (SO SNH HN NHT)

Ex: He / the fat / boy / all.
He is the fattest boy of all.
This method / the / effective / all.
This method is the most effective of all.
The farmers / start / work / early / all.
The farmers started their work the earliest of all.
Anna / sing / beautiful / all / singers.
Anna sings the most beautifully of all the singers.
Practice test
1. This / the easy / of these exercises.
.
2. This / the clean / room / the school.
.
3. This novel / the / interesting / all ?
.
4. She / walk / fastest / all.
.
5. We / speak English / fluent / all.
.
6. Ted / work / hardest / all / student / class.
.
7. Morgan / speak / most / clear / all.
.
8. Summer / hot / season / the year ?
.
9. Tony / walk / slow / of all.

.
10. Lesson 8 / the / difficult / lesson /all.
.
XIX
1. Are these exerciseS more interesting than those ? OK
2. My book is thicker than yours. OK
3. He works harder than Mary. OK
4. He speaks English better than the one THIS STUDENT.
5. This room is cleaner than theTHAT one.
6. He swims farther than any other students. OK
7. January is longer than February. OK
8. French is more difficult than English. OK
9. My mother walks more slowly than my father. OK
10. He understands the lesson faster whenTHAN he takes a
THE rest (in)OF HIS class.
XX
1. She is as clever as her sister. OK
2. Rob doesn't/CAN'T speak English as well as Liz. OK
3. He talks as slowly as I . OK
4. This radio is as expensive as that one. OK
Dng the one c k thy. Khng n, lc ONE thay cho ?
My ci 'radio'? Dng 'that one' phn bit v so snh 2
ci 'radio' nh.
5. The/THIS desk is as clean as that one. OK
6. She works withAT English as hard as her sister. OK
7. The boy speaks as clearly as the girl. OK
8. This book is as interesting as that one. OK
9. This ( your, his, her...,) room is as small as mine. OK
10. The child writes (can write) English as well as his
friends. OK
XXI
1. This exercise is the easiest of these excerciseS. OK
* This is the easiest excercise of these excerciseS. OK
2. This is the cleanest room in the school. OK
3. Is this novel the most interesting of all? OK

4. She walks the fastest of all. OK
5. She speaking WE SPEAK English the most fluently of all.
6. Ted works the hardest of all the studentS in his class . OK
7. Morgan speaks the most clearly of all. OK
8. Summer the is hotest season in/OF the year. Ch gi l
cu hi
9. Tony walks the most slowly of all. OK
10. (The) lesson 8 is the most difficult lesson of all. OK,
khng nht thit dng THE u.
Pattern 22: FORMAL SUBJECT IT: IT + BE + ADJECTIVE + THATCLAUSE

Ex: It / likely / they / not / be able / come.
It is likely that they will not be able to come.
Practice test
1. It / unfortunate / you / lost / bike.
.
2. It / true / the meal / were / poor / because / lack / provisions.
.
3. It / obvious / he / not understand you.
.
4. It / curious / she / could love / man.
.
5. It / strange / you / have / fail / your exams.
.
Pattern 23: FORMAL SUBJECT IT: IT + BE + NOUN + THAT-CLAUSE
Ex: It / splendid news / you / won / scholarship.
It is splendid news that you won scholarship.
Practice test
1. It / pity / he / not / come.
.
2. It / fact / Vietnam / now / free country.
.
3. It / pity / he / behave / like / that.
.
4. It / wonder / none / killed / accident.
.
5. It / a mystery / how / he / manage / do it.

.
Pattern 24: S + V + IT + ADJECTIVE/NOUN + TO V

Ex: He / thinks / easy / do / exercise.
He thinks it easy to do this exercise.
Practice test
1. We / consider / wrong / thing / copy / examinations.
.
2. We / found / very dangerous / drive / fast / road.
.
3. you / think / wrong / not / help him ?
.
4. They consider / bad / eat / too much.
.
5. I / believe / hard / do / this work / short / time.
.
6. Many people / find / wasteful / advertise.
... .
7. We / all / consider / bad / speak / like that.
.
8. I / find / difficult / talk / him.
.
9. He / consider / a bad practice / throw / thing / the street.
.
10. They / find / difficult / advertise / new / kind / soap.
.
XXII
1. It is unfortunate that you were(HAVE) lost the (your )
bike. Dng ch ng thi, HTHT hay hn qu kh.
2. It was true that the meals were poor because of
lackingTHE LACK of provisions. Nu dng LACKING nh ng
t th khng c OF u, m dng nh th cha hn ng
nghia, v ch ng ngm hiu ca LACKING cha chc l THE
MEALS u, c th l THEY.
3. It is obvious that he don't understand you. OK, hoc chia

qu kh cng c.
4. It was curious that she could love the/THAT man. OK
Hi hi nh l a man nhng ph n yu n ng l bnh
thng. ng vy, nhng yu n ng v hy sinh (qun yu)
bn thn mnh th cng hi khng bnh thng! Mun dng
A h, c ngay: SUCH A MAN.
It is a pity that i am a loner. Really? No friends and
relatives?
5. It is strange that you haven't failed your exams. Cu ny
ni vi hoc sinh dt h, ra trng ri con vut ui n
lm chi, ra ng em n con cho ch!
fail em s lm. ng s, nn HAVE FAILED l cu ni
vi hoc sinh kh gii, mt li ng vin xuyn n tn k thi
sau!
XXIII
1. It is a pity that he doesn'tCOULDN'T come. Qu kh mi hay ch!
2. It is a fact that Viet Nam is now a free country. OK
3. It is a pity that he behaves like that. OK
4. It was a wonder that none WERE killed in the accident.
5. It is a mystery how he manages to do it. Chia qu kh n hn, dch ngha v
cm nhn 'manage to v' nh
Ko bt t that u lun. Cu ny thay i cht cho vui, HOW cng cng vai
tr nh THAT, hc mt bit hai-hc hai bit mi!
My t nh wonder, fact m m c sao. Em th seach c a lun. C ch nh :
wonder:
[countable] something that makes you feel surprise and admiration:

the Seven Wonders of the World
fact m c ch, em nhn thy ci ny cha: facts and figures
XXIII
1. We consider it a wrong thing to copy the examinations. OK
Cu ny tiu lun. i khi, cn lm cho 'lng' mnh NNG hn bnh thng mt
cht, bc ra phng thi cm nhn r ci th pho NH NHM!
2. We found it very dangerous to drive fast on the/THIS road. OK

3. Do you think it wrong not to help him ? OK
4. They consider it bad to eat too much. OK
5. I believe it hard to do this work in (for) A short time. OK, IN ( tng lai) hay
hn FOR ( hon thnh)
6. Many people find it wasteful to advertise. OK
7. We all consider it bad to speak like that. OK
8. I find it difficult to talk to him. OK
9. He considers it a bad practise to throw a thing in the street. OK, THINGS
nm c nhiu
Cu ny sai lun. ?
10. They find it difficult to advertise a (the ) new kind of soap. OK, THE/THIS
hay hn A .
Em cm n v mong thy l p thm 1 topic din t on vn.
thi i hc h? Mai phi i tham gia chm thi trc nghim ri n tn 18 lun, xem thi
gian c cho php khng, xem trnh tranh th n u !
2. It was true that the meals were poor because of lackingTHE LACK of
provisions. Nu dng LACKING nh ng t th khng c OF u, m dng
nh th cha hn ng ngha, v ch ng ngm hiu ca LACKING cha chc
l THE MEALS u, c th l THEY.
provisions: lng thc cung cp;thc phm d tr

poor: phm cht km, khng y
--> S tht l cc ba n khng c y bi v vic thiu lng thc cung cp.
- CI G THIU...? --> cc ba n thiu lng thc cung cp???
- AI THIU...? H/Ngi ta/vng ny/... thiu lng thc cung cp (cho cc ba n).
Cch hiu ca mi ngi thi, khng quan trng lm u, nhng nn phng cc trng hp c
th xy ra 'hiu' c ch ca ngi ra . Ng thi nh, 'bye' nh, mai 'post' tip.
Pattern 25: RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH WHO, WHOM AND WHICH

Ex: The woman / have / five children / go shopping / every weekend.
-The woman who has five children goes shopping every weekend.
The teacher / we admire / enthusiastic.
-The teacher whom we admire is enthusiastic.
The man / from / I borrowed / money / my neighbour.

