International Science and Investigation Journal

Vol. 2(3)

International Science and Investigation Journal

ISSN: 2251-8576

2013, 2(3)

Journal homepage: www.isijournal.info

Received 28 July 2013; accepted 1 September 2013

The Impact Assessment of Oil Spillage and Trace Metal Assessment on Groundwater in Baruwa,
Lagos Southwest and Nigeria
*

Rafiu. B. Adegbola 1, Saheed. O. Oseni 1and Abdulrafiu, O.Majolagbe2.

1
Department of Physics, Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos Nigeria
2
Department of Chemistry, Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos Nigeria
*Corresponding Author, email: adegbolaji@yahoo.com ,+2348023070281

ABSTRACT
Electrical resistivity surveys and trace metal assessment of groundwater were carried out in Baruwa area of
Alimosho Local Government Area, Lagos-State, Nigeria. The study is aimed at determining the extent of
oil spill impact on the groundwater quality of the area. The geophysical acquisition technique involved 2-D
resistivity survey using the Wenner array configuration with multi-electrode system. The resistivity data
from the traverses were used to generate a 2-D resistivity structure using the DIPRO software. The polluted
zone was delineated as an area of high resisitivities (350> m) within the study area. The concentration of
all other trace metals investigated in groundwater, except for the zinc were higher than the WHO allowable
limits in drinking water. The enrichment factors of Pb, Cd, Ni, Fe and Zn found present in top soil were all
less than unit ( < 1.0 ) and pollution load index (0.06) showed that the impact on groundwater is still at
contamination level and top soil in study area is in good state. The 2-D resistivity structure shows the
subsurface layers up to a depth of 5m indicating the areas of high resistivity (probably due to oil spillage),
which might have affected the agricultural produce and groundwater development in the study area.
Keynote: Electrical resistivity, mapping, oil spill, enrichment factors, pollution load index

Introduction
Oil spillage in recent times, has been a threat to human life, marine life, wild life and
microorganism in the soil, it has seriously threatened human existence. Statistics has
shown that more than 2.4 million barrels of oil have spilled into the creeks and soil of
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some parts of Nigeria in the past 30 years. (Anaba Innocent, 2010). Oil spillage is one of
the major sources of pollution in environment, including soil, surface and groundwater.
The top soil is the first component of the ecosystem that receive the load of contaminant
and which are usually greater that in the surrounding sub-urban or rural areas, therefore,
soil is an important sink for contaminants (Alloway 1990).
Soil contaminant is a source of toxic chemicals ,both organics and inorganics including
trace metals in soil. These toxic chemicals are often absorbed by plants or trees. Chemical
composition deposition of metals, and Competition for free cation exchange sites are
some of the factors that guide the uptake efficiency of metals by plants (Majolagbe et al.,
2010). The use of tree bark as herbs, eating raw fruits without thorough washing is a
common practice particularly in Africa, these constitute direct route of metals to
metabolic pathway of man. Trace metals indeed play important roles in biochemical
processes, being essential component of molecular structure therefore participate in
processes such as enzyme regulation and gene expression. However, the concentrations
of contaminant may be high enough to be of risk to human health and /or ecosystem. The
plume of contaminant can also percolate the sub soil and affect the surrounding aquifer.
Various other major sources of pollution in groundwater include leachate from municipal
refuse dumpsite, industrial discharge (liquid waste), domestic waste, salt water intrusion,
application of agricultural chemicals, pipeline vandalisation and geological formations
(Adegbola et al., 2012). Organic pollution of groundwater limits its use, causes economic
loss, environmental problems, and decreases the agricultural productivity of the soil
(Wang et al., 2008).
Oil spillage occurs due to a number of causes including corrosion of pipelines and tanks,
sabotage and production operation (Nwankwo and Emujakporue, 2012). Recent
hydrocarbon contamination produces high resistivity anomalies while matured oil
contamination produces low resistivity anomalies, several months after the spill has
occurred; oil contamination creates a low resistivity zone (Atekwana et al., 2001).
Application of the resistivity method for the geological characterization of polluted zones
was made in different types of geological environment and industrial enterprises
(Shevnin et al., 2003; Delgado-Rodriguez, et al., 2006). The resistivity contrast between
an oil polluted area and surrounding rock depends on the spill age, therefore the age of
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spill influences the selection and optimization of the applied technology (Shevnin et al.,
2003).
Resistivity sounding technology is applied for the characterization of oil-polluted area. It
should be noted that contaminated soil resistivity has poor correlation with pore water
resistivity ( Atekwana et al, 2003) and this was corroborated by induced polarization
measurement in laboratory where changes of soil resistivity resulted in an increase of
superficial resistivity rather than electrolytic resistivity (Abdel AAl et al,2004). Oil
pollution in the ground changes the resistivity of the ground water and the surrounding
rocks, exhibiting as a zone of low resistivity (Shevnin et al., 2003).
Electrical resistivity imaging has been a veritable tool in delineating bedrock depression,
fracture, synclinal water accumulation zone and aquifer layer (Ayolabi et al., 2008). It is
sensitive to ground water quality and hydrocarbon in a porous medium (Burger, 1992).
However, a range of fast automated multi-electrode and multi-channel data acquisition
systems now exist that allows flexibility in the acquisition of geoelectrical resistivity data
(Barker, 1981; Stummer and Maurer, 2001).
The use of multi-electrode/multi-channel systems for data acquisition in geoelectrical
resistivity surveys has led to a dramatic increase in field productivity as well as increased
quality and reliability of subsurface resistivity information obtained (Aizebeokhai, 2010).

