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Stress
Stress
Stressors
Distress
Eustress
Causes of Stress
What causes stress?
o Catastrophes
o Major life changes
o Hassles
o Environmental Stressors
Catastrophe
Major life changes
o Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
o College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS)
Sample Items from the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
Causes of Stress
Hassles
Environmental Stressors
What, me worry?
Psychological stressors: Everyday Sources of Stress
Four sources of stress:
o Pressure
o Uncontrollability
o Frustration
o Conflict
Everyday Sources of Stress
Pressure
Uncontrollability
o the less control a person has, the greater the degree of
stress
Frustration
o External
o Internal
Possible reactions to frustration
Persistence
Aggression
Displaced aggression
Escape or withdrawal
Conflict
Conflict
o Approach-approach conflict
o Avoidanceavoidance conflict
o Approachavoidance conflict
o Multiple approachavoidance conflict
Bodily Reactions to Stress
Autonomic nervous system:
o sympathetic system
o parasympathetic system
Bodily Reactions to Stress
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
o Alarm
o Resistance
o Exhaustion
Stress Duration & Illness
Stress and the Immune System
Heart disease: stress puts people at higher risk for coronary
heart disease (CHD)
Diabetes: type 2 diabetes is associated with excessive weight
gain
Cancer: stress increases malfunction of natural killer (NK) cell
Cognitive Factors of Stress
Cognitive appraisal approach (Lazarus)
o primary appraisal
o secondary appraisal
Situation or
event
Primary
appraisal
Perceive
d threat
Secondary
appraisal
No
threat
perceive
d
No
stress
Perception of the
inability to cope
with the threat
Perception of
the ability to
cope with the
threat
stress
Use of existing
coping
resources
Remaining
stressed
o Concentrative meditation
o Receptive meditation
Cultural Influences on Stress
Different cultures perceive stressors differently
Coping strategies will also vary from culture to culture
Religiousness and Stress
People with religious beliefs also have been found to cope better
with stressful events
Become More Optimistic
When a bad mood strikes, stop and think about what just went
through your head
When youve recognized the negative statements, treat them as
if they came from someone else
Argue with those thoughts
Bonus: ____________________________
How to Make Stress your Friend