---------------------------------------------- PART 1

----------------------------------------------1, Inclination/ Obligation of morals

2, Metaphysical - a priori
3, Focusing on intention, not experiences
-> Impossible to do because we can't know what someones intentions
are
-> Experiences cannot guide us to an understanding of morals
-> Experience is unfit arbiter for the moral laws.
4, REASON alone can dictate what the moral laws are.
-> Universal Validity/ without Self-Contradiction
5, Maxim: is a subjective/ motivating principle
6, Moral law/ laws of freedom >< Laws of Nature
-> How things ought to be >< how things are in nature
For Moral Law: How people should act in society (not have to follow) ->
we have a choice/ moral freedom
7, Imperative is a command, expressing a principle for the will. The
will can follow or not. But we ought to follow them. Two kinds of
Imperative:
8, Hypothetical Imperative (HI): Focus on the conditions to achieve
an end/goal. The actions are taken for some purposes.
9, Categorical Imperative (CI): Good in themselves. For Kant, the
categorical imperative is the a priori that issues us a principle that is
good in itself.
(CI1): Act only according to that maxim that you can will as a
universal law.
If the result of a maxim is a reductio ad absurdum, it cannot be an
universal law.
- For example, someone is despairing and wants to commit suicide. If
we try to universalize that, everyone will kill himself or herself because
every person will have bad times, and the earth will be destroyed.
- For example, borrowing money that you can't pay back.
- Being lazy, do not achieve full potentials.
- Living selfish, denying community.

(CI2): Act in such a way that you treat humanity as an end and
not a means.
-> Don't use people/ exploit them. Treat them with dignity. They are
ends and good in themselves, not to achieve pleasure or wealth.
10, Philosophy of Deontology: (The study of duty and obligation):
Kant is one of them: Expecting the rights/ freedom of all individuals.
They should all be treated with dignity as ends themselves.
11, Egoism: No matter what the circumstances, virtually no one's true
intention is on moral ground and a sense of duty. Most of them have
other interests and desires.
We can never see intention; we can only see results.
-> We cannot derive a universal principle from experiences.
---------------------------------------------- PART 2
----------------------------------------------1, Autonomy >< Hetoronomy
2, For Kant in ethics, the good will is the only end.
3, We all have dignity and should treat humanity as end in itself.
4, We need to prescribe rules for the will, legislate instructions for it.
5, Categorical imperatives are rules that are good in themselves.
6, Kingdom of Ends -> regulative ideal
-> the ideal society for Kant
-> We evaluate policies and laws according to this standard: Is it
getting closer to Kingdom of ends? If it is approaching, it is just/
morally defensible.
-------------------------------------------- Book 3
----------------------------------------------------1, Laws of Nature - Heteronomy
2, Laws of Freedom - Autonomy