Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
OCT 2010
American Society of
Plumbing Engineers
P l u m b i n g S y s t e m s a n d D e s i g n
LAB VAC
How to Achieve the Perfect Vacuum
for Research Needs
P LU S
What is fluid comfort, and why should
plumbing engineers take charge?
Learn how to design a
water-efficient irrigation system
How sustainable are your designs?
PSDMAGAZINE.ORG
The magazine for plumbing engineers, designers, specifiers, code officials, contractors, manufacturers, master plumbers, and plumbing professionals
Simplicity 101
The Brain, the worlds first digital recirculating valve,
will simplify your hot-water system.
Mechanical thermostatic mixing valves were not designed to mix hot water with hot water. Yet in a
pumped recirculated hot-water system under zero fixture demand, thats exactly what theyre asked
to do. And it can get complicated. To get it right, you have to add an assortment of compensating
system components. Simplify your hot-water system with the new Brain DRV80 digital recirculating
valve, engineered exclusively for recirculating hot-water systems. The DRV80 delivers stability, accuracy
and safety, with the convenience of digital technology.
Digital stability means temperature control within 2 F, with flow capacities from 0 to 150 gpm.
Digital connectivity allows The Brain to talk to you and the building through an onboard status display,
or remotely via integral BAS (BACnet, LonWorks, Modbus), LAN or Web browser. The DRV80 even
offers programmable temperature alerts and a thermal disinfection program to promote compliance
with OSHA, CDC and NYDOH Legionella guidelines.
You get all this and more in one self-contained digital mixing valve for about the price of a
thermostatic hi-lo with the same flow capacity. To learn how you can simplify your hot-water system,
visit www.armstronginternational.com/brain.
Because digital technology is dependable, Armstrong supports the DRV80 with a
complete five-year warranty on all component parts.
Armstrong Hot Water Group, Three Rivers, Mich. 49093 (269) 279-3602. 2008 Armstrong International
Visit us at ASPEs EPE Show in Philadelphia - Booth #301
P l u m b i n g S y ste m s a n d Des i g n
CONTENTS
VOLUME 9, NUMBER 8 OCTOBER 2010
GETTING TECHNICAL
6 Designers Notebook
20
32
Convention
& Expo
Supplement
FEATURES
20 Plumbing Engineers and Space Comfort
The unfortunate division of piping systems and space heating and cooling systems into two separate
disciplines in the United States has had a profound impact on the resulting energy use of U.S. buildings
and the failure to adopt more efficient technologies. This article is the first of a series re-introducing
the idea of fluid comfort and serves as an open call for plumbing engineers to take a leadership role in
engineering energy-efficient space comfort systems based on hydronics and associated technologies.
32
16 Lessons Learned
LAB VAC
Laboratory vacuum has become a necessity for virtually all laboratory research buildings, but everadvancing research technologies and methodologies have rendered many existing laboratories inefficient.
To design an effective lab vac system, the plumbing engineer first must know how much vacuum is
required and then must select the appropriate pump and size the system. This article discusses the types
of pumps available and their applications, explains how to size the system accurately, and includes several
helpful calculations and tables to help achieve the required amount of vacuum.
Special Supplement!
2010 ASPE Engineered Plumbing Exposition Show Guide
With every October 2010 issue of Plumbing Systems & Design sent through the mail comes a copy of the
2010 ASPE EPE Show Guide, a vital tool for attendees to the 2010 ASPE Convention. Included are lists of
the exhibitors broken down by name, booth number, and product category, as well as a map of the show
floor to help attendees navigate the show. Also included are the contact information and website for each
exhibitor, so attendees can research their products and services before and after the show.
PERSPECTIVES
4
From the Publisher
Welcome to the Show!
CONTINUING EDUCATION
Acoustics in Plumbing Systems
42 Continuing Education Questions
43 Continuing Education Answer Sheet
and Application Form
ASPE REPOR T
44 From the Presidents Pen
45 Society News
46 From the Executives Desk
47 New Members
READER SER VICES
48 Classifieds
48 Advertisers Index
PUBLISHER/EDITOR IN CHIEF
Stanley Wolfson | aspeExec@aspe.org
EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER
David R. Jern | DJern@aspe.org
MANAGING EDITOR
Gretchen Pienta | GPienta@aspe.org
GRAPHIC DESIGNER
Rachel Boger | RBoger@aspe.org
TECHNICAL EDITORS
Karl Atteberry, PE, LEED AP
Thomas J. Breu, PE, CPD, LEED AP
Esteban Cabello, PE, CPD, FASPE
Dale J. Cagwin, PE, CFEI
John DeLeo, CPD
Paul DiGiovanni, PE
Richard Ellis, CPD, CET
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Visit us at ASPEs EPE Show in Philadelphia - Booth #1501
FROMTHEPUBLISHER
By Stanley M. Wolfson
OCTOBER 2010
ASPE Poker
You should stop by every sponsor and patron booth for a
few other reasons, starting with ASPE Poker. Every sponsor
and patron will have complimentary poker cards that you
can add to your stash. The cards have a scratch-off surface,
and until you are ready to play the game, dont scratch off
the coating. If you do, the card is immediately voided. You
can scratch off the coatings only at the redemption desks
located throughout the Exposition floor. Here you will
choose your best six cards by mental telepathy, scratch off
the cards, and make the best poker hand possible.
Winning poker hands will be valued from $5 to $1,000, but
everyone will win something. Instant-winner cards will be
mixed with the playing cards. If you have one of those, you
can choose whether you want the instant winnings or, if you
have a great poker hand, the higher amount.
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A Special Welcome
This year, the Society has partnered with the International
Code Council and the World Toilet Organization to provide
a unique and expanded experience in both the technical
programming and the diversity of attendees. Id like to offer
a special welcome to the 2010 ASPE Convention and EPE to
the ICC and their members and to the WTO and those who
help provide sanitation to those difficult-to-reach underdeveloped areas of the world. Be sure to stop our ICC and WTO
guests and welcome them to the show as well.
ASPE thanks the following sponsors of the 2010 Convention and EPE.
Their support helps make the Convention an exciting and innovative
event for all attendees.
Diamond
Viega
Platinum
Bradford White
Copper Development
Association
Moen Commercial
Gold
Charlotte Pipe
Zurn
Bronze
BeaconMedaes
McGuire
Manufacturing Co.
