VT LEVEL III STUDY NOTE

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Cause and effect diagram: fishbone or Ishihara diagram

Four types of light
a. Incandescent light
b. Luminescent light
c. Polarized light
d. Coherent light
Wavelength measurement
a. Nanometer -- (10)-9 m
b. Angstrom (10)-10m
If the optical density of the new medium is greater than the density of the original, the path of light is
bent toward a line normal to the objects surface. If the optical density of the new medium is less than
that of the original, the light is bent away from the normal.
The amount of refraction is dependent upon the angle of the incident light and the index of refraction.
a. The index of refraction: the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to the velocity of light in the
medium

6. Photometry
a. The measurement of radiant energy in the visible spectrum, based on a standard
observer response
b. The measurement of light properties by visual comparison
c. A measurement and comparison of light properties to the response of the human eye
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Illuminance
a. The density of luminous flux on a given area of surface at a given instant
i. Luminous flux: the flow rate of light, measured in lumens
b. Measured in lux (footcandle)
The inverse square law: the illuminance of a point on a surface is proportional to the luminous intensity
of the light source and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the point and
source.
Macroscopic evaluation is below 10x magnification; microscopic evaluation is between 50x and 200x.
Hookes law is used to describe elasticity.
The elastic limit is the point at which a stressed material will no longer return to its prestressed condition
and is permanently deformed.
The strength of a material measures its ability to resist deformation.
Inspection data can be divided into attribute data and variable data; the most common type of data in
visual and optical inspection is attribute data.
Attribute date: simple count data, the fact that something passed or failed (go/no go), or that something
did or did not possess a quality characteristic. The presence or absence of discontinuities is an attribute.
Variable data: a numerically-measured value. This type of data is commonly found in dimensional
measurements where the inspection equipment produces a numerical value.
Sketching should be pictorial (3D) or orthographic (2D).
**Decreasing the aperture of a lens decreases the amount of light transmitted but increases the depth
of field.
Photogrammetry: the science of obtaining quantitative measurements of physical objects through
processes of recording, measuring and interpreting photographic images.
a. Monocular photogrammetry

b. Stereo photogrammetry
19. The most important part of designing an automatic data collection system is an organized method to
establish inspection points and methods.
20. To improve the contrast of the as-stripped acetate, shadowing, or vapor deposition of the strip may be
performed.
21. First stage replica: produce a negative topographic image of the subject, e.g., police making a plaster cast
of a tire print.
22. Second stage replica: a positive replica made from the first cast to produce a duplicate of the original
surface.
23. Common attributive SPC charts:
a. P-charts: quantity of defective units as a percentage
b. np-charts: quantity of defective units as a numerical value
c. c-charts: number of defects per unit plotted
d. u-charts: same as c-charts, but allow for varying sample quantities
24. Using as little magnification as possible will cause the fewest technical problems and provide the simplest
inspection.
25. The magnifying ability of a lens depends on the amount of curvature in the converging lens.
26. The power of a magnifier (the numerical measurement e.g., 10x) describes the amount of enlargement
compared to viewing the object 10 inch from the eye.
27. The working distance of the magnifier is the same as the focal length.
28. Depth of field: the maximum range of distances that are in focus at the same time without a change in
the viewing position. A large depth of field eliminates the need for constant adjustments to the viewing
position to maintain focus.
29. In visual testing, using borescopes with a wide field of view reduces magnification (greater depth of
field).
30. Single lens magnifier provides 1.5x to 10x magnification.
31. Resolution is the smallest scale division of an instruments output.
32. Parallax error is due to the apparent displacement of an object due to a change in the inspection angle
from a position normal to the object being inspected.
33. For rigid borescopes, if there is an odd number of refracting lens, the image appears as reverted and
inverted, upside down and backwards.
34. For fiber optic borescopes, to properly transmit an image, the fiber bundle must be coherent, meaning
each fiber must be in the same location with respect to all the other fibers at each end of the bundle.
35. In a borescope, the image is brought to the eyepiece by an objective lens, relay lenses, and an eyepiece
lens.
36. Etching is the removal of surface material by chemical mean. After etching is completed, all etching
agents must be neutralized on the parts surface to prevent corrosion.
37. Profilometers are used to measure surface roughness or texture.
38. Hardness is defined as a materials resistance to penetration. It is related to a materials elastic and plastic
properties.
39. Opaque objects: objects that do not transmit light; microscopes designed to provide images of opaque
objects have provisions for vertical illumination that is, by reflected light rather that light transmitted
through the test object from the other side.
40. Through light transmission are suitable for inspection of translucent objects.
41. The illumination requirements for an area being inspected using a mirror are the same for direct visual
inspection.
42. Threaded products should be visually inspected with the aid of a magnifier for dirt, chips, and malformed
threads.