Leakages from both underground and surface storage tanks of petroleum products
constitute a notable source of pollution within Lagos metropolis (Malomo and Wint,
2003).
Baruwa oil pollution was noticed in 1994, which has spread over an area of 81.44
hectares. The spillage of petroleum products occurred from the valve pit on the Atlas
Cove to Mosimi depot pipeline. These pipelines are dedicated to individual products such
as petrol, kerosene and diesel oil (Onabowale, 2010).
Therefore, the study sought to have an image of the subsurface and the effect/extent of
the contamination on the structure of the subsoil, by conducting a 2-D geoelectrical
resistivity survey using the wenner array method with a multi-electrode system, as well as
physicochemical evaluation of

groundwater quality to assess the impact of oil spillage.

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LOCATION OF STUDY AREA

The study area is the pipeline road in Baruwa community, Alimosho local government of
Lagos state. It lies between latitudes 6"36.12N and longitude 3"16.40E (Figure 1.0). It is
drained by Lagos lagoon, Badagry creek and Lekki lagoon. The surface geology of the
study area is made up of the Benin formation which is mainly sedimentary consisting of
thick bodies of yellowish and white sands (Jones and hockey, 1964). It is overlain by
considerable earth composed of starred regolith formed by weathering and ferrigutation
of the rock . Lagos state lies within the recent sediments formed as a result of mechanical
deposition of sediments. The sediments consists of unconsolidated sands, clays and muds
along the coastal areas which also consist of coarse, clayey, unsorted sands with clay
lenses. The sands are in part cross-bedded and show transitional to continental
characteristics. (Enu, 1990 and Nton, 2001).
Four traverses were made with two parallel to the observed buried pipeline and another
adjoining two profiles. Traverses 1 and 2 are 172m long with 120m spacing while
traverses 3 and 4 are 112m long with about 55m spacing (Figure 1.0).

Figure 1.0:Schematic of the study area

METHOD
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The electrical resistivity method involves the measurement of the apparent resistivity of
soils and rock as a function of depth or position; it has proven to be effective and gives a
better lateral and vertical view of the subsurface layer (Ayolabi et al., 2009).
The most common electrical methods used in environmental investigations are vertical
electrical sounding (VES) and 2-D resistivity profiling.
The resistivity profiling (Wenner array) is relatively sensitive to vertical changes in the
subsurface resistivity below the centre of the array (Loke, 1999). The signal strength is
inversely proportional to the geometric factor used to calculate the apparent resistivity
value for the array. Among the common arrays, the Wenner array has the strongest signal
strength. It is good in resolving vertical changes (i.e. horizontal structures).
In this study, Electrical resistivity method using Wenner array technique (multi electrode
system) was used for two-dimensional imaging of the subsurface. The electrodes were
arranged such that the separation between them is same and the potential differences
were taken using the SAS 4000 ABEM Terrameter.
The electrical resistivity techniques are capable to show changes in the resistivity values
of the compounds during a period of time; therefore it is applicable in detecting
environmental pollution

