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ASSIGNMENT-1
Q- Give the complete organizational structure of civil aviation of the
Nation. Enlist and enumerate the functions of each of the
organizations/institutions in this overall structure. Show also the flow
of administrative/regulatory control among these organizations.
Ans- The Ministry of Civil Aviation of the Government of India is the
nodal Ministry responsible for the formulation of national policies and
programmes for development and regulation of Civil Aviation. The
ministry is under the charge of Pusapati Ashok Gajapati Raju, assisted
by minister of state G. M. Siddeshwara.[1] The Secretary is the head of
the Ministry and is assisted by one Additional Secretary & Financial
Adviser, three Joint Secretaries, seven officers of the level of Director /
Deputy Secretary / Financial Controller and ten officers of the level of
Under Secretary. It is located at Rajiv Gandhi Bhavan,Safdarjung
Airport, New Delhi.
The ministry has following departments:
DGCA(DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF CIVIL AVIATION):
Directorate General of Civil Aviation is the regulatory body governing
the safety aspects of civil aviation in India. Some of its functions are:
1.Registration of civil aircraft;
2.Formulation of standards of airworthiness for civil aircraft registe
red in India and grant of certificates of airworthiness to such aircraft;
3.Licensing of pilots, aircraft maintenance engineers and flight engi
neers, and conducting examinations and checks for that purpose;
4.Licensing of air traffic controllers;
5.Certification of aerodromes and CNS/ATM facilities;
6.Maintaining a check on the proficiency of flight crew, and also of
other operational personnel such as flight dispatchers and cabin crew;

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7.Granting of Air Operators Certificates to Indian carriers and regu

lation of air transport services operating to/from/within/over India
by Indian and foreign operators, including clearance of scheduled a
nd non-scheduled flights of such operators
8.Conducting investigation into incidents and serious incidents involving
aircraft upto 2250kg AUW and taking accident prevention formulatio
n of implementation of Safety Aviation Management Programmes

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Bureau of Civil Aviation Security:

BCAS is the regulatory authority for civil aviation security in India. It is
headed by an officer of the rank of Director General of Police and is
designated as Commissioner of Security (Civil Aviation).
FUNCTIONS: Laying down Aviation Security Standards in accordance
with Annex 17 to Chicago Convention of ICAO for airport operators,
airlines operators, and their security agencies responsible for
implementing AVSEC measures, Monitoring the implementation of
security rules and regulations and carrying out survey of security needs.
ORG ANISAT IONAL
CHART

Commission of Railway Safety: The Commission of Railway Safety,

working
under
the
administrative
control
of
the Ministry of Civil Aviation of the Government of India, deals with
matters pertaining to safety of rail travel and train operation and is
charged with certain statutory functions as laid down in the Railways

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Act
(1989),
which
are
inspectorial, investigatory & advisory nature.

of

an

Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (India): It conducts

investigations and gave information to the investigations established by
the Court of Inquiry and the Committee Inquiry.
AAI:
The Airports Authority of India (AAI) under the Ministry of Civil Aviation
is responsible for creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil
aviation
infrastructure
in
India
The Government of India constituted the International Airports
Authority of India (IAAI) in 1972 to manage the nation's international
airports while the National Airports Authority (NAA) was constituted in
1986 to look after domestic airports.[1] The organisations were merged
in April 1995 by an Act of Parliament and was named as Airports
Authority of India (AAI).Airports Authority of India (AAI) manages a total
of 125 Airports, which include 11 International Airports, 08 Customs
Airports, 81 Domestic Airports and 25 Civil Enclaves at Defence Airfields.
AAI also provides Air Traffic Management Services (ATMS) over entire
Indian
Air
Space
and
adjoining
oceanic
areas:

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ASSIGNMENT 2
Q- Give examples of aircrafts for each type of landing gear
configuration indicating the gear foot print taken from the aircraft
design manual.
Ans- Aircrafts are generally supported by a nose gear and two main
landing gears located on the wing area on each side. Various types of
configurations are available for determining a particular gear. Usually it
is assumed that the landing gear supports most of the load. Hence the
landing gear has to be more efficient than the nose gear. The following
different types of gear configurations are given in FAA publications.