Mueller Industries
Sloan
SyncroFlo
T&S Brass and Bronze
Works
Patrons
AB&I Foundry
Advanced Mechanical
Technologies
Aquatherm Inc.
ARCOM-MasterSpec
Specifications
Bradley Corporation
Chicago Faucets
The Cope Company
Salt
Copper Development
Association
Crane Pumps and
Systems
Dekker Vacuum
Technologies Inc.
Delany Products
Delta Faucet Company
Eemax Inc.
Elkhart Brass Mfg.
Froet Industries
GF Piping Systems
Grand Hall USA
Green Turtle Americas
Ltd.
HOLDRITE
Hubbell Electric Heater
Co.
International Code
Council
Intersan
Isimet
ITT
Jay R. Smith
Manufacturing
Judo Water Treatment
Kohler Co.
Kusel Equipment Co.
MAPA Products
Masco Bath/Delta
Branded
McGuire
Manufacturing Co.
Inc.
Metcraft Industries Inc.
Metraflex Company
MIFAB Inc.
Moen Inc.
OmegaFlex Inc.
Park Environmental
Equipment Ltd.
Patterson Pump
Company
Pattons Medical
PF Waterworks
Precision Plumbing
Products
Prier Products Inc.
QuantumFlo
See Water Inc.
Sioux Chief
Manufacturing
Sloan Valve Company
Stern-Williams Co.
SyncroFlo
Town and Country
Plastics Inc.
Tramco Pump
Company
Weil Pump Co. Inc.
Woodford Mfg. Co.
DESIGNERS NOTEBOOK
What a Plumbing
Designer Needs to
Know About Designing
Irrigation Systems
The U.S. Department of Agriculture estimates that lawns, shrubbery, and flower
beds are the largest users of irrigation. The
water used to irrigate this type of landscaping typically comes from the municipalitys
potable water supply, so it can be the most
expensive water available. Since designing
and installing commercial landscaping can
be costly, it is very important to be able to
keep the grass and plants alive and green,
which entails knowing how much water is
required for adequate irrigation.
Unfortunately, plumbing designers often
do not design the irrigation systems for the
buildings for which they are designing the
plumbing systems. It can be a performance
specification given to an irrigation contractor, or a landscape architect does the design.
In my experience, a landscape architect does
the performance specification, and a landscape contractor produces the submittal and
shop drawings showing the sprinkler types
and layout. Not to insult landscape architects, but this type of specifying can cause
problems, such as the system not connected
to a water line with the required pressure or
the specs not showing a water line to connect to, leaving it up to the landscape contractor to find a line and possibly connect to
the wrong supply. This is usually when the
plumbing designer gets involved because
he knows the building and the building site.
Therefore, plumbing designers should know
how to design and lay out irrigation systems,
and this article will give you some insight on
how to do this type of design.
6 Plumbing Systems & Design
OCTOBER 2010
SYSTEM COMPONENTS
A complete irrigation system is made up
of a series of piping located in a trench
with valves, sprinkler heads, electrical
controls, timers, wiring, a water meter,
and a backflow preventer. Since water
conservation is important, you should
include an automatic shutoff that stops the
system when it detects rainfall. Nothing is
more aggravating than seeing an irrigation
system running when it is raining. What a
waste of water!
It is very important to separate the irrigation water meter from the building water
meter because the building owner is charged
for any water going down the building sewerage drain. When the irrigation system has
a separate meter, the building owner will not
be charged for the water used for irrigation
on the sewerage bill because it does not go
down the building drain.
Sprinkler Heads
Sprinkler heads are considered the most
important part of an irrigation system.
Many different sprinkler heads currently
are manufactured for a variety of irrigation
system applications. It is very important to
become very familiar with all of these types
because each has different characteristics,
and the application rate and operating pressure must be similar to each system circuit.
Following are a few of the different types
of sprinkler heads.
Surface-type spray and pop-up spray
sprinkler heads (see Figure 1) produce a
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Visit us at ASPEs EPE Show in Philadelphia - Booth #525
DESIGNERS NOTEBOOK
under the plant. Flat-spray heads are best
for applications underneath plants.
Trickle irrigation heads commonly are
used in vineyards and orchards, routed
through tubing with a special emittertype head installed at each plant location.
These emitters often are provided with
flexible orifices, which may allow for
adding fertilizer. These types of systems
have a low-volume usage and are not
installed in conjunction with conventional
irrigation systems.
Valves
Another component to an irrigation system
is the valves. Three types of valves are used:
electric, hydraulic, and thermal hydraulic.
Electrically operated valves receive a signal
from the controller, which then opens a
solenoid valve.
Hydraulic control valves are operated by
water pressure. Water is delivered to the
valve though tubing from the controller.
Thermal-hydraulic valves receive an electrical signal from the controller, which
heats components of the valve so they
can open and allow water to flow.
All of these valves should be installed in a
valve box for maintenance. Where manual
control valves are used for each zone, they
usually are installed in vaults or pits to be
operated with a T-handle wrench.
Some consider the installation of a
pressure-reducing valve where the street
pressure is very high. However, systems do
not need a device to reduce the pressure as
long as the street pressure does not exceed
the working pressure of the sprinkler heads,
piping, and valves.
SYSTEM DESIGN
Backflow Prevention
An atmospheric vacuum breaker should
be installed after the connection to the
city main or building main to protect these
systems from contamination. You should
consult the local plumbing code official to
verify the type of vacuum breaker required.
TRENCHING
Trenches are dug to install all of the piping
and sometimes the wiring from the zone
valves to the controller. Trenching often is
not given much thought, but if an irrigation
system is being installed in an established
lawn, the owner usually does not want the
lawn completely torn up and would like
8 Plumbing Systems & Design
OCTOBER 2010
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Phone: +1 (914) 831-2215
Fax: +1 (914) 831-2368
info.drainline@us.schott.com
www.us.schott.com/drainline
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pressure of the piping and fittings. In such
a case, you may want to provide a pressurereducing valve at the point of connection.
CONSIDERATIONS
Before you start your design, review the
local codes for any restrictions on the use
of potable water. Many cities have restrictions regarding what day and time of day
an irrigation system can be operated. This
is where a timer comes in handy.
A determination of the location, pressure,
and availability of the water must be made.
If the pressure is not adequate, a pump must
be provided and located in an appropriate
place on the site so it will not be too obvious.