-The man from whom I borrowed money was my neighbour.
The beach / on / we used / lie / destroyed / oil plant.
-The beach on which we used to lie was destroyed by an oil plant.
Practice test
1. A housewife / want / save money / must / shop /careful.
.
2. The boys / put / groceries / paper bag / called / bagger.
.
3. The men / cut / meat / call / butchers.
.
4. girl / live / next door / us / work / bakery.
.
5. The women / have jobs / shop / during /evening.
... .
6. professor / she / asking / famous.
.
7. The man / you should ask / the manager.
.
8. The clerk / she / not trust / really / very honest.
.
9. boy / they / hiring / have / never / work / before.
.
10. The manager / we / like / transferred / another / store.
.
11. The clerk / on / we depended / transferred / another store.
.
12. butcher / about / you / asked / not work there any more.
.
13. woman / by / she / was / stand / drop / purse.
.
14. We / like / trade / a man / in / we / have / confidence.
.
15. The people / near / we live / shop / same / supermarket.
.
16. The store / with / we trade / quite / reliable.
.
17. This / not / brand / for / I asked.
.
18. That / the exit / by / customer / left.
.
19. The supermarket / in / she / work / have / good bakery.
.
20. The street / on / the store / located / have / heavy / traffic.
.
[B] I haven't seen you for a long time. This thing makes me miss you so much. Huhu Really? So
touched!
XXV.
Thy gip em phn bi t m nh hn nh v khng hn nh vi.cht na nh
1. A housewife who wants to save money must shop carefully. OK
2. The boys who putted groceries (prep ??INTO) the (a) paper BAGS wereARE
called the baggerS.
thy dch lun nh.
Bagger, sacker or bag boy, is an unofficial title given to a courtesy clerk at a supermarket. The
primary duties of a bagger revolve around putting groceries into a shopping bag and then into a
shopping cart. Upon requests, baggers may take the groceries out to a customer's motor vehicle
or supply other forms of service.
3. The men who cut the meat isARE called the butchers.
4. The girl who lives next door TO us workS ( is working ) at/IN the bakery.
5. The women who have jobs (must) shop during THE evening. OK
6. The professor whom she is asking is famous. OK
7. The man whom you should ask is the manager. OK
8. The clerk (in) whom she doESn't trust is really very honest.
9. The boy whom they were hiring had never worked before. OK, c th dng HTTDHTHT
10. The manager whom we liked/LIKE was tranferred TO another store.
11. The clerk on whom we dependend was tranferred TO ANOTHER STORE.
12. The butcher about whom you asked (didn't/)DOESN'T work there any more. OK
13. The woman by whom she was standedSTANDING dropped out of her purse.
Hix Drop out of tm b hi tai. M ri li mt cng, v ngha bun ci lm
14. We like TO trade with (in) a man in whom we have CONFIDENCE(confided).
Dng confidence thi, confided hi b sai ngha.
Mnh quan h (MQH) hn nh v khng hn nh (Defining and Nondefining Clauses)

1. Mnh quan h hn nh-xc nh (Defining Relative Clause)
- MQH hn nh l mnh cn thit cho ngha c bn ca cu, v v th b n i
th cu s khng ngha. (Danh t cha xc nh cn c MQH b ngha n tr
nn xc nh)
VD: @This is the boy who broke the window.
@Ive never met anyone who can type as fast as you can.
@The magazine which arrived this morning is five days late.
Mnh quan h trong nhng cu trn bo cho chng ta bit ngi hoc vt no m
chng ta mun ni n. Chng cho chng ta thng tin thit yu m chng ta khng
th lc b. Chng ta gi chng l MQH hn nh-xc nh bi v chng xc nh
ngi hoc vt m chng cp n.
Lu :
- MQH hn nh khng bao gi s dng du phy (khng c du phy gia MQH
hn nh v Danh t ng trc n, danh t m n b ngha cho).
- Khi WHOM, WHICH, THAT lm tn ng th c th c lc b.
- Nh vy, c th xem li cc v d trn, danh t (trong M chnh) m MQH hn
nh b ngha cho l danh t cha xc nh- cha ngha c th ng c lpcn c MQH b ngha xc nh.
2. Mnh quan h khng hn nh-khng xc nh (Non-defining Relative
Clause)
- MQH khng hn nh l mnh khng cn thit cho ngha ca cu, n ging nh
mt li gii thch trong ngoc n, v v th c th c b i m khng nh
hng n ngha c bn ca cu.
VD: @This boy, who lives next door, broke the window.
@Shakespeare, who wrote Romeo and Juliet, died in 1616.
@Were moving to Manchester, which is in the north-west.
Ba cu trn y, ch cn mnh chnh khng thi cng ngha ri:
This boy broke the window.
Shakespeare died in 1616.
Were moving to Manchester.
Lu :
- MQH khng hn nh phi s dng du phy (dng du phy gia MQH khng
hn nh v Danh t ng trc n, danh t m n b ngha cho). Nu MQH khng
hn nh nm trong hoc gia M chnh, th cn s dng 2 du phy (mt u v
mt cui n ; nu n nm ni tip sau M chnh, th ch cn 1 du phy pha trc
n, cn sau n l du chm ht cu ri. Quan st li cc v d s r hn.
- Nh vy, c th xem li cc v d trn, danh t (trong M chnh) m MQH khng
hn nh b ngha cho l danh t xc nh- ngha c th ng c lp.
Chng ta cn lu danh t xc nh c th hin nh th no, khng nh
MQH l khng hn nh hay hn nh, dng du phy hay khng dng du phy.
Sau y l mt s du hiu bit danh t l xc nh:
+ Danh t ring, tn ring, danh t ch vt duy nht.
+ C this ,that ,these ,those, my, his, her, ng trc danh t.
Suy ngm:
My wife, who is in Paris, will be returning tomorrow.
- Cu ny cho bit ti ch c mt ngi v duy nht-xc nh r rng, khng cn
phn bit vi v khc!
My wife who is in Paris will be returning tomorrow.
- Tuy nhin, cu ny (khng c du phy) c th gi rng ti c mt hoc nhiu
ngi v khc- m ang sng ni khc, ch khng phi (ngi v) sng Paris,
nn phi dng MQH hn nh b ngha-phn loi-phn bit xem l b v
no trong s cc b v.
15. The people near whom we live shop IN the same supermaket.
Phn bi t gip em
the same / same as / the same.....as
nh.
Em tra t in l c m, s thy: SAME dng nh TNH T l nhiu, trong
cm: THE SAME + N + AS
Ngoi ra, n c th c dng nh I T/TRNG T, n s khng c danh t
pha sau na-ng c lp, c hoc khng c AS, nhng cn c THE: THE
SAME (AS). Xem v d trong t in nh.
16. The store (in ) with which we trade is reliable. OK, 'with' chun hn
17. This wasn't/ISN'T the brand for which i asked. OK
18. That was the exit (DOOR) by which the custumer left. OK
??? Sao c by y.
BY + road/door: used to say which road, entrance, door etc someone uses to get
to a place:
They came in by the back door.
It's quicker to go by the country route.
19. The supermaket in which she works has a good bakery. OK
20. The street on which the store locatesIS LOCATED has the heavy traffic.
Cn loi no na khng thy. cn vi
Phn sau rt gn m nh nha thy. xem
Pattern 26: RALATIVE PRONOUN WHOSE + N AS SUBJECT AND

OBJECT
Ex: The girl / keys / lock / the car / have / call / boyfriend.
-The girl whose keys were locked in the car had to call her boyfriend.
The submarine / fate / you / know / explode / the Barren Sea.
-The submarine whose fate you know exploded in the Barren Sea.
This / singer / wife / they / looking for.
-This is the singer whose wife they are looking for.
Practice test
1. That / the girl / whose / father / work / at / shopping centre.
.
2. woman / whose / husband / sell / car insurance / wrecked / her car.
.
3. man / car / wrecked / sell / insurance.
.
4. The little girl / father / see / accident / told / us / it.
.............................................. .
5. man / store / burn / down / my / neighbour.
.
6. The policeman / car / she / hit / give / her / ticket.
.
7. man / wife / you / know / manage / supermarket.
.
8. girl / picture / you / take / my sister.
.. .
9. The man / daughter / you / just / meet / own / shoe store.
.
10. The architect / picture / you / saw / the paper / live / next door / us.
.
11. The woman / car / I / riding / in / had / accident.
.
12. man / store / you / shop / at / my neighbour.
.
13. girl / picture / you / looking at / my sister.
.
14. man / wife / I / just / speaking / manage / supermarket.
.
15. the artist / picture / you / have / asking / famous.

.
confide in sb: ni ring, gii by tm s

have confidence in sb: tin ai
Thy i, gia m n h chnh ph c ph thu c nhau v cch chia th khng. Cu 12 thy.