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Now there can be different combinations of nose and landing gear

depending on the aircraft requirements. Some of these are:

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Examples of gear configurations in popular aircrafts:

AIRCRAFT

NO. OF WHEELS AND GEAR CONFIGURATION

A318, A319, A320, A321

6 wheels [1x2]+[2x2]

A300, A310, A330

10 wheels [1x2]+[2x4]

A340-200/300

12 wheels [1x2]+[2x4+1x2]

A380

22 wheels [1x2]+[2x4+2x6]

Boeing 737

6 wheels [1x2]+[2x2]

Boeing 747 Jumbo Jet

18 wheels [1x2]+[4x4]

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Gear Footprints of some of the above aircrafts:

A-380

A340-200

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B737-200

B747

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ASSIGNMENT-3
Q- (i) Prepare payload versus range relationship curve for aircraft with
following characteristics
Maximum structural takeoff weight

99880 kg

Maximum structural landing weight

89892 kg

Zero fuel weight

82860 kg

Operating empty weight

56982 kg

Maximum structural payload

25878 kg

Fuel capacity

34232 kg

Reserve fuel requirement: 1.25 hr in en route service

Average route speed: 869 km/hr
Average fuel burn rate: 6.43 kg/km
Ans: First we calculate reserve fuel required if payload is nonzero,
Reserve fuel = 1.25*869*6.43 = 6985 kg
For calculating range at maximum payload, we have:
Maximum structural takeoff weight = 99880 kg
Zero fuel weight = 82860 kg
Hence trip fuel = 99880-82560-Reserve fuel = 10335 kg
Hence Range(payload maximum)= 10335/6.43 = 1607.3 km

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Now we can increase this range if we decrease the payload and

adhering to maximum structural takeoff weight.
Fuel capacity+OEW+payload = MSTW
34232+56982+P = 99880, P=8666 kg
Trip fuel = 34232-6985 = 27247 kg
Range(maximum) = 27247/6.43 = 4237.5 km
Also, to find ferry range we equate fuel capacity to trip fuel
Hence Range(ferry) = 34232/6.43 = 5323.8 kg
With the above values Payload vs Range graph is plotted in excel:
Payload vs Range curve for the given data
30000
25878

25878

25000

MAXIMUM RANGE WITH

MAX. PAYLOAD

PAYLOAD (KG)

20000

MAXIMUM
PAYLOAD

15000

TRADE OFF
BETWEEN
PAYLOAD
AND FUEL

10000

8666

RANGE WITH
MAXIMUM FUEL
CAPACITY

5000
0
0
0

1000

2000

3000
RANGE (KM)

4000

5000

FERRY
RANGE
6000

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(ii) Also prepare pay load range curves for some typical aircrafts by
collecting data from their design manuals.
Ans: The following is the payload-range design characteristics of
Boeing 737-800:

We have the following additional values:

Average Cruising Speed = 828 km/hr
Average Fuel Burn Rate = 4.88 US gallons per seat per hour
Seating Capacity = 189
Reserve Fuel Requirement = 1.25 hr in en route service (Assumption)
From the above data,
Average fuel burn rate in (kg/km) = 4.88*3.789*189/828 = 4.22 kg/km
Reserve fuel = 1.25*189*4.88*3.789 = 4369 kg
Fuel capacity = 6875 gallons = 26050 kg
Maximum takeoff weight = 174200 lbs = 78913 kg
Maximum Zero fuel weight = 138300 lbs = 62650 kg
Maximum operating empty weight = 90000 lbs = 40770 kg
hence max payload = 62650-40770 = 21880 kg

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Trip fuel at max payload = 78913-62650-4369 = 11894 kg

Range(max payload) = 11894/4.22 = 2818.5 km
Max range =(fuel capreserve fuel)/4.22 =(26050-4369)/4.22 = 5138 km
Payload at this situation = 78913-26050-40770 = 12093 kg
Ferry range = 26050/4.22 = 6173 km
The graph is shown below:
Payload vs Range curve for Boeing 737-800
25000
21880

21880

MAXIMUM RANGE WITH

MAX. PAYLOAD

PAYLOAD (KG)

20000

MAXIMUM
PAYLOAD

15000

12093

10000

RANGE WITH
MAXIMUM FUEL
CAPACITY

TRADE OFF
BETWEEN
PAYLOAD
AND FUEL

5000

0
0
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

RANGE (KM)

5000

6000

FERRY
RANGE
7000

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ASSIGNMENT-4
Q- Give two examples for each of the airport configurations (runway
configurations) in terms of google earth images and mark therein all the
components of airside of the airport (e.g. runways, taxiways, apron,
gates, terminal building, etc.). Bring out peculiarities if any in your
example images.
Ans: Single Runway:

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Parallel Runway:
2-parallel runway-

4-parallel runway-

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Staggered runway-

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Open-V Runway:

Intersecting:

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