Determining the water source is important
because if the water source is from a private
well, river, or other nonpotable source,
the water should be tested and the results
discussed with the landscape architect.
Reclaimed rainwater has proven to be a great
source for an irrigation system. Several state
and city agencies have created standards for
reclaimed water to be used for irrigation.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
MAUI
DEEP SOAKER
ChemDrain.
Used by some of the top research labs in the country.
And you can bet they did their research.
Our ChemDrain CPVC chemical waste drain pipe and fittings system has quickly earned an outstanding reputation in the
industry for its high performance and reliability. Thats why its trusted by our countrys best and brightest. Specify ChemDrain
for your next job and youll discover what top universities, manufacturers and researchers already know. charlottepipe.com
Visit us at ASPEs EPE Show in Philadelphia - Booth #949
OCTOBER 2010
EMERGENCY PRACTICES
You can save water and energy without purchasing new
products. You just need to look at the way you do everyday
things and determine if they are the most efficient way
to operate a home or building. Sometimes, people find
themselves in situations that force them to conserve or do
without.
For instance, I live in Nashville, and we still are recovering
from massive flooding last summer. At the time, our home
was a virtual island, with all roads impassable, no landline
phone, no power, and reduced water supplies. The floods
had damaged waste and water treatment facilities, and all
residents were encouraged to reduce water usage. For a city
that averages 160 gallons of water per person, how could we
cut our water consumption in half?
Following are some ways to reduce water usage in an
emergency situation.
12 Plumbing Systems & Design
OCTOBER 2010
In the Kitchen
Switch to biodegradable paper plates, bowls, and glasses
to decrease the need for washing dishes.
Use the dishwasher rarely and only with completely full
loads.
If hand-washing dishes, use a pail of water for rinsing
instead of running water.
Rinse fresh foods in a bowl of water instead of running
water.
Postpone all nonessential cleaning.
In the Laundry Room
Postpone all nonessential clothes washing.
If you must wash clothes, wash only full loads with the
lowest water setting.
Use environmentally friendly detergents and collect the
rinse water for use in irrigation and outdoor cleaning.
In the Yard
Turn off all irrigation systems.
Postpone all watering of plants.
Do not wash cars at home or in commercial car washes.
Do not use water to wash sidewalks or driveways.
Use the water from a dehumidifier or air-conditioner condensate to water plants.
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EVERYDAY PRACTICES
DIY Graywater
Keep buckets or other containers in bathrooms, kitchens,
and laundry areas to collect:
Water discharged when you are waiting for the water to
warm in the shower or sink
Rinse water from washing, cleaning fruits and vegetables,
brushing teeth, or shaving (use environmentally friendly
products)
Laundry machine discharge
This water can be used for irrigation and outdoor washing.
Be Energy Smart
You can lower your energy bill and help your community
use less clean energy by how you schedule your peak
energy usage. How? The local electric utility has peak times
of energy demand during the day, month, and year. During
these peak demand times, the utility may buy electrical
power from less environmentally friendly and more expensive providers, such as coal-fired and natural gas-powered
generation facilities. Sometimes electrical power is transmitted over long distances. Such power can be 30 cents or
more per kilowatt-hour. Here are some things you can do to
reduce this demand charge.
Wash clothes at off-peak times, usually at night or early in
the morning.
Wash dishes or run the dishwasher at off-peak times.
Shower at off peak-times.
REPLACEMENT
Operating a home or building is not free of cost or effort.
Maintenance costs are necessary and can be frustrating,
and it always seems that something breaks at the time you
can least afford to fix it. Unfortunately, this is part of the
cost of maintaining a building.
If an appliance must be replaced, you can purchase a more
energy-efficient model, and sometimes rebates are available
for these pieces of equipment. To find out more about equipment that qualifies for rebates, go to energysavers.gov.
You must be aware of the available options when plumbing equipment must be fixed or replaced. Here are some
things you can do when you replace items in a facility.
In some facilities, up to 10 percent of the water usage
is from leaks. Replace all valves with high-quality valves
made of quality material that will not leak or stick open a
short time after installation.
Install dual-flush valves on toilets. These valves allow the
user to choose a reduced amount of water to flush liquids
or a full flush for solids. Some very good quality dual-flush
valves are now on the market.
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LIGHT RENOVATIONS
Many interior upgrades and small renovation projects are
not essential or required. For example, most of the profit
for a small town paint store is not from people painting
because they need to paint to protect a structure. Most of
the profit is generated from people wanting to change the
color or look of a space.
Real-world operations budgets need to include funds for
light renovations of spaces. Sometimes these renovations
are driven by efficiency, so here are some things that can be
done to reduce water and energy usage in light renovations.
Upgrade to a low-flow showerhead or shower system. 1.5
gallons per minute is usually the least amount of water
you need to use.
Replace the flush valves in water closets with dual-flush
valves.
OCTOBER 2010
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Energyefficiency
Resources
Energy Savers: energysavers.gov
SMART METERS
WaterSense: epa.gov/WaterSense
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OCTOBER 2010
LESSONS LEARNED
OCTOBER 2010
THE 2030
CHALLENGE
Architecture 2030, a nonprofit, nonpartisan,
and independent organization, was established in response to the global-warming
crisis with the mission to rapidly transform
the U.S. and global building sector from a
significant contributor of greenhouse gas
emissions to a central part of the solution to
the global-warming crisis.
To accomplish this, Architecture 2030 has
issued The 2030 Challenge, asking the architecture and building community to adopt
the following targets:
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Dont redefine the engineer assessment. Remember, theyre called specifications for a reason.
When an engineer specifies cast iron pipe for a specific job, its because they believe its the right material needed to get
the job done correctly and efficiently. Engineers know that using cast iron instead of plastic for specific jobs eliminates
costly extra steps for things like fire-stopping, noise reduction and thermal expansion. And they know that even after the
extra steps are taken to make plastic comparable to cast iron, plastic is still outperformed because its just the wrong
material for the job. Simply put, theres a time for plastic and a time for cast iron. The time for cast iron being when
the engineer specifies it. Because if you think about it, they dont call them specifications for nothing.
Visit us at ASPEs EPE Show in Philadelphia - Booth #949
1.800.438.6091 / www.charlottepipe.com
Why Hydronics?
You might ask why the official magazine of the American
Society of Plumbing Engineers [my emphasis] includes a
column on hydronic HVAC systems.