Thng th, cc th cng thi gian hay kt hp vi nhau. Tuy nhin, tnh hung thng a dng,
nn suy lun v chn ra tnh hung hay xy ra-ng hn. i khi, iu ny c th pha cht mu
sc c nhn, ch quan.
Thy cho em hi trong MDQH khi chia th ta chia ty theo tng m nh hay cc m nh ph
thu c nhau. VD: QK - QK ( or QKHT). Cng ty, i khi cn thit hnh ng trc phi xy ra
trc (QKHT), hnh ng sau xy ra sau (QK)-l kt qu ca hnh ng trc.
1. That is the girl whose father works (is working) at THE shopping centre. OK
2. The woman whose husband soldSELLS the car insurance wecked her car. y l
ngh lm hng ngy, wecked l hnh ng c lp thi
Ko th chia sold -> sells thy nh. OK Cu ny hay bn bo him cho v.
3. The man whose car was wrecked soldSELLS insurances.
4. The little girl whose father saw anTHE accident told us about it. OK
5. The man whose store was burned down wasIS my neighbourhood. Khng phi lc
no cng cng th u em. t nht l, hin ti n khng cn thi gian c th nhng
qu kh n li cn, m by gi vn l neighbour hay hn ch.
6. ?? B tay k kc w. The policeman whose car she hit gave her a ticket. m phi
xe cnh st th chy u cho thot.
7. The man whose wife you know manages a supermaket. OK
Cu ny ni v ngi chng lm qun l siu th v y thy. Uhm
8. The girl whose picture you are taking/TOOK is my sister. Hnh ng TAKE-LY
nn xy ra ri th hay hn.
9. The man whose daughter you have just meet?MET owns a shoe store.
10. The architect whose picture you saw onIN the paper lived/LIVES next door to us.
11. The woman whose car I was riding in had an accident. OK
12. The man whose store you shop at is my neighbourhood.
whose th gii t vn mang ln trc i t quan h c
thy nhi. ng vy, lc WHOSE+N lm tn ng
13. The girl whose pictuse you are/were looking at is/was my
sister. Chia hin ti hay hn, t nht l 'IS my sister'-ch gi

cha mt
14. The man whose wife i have been just speaking TO
manages a/THE supermarket. Cho JUST vo gia HAVE v
BEEN nh; trong mt khu vc, chi c mt s t, khng mun
ni l mt siu th, nn dng THE cng n.
15. The artist whose picture(S) you have
dificul/experimen/...BEEN asking ABOUT is famous.
hix sai kinh khng lun. So Disapointed Khng sao, c nhiu
cu ng ch, sai lt vt l bnh thng, vn l hoc c g t
nhng li sai
. Tht vong lm chi khi c ngi tr gip. C ln.
l thuyt th Thy ging rt y ri, mnh xin gp v cch dng nha, d hiu thi
Ex: 1, This boys, who live next door, broke the window.
2, This boys who live next door broke the window.

cu 2 th tt c nhng a tr hng xm u lm v ca s (10 a th c 10 a
lm) - MX
--> xc nh s lng, i tng lm.....
cn cu 1 th ko r l bao nhiu cu b lm v ca s (c th l 1,2,3..thm ch c
10). MKX
--> khng xc nh....
mnh nh thy Cucku ni v nhng ngi i du lch ri ....
Pattern 27: RELATIVE PRONOUNS WHERE AND WHEN

Ex: The house / he stayed / very comfortable.
-The house where he stay was very comfortable.
She / never / forget / day / she / meet / husband.
- She will never forget the day when she met her husband.
Practice test
1. He / live / in / new park / there / new swimming pool.
.
2. there / lake / nearby / we / go / boating?
.
3. you / know / place / we / take / taxi?
.
4. He / want / know / building / minister / work.
.
5. you / know / city / the new mobile homes / manufactured?
.
6. He / remembered / time / he / graduate / college.
.
7. day / she / leave /home / stormy.
.
8. Friday / the day / we / going / join / bicycle club.
.
9. Winter / the season / many / mobile-home owner / like / move / South.
.
10. November / month / we / have / many / shower.
.
Pattern 28 : USED TO V (THNG LM G TRONG QU KH)

Ex: I / used / get / up / late / last year.
I used to get up late last year.
Practice test
1. This boy / used / play / street.
............ .
2. We / use / talk / class / but we / not now.
.
3. He / use / to play / tennis / Sunday.
.
4. We / used / play football / when / were / sixth form.
.
5. He / use / go / class / late / last year.
... .
Pattern 29 : S + HAD BETTER (NOT) + V [NN/KHNG NN LM G]
Ex: They / better not / go / swim / because / windy today.

They had better not go swimming because it is windy today.
Practice test
1. We / better / put / heavy / clothe / because / it / cold.
.
2. He / better / not play / the streets / because / have / fever.
.
3. You / better / stay / home / rest.
.
4. He / better / more exercise / because / he / weak.
.
5. He / better / not / stay / late.
.
1. He lives in a new park where there is a new swimming pool. OK
2. There is a lake nearBy where we went/(CAN) GO boating. Cu hi c m
3. Did you know the place where we took the taxi ? Cu ny c n hn khng:
Do you know a place where we can take a taxi?
4. He wants to know the building where the minister works. OK
5. Do you know the city where the new mobile homes were/ARE (BEING)
manufactured ? Chia hin ti cng n
6. He remembered the time which /thatWHEN he graduated from (the) college.
Gii t => when where ko xi c. C th vy, nhng lc , t nht, sau gii t
phi trng-thiu thng tin c. y sau FROM c danh t ri.
8. Friday is the day when we ARE going to join (a)the bicycle CLUB.
hix em qun mt
join in / join
join in = tham gia 1 hot ng.
Join = gia nh p t chc..
9. Winter is the season that/whichWHEN many mobile-home owners like moving
to in South.
In + phng hng thy nh. IN ch a im, TO ch hng chuyn ng
10. November is the month when we have many showers. OK
* when i left you, You cried like a showers. Then you went away without saying
to me ? .... Lng ngi kh on, mi cn ma c v mn nht khc nhau, ty theo mc
nhim
Mi chuyn thong qua nh mt cn ma, v sau cn ma tri li sng tr li.
Hum ny thy rnh nh. Cng vic hm hm, c ngh ngi mt vi bui thi. Hix hix sai li
sai. Thy i ma i nhim em khng dm ung => m n nht em khng bt lun.
M thy vit vn hay qu nh. khng dm -em c tm trng g th phi, hay ch l mt cht
nng lng khi trnh cha thm tin nhanh theo mnh? Thi gian v lng kin tr s tr li tt
c, nhn ng h chy mi thy n kin nhn lm sao , ai c nh vt thi gian ri c lc
cng cn ngh li, cn to cho mnh mt tm thi bnh tnh gii quyt s vic.
" After raining , it become bright "
After overcoming difficulty, you become stronger.
After Marring, you become more suffer.
Mi ln sai l mt ln rt kinh nghim, cc nh bc hc cn phi dng phng php

'th-sai' c m, n khi n ng mt ci mi bit mnh va pht minh ra thuc n ,
n khi qu to ri vo u mi bit ch 'G'. : Slow but sure; Slow and steady wins
the race!
XXVIII
1. This boy used to play onIN the street.
2. We used to talk in the class but we don't now. OK
3. He used to play tennis on Sunday(S). OK
4. We used to play football when WE were IN the sixth form.
Sixth form= lp 6 phi ko thy. Phi
5. He used to go to (the) class LATE last years. OK, nh my thiu mt t
LATE, sa ngay y.
XXIX
1. We had better put on (the) heavy clothes because it wasIS cold.
Tri lnh ri mi m c o => Qk HAD BETTER khuyn nh hin ti m, lnh
ri mi mc o m
2. He had better not play onIN the streets because he hadHAS a fever.
3. You had better stay at home to rest. OK
4. He had better do/TAKE more exercise because he is weak. OK
5. He had better not stay UP late / lately.
Thy i ln sau cu b ng nha thy. Ak c my phn cm danh t v gii t
na nh em yu lm.
Hix Worldcup m ko c xem? Vy em ang u, xa nh v n thi, v lang
thang trn mng bng chic in thoi thi ???
Pattern 30 : NOUN + TO V
Ex: Her intention / work / foreign company / clear!
Her intention to work for a foreign company is clear.
He / got / lot / book / read / during / journey.
Hes got a lot of books to read during the journey.
Practice test
1. Their desire / study / abroad / encouraged / lot.
.
2. His dream / become / doctor / may / true.
.
3. The doctor / willingness / read medical journals / essential.
.
4. His determination / find / cure / brought / success.
.
5. His readiness / try out / new ideas / made / famous.
.
6. Mr. Black / a lot / letter / answer.
.
7. The last one / be / catch / James.
.
8. best way / learn things / by / do / yourself.
.
9. first people / go / when / need help / your friends.
.
10. Tenzing / Hillary / first men / climb / Everest.
.
Noun + to V ch mc ch ng khng thy. Phn ln l vy