Figure 2.0: Principle of resistivity

measurement
The system is based on the injection of a
known electrical current value in the
ground (C1 and C2) and then the potential
distribution is measured (P1 and P2)
along the survey line (Figure 2.0).

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The mathematical results becomes

where K

is the geometric factor that will acquire a particular value for a given electrode
spacing. For the Wenner array, all of the separations are equal to a constant value a
hence, geometric factor assumes the simple form K= 2a.

Figure 3.0: A multi-electrode resisitivity pseudo-section (modified from Sirhan et

al., 2011).
Many multi electrode array configurations were employed to acquire more accurate
measurements in which data resolution is improved (Figure 3.0). Meanwhile, programs
are used to eliminate the interference of natural and cultural noises, thus reliable data
extracted can be interpreted in good manners. Four 2D resistivity imaging profile lines

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were carried out at strategic locations in the area; the limitations were due to unaligned
building structures within the environment.
Traverse 1and 2 were drawn along the direction of the buried pipe (Figure 1.0) to cover a
distance of 172m with equal electrode spacing of 3m, thus, a total of 428 measurements
were obtained. Also traverse 3 and 4 covered a distance of 112m with electrode spacing
of 2m.
The values of the apparent resistivities and electrode spacing were entered in a text file
for processing using DIPRO software (version 4.0). The program operates
mathematically based upon the smoothness constrained least squares method (Loke and
Barker, 1996).
The operation of the DIPRO program is to harmonize the bulk data into a series of
horizontal and vertical rectangular blocks with each block containing a number of
records. Calculating the resistivity of each block generates an apparent resistivity of
pseudo section of each block.

Chemical analyses
a). Groundwater
Twenty (20) active wells were sampled in a way to ensure true representation of the study
area. Samples were drawn with the aid of locally made plastic drawer which has been
prewashed with acid and soaked in deionised water. 0.75 L samples, acidified with 1.5
ml concentrated HNO3 (analar), are used for metal analyses (APHA, 1998). The plastic
bottle were previously washed and soaked overnight with 5% HNO3 solution (Protano,
2000). Samples were preserved at 4oC till the time of analyses. Blanks were treated the
same way as sample.
Trace metals Pb, Cd, Fe, Ni and Zn. were analysed, employing Flame Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometry (Buck scientific 210VGP model). (ASTM, 1982; USEPA, 1983 and
APHA, 1998). This involved digesting a known volume of water sample with
HNO3(analytical grade). The digested sample was filtered into a 50 ml standard flask,
made up to mark with distilled-deionized water and stored in a nitric acid prewashed
polyethylene bottle in the refrigerator prior to the instrumental analysis. The water
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extracts were analyzed for metals (Pb, Cd, Fe, Ni and Zn) by atomic absorption
spectrometer. Each sample was analyzed in duplicate, so as to ascertain the validity of the
method and the average of the results reported. General laboratory quality assurance
measures were observed to prevent sample contamination and instrumental errors.

b).Top soil
Representative samples were collected randomly between (0 15 cm) top soil from ten
(10) different locations covering the entire study area. In addition, two representative
samples were also collected from a remote corner in faculty of management science,
Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos as controls.
The top soil samples were air dried and pulverized using clean laboratory mill, then sieved
through 2mm aperture. 2.0 g of pulverized soil sample was taken in a 250ml beaker and
moistened with few drops of deionized water to prevent loss by spattering during
digestion. The sample was digested with 10ml of concentrated HNO3 on a hotplate in a
fume cupboard to volume of about 3ml. The residues obtained were further digested with
a mixture of concentrated acids containing 5ml each of HCl, HNO3 and HC1O4 at room
temperature for 10 minutes until the solution was brought to a final volume of about 5ml
on a hot plate in fume cupboard. The digest was allowed to cool and filtered into a 100 ml
volumetric flask using whatman No.1 filter paper. It was then made up to mark with the
deionised water. The control samples were also treated with the same procedure as above.