Some answers to that include:
ASPE members are curious about and interested in building systems in general.
Plumbing engineers sometimes are responsible for
designing both plumbing and HVAC systems.
Engineers who deal only with plumbing systems often
work in companies that also have an HVAC division, and
they work on the same projects.
Hydronic and plumbing systems have many similar components and design objectives.
In the next couple of columns Ill discuss some of the similarities and the important differences between plumbing
and hydronic systems.
OCTOBER 2010
Water Quality
A last, very important difference between plumbing and
hydronic systems is the nature of the water. Domestic hot
and cold water plumbing systems must deliver high-quality
water. The health and safety of each building occupant
depend on good-quality water. On the other hand, the
water in a hydronic system often contains suspended particles of rust or dirt. It even may contain antifreeze agents
that would be completely unacceptable in a domestic
plumbing system.
We have a long way to go before we finish this discussion
of similarities and differences. I welcome any comments or
questions you might have on the topic.
Roy Ahlgren is a consultant to the hydronics industry. He
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For the Fourth Consecutive Year, Bradford White remains the tank water heater brand most purchased
by Plumbing and Heating Contractors. We are also, again, the most recommended brand.
The comments above are just a few taken from the 2009 CLEAReport* by Clear Seas Research.
We wanted to let your industry colleagues speak for us. They prove that our commitment to the trade
and our pledge to provide a premium product at the best possible price is the way to do business.
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Plumbing
Engineers
and
Space Comfort
OCTOBER 2010
WWW.PSDMAGAZINE.ORG
THIS is A PLUMBING
ENGINEERING ISSUE
What society represents hydronics or
radiant cooling? It is unreasonable to
expect an HVAC society to promote these
technologies, so years ago, manufacturers teamed up to form the Radiant Panel
Association. While useful and successful,
this is not an engineering society. These
functions should and do fall under plumbing engineering.
How much difference is there between
heating water and piping it to a faucet and
heating water and piping it to a radiant panel?
We have to shake off the false notion that
if something has to do with making people
comfortable, then plumbing engineers cant
touch it. On the contrary, there are many
GLOSSARY
Active solar The use of a mechanical system
to actively capture and convert solar
energy into a usable form of energy
ASHRAE An association of professionals
working in the fields of heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, and refrigeration,
including indoor air quality, building
design and operation, and environmental
control for food processing and industry
(ashrae.org)
ASPE The international organization for professionals skilled in the design, specification, and inspection of plumbing systems
(aspe.org)
Biomass energy The energy embodied in
organic matter that is released when
chemical bonds are broken by microbial
digestion, combustion, or decomposition
British thermal unit A unit of heat equal
to the amount of heat required to raise
1 pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit at
sea level
Chiller A piece of equipment that utilizes
a refrigeration cycle to produce cold
(chilled) water
Cogeneration The simultaneous generation
of both electric power and heat
Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) A
fresh-air delivery system (ventilation) that
is engineered and operated independently of the space heating and cooling
system, often incorporating heat recovery from the exhaust air system
Fan coil An indoor component of a hydronic
system used in place of a furnace/airconditioning unit to provide heating and
cooling at a room level
Geothermal energy Power extracted from
the heat stored in the Earth
Ground coil An array of pipes that transfers
geothermal energy to a fluid
Heat pump A device that transfers heat
from one medium (often cooler) to
another medium (often warmer) for
heating or conversely for cooling
Air-source heat pump A device that
transfer thermal energy between outdoor air and a hydronic loop
Air-to-air heat pump A device that
directs thermal transfer between outdoor
and indoor air
Ground-source heat pump A special
type of water-source heat pump that is
connected to a ground coil
OCTOBER 2010
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Covering a range of sizes from OD 5/16 to
15/16, NEOPERL pressure compensating
flow regulators are easy to insert into your
application device and maintain a constant
flow (flow rates from 0.1 to 30 gpm).
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OCTOBER 2010
WWW.PSDMAGAZINE.ORG
Service Solutions
AcornVac can assist you through the entire construction
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Green Solutions
gallon vacuum flush reduces water consumption
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For more information visit our website at
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Plumbing lines (green pipes) and fluid comfort piping (blue pipes) typically run side by side and often are installed by the same contractor.
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Zurn has a 100-year tradition of developing
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Many of the lines that traditionally separated disciplines are fading, and we are
moving to more holistic building systems.
For example, the move in the fire sprinkler
industry to residential systems includes a
shift toward combined domestic cold water
and fire sprinkler systems.
We also have seen an increase in the
popularity of combination domestic hot
water and space heating systems. The need
for wiser use of resources has forced us
to take a broader view of what it means
to serve our customers. The core group of
manufacturing companies that traditionally
supports plumbing, such as pipe, pump,
water heating, flow, and control companies,
COMING UP
In my next article, I will go into more
design detail regarding fluid comfort
systems, including heating, cooling, and
ventilation requirements; how to design a
space comfort system using fluids; and how
hydronics can help us on the road to net
zero.
Another manufacturers
modulating boiler that
approaches 99%
at its lowest firing rate is
not equivalent to
TURBOPOWER 99.
Settling for that
could cost thousands of
dollars every year in fuel.
OCTOBER 2010
WWW.PSDMAGAZINE.ORG
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OCTOBER 2010
B
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ASPEs
Engineered
Plumbing
Exposition
The Largest Plumbing
Industry Exposition
Under One Roof
The 2010 ASPE Convention and
Engineered Plumbing Exposition is the
worlds largest gathering of plumbing
industry products, equipment, and
services for plumbing engineers,
designers, and contractors under one
roof. More than 300 manufacturers,
suppliers, and consultants will have
technical exhibits featuring everything
from pipes to pumps to fixtures,
from compressors to computers to
consulting services. This year look for
the international exhibitors.
Fi r s t Ti m e i n th e U n ited S tates!
Ever wonder why 2.6 billion people around the world still live without proper drinking
water and sanitation? ASPE is proud to partner with the ICC and the World Toilet Organization to bring the World Toilet Summit to the United States, to educate Americans
on global plumbing practices and problems. The WTS offers tremendous opportunities
to meet with and learn from your international peers, as well as the chance to attend a
special international track of educational sessions (see the education item for details).
PLUS: WTO founder Jack Sim will be making a special keynote speech on
Monday, Nov. 1, to further educate attendees about potable water and sanitation needs around the world.