1. Their desire to study abroad is encouraged THEM lotsA LOT. 'a lot' dng nh
trng t, LOTS th phi c OF
2. His dream of becoming a doctor may be true. OK, (or: dream to become)
Does My dream become true ? Perhaps A dream is still a dream.
3. The doctor ( ch ny em thy thiu thiu --Thm s hu cch vo ) willingness to
read medical jounals is essential.
4. His determination to find a cure brought back success. Khng cn BACK u-c
th sai ngha, BROUGHT HIM SUCCESS
5. His readiness to try out new ideas made to beHIM famous. MAKE SB ADJ;
MAKE SB V
6. Mr. Black has got a lot of letters to answer. OK
7. The last one who was catchedCAUGHT was Jame.
=> the last one catched was Jame. Xem li cch gin lc mnh quan h nh, Unit
11-English 11 chng hn
Cu ny chc em sai ri. Chc vy: The last one to be caught was Jame.
8. The best way to learn things IS does by DOING THEM yourself.
Cu ny hay nhng sai th ung qu. Cm nhn c ci hay ca n c ln sau.
9. The first people TO go TO when you need (to) help beARE your friends. ( ? Lm
th no " the first people go when you need to help lm ch ng y thy -Hi b
di nhng lm CN c )
10. Tenzing AND Hillary isWERE the first men who climbed Everest.
=> Tenzing AND Hillary isWERE the first men to climb Everest. Bit gin lc
MQH ri
The first people to go to when you need help are your friends.
Nhn ch ng gm: mt cm danh t v mnh WHEN m thy hi ng ng, nhng
s tht l nh n:
The first people whom you go to ...
Cu trn l cu gc, c th rt gn hoc gin lc dng TO V v pha trc c FIRST,
vy ta rt gn nh sau:
The first people (for you) to go to: TO ng 'i ch' nh ny v, nhn li cu gc i,
WHOM (the people) ang lm tn ng cho TO , tr li cu hi: YOU GO TO ???->???=WHOM/THE PEOPLE.
Mnh WHEN c lp pha sau, TO khng 'dnh' vo WHEN u.
Sentence Building - Basic Level Test 01

Instructions: Build a sentence based on the given words.
1. Who will / first / strike gold medal / Vietnam?
___________________________________________
2 Don't worry / result / your examination.
___________________________________________
3. The road / too slippery / run fast.
___________________________________________
4. What / man / wearing / you / saw?
___________________________________________
5. I/ arrive / Tan Son Nhat airport / 2 o'clock / yesterday afternoon.
___________________________________________
6. I / used / swim / this river / but / I not any more.
___________________________________________
7. had / learn / do / myself.
___________________________________________
8. I see / walk alone / park / two hours ago.

___________________________________________
9. accident / fault / so / I had / pay / damage.
___________________________________________
10. I / sorry / hear / your mother / sudden death.
___________________________________________
1. Who will BE the first (people) TO strike THE gold medal for Viet Nam ?
[Dng y : Who will be the first person/people who will strike the gold medal
for Viet Nam?]
2. Don't worry about resultingTHE RESULT of your examination ! Why not ?->Failure is the mother of success
3. The road is too slippery to run fast. OK
4. What was the man wearing when you saw him ? OK
5. I arrived at (the) Tan Son Nhat airport at 2 o'clock yesterday afternoon. OK
6. I used to swim in this river, but i don't any more. OK
7. I had to learn to do IT (by) myself. Thm IT cho Do c tn ng
( tha thy khi no dng by + i t phn thn c phi nhn mnh t mnh lm
vi c )
myself-dng mt mnh: nhn mnh t mnh lm vi c g
by myself: mt mnh, lm g khng c ai gip
8. I saw a man ( a girl, a child, a dog....)-HIM walk alone in THE park two hours
ago.
Hng bt c nhn thy ht ko walk or walking. c ht, i tng nhn thy nn
l xc nh, tr khi nhn thy a bay : nhn thy mt anh chng khng quen
bit lang thang trong cng vin-khng truyn t c nhiu thng tin.
9. The accident was my fault, so I had TO pay for the damage.
10. I am sorry (for hearing) TO HEAR OF your morther's sudden death.
SORRY TO V: cm thy bun v hi tic; ly lm bun
SORRY FOR...: rt h thn v hi hn (nht l vic qua); xin li
Modal verb l nhng ng t khim khuyt bao gm: will, would, can, could, may, might, shall,
should v must. Nhng ng t khim khuyn ny c th dng chung cho tt c cc ngi v

khng chia theo th. Cc ng t theo sau ng t khim khuyt ny c gi khuyn th.
1. MUST + VERB-infinitive
a. MUST (chc chn phi l): s dng trong trng hp a ra mt suy lun c tnh on chc
chn v mt iu g .
Example:
- Its not very warm and you are not wearing a coat. You must be cold. (= I'm sure you are cold.)
- Mrs. Woods must know London very well. She has lived there all her life.(= Im sure she
knows London very well)
b. MUST c s dng din t mt s cn thit hoc bt buc trong hin ti v tng lai.
Example:
- Dont tell anybody what I said. You must keep it a secret.
- We havent got much time. We must hurry!
c. MUSTN'T c s dng ch mt s cm on.
Example:
- You must keep it a secret. You musnt tell anybody else.
2. MUST HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE: Chc chn l ....
CANT HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE : chc chn l khng...
Trng hp ny cc bn dng suy on mt s vic trong qu kh.
Example:
- Those jackets you bought are very nice. They must have been expensive.
- You can't have been at the cinema yesterday. The cinema was closed all day yesterday.
3. CAN'T: Chc l khng, chc l cha... dng suy on mt s vic chn chn khng xy ra.
Example:
- Long can't be drive. He is 16 years old.
- I can't understand this letter. Will you translate it for me?
- Sorry, I can't stay any longer. I really must go home.
4. COULDN'T HAVE + PP = CAN'T HAVE +PP: c dng trong cu nghi vn ni v
mt vic g din ra trong qu kh.
Example:
- You couldn't have been at the cinema yesterday. The cinema was closed all day yesterday.
5. COULD HAVE + PP : c th / c l ... din t s vi c c th xy ra trong qu kh
Example:
- You couldn't have been at the cinema yesterday. The cinema was closed all day yesterday.
- I could have lent you the money. Why didnt you ask me?
6. SHOULD HAVE + PP : chc c l
OUGHT TO HAVE + PP :
- S dng khi chng ta cho rng (d on) mt s vic g c l xy ra nhng ta cha bit
c mt cch chc chn.
Example:
- They should have bought it by now. (But I don't know if they have bought it).
- I wonder if she passed her final exam this morning. She ought to have passed it easily. (But I
don't know if she passed it).
- S dng chi mt s vic m ta cho rng ng l xy ra nhng li khng xayr ra.
Example:
- They should have arrived by n, but they aren't there yet.
- She ought to have passed her final exam easily. I was shocked that her failed.
7. MAY / MIGHT:
a. Dng din t mt iu g c kh nng xy ra hoc c th l tht hin ti hoc tng
lai. (Trong trng hp ny MIGHT khng phi l qu kh ca t MAY)
Example:
- It may/might be my brother. ( c th l ch ti)
- I may/might buy new laptop next month. (C th thng sau ti s mua mt chic laptop mi).
** Khi dng d on v kh nng mt iu g c th xy ra th MAY hm c hi xy ln
hn v chc chn hn MIGHT.
b. S dng trong li xin php vi li ni trang trng
Example:
- May I go out? (Tha c cho em ra ngoi. Cu ny chuyn s dng khi bn mun ra ngoi trong
gi hc :D )
- May I open the door? (Ti c th m cnh ca c khng?)
- I wonder if I might have a little more salad. (Liu ti c th dng thm mt t salad khng?)
c. MAY / MIGHT + BE + VEB-ing: Dng din t mt iu g ang xy ra.
Example:
- They may/might be singing karaoke at home.
d. MAY / MIGHT + BEEN + VERB (past participle): Dng din t mt iu g c th
xy ra trong qu kh hoc xy ra trc mt thi im trong tng lai.
Example:
- By the end of this week, I might have finished my homework.
e. MIGHT + HAVE + VERB (past participle): c s dng ni v iu g c th xy
ra nhng li khng xy ra.
Example:
- It's ten o'clock. They might have arrived now.
8. NEEDNT : c dng din t s khng cn thit hi n ti v tng lai.
MODAL VERBS CAN COULD