43. A surface roughness scale is used to provide a comparison assessment for the pattern or process and
range specified.
44. Resolution of a measuring device: minimum amount of variation to which an instrument is sensitive.
45. Accuracy of a measuring device: the ability of a measuring instrument to produce a measurement that
conforms to a known standard.
46. All direct contact measurement devices are subject to error due to wear on the measuring surface.
47. Borescope : endoscope
48. Stroboscope: a device that uses synchronized pulses of high-intensity light to permit viewing of objects
moving with a rapid periodic motion.(to measure frequency of high speed rotation object)
49. Direction of view for borescopes: direct, forward oblique, right angle, retrospective
50. The working length of a borescope describes the distance from the tip to the start of the handle.

51. Most pure metals are single phase, meaning they have only one type of cell structure.
Allotropic alloys have more than one cell structure.
52. Most mechanical properties are based on the relationship between stress and strain. Stress is a
force applied to the metal, which causes the metal to stretch, compress, twist, or skew. Strain is
the percentage of change in unit length.
53. Hookes law is used to describe elasticity.
54. The elasticity limit is the point at which a stressed material will no longer return to its prestressed condition and is permanently deformed.
55. In composite materials, a matrix is the base or filler material used to hold the reinforcing
material in place, which distributes stresses among the reinforcing material.
56. Finishes and coatings are divided into
a. Organic finishes: paints; all organic coatings form cohesive bonds with itself and
adhesive bonds with the base material.
b. Inorganic finishes: most common are porcelain enamels and porcelain ceramics;
c. Conversion coatings
d. Metallic coatings
57. The most common failure locations of fasteners in service are at the bolt head-to shrank radius
or at the first thread on the shrank.
58. Aircraft
a. Corrosion and fatigue are the most common causes of failure in aircraft components.
59. The electronic bonding structure of metals is described as metallic bonding.
60. In performing metallography, the first step consist of selecting and preparing a representative
sample.
61. The peak of the stress-strain curve diagrams the ultimate strength or tensile strength.
62. Metallurgical studies of inservice failures require extreme caution to preserve the edge
conditions of the original object.
63. Powders are measured for particle size using sieves with a wire mesh grill.
64. Formed products are produced by the plastic deformation of metals.
65. The chemistry of primary products often is assured by spectrographic analysis.
66. Visually apparent primary processing discontinuities include gas, shrink and pipe.
67. Framing lumber used for construction is tested for
a. The fiber stress in bending
b. The tensile and compressive strength
c. The moisture content

68. The matrix of a composite material, depending on what materials are used, would either
a. Holds the reinforcing material together and is primarily responsible for the strength of
the composite
b. Holds the reinforcing material together and is less important to the strength than the
reinforcing materials
69. Modern composite materials usually include
a. Metallic materials
b. Ceramic materials
c. Ceramics
d. Fiber reinforced, particulate, laminar, or filled materials
70. Most plastic in their natural state are transparent or translucent.
71. The two dimensions of bolting and screw systems that are of primary importance are
a. The functional size and the pitch diameter
b. The maximum materials condition and the minimum material condition
72. It is common to perform mechanical tests of valves for the range and motion of moving parts.
73. On a pump that has not been disassembled, the only visual tests that can be performed are for
leakage and hydrostatic pressure.
74. The surface features of any object, regardless of scale, share the same basic characteristics and
are described by the measurement of three independent characteristics:
a. Form
b. Waviness
c. Roughness: the bigger the roughness number, the rougher the surface
75. Valves
a. Gate valves:
i. Provide linear motion during operation
b. Globe valves:
i. Uses linear motion
76. Iris: the portion of the eye that regulates the quantity of light admitted.
77. Photometers used to measure the reflectance of materials or surfaces in specialized ways are
called reflectometers.
78. Pitting is one type of occluded cell corrosion.
79. The mechanism for soldering and brazing is
a. Wetting
b. Alloying
c. Capillary action
80. A wide angle of view provides greater depth of field.
81. In the casting process, a chaplet is a device that supports the core material.
82. A narrow angle of view in a borescope is required for high magnification.
83. Metals that become weaker due to continuing deformation under steady stress at elevated
temperatures demonstrate creep.
84. The principal biological effect of infrared radiation is hyperthermia.
85. The measurement of radiant energy in the visible spectrum, based on a standard observer
response, is called photometry.

86. The simultaneous comparison of a standard lamp and an unknown light source is called direct
photometry.
87. The light from common sources, particularly light from incandescent lamps, is often compared
with light from a theoretical source. This theoretical source is called a blackbody.
88. Cones for daylight adaptation; rods for dark adaptation.
89. When performing the etching process, surface finish requirements are determined by the
etchant, its strength, material, and discontinuities.
90. High speed film requires less light but can produce more graininess.
91. In planning for visual testing, a particular frequency or sequence of sample selection is
prescribed, such as the selection of every fifth unit starting with the fifth unit is referred to as
specified partial sampling.
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