Diamond
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Mueller Industries
Sloan
SyncroFlo
T&S Brass and Bronze Works
For more information on sponsorship opportunities, call 703.683.8500, ext. 207.
OCTOBER 2010
ASPE has put together a spectacular educational program for the 2010
Convention, including sessions for anyone involved in the plumbing
industryfrom engineers and designers to code officials and inspectors
to master plumbers. Six time blocks offer attendees almost 50 technical
programs from which to chose, including numerous sessions on
international and green topics. Special tracks presented by the ICC and
the WTO will broaden your career horizons as you learn about plumbing
practices around the world.
ASPE Poker
Play ASPE Poker on the show floor for the chance to win
up to $1,000 cash instantly!
T h e A S P E A l m a n ac
Want to earn more prize-drawing tickets? Fill the ASPE
Almanac with stickers from the Sponsors and Patrons
and turn the completed book in for extra grand-prize
and floor-prize tickets!
Pa r t y w i t h t h e E P E E x h i b i to r s
Monday night, November 1, 2010, is Exhibitor Hospitality night. As you
make the rounds of the exhibits at the EPE, ask the exhibitors booth
personnel the time and location of their private party, reception, or
dinner. There are literally dozens and dozens of hospitality suites and
special parties and receptions, so dont be shy!
D i n e a n d Da n ce at t h e A S P E Ba n q u e t
On Tuesday night, November 2, 2010, is the closing banquet. Be sure to
attend, enjoy the food, drink, and festivities, and help honor your peers
as the highest honors and awards the Society can bestow are announced,
and members are welcomed into the Kenneth Wentink College of Fellows.
This is a fun and relaxing opportunity to see old friends and continue to
network. At the banquet, the ASPE 20102012 board of directors will be
introduced and sworn in, followed by an evening of relaxation, entertainment, music, and dancing.
w w w. aspe . o r g/ 2 0 1 0 c o n v e n t i o n a n d epe
Discover Philadelphia
with Our Special Tours
ASPE has arranged numerous adventurous and exciting tours
throughout the convention that will allow you to enjoy and share the
widest possible charm and magic of the city and its vistas. There is
also a special post-convention to the Big Apple. Tours include:
Colonial Philadelphia Experience
The Philadelphia Experience
The Simple Life: Pennsylvanias Amish Country
Philadelphia Unique Mural Arts Tour
Brandywine Valley, Longwood Gardens, and Winterthur
Big Apple Tour (after the Convention)
OCTOBER 2010
Travel Discounts!
F ly i n g to P h i l a d e l p h i a?
American Airlines is providing those attending the
ASPE 2010 Convention and Engineered Plumbing
Exposition with a special additional 5% discount off
their airline reservation. After making your reservation
through the American Airlines online reservation site
(aa.com), just before or when you get to payment, there
will be a place for a discount code. For ASPE, use the
code 79H0AT.
D r i v i n g to P h i l a d e l p h i a o r
Nee d a C a r W h e n Yo u A r e i n To w n ?
Avis Rental Cars has provided a discount code for
ASPE attendees to the 2010 Convention and Engineered Plumbing Exposition. For ASPE attendees, the
AVIS code is G027999. Depending on when you make
your reservation and the type of car you decide to rent,
the discount will range from a low of 5% all the way up
to a high of 25%.
C a r p o o l a n d S av e !
For all full paid registrants to the 2010 Convention
who are also registered at the Marriott Downtown
headquarters hotel for a minimum three nights (if
individuals are staying at one of the other Convention
hotels, a special percentage reduction of the total will
be applied), the Society is offering the following travel
stipend offsets:
1. $150 per vehicle toward gas for those driving their own
vehicle carrying no less than 4 people from their area.
2. $200 per vehicle toward gas for those driving their own
vehicle carrying no less than 6 people from their area.
3. $300 per vehicle toward gas for those driving their own
vehicle carrying 10 or more people from their area.
4. Up to $500 toward a vehicle rental that must be able to
hold 6 persons or more, plus $300 per vehicle toward gas
for those who carry a minimum of 6 people from their area.
5. Up to $1,000 toward a vehicle rental that must be able to
hold 10 persons or more, plus $300 per vehicle toward gas
for those who carry 10 people or more from their area.
6. Up to $1.00 per mile (one-way) for a chartered bus that
must be able to hold 20 persons or more, plus $500 per
vehicle toward gas for those who carry 15 or more from
their area.
w w w. aspe . o r g/ 2 0 1 0 c o n v e n t i o n a n d epe
WWW.PSDMAGAZINE.ORG
EPE Reg
Lab Vac
OCTOBER 2010
WWW.PSDMAGAZINE.ORG
What Is a Laboratory
Vacuum System?
Laboratory vacuum is associated with
several types of laboratory equipment and
processes that generally operate at lessthan-atmospheric pressure. These include:
General use at benches, fume hoods, and
biosafety cabinets
Solvent degassing
Filtration
Freeze dryers
Vacuum concentrators
Rotary evaporators
No codes are directly applicable to laboratory vacuum system design. National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA) standards
applying to healthcare facilities typically
are adopted as the standard. The National
Institutes of Health Design Requirements
Manual for Biomedical Laboratories and
Animal Research Facilities guidelines also
OCTOBER 2010
Lab Vac |
Virtually eliminates
building drain clogs.
Significantly decreases the amount
of sediment entering grease traps
High pressure programmable water
feature removes debris.
Great in kettle lines!
Self-Washing Model
Stops leaks from above grade floor trough
installations! Unique seepage flange clamps
down on a waterproof membrane, creating a
watertight seal. Weep holes allow liquids to
flow into your building drain line.
Fits Sani-Floor
Trough Systems.
Figure 2
Conversion from
scfm to acfm
Standard cubic feet per minute (scfm) is
measured at standard conditions (68F,
29.92 inches mercury/14.7 pounds per
square inch absolute), while actual cubic
feet per minute (acfm) is measured at actual
inlet conditions.
Conversion from scfm to acfm and vice versa
is derived from the gas laws, specifically
Boyles law.
Boyles law states that the volume and pressure of gas will change in inverse proportion to one another, i.e., if the pressure in
a system decreases (higher vacuum), then
the volume the gas occupies will increase
proportionally according to the following
formula:
P1V1 = P2V2
Note: When using this formula, the values
must be in absolute terms (e.g., inches of
mercury absolute or torr).