c tnh chung ca ng t khuyt thiu (Modal verbs)
Ngoi nhng c tnh nh tr ng t, ng t khuyt thiu cn c thm mt s c tnh
ring nh sau:
1. Khng c TO nguyn mu v khng c TO khi c ng t theo sau.
They can speak French and English.
2. Khng c S ngi th ba s t th Hin ti.
He can use our phone.
3. Ch c nhiu nht l 2 th: Th Hin ti v th Qu kh n.
She can cook meals.
She could cook meals when she was twelve.
Trong nhng trng hp khc ta s dng nhng ng t tng ng.
ng t khuyt thiu CAN
CAN l mt ng t khuyt thiu, n ch c 2 th Hin ti v Qu kh n. Nhng hnh
thc khc ta dng ng t tng ng be able to. CAN cng c th c dng nh mt
tr ng t hnh thnh mt s cch ni ring.
1. CAN v COULD c ngha l c th, din t mt kh nng (ability).
Can you swim?
She could ride a bicycle when she was five years old.
2. Trong vn ni (colloquial speech), CAN c dng thay cho MAY din t mt s cho
php (permission) v th ph nh CANNOT c dng din t mt s cm on
(prohibition).
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck, but you cant smoke downstairs.
3. CAN cng din t mt iu c th xy n (possibility). Trong cu hi v cu cm thn
CAN c ngha l Is it possible?
Can it be true?
It surely cant be four oclock already!
4. CANNOT c dng din t mt iu kh c th xy ra (virtual impossibility).
He cant have missed the way. I explained the route carefully.
5. Khi dng vi ng t tri gic (verbs of perception) CAN cho mt ngha tng
ng vi th Tip din (Continuous Tense).
Listen! I think I can hear the sound of the sea.
(khng dng I am hearing)
COULD
1. COULD l th qu kh n ca CAN.
She could swim when she was five.
2. COULD cn c dng trong cu iu kin.
If you tried, you could do that work.
3. Trong cch ni thn mt, COULD c xem nh nhiu tnh cht lch s hn CAN.
Can you change a 20-dollar note for me, please?
Could you tell me the right time, please?
4. COULD c dng din t mt s ng vc hay mt li phn khng nh nhng.
His story could be true, but I hardly think it is.
I could do the job today, but Id rather put it off until tomorrow.
5. COULD WAS/WERE ABLE TO

a) Nu hnh ng din t mt kh nng, mt kin thc, COULD c dng thng hn
WAS/WERE ABLE TO.
He hurt his foot, and he couldnt play in the match.
The door was locked, and I couldnt open it.
b) Nu cu ni hm mt s thnh cng trong vic thc hin hnh ng (succeeded in
doing) th WAS/WERE ABLE TO c s dng ch khng phi COULD.
I finished my work early and so was able to go to the pub with my friends.
MODAL VERBS MAY MIGHT
1. MAY v dng qu kh MIGHT din t s xin php, cho php (permission).
May I take this book? Yes, you may.
She asked if she might go to the party.
2. MAY/MIGHT dng din t mt kh nng c th xy ra hay khng th xy ra.
It may rain.
He admitted that the news might be true.
3. Dng trong cu cm thn MAY/MIGHT din t mt li cu chc.
May all your dreams come true!
Trong cch dng ny c th xem MAY nh mt loi Bng Thi cch (Subjunctive).
4. MAY/MIGHT dng trong mnh theo sau cc ng t hope (hy vng) v trust (tin
tng).
I trust (hope) that you may find this plan to your satisfaction.
He trust (hoped) that we might find the plan to our satisfaction.
5. MAY/MIGHT dng thay cho mt mnh trng ng ch s nhng b (adverb clauses
of concession).
He may be poor, but he is honest. (Though he is poor)
Try as he may, he will not pass the examination. (Though he tries hard)
Try as he might, he could not pass the examination. (Though he tried hard)
6. MAY/MIGHT thng c dng trong mnh trng ng ch mc ch (adverb clauses
of purpose). Trong trng hp ny ngi ta cng thng dng CAN/COULD thay cho
MAY/MIGHT.
She was studying so that she might read English books.
7. MIGHT (khng dng MAY) i khi c dng trong cu din t mt li trch mng
c tnh hn di (petulant reproach).
You might listen when I am talking to you.
(Lm n rng m lng nghe ti ni)
You might try to be a little more helpful.
(Lm n rng m t ra c ch mt cht)
8. Trong trng hp cn thit ngi ta dng be allowed to, permit ty theo ngha cn
din t thay cho MAY v MIGHT.
I shall be allowed to go to the party.
MODAL VERB MUST
MUST l mt ng t khuyt thiu v ch c hnh thc hin ti.
1. MUST c ngha l phi din t mt mnh lnh hay mt s bt buc.
You must drive on the left in London.
2. MUST bao hm mt kt lun ng nhin, mt cch gii thch duy nht hp l theo
ngh ca ngi ni.
Are you going home at midnight? You must be mad!
You have worked hard all day; you must be tired.
3. MUST NOT (MUSTNT) din t mt lnh cm.
You mustnt walk on the grass.
4. Khi mun din t th ph nh ca MUST vi ngha khng cn thit ngi ta s

dng NEED NOT (NEEDNT).
Must I do it now? No, you neednt. Tomorrow will be soon enough.
5. CANNOT (CANT) c dng lm ph nh ca MUST khi MUST din t ngha kt
lun ng nhin, mt cch gii thch duy nht hp l theo ngh ca ngi ni nh
cp trong im 2 trn y.
If he said that, he must be mistaken.
If he said that, he cant be telling the truth.
6. MUST v HAVE TO
a) HAVE TO dng thay cho MUST trong nhng hnh thc m MUST khng c.
We shall have to hurry if we are going to catch the twelve oclock train.
b) HAVE TO khng th thay th MUST khi MUST mang ngha kt lun ng nhin,
mt cch gii thch duy nht hp l theo ngh ca ngi ni nh cp trong im 2
trn y. Ngi ta phi din t bng nhng cch khc.
He must be mad. (I personally thought that he was mad)
c) MUST v HAVE TO u c th dng din t s cng bch, bt buc (compulsion).
Tuy nhin MUST mang ngha s cng bch n t ngi ni trong khi HAVE TO mang
ngha s cng bch n t hon cnh bn ngoi (external circumstances)
You must do what I tell you.
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge. (Lnh ca Cc ng St)
Passengers have to cross the line by
the bridge. (V khng cn ng no khc)
MODAL VERBS SHALL SHOULD
1. SHALL c th l:
Mt tr ng t gip hnh thnh th Tng lai (Simple Future) ngi th nht s t.
I shall do what I like.
Mt ng t khuyt thiu. Khi l ng t khuyt thiu SHALL din t mt li ha

(promise), mt s qu quyt (determination) hay mt mi e da (threat) theo ngh ca
ngi ni.
If you work hard, you shall have a holiday on Saturday. (promise)
He shall suffer for this; he shall pay you what he owes you. (threat)
These people want to buy my house, but they shant have it. (determination)
2. SHOULD c dng trong nhng trng hp sau:
Lm mt ng t khuyt thiu c ngha l nn v tng ng vi ought to.
You should do what the teacher tells you.
People who live in glass houses should not throw stones. (proverb)
Dng thay cho must khi khng mun din t mt ngha qu bt buc vi must.
Members who want tickets for the dance should apply before September 1st to the Secretary.
Dng thay cho th Hin ti Bng thi (present subjunctive).
(xem phn Subjunctive)
MODAL VERBS WILL WOULD
1. WILL c th l:
Mt tr ng t. Dng lm tr ng t WILL gip hnh thnh th Tng lai (simple
future).
Mt ng t khuyt thiu. Khi l mt ng t khuyt thiu WILL din t mt s mong
mun (willingness), mt li ha (promise) hay mt s qu quyt (determination).
All right; I will pay you at the rate you ask. (willingness)
I wont forget little Margarets birthday. I will send her a present. (promise)
Trong cch din t s qu quyt (determination) c SHALL ln WILL u c th s dng
nhng mi t mang mt ngha ring. Vi SHALL, s qu quyt l ngi ni.
Vi WILL, s qu quyt ch t (subject) ca ng t. So snh hai th d sau:
(a) George shall go out without his overcoat.
(b) George will go out without his overcoat.

cu (a), ngi ni nht nh bt George phi i ra ngoi m khng c mc o khoc.
cu (b) George nht nh i ra ngoi m khng thm mc o khoc.
2. WOULD c th l:
Mt tr ng t. WOULD gip hnh thnh mt Tng lai trong qu kh (future in the
past) hay cc th trong cu iu kin.
He said he would send it to me, but he didnt.
If she were here, she would help us.
He would have been very happy if he had known about it.
Khi dng nh mt ng t khuyt thiu, WOULD din t mt thi quen trong qu kh.
Vi ngha ny, WOULD c th dng thay cho used to.
Every day he would get up at six oclock and light the fire.
MODAL VERBS OUGHT TO DARE NEED
ng t khuyt thiu OUGHT TO
OUGHT TO l mt ng t khuyt thiu ch c th Hin ti (simple present). N c ngha l
nn, gn ging vi should. Trong hu ht cc trng hp OUGHT TO c th c thay
th bng should.
They ought to (should) pay the money.
He ought to (should) be ashamed of himself.
1. OUGHT TO cng dng din t mt s gn ng, rt c th ng (strong probability).
If Alice left home at 9:00, she ought to be here any minute now.
2. OUGHT TO c th dng trong tng lai vi cc t xc nh thi gian tng lai nh
tomorrow, next Tuesday
Our team ought to win the match tomorrow.
3. OUGHT NOT TO HAVE + past participle din t mt s khng tn ng v mt hnh
ng lm trong qu kh.
You ought not to have spent all that money on such a thing.
ng t khuyt thiu DARE
DARE c ngha l dm, c gan c th c xem nh mt ng t khuyt ln ng t
thng. Khi l mt ng t khuyt thiu, n c y c tnh ca loi ng t ny.
Dare he go and speak to her? (ng t khuyt thiu)
You darent climb that tree, dare you? (ng t khuyt thiu)
He doesnt dare to answer my letter. (ng t thng)
She didnt dare to say a word, did she? (ng t thng)
Thnh ng I daresay c ngha l c th, c l ng ngha vi cc t perhaps, it is
probable. Thnh ng ny thng khng dng vi ch t no khc ngoi ngi th nht.
He is not here yet, but I daresay he will come later.
ng t khuyt thiu NEED
C hai ng t NEED: mt ng t thng v mt ng t khuyt thiu. Khi l ng t
khuyt thiu NEED ch c hnh thc Hin ti v c y c tnh ca mt ng t khuyt
thiu. N c ngha l cn phi, tng t nh have to. V th n cng c xem l mt
loi ph nh ca must.
Need he work so hard?
You neednt go yet, need you?
C mt iu cn nh l ng t khuyt thiu NEED khng dng th xc nh. N ch
c dng th ph nh v nghi vn. Khi dng th xc nh n phi c dng vi mt
t ng ph nh.
You neednt see him, but I must.
I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday.
MODAL VERB USED TO
ng t khuyt thiu USED TO
USED TO l mt hnh thc ng t c bit. N c th c xem nh mt ng t thng
hay mt ng t khuyt thiu trong vic hnh thnh th ph nh v th nghi vn.
You used to live in London, usednt you?