RESULTS
Two dimensional (2D) resistivity pseudo section and 2-D resistivity structures were
generated from the processing of the 2-D resistivity survey data.
The pseudo section plots were obtained by contouring the apparent resistivity values, as a
convenient way to display the data and gives a very approximate picture of the true
subsurface resistivity distribution (Loke, 1999). It is useful as an initial guide for further
quantitative interpretation and data coverage based on the array type. The geoelectric
properties of the subsurface were then compared with some electrical resistivity values to
define the possible lithology of the environment (Adegbola et al., 2012). The variations
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of resistivity values were depicted by the resistivity scale bar and were given in twodimensional pattern; horizontal along a traverse and in the vertical direction through the
subsurface.

TRAVERSE 1:
Resistivity distribution both lateral and vertical within the profile is as shown in Figure
4.0. Traverse one covered about 72m, which probed to a depth of 5m. The 2-D resistivity
structure showed three to four layers with varying resistivity in color-code.

Figure 4.0(a& b): 2-D resistivity structure and field data pseudo section for traverse 1.
From the field data pseudo section (Figure 4.0a), there are three distinct layers, the first
layer is described as the topsoil and it has resistivity value of less than 120m. The
second layer is a thin layer with resisitivity in the range 120-200 m. The third layer has
resisitivity from 200 m and above. The 2D resisitivity structure had been delineated
into three geological structure (Figure 4.0b), the first layer is designated with color blue
having resistivity values of less than 120m with varying thicknesses that range from 0
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to 1.2m. This layer, which is the topmost layer composed mainly of lateritic/clay
materials. The second layer has resistivity in the range of 150 to 300m, which is
indicated in green/yellow color. This sediment is observed with varying thicknesses
from 0.5 to 1.0m. The layer probably consists of material made of sandy clay. The third
layer is composed of sand formation, with resistivity value ranging from 300 to 500m,
which could be a possible aquiferous zone, it varies in thickness up to 4m, It is loose,
porous and may possibly be the channel for hydrocarbon contamination. The sediment
within this range of resistivity is assumed to be the polluted zone.These sediments
assumed polluted were observed to have migrated deeper into the subsoil, which might
have turned the groundwater within that location unwholesome.
TRAVERSE 2:
The result of 2-D resistivity structure as shown in Figure 4.1 below reveals that there are
three geoelectric layers present in the subsurface along the profile with resistivity value
ranging from 100m to 500m over a spread of about 70m, which probed to a depth of
5m.

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Figure 4.1(a & b) 2-D resistivity structures and field data pseudosection for traverse 2.
The first layer taken as the topsoil, depicted as blue color, has resistivity value less than
150m. It is dominated by sediments composed mainly of clay/lateritic materials of
varying thickness down the profile. The second layer (intermediate zone) is composed of
sandy clay with resistivity value in the range 150m to 300m. It varies between 0.5 to
1m in thickness down the profile. The third layer has resistivity value ranging from
300m to 500m. It is composed of sand formation with varying thicknesses up to 4m
down the profile. This is porous and permeable, the existence of high resistivity value
signals likely hydrocarbon contamination. The extent cannot be exact but might have
extended beyond the maximum depth delineate in the profile as depicted in the feature of
the polluted zone.
TRAVERSE 3:
The result of the Pseudo section (Figure 4.2a) reveals that, there are three geoelectric
layers present in the subsurface along traverse 3. The first layer consisted of topsoil with
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resistivity of less than 90 m. The second layer was sandy clay with resistivity value in
the range 90-200 m. The third layer composed of sandy materials with resistivity value
from 200-300 m. The result of the 2-D resistivity structure shows that four geological
layers characterize the subsurface.