Example
Convert 20 scfm of air to acfm at a vacuum
level of 25 inches of mercury at sea level.
First convert 25 inches of mercury gauge to
inches of mercury absolute:
SANI-FLOOR, LLC.
phone 866.895.7264
e-mail info@sanifloor.com
www.sanifloor.com
OCTOBER 2010
biological laboratory due to the pumps recirculation water providing a potential environment for biological growth. This could pose
a significant safety hazard to maintenance
personnel.
WWW.PSDMAGAZINE.ORG
| Lab Vac
Table 1 Pressure and vacuum equivalents
Torr
Millibar
psia
in. Hg A
in. Hg V
760
1013
14.696
29.92
0.00
700
933
13.536
27.55
2.36
600
800
11.602
23.62
6.29
506
675
9.786
19.84
10.00
400
533
7.735
15.75
14.17
380
507
7.348
14.95
14.96
200
267
3.867
7.87
22.04
150
200
2.901
5.90
24.01
125
166
2.406
4.90
25.01
100
133
1.934
3.97
25.98
70
93
1.354
2.76
27.16
50
67
0.967
1.97
27.95
40
53
0.773
1.57
28.35
30
40
0.580
1.18
28.64
25.4
34
0.491
1.00
28.92
10
13
0.193
0.394
29.53
1.33
0.019
0.039
29.88
0.50
0.66
0.009
0.019
29.90
20 inches of mercury. At this vacuum pressure, the end-user inlet pressure would be
expected to be approximately 10 to 15 inches
of mercury. Refer to Table 1 for a comparison
of pressure and vacuum equivalent values.
OCTOBER 2010
Lab Vac |
Table 2 Laboratory vacuum inlet simultaneous use factors
(diversity factors), 1 scfm per inlet
Number of Inlets
Minimum scfm
14
100
6 12
80
13 33
60
10
34 80
50
21
81 150
40
40
151 315
35
61
316 565
30
111
566 1,000
25
171
1,001 2,175
20
251
2,176 4,670
15
436
10
701
90-degree
Elbow
Tee (branch)
Tee (run)
Gate Valve
(full open)
Globe Valve
(full open)
18
24
30
46
10
59
12
70
15
87
10
20
114
12
25
143
15
30
10
172
20
40
13
226
OCTOBER 2010
WWW.PSDMAGAZINE.ORG
| Lab Vac
Standard Air
Flow,
cfm (L/min)
1 (28.3)
2 (56.6)
3 (85.0)
4 (113.3)
5 (141.6)
6 (169.9)
7 (198.2)
8 (226.6)
9 (254.9)
10 (283.2)
15 (424.8)
20 (566.4)
25 (708.0)
30 (849.6)
35 (991.2)
40 (1132.8)
45 (1274.4)
50 (1416.0)
60 (1699.2)
70 (1982.4)
80 (2265.6)
90 (2548.8)
100 (2832.0)
125 (3540.0)
150 (4248.0)
175 (4956.0)
200 (5664.0)
TABLE 4 Pressure Loss Data for Sizing Vacuum Pipe, Low Pressure Vacuum System
Pressure Drop per 100 ft (30 m) of Pipe, in. Hg (kPa)
Nominal Pipe Size, in. (DN)
(20)
1 (25)
1 (32)
1 (40)
2 (50)
2 (65)
3 (80)
0.15 (0.5)
0.39 (1.3)
0.10 (0.3)
0.77 (2.6)
0.19 (0.6)
1.24 (4.2)
0.31 (1.1)
0.10 (0.3)
1.78 (6.0)
0.44 (1.5)
0.14 (0.5)
2.40 (8.1)
0.60 (2.0)
0.19 (0.6)
0.77 (2.6)
0.24 (0.8)
0.12 (0.4)
0.95 (3.2)
0.31 (1.1)
0.15 (0.5)
1.17 (4.0)
0.38 (1.3)
0.18 (0.6)
1.38 (4.7)
0.45 (1.5)
0.22 (0.7)
2.80 (9.5)
0.88 (3.0)
0.44 (1.5)
0.12 (0.4)
1.46 (4.9)
0.72 (2.4)
0.19 (0.6)
2.20 (7.4)
1.09 (3.7)
0.29 (1.0)
1.52 (5.1)
0.41 (1.4)
0.14 (0.5)
2.00 (6.8)
0.54 (1.8)
0.18 (0.6)
2.50 (8.4)
0.67 (2.3)
0.22 (0.7)
0.10 (0.3)
0.81 (2.7)
0.27 (0.9)
0.12 (0.4)
0.99 (3.3)
0.33 (1.1)
0.14 (0.5)
1.34 (4.5)
0.45 (1.5)
0.19 (0.6)
1.79 (6.1)
0.60 (2.0)
0.26 (0.9)
2.30 (7.8)
0.77 (2.6)
0.32 (1.1)
0.96 (3.2)
0.41 (1.4)
1.17 (4.0)
0.50 (1.7)
1.71 (5.8)
0.74 (2.5)
2.30 (7.8)
0.99 (3.3)
1.28 (4.3)
1.61 (5.4)
4 (100)
0.07 (0.2)
0.09 (0.3)
0.11 (0.4)
0.14 (0.5)
0.20 (0.7)
0.27 (0.9)
0.35 (1.2)
0.44 (1.5)
OCTOBER 2010
Lab Vac |
Sizing the System
System capacity does not need to be
calculated based on simultaneous use of
all outlets in all rooms or special areas
utilizing vacuum service. Its important
to understand that vacuum will not be
required everywhere at one time and that
diversities exist and are applied from room
to room and across the entire system. Locations and the number of vacuum outlets are
determined by room programming criteria
and any equipment used in each room.
When these considerations have been
satisfied, the engineering aspects of the
system can be pieced together.
When determining nominal flow capacities for general laboratory outlets, typically
1 scfm per outlet is calculated. In some
cases, 0.5 scfm per outlet can be used, but
this should be confirmed with the owners
building standards. The flow rate of 1 scfm is
based on an industry standard used by both
vacuum pump manufacturer sizing criteria
and successful historical data. However,
using 1 scfm per lab outlet is acceptable only
when actual equipment usage or consumption data is not available. When calculating
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OCTOBER 2010
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| Lab Vac
Table 5 Vacuum pump exhaust pipe sizing
Equivalent Pipe Length, feet
50
10
50
2.5
100
150
200
100
150
200
300
400
500
300
400
500
your systems developed length is less than 500 feet, it should work and keep the total system
pressure drop to the maximum stated value of 5 inches of mercury. If the system is expected
to be more than 500 feet in developed length, which is very easy to achieve in a modern
research building,then the pressure drop would need to be less than 1 inch of mercury per
100 feet.