He usednt to smoke as much as he does now.
He didnt use to smoke as much as he does now.
Did you use to climb the old tree in the garden?
Ngy nay ngi ta c khuynh hng dng did v didnt lp th ph nh v th nghi
vn cho USED TO. Trong nhiu trng hp th ph nh c th c hnh thnh bng
cch s dng never.
You never used to make that mistake.
USED TO c dng ch mt hnh ng lin tc, ko di, lp i lp li trong qu kh
m nay khng cn na.
People used to think that the earth was flat.
Vi th Qu kh n ngi ta ch bit hnh ng xy ra. Vi USED TO ngi ta thy
c tnh cht ko di ca hnh ng y.
He was my classmate. (khng r trong thi gian bao lu)
He used to be my classmate. (trong mt thi gian kh lu)
Phn bit USED TO v mt s hnh thc khc
1. USED TO + infinitive: hnh ng lin tc trong qu kh
2. (be) USED TO + V.ing: quen vi mt vic g
3. (get) USED TO + V.ing: lm quen vi mt vic g.
He used to work six days a week. (Now he doesnt)
It took my brother two weeks to get used to working at night. Now hes used to it.
Tr ng t (Auxiliary verbs) l mt loi ng t gii hn c bit, bao gm 12

ng t (be, have, do, shall, can, may, must, ought to, need, dare v used
to) ; trong 9 ng t sau (t shall tr i) cn c gi l ng t khim
khuyt (defective verbs) v chng khng cc hnh thc hin ti v qu kh
phn t nh be, have, do. Cc ng t khim khuyt cn c gi l ng t
tnh thi (modal verbs) v chng dung ch phng thc, thi hnh ng
ca ch ng. Tuy nhin, tt c 12 tr ng t u c chung mt tnh cht l tr
gip cc ng t chnh thnh lp cc th, thi v cch.

She is working.
He didnt come.
They have finished.
Is, didnt, have: l nhng tr ng t khng mang ngha r rt v dung gip
chia cc th.
working, come, finished: l nhng ng t chnh
Cc ng t do, be, have ngoi chc nng l tr ng t cn c th lm ng
t gii hn v khng cn tr ng t i km.
V d:
ng t gii hn:
Mary does her homework everyday.
Mary was a pretty girl.
Mary has a doll.
Tr ng t:
Does Mary understand her homework?
She was given a doll.
She has done her homework.
CAN: C TH
Can c dung ch kh nng c th thc hin mt vic g th hin ti
hoc tng lai hoc dng xin php hoc cho php.
V d:
I can speak Japanese. [kh nng hin ti]
(Ti c th ni c ting Nht)
I can help you next week. [kh nng tng lai]
(Tun n ti c th gip ch)
Can you swim?
(Anh c th bi c khng?)
Can I go out? [xin php]
(Em c th i ra ngoi c khng?)
You can go. [cho php
(Em c th i ra ngoi.)
Hnh thc ph nh ca can l cannot (nn vit dnh lin nhau) c tnh lc
thnh cant (khng th)
V d:
You cannot park your car here.
You cant park your car here.
(Anh khng th xe ni y.)
COULD: C TH
Could l hnh thc qu kh ca can, dung ch kh nng c th lm mt vic
g trong qu kh.
V d:
When I was a child, I could run very fast.
(Khi ti cn l mt a tr, ti [] c th chy rt nhanh.)
Could cng c th c dng trong mnh ph do chi phi ca ng t qu
kh mnh chnh:
He tells me he can play the piano.
He told me he could play the piano.
Could: c l, dng ch mt vic c l s din ra trong tng lai nhng cha
chc chn:
I hear something coming. It could be John.
(Ti nghe ai ang i n. C l l John.)
So snh vi:
I can see you tomorrow.
(Ti c th gp anh ngy mai.) [kh nng c th gp c]
I could see you tomorrow.
(C l ti s gp anh ngy mai.) [ti cha chc chn]
Could cn c dng thay cho can khi ngi ni mun din t s mm mng, l
hn:
Can I turn in my paper tomorrow?
Could I turn in my paper tomorrow?
(Em c th np bi vo ngy mai c khng?)

BE ABLE TO: C TH, dng thay cho can, could ch kh nng c th lm
mt vic g .
I can speak Japanese. = I am able to speak Japanese
(Ti c th ni c ting Nht.)
I can finish this work next week. = I will able to finish this work next week.
(Ti c th hon tt cng vic ny tun n)
When I was a boy, I could run very fast. = When I was a boy, I was able to run
very fast.
(Khi ti cn nh, ti c th chy rt nhanh.)
Ngi ta dng be able to thay cho can th hin ti hon thnh v tin qu
kh v can khng c cc hnh thc tng ng hai th ny.
Tuy nhin, could v was/ were able to khng phi lc no cng c th thay th
nhau c. Was/ were able to din t s t ti kt qu thng qua mt nng lc
no (attainment of something through capacity), trong khi could ch din t
s c th (nhng cha chc thc hin c) m thi.
John could swim halfway before he collapsed.
(John c th bi c na ng trc khi ui sc.)
[cu ny khng r ngha v c th nhng cha chc tht s thc hin]
Phi ni:
John was able to swim halfway before he collapsed.
(John bi c na ng trc khi ui sc.)
MAY: C TH, dng xin php hoc cho php.
You may go now.
(By gi anh c th i c ri) [= cho php]
May I come in?
[Ti xin php vo nh?)
May cn c dng ch s tin on:
It may rain tomorrow.
(Ngy mai tri c th ma.)
Qu kh ca may l may have + qu kh phn t

It may have rained while we were gone.
(C l tri ma trong khi chng ta i vng.)
MIGHT: C TH, l hnh thc qu kh ca may khi dng din t s
xin php hoc cho php.
John said that I might go with him.
(John ni rng ti c th i vi cu y.)
Khi dng vi ngha c l ch s tin on, might cng c dng ch s
tin on hin ti hoc tng lai nh may:
It might rain tomorrow.
(Ngy mai tri c th ma.)
Qu kh ca might trong trng hp ny l might have + qu kh phn t:
It might have rained while we were gone.
(C l tri ma trong khi chng ta i vng.)
Hnh thc tnh lc ca may not l maynt v ca might not l mightnt nhng t
khi c s dng.
WILL: S. Ngoi ngha s ch tng lai, s lin kt gia will v ch t
thng din t thm cc ngha nh sau:
1. I will: dng ch s sn lng, li ha, quyt tm:
All right, I will pay you tomorrow.
(c ri, ngy mai ti s tr tin cho anh.)
I wont forget her birthday. I will send her a present.
(Ti nht nh s khng qun ngy sinh nht ca c y. Ti s gi tng c y
mt mn qu.)
I will make this radio work.
(Ti nht nh s lm cho chic radio ny hot ng tr li.)
2. You will: dng din t mnh lnh ca ngi ni, tng ng vi

must:
You will work here under Mr. Jenkinson.
(Anh phi lm vic y di quyn ng Jenkinson.)
Ch : Nu ch mun thng bo ch khng phi ra lnh, thng thng ngi
ni dng vi hnh thc v-ing:
You will be working here under Mr. Jenkinson.
(Anh s lm vic y di quyn ng Jenkinson.)
3. Will you?... nh, dng din t li mi:
Will you have some more tea?
(Ch dung thm tr nh?)
Will you sit down?
(Xin mi anh ngi.)
Ch : Nu ch mun tm kim thng ty ch khng phi l li mi, chng ta
ni:
Will you be sitting down?
(Anh s ngi xung ch?)
4. Will you (please)? Xin anh vui lng, dng din t yu cu:
Will you close the door, please? = Will you please close the door?)
(Xin anh vui long ng ca li.)
WOULD: l hnh thc qu kh ca will:
I know he will be late.
I knew he would be late.
Ngoi ra, would cn c cc cch dng nh sau:
1. Would like c ngha nh want nhng l hn:
I would like to see her now.
(Ti mong c gp c y by gi.)
2. Would you like...? dng din t li mi:
Would you like some more wine?
(Anh dng thm cht ru na nh?)