Figure 4.2 (a & b) 2-D resistivity structures and field data pseudo section for traverse 3.
The first layer is the topsoil, the resistivity of this, range between 100-150 m. Its
thickness vary from the surface down to about 1m. A closer look at the layer and its
homogeneity delineated a possible path of the buried pipe. An intermediate resistivity
zone that composed of sandy clay materials bounded this with resistivity values in the
range 150 350 m and 1m in thickness. The last layer consisted of sand formation, a
signature of an aquifer. The high

resistivity region in the range 350-500m was

observed from 1.5m depth, though the unconfined aquifer zone could have been a source
of well water, however, the porosity and the permeability of the layer permit the
infiltration of the pollutant and thus make the water in that environment unwholesome.
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TRAVERSE 4:
The interpreted section of the traverse four shows a similar result that was obtained in
traverse three. Three layers represent the profile with maximum resistivity of 200 m.
The first layer is the topsoil; it has the least resistivity in the range 20-50 m. The second
layer has resistivity in the range 50-120 m that probably consists of sandy clay
formation and has varying thickness, maximum of 2m. The last layer is more resistive
than the first and second layer; it composed of sediment of sand material having
resistivity between 120-200 m, this spread along the traverse with thickness in the
range 1-5m.

Figure 4.3 (a & b) 2-D resistivity structures and field data pseudo section for traverse 4.
The low resistivity region observed between stations 19 to 28 from about 1m below the
surface denotes a possible path of the buried pipe (Figure 4.3b). Also, high resistivity
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distributions were observed to spread both laterally and vertically down the profile from
station 28. The sediments in these region has resistivity in the range 350 to 500 m.
The study vindicated that the porosity of the sediment made the filtration of the pollutant
possible hence the possibility of its spread and this could have made the well water
within the environment unwholesome.
Hydrogeochemical analyses
The mean values of trace metals in groundwater analysed is presented in Table 1.0 and
trace metals in top soil is shown in Table 2.0.All the

trace metals analysed in

groundwater samples were found present at varying concentration. Except for zinc, the
level of all trace metals were above the allowable limits by World Health Organisation
standards for drinking water. The possible sources of cadmium and lead in groundwater
include oil pollution, urban run off, use of agricultural chemicals on farms and leachates
from refuse dumpsite. Smoking of cigarettes also constitute another source of cadmium.
The concentration level of 0.03mg/L Cd observed was above the WHO acceptable limit
of 0.003mg/L of cadmium in drinking water and it portends great health risk to man.
Cadmium is carcinogen, though there is no evidence of carcinogenicity on oral route.
High concentration of Cd leads to cancer of kidney, development of hypertension and
vascular disease. It also inhibits enzyme such as ATP and amylase. The average level of
concentrations of lead in the groundwater samples of the areas under investigation was
0.108 mg/L as shown in Table 1.0. Lead is generally toxic; it accumulates in kidney and
skeleton. Infant, children up to the age 6 years and pregnant women are most susceptible
to its adverse effects. It inhibits the activity of d-amino laevulinic dehydrase thereby
affecting the intelligence quotient in infant, renal tumor and carcinogenicity in adults are
some other side effects (WHO, 2006). The element Iron is the most abundant element in
Earth crust. Probably, this explains the high mean value of Fe (7.97 mg/L) in the
groundwater. The breakdown of casing and pump often lead to unnecessary high level of
iron red water. Other major sources of iron include nature of rock which houses the
groundwater, leachates from refuse dump, industrial waste, and seepage from septic tank.
Amadi et al. (1989) pointed out that pH is an important factor that could influence the
solubility and resultant concentration of iron. The geology of the area could also be
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additional source of the element iron (Majolagbe et al 2011). Iron is an essential element
in human nutrient; it helps in formation of haemoglobin. It also helps during pregnancy
and lactation. However the toxicological study has established a link between accidental
exposure or and iron overload and idiopathic hemochromatosis as well as excess dietary
iron (Jacob and Wordwood, 1981).The pollution index for the trace metals under
consideration revealed pollution trend as Pb > Ni > Fe > Cd > Zn as shown in Figure
1.0.