To determine the buildings overall design pressure drop for the piping, the following calculation should be used:
Pressure drop (in. Hg per 100 feet of pipe) =
5 inches of mercury
(System developed length 100)
Typically, pressure-drop tables and charts are based on 100 unit feet of pipe.
The maximum allowable system pressure drop (3 to 5 inches of mercury typically) divided
by the equivalent length of the pipe run yields an equivalent unit pressure drop per 100 linear
feet of pipe.
For example, a system with 500 feet of linear pipe and an additional allowance of 200 feet
for valves and fittings would yield a total developed length of 700 feet. Therefore, the resulting
calculation for an allowable pressure drop of 5 inches of mercury would be:
5 in. Hg
(700 feet 100)
For an allowable pressure drop of 3 inches of mercury, the resulting calculation would be:
3 in. Hg
(700 feet 100)
Therefore, sizing between these two pressure drop ranges will provide a properly sized
vacuum distribution system for this example.
When determining pipe sizes through the smaller individual risers or takeoffs and minor
branch pipes, the diversity factors in Table 2 do not apply. However, pressure drop through
the smaller pipe sizes is critical, and velocities should be limited to 4,000 to 5,000 fpm.
When sizing the buildings vacuum mains and all major branches, the simultaneous use
factor (diversity factor) should be used.
General System
Equipment Layout
When installing vacuum-generation
equipment in mechanical rooms and
penthouses, its important to provide the
required clearances around the equipment
for accessibility and maintenance. The
general clear dimensions around equipment usually are prescribed by the pump
manufacturer and the owners building
standards. When locating the vacuum
pump, sufficient room should be provided
for the following: pump removal, general
pump maintenance, vacuum receiver
maintenance, and vapor liquid separator (inlet knockout pot) maintenance. Its
important that the system incorporates
cleanouts at system low points since heavy
liquids and entrained solids will collect at
these points.
OCTOBER 2010
Lab Vac |
The vacuum pump exhaust always should
be designed to terminate through the roof to
atmosphere. The design of the exhaust piping
shall be as straight and direct as possible with
minimal system bends. The location of the
rooftop exhaust piping should be engineered
so that it is located within the code-prescribed
distances from air-handler fresh-air intakes,
wall-mounted HVAC louvers, building openings, and maintenance personnel walkways.
When sizing and laying out the exhaust piping,
its important to consult with the pump manufacturer for the exhaust pressure drop and
total exhausted cubic feet per minute (cfm).
The exhaust piping sizing criteria is primarily
based on total vacuum pump capacity (scfm),
sizing the exhaust filters, the pump manufacturer should be consulted with respect
to filter micron removal rating, rated flow
capacity, material compatibility, housing
design, and final specifications.
Installing a vapor liquid separator (inlet
knockout pot) prior to the vacuum pump
receiver will prevent entrained droplets, liquids, and particles from reaching the vacuum
pump. It is recommended that all vacuum
receivers and liquid separators be equipped
with ASME-rated safety relief valves to protect
the vessel and building environment from
vessel over-pressurization due to extreme
heat, fire, and internal vapors.
Conclusions
With the need for utility-rich system designs
coupled with system reliability, the performance of the laboratory vacuum system is
nothing less than critical and thus should
receive the proper attention during the
design phase of any project. When designing
a lab vac system, you must consider all of the
system design criteria to design a reliable,
safe, and maintainable system.
Resources
1. Design Requirements Manual for
Biomedical Laboratories and Animal
Research Facilities, National Institutes of
Health, 2008.
2. Dictionary of Terms for Vacuum Science
and Technology, American Vacuum
Society, 2009.
3. Engineered Medical Systems and
Equipment: emse.com
4. Gardner Denver Nash: gdnash.com
5. Dekker Vacuum Technologies:
dekkervacuum.com
6. International Vacuum:
internationalvacuum.com
Acknowledgement
The author thanks Henry Pinto, PE, senior
mechanical engineer at KlingStubbins A/E
and Michael Moses Bates of KlingStubbins
A/E for their technical review of this article
and Lisa Ryan for her stellar patience.
Rich Ryan, CPD, is a Senior Process Plumbing Designer
OCTOBER 2010
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OCTOBER 2010
Now Online!
The technical article you must read to complete the exam is located at
www.psdmagazine.org. Just click on Plumbing Systems & Design Continuing Education Article and Exam at the top of the page. The following
exam and application form also may be downloaded from the website.
Reading the article and completing the form will allow you to apply to
ASPE for CEU credit. If you earn a grade of 90 percent or higher on the
test, you will be notified that you have logged 0.1 CEU, which can be
applied toward CPD renewal or numerous regulatory-agency CE programs.
(Please note that it is your responsibility to determine the acceptance policy
of a particular agency.) CEU information will be kept on file at the ASPE
office for three years.
Note: In determining your answers to the CE questions, use only the material pre-
SD 171
OCTOBER 2010
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ASPE Member
Each examination: $25
Nonmember
Each examination: $35
Signature
Expiration date: Continuing education credit will be given
for this examination through October 31, 2011.
If rebilling of a credit card charge is necessary, a $25 processing fee will be charged.
Q 1.
Q 2.
Q 3.
Q 4.
Q 5.
Q 6.
Q 7.
Q 8.
Q 9.
Q 10.
Q 11.
Q 12.
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
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A
A
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
D
D
D
D
D
D
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D
D
D
Account Number
Signature
Expiration date
Cardholders name (Please print)
Appraisal Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
OCTOBER 2010
ASPE REPORT
Scouts for the past 45 years. Yes, you are mentoring in Boy
Scouts, as well as in other volunteer organizations.
This past week, I was talking to the CEO of a plumbing
product manufacturing company. We were discussing the
people he hires, and he told me that he doesnt look for the
highest grades, although he doesnt discount good grades.
He looks for someone who has been continuously involved
because he finds them to be better employees. This company
has many employees with years of service, and he claims that
he doesnt want a revolving door. Then he mentioned how
well the older guys mentor the younger guys to help them
move up in the company.