3. Would care c cng ngha nh trn nhng ch dng trong cu nghi vn
v cu ph nh:
Would you care to see my pictures?
Would you care for some more wine?
4. Would rather v would sooner: thch hn
I would rather go.
(Ti thch i hn.)
He would rather stay here than go home.
(Cu y thch li y hn l v nh.)
I would sooner read than watch television.
(Ti thch c sch hn xem truyn hnh.)
Would rather c th khng c ng t theo sau khi chng ta mun din t mt
ngi thch ngi khc lm vic g . ng t trong mnh theo sau thng
th qu kh, d chng ta mun din t s vic hin ti hoc tng lai:
Id rather you went home now.
(Ti thch anh i v nh by gi.)
Dont come tomorrow. Id rather you came next week.
(Ngy mai bn ng n. Ti thch bn n tun ti hn.)
SHALL: S, dng din t tng lai. Ngy nay, will thng c dng thay
shall din t s tt c cc ngi. Tng t nh will, ngoi ngha s
shall cn c nhng ngha khc nh sau:
1. Shall I/ we?: ... nh?, dng din t ngh hoc hi kin:
Shall I wait for you?
(Anh s i em nh?)
Shall we go to the cinema tonight?
(Chng ta i xem phim ti nay nh?)
2. I/ We shall dng din t s quyt tm:
I shall do what I like. I shall go there if I want to.
(Ti nht nh s lm nhng g ti thch. Ti quyt s i n y nu thy cn.)
We shall defend our country, whatever the cost may be.

(Chng ta quyt s bo v t nc ca chng ta vi bt c gi no.)
SHOULD: l hnh thc qu kh ca shall
She knows I shall write to her.
She knew I should write to her.
Should thng c dng vi cc ngha sau y:
1. Should: nn, dng din t bn phn hoc li khuyn:
You should pay your debt.
(Anh nn tr n.)
You shouldnt tell lies.
(Anh khng nn ni di)
Ngi ni c th nhn thc bn phn nhng ngc li, c th khng thc hin
n:
I should study tonigt, but Im going to the movies.
(Ti nn hc bi ti nay, nhung ti s i xem chiu bng.)
Bn phn khng c thc hin trong qu kh c dng vi Should have +
qu kh phn t (L ra... th nn):
I should have studied last night.
(L ra ti qua ti nn hc bi.) [nhng ti khng hc]
2. Should cn c dng sau cc ng t: suggest, propose, recommend,
advise, determine, agree, order, command, song song vi cch dng ng t
nguyn mu v danh ng t:
Suggest: ngh
He suggested selling the house.
He suggested my selling the house.
He suggested that I should sell the house.
Propose: ngh
He proposed going to the cinema.
He proposed our going to the cinema.
He proposed that we should go to the cinema.
Determine: quyt nh
He determined to study law.
He determined that he should study law.
3. Should cng c dng sau:
It is/ was + necessary (cn thit)/ essential (trng yu)/ better (tt hn)/
important (quan trng)
It is necessary for him to go at once.
It is necessary that he should go at once.
(Vic anh ta i ngay tht cn thit.)
V cc tnh t nh: anxious (nng lng), strange, odd (l lung), surprising
(ng ngc nhin), amazing (kinh ngc), annoying (bc mnh), ridiculous (bun
ci):
I am anxious that it should be done at once.
(Ti nn nng mun ngi ta phi lm vic ngay.)
It is surprising that he should be so foolish.
(Vic anh ta di dt nh th tht ng ngc nhin.)
MUST: PHI, dng ch bn phn, s bt buc hin ti hoc tng lai:
You must go now.
(Anh phi i by gi.)
When must I do it?
(KHi no ti phi lm vic y?)
People must eat in order to live.
(Ngi ta phi n sng.)
Must cn c ngha: hn l, dng ch s suy on
John must have an early class: he leaves the house every day at 6:30.
(Hn l John thng phi ln lp sm: hng ngy anh y ri nh lc 6:30.)
S suy on trong qu kh c din t bi must have + qu kh phn t: hn
l
John must have won the prize. He looks very pleased.
(Hn l john ot gii. Trng anh y rt mn nguyn.)
NEED: CN PHI. Tr ng t need c dng ch yu trong cu nghi vn

v cu ph nh:
You need not go.
(Anh khng cn phi i.)
If it is very cold tomorrow you need not go downtown.
(Chu khng cn phi xung ph nu chiu mai tri rt.)
Ch s khc nhau gia need l tr ng t (c hnh thc khng i vi tt c
cc ngi) v need l ng t thng, c s s t (needs) v dng c trong cu
khng nh:
You need not go. = You neednt go. [tr ng t]
You dont need to go. [ng t thng, ng t theo sau need phi c to]
Your hair needs cutting. [ng t thng, ngi th 3 s t c s]
th qu kh chng ta dng didnt need din t khng cn phi, v dng
neednt have + qu kh phn t din t l ra khng cn phi thc hin,
nhng thc hin ri.
So snh:
We didnt need to go to the market yeserday because we had plenty of food.
(Hm qua chng ti khng cn phi i ch v chng ti cn nhiu n.)
[Chng ti khng i]
We didnt have gone to the market yesterday. I had forgotten about the food we
already had in the fridge.
(L ra hm qua chng ti khng cn phi i ch. Ti qun thc n chng ti
cn trong t lnh.) [Hm qua chng ti i.]
OUGHT TO: NN, ought to khng din t s bt buc n t pha ngi ni
(nh must) hoc s bt buc do hon cnh (nh have to). Khi dng ought to,
ngi ni ch din t mt bn phn hoc li khuyn m thi. Do , ought to c
th xem tng ng vi should:
You ought to obey your parents.
(Anh nn vng li cha m)
You oughtnt to smoke so much.
(Anh khng nn ht thuc nhiu nh vy. ) [li khuyn]
So snh vi:
You mustnt smoke so much.
(Con khng c ht thuc nhiu nh vy.) [Cm on ca ba m.]
DARE: DM. Tr ng t dare c dng trong cu nghi vn v ph nh.
Dare you jump down from the top of that wall?
(Anh c dm nhy t trn u tng xung khng?)
I darent do it.
(Ti khng dm.)
Dare cn l ng t thng c th dng c cu nghi vn, khng nh v ph
nh:
Do you dare to jump? I dont dare to do it.
(Anh c dm nhy khng? Ti khng dm lm chuyn .)
I have never dared to ask him.
(Ti khng bao gi dm hi anh ta.)
ng t thng dare cn c ngha l thch thc:
He dared me to swim across the river.
(Hn thch ti bi qua sng.)
USED TO: THNG, dng din t thi quen hay tnh trng trong qu
kh nay khng cn na. Used to l mt tr ng t ch c hnh thc qu kh
nhng v mt ng ngha, used to c xem nh mt ph t often:
When I was a boy, I used to swim in the river.
(Khi cn b, ti thng bi sng ny.)
Used he to be an artist? [= Did he used to be?]
(C phi trc y anh y l ha s?)
English idioms about time - Cm t, thnh ng ting Anh v thi gian

Clock (ng h)
beat the clock = hon thnh vic g trc thi hn

V d:
We managed to beat the clock and get everything finished in time.
Chng ti c gng hon thnh trc thi hn v lm xong mi vic ng thi
hn.
work against the clock = lm vic ct lc (chy ua vi thi gian)

V d:
Scientists are working against the clock to come up with a new vaccine.
Cc nh khoa hc ang lm vic ct lc khm ph ra loi vc xin mi.
to clock on / off / in = ghi thi gian ca mt ngi n lm vic hoc ra v (nht l

bng thit b t ng)
V d:
We need to clock in after we come back from lunch.
Chng ti cn phi ghi gi vo lm vic sau khi chng ti n tra xong.
watch the clock (a clock watcher) = canh chng cho ht gi

V d:
If you're a clock watcher, then this job isn't for you.
Nu anh canh chng cho ht gi lm, th cng vic ny khng phi dnh cho anh.
Lack of time (Thiu thi gian)
pressed for time = khng c nhiu thi gian

V d:
I'm a bit pressed for time at the moment. Do you mind if we have the meeting
tomorrow?
Ti khng c nhiu thi gian vo lc ny. Anh c phin nu chng ta hp mt vo
ngy mai khng?
run out of time = khng cn thi gian na

V d:
We've run out of time on this project.
Chng ti khng cn thi gian cho d n ny na.
a race against time = cuc chy ua vi thi gian

V d:
There's a race against time to save the rainforests.
Hin c mt cuc chy ua thi gian cu cc khu rng nhit i.
no time to lose = khng c thi gian lng ph

V d:
There's no time to lose. We've got to get going.
Khng cn thi gian lng ph na. Chng ta phi vo cuc thi.
Have enough time (C thi gian)
have all the time in the world = c nhiu thi gian

V d:
You don't need to hurry. We've got all the time in the world.
Anh khng cn phi vi vng. Chng ti c rt nhiu thi gian.
have spare time = c thi gian rnh

V d:
What do you do in your spare time?
C lm g trong thi gian rnh ca mnh?
have time on sb's hands / time to kill = qu nhiu thi gian

V d:
We've got a bit of time on our hands. What do you want to do?
Chng ta ch c t thi gian thi. Anh mun lm g?
take your time = c bnh tnh

V d:
Take your time answering the question.
C bnh tnh tr li cu hi.
in your own time = lm iu g m khng cn lo v thi gian

V d:
I'll fix the car in my own time!

