DNA recombinant technology

Introduction
It is the process of introducing genes in DNA sequences to certain desirable character
also called genetic engineering
Applications:
Agriculture
Transgenic plant
to produce genetically modified plants like a BT cotton
Disease resistant and pest resistant and to give high yield
Golden Rice:
to resolve a vitamin A deficiency in human
Medicine:
Humulin:
Manufactured by injecting the human insulin into E. coli
Recombinant blood clotting factor VIII:
used for haemophilic patients for clotting of blood
HIV test
HIV protein is administrated to find the antibody secretion of HIV.
Bioremediation
Superbugs Pseudomonas putida to reduce the non-degradable oil spills in seas and oceans
Aesthetics:
to create a different colour the flower & leaves in plants.
Food production:
Non-pathogenic mutants of E. coli can produce Chymosin from which cheese can be
produced.
Animal husbandry:
To produce the disease resistant animals by cloning
Eg: Dolly by Ian Wilmut
Tools used:
Polymerases
Ligase
Restriction endonucleases
Plasmid
Conclusion:
These are the application of DNA recombinant technology

Global warming
Introduction
Rise of temperature in earth atmosphere due to the release of greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
Carbon dioxide nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons
Effects of global warming
Change in temperature
temperature had been increased up to
0-6 degree Celsius 20th century
1998 - hottest year
Change in sea level
increase the up to 0.1 meter to 0.2 m
Decrease of snow and Ice content
Ice content in the Arctic and Antarctic region are
decreased by 10%
Increases the sea level
In ecosystem
ocean acidification
extinction of species
Human inundation
Inundation of islands like Maldives leads - migration of people
Food production
High in high latitude and low in low latitude
International eforts
UNFCCC 1994
to maintain the concentration of greenhouse gases in atmosphere
Montreal 2005
Developed nations to reduce the emission
Kyoto protocol, 2005
Reduction of emission by 5% from 1992 emission
Nairobi in 2006
Developing nations like India refused to reduce the
emission until the developed nations to do so
Durban 2011
Green climate fund to help poor nation
In India
Afforestation by Forest conservation act 1980
Bijini Bachalat Yojana in Rajasthan to give compact fluorescent lamp.

Conclusion:
In Tamil Nadu, Pasumai Kudil Thittam (Green house building) introduced in 2013
ATP
Introduction
ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP is also called as energy currency of cell
nucleotide responsible for the energy transmission in the human body
Structure:
Exactly a ribose sugar, adenosine & phosphate group
during hydrolysis, high energy bond breaks
and releases high energy
Formation
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Fermentation
During photosynthesis
Thylakoid membranes of chromosome
light reaction
1 glucose = 38 ATP
4 - oxidation of FADH2
30 - oxidation of NADH2
4- substrate phosphorylation
Uses
Mechanical - muscular contraction
Chemical - macromolecules acting
Transportation of substance between membrane
ATP as on off switch
Combines with protein to form the complex protein
the protein regain its function after separation of ATP
ATP in energy transfer
ATP exothermic ADP by liberation of energy
ADP endothermic ATP Utilization of energy
ATP as energy currency
Cannot store energy but receives & liberates energy
it releases high energy during hydrolysis
Conclusion
So ATP called as energy currency of the cell.