I also think back to 1978 when I was newly married,
attending a meeting in New Orleans. I met a gentleman by
the name of Don Dickerson. I knew he would be at the same
meeting, and I was really looking forward to introducing
myself to him. I was a young, 25-year-old plumbing engineer.
Don probably will deny it to this day, but he took me under
his wing and told me I would be a good plumbing engineer.
He always encouraged me to do what was right. He always
checked up on me. If he thought I had screwed up, which I
have done more than once, Don would call me.
Even now, Don contacts me all the time. I enjoy receiving
his phone calls and always enjoy talking to him. Don is still
mentoring me. Don, I thank you for that, and I thank you for
mentoring so many other plumbing engineers.
This is my final column as president of ASPE. I would
like to invite all of you to attend the Biennial Convention in
Philadelphia to see the passing of the torch. As one of my
fellow Chicago Chapter members says, You have to attend
an ASPE Convention at least once. However, be forewarned:
Once you attend one, you will keep coming back.
Be sure to come say hello and give me an opportunity to
be a mentor like the great ones before me. Finally, thank you
for giving me the opportunity of a lifetime to be your Society
president for the past four years.
The Original
www.aspe.org
Hunter Pa ers
OCTOBER 2010
WWW.PSDMAGAZINE.ORG
OCTOBER 2010
ASPE REPORT
www.aspe.org
Meanwhile
While all of this was happening, two other things occurred.
First, I wrote my article for the Annual Report for the
Region Chapter Presidents Meetings in June, and in it I
said that I think the Society should support only one code
in the United States and that I think ICC is the right way to
go. Oops again. Im still lucky to have my head given the
response from the West Coast as to how dare I, the executive director, make such a pronouncement and that the
Uniform Plumbing Code is as good as or even better than
the International Plumbing Code.
Second, we were in the middle of planning the Convention
and EPE, and I had a brilliant idea: How about we invite the
United Association to bring their demonstration trailers to
the Exposition floor so our attendees could get a better idea
OCTOBER 2010
My Lumps
So now I have to take my lumps and try to do everything I
can so the Society is not seen as unfriendly. A few months
after the Convention, I will officially retire from ASPE. I
know many are looking forward to that day. Me too, sort
of. Im looking forward to my new job and work schedule.
However, I will miss ASPE very much.
WWW.PSDMAGAZINE.ORG
an engineering degree course at a university and are probably a mechanical or civil engineer who has learned it all.
So why now bother to become a CPD?
This is a good question, especially since it seems that many
PEs look down on the CPD. All too many, our own members
included, are not very good supporters of the CPD and especially of the recertification that is required. After all, many
PEs, once they have passed the exam in certain states, dont
have to do much to recertify their PE, except pay a fee.
Thankfully, that is finally changing. Many states now are
requiring PEs to get continuing education credits to recertify.
There doesnt seem to be any real standard, but many states
require 24 to 36 credit hours in coursework directly related to
engineering.
Now, with all of that continuing education, you would
think that a PE would be able to pass the CPD Examination
with no trouble and probably, according to many, no real
studying. The Society would like more PEs to become CPDs
for a very simple reason: to show that the CPD is important to
the profession and really means something.
Atlanta Chapter
Michael R. Barksdale
Boston Chapter
John Apostolopoulos, GE
Akindele Ogunbodede, GE
Chicago Chapter
Harry Bloom
Michael F. Hanney
Houston Chapter
Cole Marshburn
Yuridiana Y. Castellon
Uriel Luevano
Andrew P. Luevano
Joven-Cid Dolor Parco
Member at Large
Phoenix Chapter
Robert S. Haines
Matthew Klem
Miami Chapter
Peter M. Dominguez
Portland Chapter
Nashville Chapter
Christopher Loftis
Quebec Chapter
Bruno Pare, GE
Richmond Chapter
Overseas Chapter
Hassan El Mogy, GE
Wisconsin Chapter
Mark Dahl, GE
Philadelphia Chapter
Mike Bilotta
Raymond Armond Foisy
Lawrence P. Matesich
OCTOBER 2010
CLASSIFIEDS/ADVERTISERS INDEX
EI/PEs
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8/30/10 8:12:12 PM
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at the 2010 ASPE Convention and
receive a free ASPE hat with any
purchase more than $10.
Advertisers Index
Acorn Engineering............................................3
www.acorneng.com
AcornVac........................................................ 23
www.acornvac.com
AHR Expo......................................................IBC
www.ahrexpo.com
Armstrong..................................................... IFC
www.armstronginternational.com/brain
Bootz............................................................ 10
www.bootz.com
Bradford White............................................... 19
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Charlotte Pipe........................................... 11,17
www.charlottepipe.com
CISPI............................................................. BC
www.cispi.org
Delta...............................................................1
www.deltafaucet.com/watersense
Hoeptner....................................................... 45
www.freezeflow.com
ISIMET........................................................... 13
www.isimet.com
Kusel............................................................. 37
www.kuselequipment.com
Liberty Pumps................................................ 14
www.libertypumps.com
Moen Commercial........................................... 41
www.moencommercial.com
Neoperl......................................................... 22
www.neoperl.com
ProVent Systems............................................. 15
www.prosetsystems.com
PVI................................................................ 26
www.pvi.com
Sani-Floor...................................................... 34
www.sanifloor.com
Schott.............................................................9
www.us.schott.com/drainline
SeeWater....................................................... 40
www.seewaterinc.com
Sioux Chief.......................................... 13,15,38
www.siouxchief.com
Tsurumi Pump..................................................5
www.tsurumipump.com
TouchSensor................................................... 24
www.levelguardproducts.com
Zoeller.............................................................7
www.zoeller.com
Zurn.............................................................. 25
www.zurn.com
OCTOBER 2010
WWW.PSDMAGAZINE.ORG
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Always look for the CISPI mark because its never this easy to spot noncompliant pipe.
You can always trust the
mark on cast iron pipe and fittings. Members earn the right to put that mark on their products
by submitting to frequent inspections to determine that they conform in design, material, dimensions and markings
to ASTM and CISPI standards. Its a decades-old program thats been approved by NSF. Spotting noncompliant pipe in
the field is never easy. But it is easy to tell when youre buying a product thats been put through a rigorous quality control program,
not just by the manufacturer, but also by CISPI and NSF. Simply look for the
mark.