Ti s sa xe m khng phi vi!
make good time = lm iu g nhanh hn bn ngh

V d:
We made good time. It only took us an hour to get here.
Chng ti hon thnh nhanh chng. Ch mt mt ting l chng ti n y.
time on your side = tr v cn nhiu thi gian pha trc

V d:
You've got time on your side, so you shouldn't feel pressured into making a career
decision now.
Bn cn nhiu thi gian pha trc, v vy bn khng nn cm thy b p lc khi ra
quyt nh cho s nghip by gi.
The right time for something (ng lc lm g)
just in time: va kp lc
V d:
They arrived just in time for the wedding.

H n va kp lc m ci.
in the nick of time = Va ng/kp lc.

V d:
We got here in the nick of time. Look at all that rain!
Chng ti n y va kp lc. Nhn tri ma ka!
high time = ng thi im

V d:
It's high time you got a job!
n lc my phi kim vic lm ri!
(Lu : dng th qu kh n sau high time)
not before time = l ra phi sm hn!

V d:
He's finally got a job. Not before time, I might add!
Cui cng anh y cng c vic. L ra phi sm hn mi phi!
it's about time = n lc ri

V d:
It's about time you found your own place to live.
n lc anh phi tm ni ring ri. (Dng th qu kh n sau it's about time)
not the time / hardly the time = thi im khng thch hp cho mt ci g
V d:
It's not the time to ask me for a pay rise!
y khng phi lc ngh ti cho tng lng!
Other idiom about time (Cc cm t khc v thi gian)
lose track of time = qun mt thi gian

V d:
She was so engrossed in her book she lost all track of time.
C y rt mi m vi cun sch ca mnh, c y qun mt c thi gian.
two-time = i chi vi nhiu ngi cng mt lc

V d:
She ought to be careful. She's two-timing Jack with Bill and Jack is a very jealous
person
C nn cn thn. C y ang i chi cng lc vi c Jack v Bill v Jack l mt ngi
rt hay ghen...
call time on = kt thc mt ci g

V d:
The government are calling time on internet spammers.
Chnh ph s chm dt vic gi th rc qua internet.
take time out = tm ngh mt lc

V d:
He needs to take some time out from his work.
Anh y cn phi ngh lm mt lc.
keep time = ng gi
V d:
My watch doesn't keep good time.
ng h ca ti chy khng ng gi lm.
do time = t
V d:
He's doing time for armed robbery.
Anh ta ang t v ti cp c v trang.
on the company's time = lm vic ring trong gi lm vic

V d:
We're not allowed to use twitter on the company's time.
Chng ti khng c php s dng twitter trn thi gian lm vic.
ahead of his / her time = i trc thi i.

V d:
He's definitely ahead of his time. He's always got so many fascinating ideas.
Anh y tht s i trc thi i. Anh y lun c rt nhiu tng hp dn.
behind the times = li thi
V d:
He's so behind the times. He still plays records! Can you believe it?
Anh ta tht tt hu. Anh ta vn nghe a ht! Anh c tin ni khng?
keep up / move with the times = bt kp thi i

V d:
My mum is learning to use email to keep up with the times.
M ti ang hc cch s dng email bt kp thi i.
have the time of sb's life = c mt thi gian tuyt vi

V d:
She's having the time of her life at University. She loves it!
C y c mt khong thi gian tuyt vi i hc. C y yu n!
before your time = trc khi ai sng hoc lm vic mt ni

V d:
There used to be a post office here. That was before your time, of course.
Trc y ni ny l mt bu in. Tt nhin l trc khi bn ti y.
time and a half = tin lm thm ngoi gi

V d:
We get time and a half if we work on Saturdays.
Chng ti s c tin lm thm ngoi gi nu lm vo cc ngy th By.
overtime = tin lm thm ngoi gi

V d:
The firm is cutting back on overtime.
Cng ty ang ct gim tin lm thm gi.
time share = mt ngi nh ngh c mua bi nhiu ngi, ni m mi ngi ch c

mt khong thi gian nht nh trong nm h c th s dng n
V d:
Time share apartments are cheap at the moment.
thi im ny nhng cn h lun phin s dng ang kh r.
time warp = khng h thay i sau mt thi gian

V d:
This town seems to be stuck in a 1950s time warp. There are no fast food places
and everything's closed on Sundays.

Th trn ny c v khng h thay i trong nhng 1950. Khng c ni no bn thc
n nhanh v mi th u ng ca vo ngy ch nht.
time zone = mi gi
V d:
The UK is in a different time zone from the rest of Europe.
Vng quc Anh c mi gi khc vi phn cn li ca chu u.
-Kira-

Tổng Hợp Kiến Thức Anh Văn ^O^

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Tổng Hợp Kiến Thức Anh Văn ^O^

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

TNG HP KIN THC ANH VN ^o^

i t nhn xng (Ch ng)

You all come shopping.

ng ng sau cc i t v cc gii t lm tn ng : us/ you/ them + all/ both

ng sau us c th dng mt danh t s nhiu trc tip

Ngi ta dng i t s hu trnh khi phi nhc li tnh t s hu + danh t ni trn.

lm ch ng v quyt nh vic chia ng t.

ng sau cc ph t so snh nh than hoc as

Bng di y l nhng ng t i hi tn ng sau n l mt ng t nguyn th khc.

Ex: John expects to begin studying law next semester.

Bng di y l nhng ng t i hi tn ng theo sau n phi l mt V- ing

Ex: John admitted stealing the jewels.

Lu rng trong bng ny c mt ng t can't stand to do/doing smt: khng th chu ng

l nhng ng t m ng ngha ca chng s i khc hon ton khi tn ng sau n l mt

3) Remember to do smt: Nh s phi lm g

Tt c cc ng t ng sau gii t u phi dng V-ing

Verb + prepositions + V-ing

Ex: Fred confessed to stealing the jewels

Ex: Mitch is afraid of getting married now.

Ex: There is no reason for leaving this early.

Ex: It is dangerous to drive in this weather.

10. Vn cc i t ng trc ng t nguyn th

S + V + complement form (pronoun/ noun) + [to + verb]

Subject + verb + possessive form (pronoun/ noun) + V-ing

Cch vit ESSAY

T c qua tt c ti liu v essay m lp mnh photo. V ng php v din t ca

To what extent is X true?

3. Th tng lai n cn c s dng trong cu iu kin loi 1cng vi th HT

Note : trong trng hp ny nhn ra c th ca cu th phi da vo v trc hoc v sau

- make arrangements for : sp t, dn xp

DNG 1 : CHUYN I T HIN TI HON THNH SANG QU

6. When did you buy it ? ( bn mua n khi no ?

1) I T SO ..THAT SANG SUCH ....THAT :

N + BE + SO + ADJ + THAT + CLAUSE

He is too weak to run fast

Cch bin i t Although / though => despite / in spite of

Although/ though + mnh

Cc cng thc bin i t mnh sang cm t nh sau:

Although He was sick,........

Although He behaved impolitely,.....

5) Nu cu c dng : there be + danh t

6) Nu cu c dng : It (be) + tnh t v thi tit

i tnh t thnh danh t thm the pha trc.

Although it was rainy, .....

Cc tnh t v danh t thng gp trong mu ny l:

Foggy => fog ( sng m )

Snowy => snow (tuyt)

Rainy => rain (ma)

Stormy => storm ( bo)

7) Nu cu c dng: Danh t + (be) + p.p ( cu b ng)

Although television was invented, .....

NP1 + V-tr + NP2 The dog ate the bone.

This transformation may be used with any of the sentence patterns.

Example - linking verb

Example - linking verb

5. Transform to interrogative with yes-no answer

Example - linking verb

Example - Linking verb

It may be used with any of the sentence patterns.

Example - action verb with auxiliary verb

Example - linking verb with auxiliary verb

Example - action verb without auxiliary verb

Example - linking verb without auxiliary verb