Topsoil analyses
The topsoil is the first component of the ecosystem that receive the load of
contaminant and which are often greater than that in the surrounding sub-urban or rural
areas, as a result of anthropogenic activities. All elements investigated were found
present in the soil samples analysed, however, they were present at concentration lower
than the United State Environmental Protection Agency allowable limits as shown in
Table 2. The trend or sequence of metal concentration in the soil analysed was Fe >> Zn
>> Pb > Ni > Cd. Top soil is usually the choice in a metal pollution like this because it
covers the zone in which roots of plants such a cassava, maize and vegetables absorb
water and minerals. Contamination factor (CF) and pollution load index (PLI) are two of
the common indices used to analyze soil data (Sutherland et al., 2000; Kamau, 2002;
Valds et al., 2005; Ghrefat and Yusuf, 2006).
contamination of soil while

Contamination factor expresses the

the pollution load index is often employed to reveal

certain trends on the nature of pollutants in soil or sediments and its origin. It also helps
to show the extent of deterioration a study site is. This type of measurement, has however
been defined by various authors with different names, for example, as the numerical sum
of contamination factor (Hakason, 1980), and as arithmetic of mean of analysed pollutant
by Abrahim (2005). It further suggests the input from other anthropogenic sources. The
contamination factor values for the trace metals analysed are less than unity (< 1.0)
implied that the impact of oil leakage and vandalisation is in low contamination. The
pollution load index value of the study area was 0.06 implying that the topsoil found in
the study area is still not adversely affected by trace metals

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Table 1.0: Concentration of trace metals (mg/L) in groundwater samples in Baruwa

Parameters Iron

Lead

Cadmium

Nickel

Zinc

Mean

7.97

0.108

0.03

0.21

0.41

Range

0.12-

0.0-

0.028-

0.182-

0.024-

42.96

0.86

0.047

0.230

0.442

SD

15.08

0.30

0.008

0.019

0.19

CV

189.21

27.3

26.67

9.05

112.5

WHO

0.3

0.001

0.003

0.002

3.0

Table 2.0: Concentration of trace metals (g/g) in top soil samples in Baruwa
Parameters Iron

Lead

Cadmium

Nickel

Zinc

1.05

0.03

0.26

5.0

Mean

350.96

Range

161.90 - 0.00-

0.013-

0.123-

0.00-

693.9

3.27

0.107

4.816

2.9

SD

153.04

1.32

0.06

0.12

1.02

CV

45.97

17.5

27.9

46.15

20.0

2.30

1700

300

2800

USEPA

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Table 3.0: Contamination factors in top soil samples in Baruwa

Parameter

Contamination factor

Iron

0.11

Lead

0.02

Cadmium

0.14

Nickel

0.02

Zinc

0.15

Figure 5.0 : pollution index of trace metals in groundwater of Baruwa

Conclusion
The study has examined the possible effect of oil spillage on subsurface texture and trace
metal pollution in groundwater in Baruwa community. The 2D electrical resistivity
method is effective for geoelectrical characterization of contaminated zones. Three
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distinctive zones have been identified in this study from the 2-D resistivity structure: the
low resistivity

zone, the intermediate zone and the high resistivity zone. The low resistivity zones are the
possible lateritic/clay regions. This zone has resistivity of less than 150m. The
intermediate zone also has resistivity values between 150m and 350m, this zone is
characterized by sandy clay though close to surface and there is tendency for
contamination. The high resistivity zones have resistivity of above 350 m. It is
composed of sand formation, which is probably an aquiferous zone; however its porosity
and permeability make it susceptible to pollution. Except for the zinc the concentration of
all other trace metal were higher than the WHO allowable limits in drinking water.
Although, all trace metals investigated were found present in top soil, the enrichment
factor and pollution load index showed that the impact on groundwater is still at
contamination level and top soil in study area is having good state. This suggests other
possible sources of pollutants in groundwater. The implication is that both the subsoil and
groundwater in the area investigated might have been affected to a varying degree by the
oil spill. It is further evidenced by the complaint of the residents of the community having
low yield of agricultural produce in the area and not being able to use the water from
their wells for drinking purpose, due to its physical state.

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